" " + "); $1 billion suit against Bakhmatyuk is latest entry in Ukraine’s long chronicle of alleged bank fraud
$200M in U.S. assistance to be spent on Ukraine"s defense - Blinken
01Mar2022 spacenews.com - Russia looks to China for collaboration in space but faces isolation over Ukraine invasion, by Andrew Jones
02Mar2022 07:24 (Ukr) ukrinform.net - Canada: No-fly zone would be severe escalation
02Mar2022 08:44 (Ukr time) ukrinform.net - The Control Center of the Russian Space Agency Roskosmos has no more control over its spy-sattelites.
02Mar2022 14:16 (UkrT) .ukrinform.net - Dozens of volunteers from Japan volunteer to fight for Ukraine 03Mar2022 PSI, theepochtimes.com: Study: Pfizer’s COVID Jab Enters Liver Cells & Is Converted to DNA
03Mar2022 Russia’s losses reached nearly 9,000 in a week – Zelensky 04Apr2022 PSI: Science Whistleblowers Now Being Stalked, Threatened and Murdered
04Jul202 Edo Kaal periodic table of the elements 04Mar2022 10:14 external Ukrainian Navy sinks its flagship to keep it out of Russian hands
04Mar2022 MktWatch, Opinion: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine: 4 ways this war could end
04Mar2022 PSI: Johns Hopkins University confirms: The PCR test alone will vaccinate you
05Mar2022 PSI, theepochtimes.com: Unintended Consequences of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19
07Mar2022 PSI, opindia.com: US-funded gain of function reasearch to ‘enhance’ viruses at Wuhan laboratory in China
07Mar2022 PSI: UK: Pandemic is Over for the Unvaccinated
09Jun2021 webSite status - Of ~1,000+ "user usable" links on this webSite (not including links in [adobe pdf, word processing, spreadheet, etc] files), there are 60-100 problematic links including including links to ~30 external sites that have changed or disappeared. The vast majority of links are in the "Neural Network Conference Guides", in documentation pages(eg QNial manual), while perhaps 300+ are in the "normal" webPages.
0_notes Gufw firewall.txt 0_pdf edits notes.txt 0_PineScript errors.txt - [error, solution]s that keep coming back 0_PineScript notes.txt - details of software [code, bug, blogSolutions] 0_security notes.txt 100,000 Ukrainians mobilized in 2 days.
10.3354/cr025043. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 10 companies that made Ukrainians’ lives easier in 2021
10 days of suffering. Russia’s war against Ukraine in photos
10 of the most read stories from Reviewers’ Update in 2015 10) Stock Picking Strategies: Technical Analysis – Learn the Stock Market 10-year anniversary. In 2011, DanNet triggered the deep convolutional neural network (CNN) revolution. Named 10-year anniversary of our journal paper on deep reinforcement learning with policy gradients for LSTM (2007-2010). Recent 10-year anniversary of supervised deep learning breakthrough (2010). No unsupervised pre-training. 111226 Timechart of Military History - wars & battles.txt spreadsheet ready.txt 11 buildings destroyed, casualties reported after enemy attack on Kharkiv
11Jun2022 Is LaMDA Sentient? — an Interview 11Jun2022 What is LaMDA and What Does it Want? 11Nov2020 The Covid-19 virus has been isolated many times
12,000 more Ukrainians return from abroad, mostly men heading to join defense forces
120214 Venus et Mars, au dela d une histoire d amour/ 128 wounded civilians are currently being treated in local hospitals
12Mar2022 PSI: Vaccinated people are being TRACKED in real time
12 Sacred Geometry Symbols & What They Mean: 12Sep2020: 1872-2020 SP500 index, ratio of opening price to semi-log detrended price 13 border guards were killed defending Ukraine’s Zmiinyi Island (Snake Island) in the Black Sea.
1/3 century anniversary of 13Mar2022 PSI: Official U.S. Data Proves COVID Drug Remdesivir is Mass Killer!
13 people killed, 7 injured in car crash outside Chernihiv
140214 Nazis saved Norwegians video/ 14Aug2022 What is sentience and why does it matter? 14Mar2022 PSI, childrenshealthdefense.org: 10,000 Covid Patients, Almost Zero Deaths
14Mar2022 PSI: Dr. John Campbell has been red-pilled
150525 Icebreaker unchained - We should have lost World War II/ 160901 Big Data, Deep Learning, and Safety/ 167–160 BC Maccabean_Revolt, to their [torture, slaughter] for "causing" the black death, to the [Soviet, Nazi] death camps. (Apparently, Stalin was well under prepar goulags for a jewish purge, but died before initiating it? His NKVD apparently returned Jews who had escaped from Germany to East to a Gestapo, whom the Soviets had trained in the [construction, operation] of goulags?) But this though struck me first with respect to the oft-[mistaken, exaggerated] belief of a core role of Jews in the [development, progress, success] of [Soviet, Nazi] socialism d the [terror, destruction, death] that ensued. I suspect that every culture goes through challenges such as these.
© 2011 ABC 170607 GMC registration.jpg
170930 Past and Future Worlds - a STEM for kids/ 181211 262 Howell van versus semi.jpg
181211 886 Howell van versus semi.jpg
181211 Howell van Crash on Highway 10 East - DrumhellerOnline.com.html
181211 Howell van versus semi - Drumheller online picture IMG_0272.JPG
181211 Howell van versus semi - Drumheller online picture IMG_0274.JPG
181211 Van versus Semi collision directory
181211 Van versus Semi collision.html
181211 Van versus semi collision, in autobody yard 20181217_151510.jpg
181228 Aviva Insurance claim pol form bill - completed & signed.png
1872-2020 detrend StockMkt Indices 1871-2022 PuetzUWS2011 [start, end] point, so I use it here as well. (23Feb2023 - original text said 1940, perhaps it is still like that?)
1872-2020 SP500 index : a [time, mind]-bending perspective :
1872-2020 SP500 index, ratio of opening price to semi-log detrended price 1872-2020 SP500 index, ratio of opening price to semi-log detrended price.html
190118 DreamSleep sleep apnea test results.pdf
190410 DreamSleep Compliance and therapy report.pdf
190830 mRNA Is the Next Frontier in Treating Disease. But Will It Work? - MarketWatch 1941: Konrad Zuse baut ersten funktionalen Allzweckrechner, basierend auf der Patentanmeldung von 1936. 1941: Konrad Zuse completes the first working general computer, based on his 1936 patent application. 19/5/2021. 1991 fast weight programmers 1). [1]. The book provides a wonderful analysis of the fractal nature of [commodity, financial] markets. Note that Puetz also worked with collaborators on a fractal analysis of geological data from a [fractal, UWS] perspective.
1_Fischer 1200-2020.ods.
1_Fischer 1200-2020.ods
1_Fischer 1200-2020.ods, sheet "Fig 0.01 SLRsegments".
1 killed in Severodonetsk, 3 wounded in Rubizhne in aggressor"s shelling
1 soldier killed, 1 wounded by Russian-led militant shelling.
1/sqrt(r) magnetic fields perpendicular to axis of Birkeland current 1 Ukrainian soldier killed, 1 wounded in Donbas.
200313 Coronavirus Market Carnage: 18 Stocks to Buy Now - Barron"s 2003 Koch"s postulates fulfilled for SARS virus 200506 These 21 companies are working on coronavirus treatments or vaccines — here’s where things stand - MarketWatch 2005 IJCNN website - official/ 2006 MindCode WCCI2006 Vancouver "Howell 060215 Genetic specification of neural networks" : 2006 WCCI website - official/ 2007 IJCNN Orlando website/ 200 planes carry aid to Ukraine from 30 countries through Poland
"2012 Serbian Wildfires" 2012 Space News | The SAFIRE Project:Testing the Electric Sun - Duration: 5:28. by ThunderboltsProject 16,323 views 2013 SAFIRE: A Real-World Test of the Electric Sun (Part 2) } EU2013 - Duration: 23:55. by ThunderboltsProject 12,359 views 2014 The SAFIRE Project and JMP®: What Makes Our Sun Shine? - YouTube 2015 - 2020 MindCode 2015 INNS Big Data 2015 INNS BigData International Conference 2015 Preview with Montgomery Childs: SAFIRE Project Update | EU2015 - Duration: 12:55. by ThunderboltsProject 5,179 views 2016 INNS Big Data 2016 ISNN 2016 WCCI Vancouver 2017 IJCNN 2017 IJCNN Anchorage - Home 2017 old : code we [Vaswani team] used to train and evaluate our models is available at 20180302 Project-Report.pages - SAFIRE-Project-Report.pdf 2018 elaboration), then perhaps shifts in the galactic currents could be expected to "reincarnate-light up" or "dim-extinguish" stars to various degrees as the currents shift and move. Many stars (I can"t remember all of them - perhaps brown dwarfs, giant planets close to being stars, etc) are not visible by light emission, but perhaps they are easily re-activated when current change. Perhaps in exteme case this might lead to "swapping the central star role" between a large planets and its star in the local z-pinch? In other words, the "lit-up regions" motions may relate more to drifts of galactic currents than to the motions of the stars themselves? In that manner, the "galactic spirals" could move independently of the stars.

2018 INNS-BigDat-DeepLearn 2018 INNS BigDat-DeepLearn Committee 2018 NIPS Conference 2018 WCCI 2018 WCCI Committees 2019 ICANN Munich, Germany 2019 ICICIP Marakesh, Morocco 2019 ICIST Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China 2019 IJCNN Budapest 2019 INNS-BDDL Sestri Levante, Genoa, Italy 2019 ISNN Moscow, Russia 2019 NIPS Conference 2019 RC 1st International Workshop on Reservoir Computing 2020 IEEE WCCI, Glasgow (UK) – WORLD CONGRESS ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 2020 WCCI facebook 2020 WCCI program 2022 state budget passes in parliament
2023 IJCNN Gold Coast, Australia 2024 IJCNN Yokohama, Japan 2024 Pacific typhoon season 2025 IJCNN Roome, Italy 20Dec2020 update, Youyang Gu"s comments on closing his forecasting activity 210611 Hoffart lawsuit directory
210614 Reuben Gallego, Aviva - Litigation info sheet.pdf
21 comments on 21 claims by ACM (~8,000 words), 22,000 people evacuated from Kharkiv region over day due to Russia’s air bombardment
220307 PSI, Igor Chudov: Unvax versus boosted case rates per 100k
220307 PSI, Igor Chudov: Unvax versus boosted death rates per 100k 220331 Hydrogen future Alberta/ 22Dec2022 americanmilitarynews.com suggested that before Xmas, 265000 Russian troops were near the Ukraine border. Of course, many more are close to Ukraine in [Russia, Belarus]. 22Jun2022 We’re All Different and That’s Okay "정부, 태풍 콩레이 피해복구비 2360억 지원" (in Korean). Newsis. 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2021-03-18. 23 lawmakers left Ukraine, many recently.
26Aug2023 Electricity in Ancient Egypt, including a concept for how they may have cut stone! He comments on the potential use of sound to enhance electrical effects (but provides no real mechanistic details).
26Feb2022 kyivindependent.com - Russias losses to date
27Feb2022 bloomberg.com suggests 205,000 Ukrainian active troops, but call-ups and active conscription will have increased that. In the same article, they report Russian troops at 190,000. 27Feb2022 moderndiplomacy.eu - China should take a more proactive role in Russia-Ukraine negotiation, by Haoyu "Henry" Huang
27Feb2022 ukrinform.net - Russian losses update - 28 children killed, 64 wounded in Russia"s war.
28Feb2022 PSI: How to Detox Spike Protein After Covid or Vaccine
28Feb2022 PSI, NYTimes: ‘That’s murder’: NYT report on CDC sparks outrage
28Feb2022 PSI: Pfizer Pushing Drug to Treat Heart Conditions Caused by COVID Jabs
28Feb2022 republicworld.com - China Reveals Its Hand! Will Trade With Russia Despite Ukraine War; Slams NATO"s Expansion
2). 2). 2
2), however, solve the problem through a dual approach, 2 civilians killed, 2 injured as Russians strike stadium and library in Chernihiv.
2 killed, 6 injured as Russia attacks Lutsk airfield.
2 killed, 6 wounded in attack on airfield in Lutsk
2 Russian helicopters shot down in Kherson Oblast.
2–The Acid Tests of a Reconstruction | thunderbolts.info 30-year anniversary. 1991: First very deep learning with unsupervised or self-supervised pre-training. Unsupervised 30-year anniversary. 1991: First very deep learning with unsupervised pre-training. Unsupervised 30-year anniversary of end-to-end differentiable sequential neural attention. Plus goal-conditional reinforcement learning. Schmidhuber 30-year anniversary of planning & reinforcement learning with recurrent world models and artificial curiosity (1990). This work also introduced high-dimensional reward signals, deterministic policy gradients for RNNs, 30-year anniversary of planning & reinforcement learning with recurrent world models and artificial curiosity (1990). This work also introduced high-dimensional reward signals, deterministic policy gradients for RNNs, and 346 residents evacuated from Volnovakha, Donetsk oblast today.
360dayyear.com 360dayyear.com rom the ancient Chinese, as commonly around the world, lunar calendars were in use even though it was exactly the use of lunar, rather than solar, calendars which caused enormous difficulty. Also as Plunket writes, "There is in the great History of China a description given of a reformation of the calendar carried out by the Emperor Tchuen-Hio, whose date is placed at 2510-2431 B.C." 360dayyear.com The Mayan baktun equals 144,000 days of exactly four hundred 360-day years. Their tun was a year of 360 days. Twenty tun equaled a katun, twenty katun equaled a baktun. 375. Geburtstag des Herrn Leibniz, dem Vater der Informatik. 375th birthday of Leibniz, founder of computer science. 38 children killed since start of Russian invasion of Ukraine
38 countries urge ICC to investigate Russia’s war crimes in Ukraine.
3), [3] are good starting points, as are the other [paper, book]s he co-authored with Puetz and colleagues in the references below.
[3]. He emphasizes vortex motion and his "concept of infinity" from 2004 to partially explain Puetz"s UWS. Very insightful in relation to modern astronomical papers (finally!? - mainstream is catching on), in [3] he suggests that dark matter is simply baryonic matter that is difficult to observe.
3 brilliant videos on nearby stellar flaring, as further support for a potential "micro-flare" or other solar disruption to explain the 12,000 year [mythological observations, paleontology, geology, planetary] quasi-periodicity of disruptive events on Earth, which by appearances may be "imminent". But can stellar [apparent birth, brighten, dim, apparent death] also provide further potential evidence? Naturally we view stars" life-paths as "unidirectional", but is this a full picture, or can all these processes recur, as is the case fortheir [sunspots, micro-to-super novas, etc]? What has long fascinated me is the statement that the spirals of the galaxies move more rapidly than the stars in the galaxy, and how that might relate to the [Newtonian, General Relativity] problem at large scales.
3 decades of artificial curiosity & creativity. 3 decades of artificial curiosity & creativity. Our 3 killed, 5 injured in Russian shelling of Donbas
3 people, including child, killed after Russian airstrike on hospital in Mariupol.
3 simple questions to the Connectionist (neural network etc) blog, in light of finally [buy, read]ing a profound book, Stephen Grossberg "Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain", and the public amazement following the free [access, use] of chatGPT. These two subjects became potentially linked when I looked at the fundamental building block of Transformer Neural Networks (TrNNs), which resembled some of Stephen Grossberg"s NN structures from ?1970s?), as illustrated in his book (I had long forgotten his details).
3 Ukrainian regions move into red quarantine zone.
3 Ukrainian women, 11 children repatriated from Syrian refugee camp al-Hawl
400,000 new jobs created in first 9 months of 2021, alleging resurgence in employment
4,000 people stuck in hot spots outside Kyiv.
47 shelling incidents leave 5 injured in Donbas
4). [4], Puetz hypothesized causes for a number of geological series. While and these were assessed, definitive cusions cannot be drawn :
    [4], Puetz noted that all his UWS cycles up to the publication of the book in 2009 "... relate closest to either gravitational or electromagnetic forces. Nothing can be found related to eithertrong nuclear force or the weak nuclear force. Neverthelless, neither force should be completely discounted as a potential factor in modulating these cycles. ...". As I note in the section "General Relativity (GR) Space-Time", and since ~2010 elsewhere on my website, I am NOT fond of [GR, QM, dark [matter, enegy, [strong, weak] nuclear force]. I do retain them in the context of "multiple conflicting hypothesis".
    4 European airlines pull back from overnight stay in Kyiv amid invasion fears
    4-value logic (Colin James" short commentaries) when looking at RNA strands (of double-strand DNA sequences), [A,T,G,C(U)] does look like a 4-value encoding. Does this bring up the subject of 4-value logic, which is not [complete, optimal] in a normal boolean sense. But since ?date?, logicians have worked away from the limelight on this subject, and other forms of logic. Fuzzy logic is well-know, and has its own "Fuzzy Systems" area. Fuzzy Systems are one of three main original pillars of Computational Intelligence (CI), along with [evolutionary computation, neural networks]. (?? other logic approaches I have looked at very briefly, then have fogotten)... 5,000 people successfully evacuated from Sumy to Poltava Oblast on March 8,
    50 Russian diplomats including their family members return to Moscow from New York City,
    57 people, mostly killed civilians, buried in mass grave in churchyard in Bucha, local activist reports.
    5). "5 best ideas 2012-2022" without mentioning that 5 key events during PrivatBank’s 5 years in state hands
    6,000 years ago. (Bill: link for 6000 years cannot access on flipPhone, so not given here). 6,000 years ago. (Bill: link for 6000 years cannot access on flipPhone, so not given here).
    6 babies born in Ukraine’s bomb shelters.
    6 last-minute gift ideas from Ukrainian brands
    6 people injured in airstrike on Baryshivka, Kyiv region
    6 Russian tanks, 1 infantry fighting vehicle destroyed with export anti-tank missiles in battle for Kyiv
    6 Russian warships enter Black Sea for naval drills.
    70% believe in Ukraine’s victory, 91% support Zelensky,
    71 children killed, over 100 injured since Russia attacks Ukraine
    7,500 years of history - This is the same challenge that I had with a [lunitic, scattered, naive] model of history by my father and I, where it was necessary to cut ?150? years out of a 7,500 year time series to "kind of make it fit". Steven Yaskall recognized us as the "two fools who rushed in" in his book "Grand Phases on the Sun". We were justifiably proud of that. 78 children killed in Russian attacks on Ukraine - Zelensky
    79 children killed in Ukraine so far
    79 predictions for 2020 | Future forecast 7-Day Archive
    80,000 Ukrainians came back from abroad since Russia invaded further.
    ‘Ukrainians Will Resist’ hashtag trends amid looming Russian invasion
    88% of Ukrainians believe that Ukraine will successfully fight off Russia.
    8), 8). 900yr [climate, history] cycle, which really brings out the side-theme of catastrophism (to me anyways). 9 killed, 13 wounded in shelling of Mykolayiv
    9 killed, 57 injured in Russia’s airstrike on Yavoriv military training ground near Lviv.
    9 people, including 3 children, killed in Russia’s shelling of Zhytomyr region
    9to5google, Jul 2015 # "); ; ???/a>) ??? ??? - A 9-story residential building in Bucha was hit by a Russian strike, casualties are unknown.
    A), A, A & , and also applies to programmers. A baby born in Kyiv subway, now being used as a bomb shelter, overnight on Feb. 25.
    ABC1 ABC2 ABC3 ABC Commercial ABC Contacts ABC Earth ABC for Kids ABC Home ABC Home Page and look for links to the information you want.
    ABC Mobile ABC Music ABC Now ABC Services ABC Shop ?? below: AB Independence About 1,700 foreign students remain in Sumy - Shkarlet
    About 2,000 people being evacuated from Izium – President"s Office
    About 215,000 citizens returned to Ukraine from abroad
    About 400 civilians evacuated from Volnovakha despite thwarted evacuation.
    About 4,300 Russian occupiers killed in Ukraine over three days
    About 5,000 people from Sumy already safe – President’s Office
    About 50 attacks launched on Kharkiv region over past day
    About 80 percent of the troops that Russia massed along Ukraine’s borders
    About 95% of Russian troops at border now in Ukraine – Pentagon
    About Remdesivir About the ABC about – The Thunderbolts Project™ About Us About Wikipedia About your event
    AB Prosperity Project

    ???,

    Abramovich to sell Chelsea, says will provide funds to victims of war in Ukraine.
    AB United Conservative , but on this webPage alysis is uniquely focussed on the dynamical implications of the [H]UWS, irrespective of phenomena that my drive it.
    AB Wildrose Independence- Brian Jean [AC02]
    [AC09-10]). This principle [AC10] summarised the generative adversarial NNs of 1990 as follows: a [AC20] [AC20] [AC20]).
    [AC20] nor corrected [AC20] of GANs.
    [AC90,AC90b]) will quickly improve themselves, restricted only by the fundamental limits of computability and physics. [AC90-AC95] the system also [AC90] [AC] [AC] access an upload of my working copy (which I upload infrequently to my website).
    according to Ukraine’s Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba. “Ukrainian diplomats dedicate this victory to all defenders of Ukraine.”


    account where Ukrainians and foreigners can donate money to support the military.


    Accounting Chamber outlines reasons for Ukrzaliznytsia’s Hr 12 billion in losses in 2020
    Acknowledgments (~2,000 words). [ACM18] [ACM18] states: "Computing ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2018. Quote: A Crash in the Dollar Is Coming - Bloomberg Acrobat Reader) Activists allege Ukraine’s SBU has launched crackdown on opponents of Kazakh regime (GRAPHIC)
    adaptive neural sequential attention: end-to-end-differentiable adaptive subgoal generators added some local Alberta, Canada examples. Adding Layers - Synfig Animation Studio Additional acceleration of solar wind particles in the heliosphere (slides 29Apr2025)
    addressed below), and Adelaide Adobe - Download Adobe Flash Player Adobe pdf - file format. adversarial curiosity (AC) principle ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST (AESI) document (aka the “5.3.6 document”).
    Advertise
    AFL After long silence, Ukraine makes first tepid statement on violence in Kazakhstan
    After months of delay, anti-corruption prosecutor selection moves forward
    After three days of Russia"s war against Ukraine,
    a full collection of my comments for this video series.
    a general, practical, program-controlled computer.
    Aggressors kill two more residents of Donetsk region
    Agnes Agrarian Policy Ministry: Ukraine has sufficient food reserves
    [AH1] [AH2-3] Tropical cyclones portal
AI Blog AI Blog. AI Blog. AI Blog, 2014; updated 2020). AI Blog, 2017). AI Blog, 2021). AI Blog, 2022). AI Blog, 26 March 2021). AI Blog, 26 March 2021, updated 2022). AI Blog. It also debunks certain popular but misleading historic accounts of deep learning, and supplements my previous AI Blog, June 2015). AI Book. Aide to prosecutor general assaulted in Kyiv.
AI historians Air attack on Mariupol: enemy destroys maternity hospital in city center
Aircraft lessors demand return of Ukrainian aircraft.
Air France cancels flights between Kyiv and Paris scheduled for Feb. 22.
Airlines to negotiate Ukraine insurance cover for flights daily.
Air raid alerts go off in almost every region of Ukraine.
Air raid sirens activated in Kyiv as multiple reports suggest that Russian forces are about to conduct heavy airstrikes and rocket attacks against the city.
[AIT10] [AIT10] With [AIT21] [AIT7] AI tools AJNNIA-Global Vision School Publication Alan M. Turing A large column of Russian vehicles is pushing into the city of Sumy from the side of Khimprom,
Alaska Alberta is high on hydrogen : Introducing hydrogen to Alberta"s energy mix and commentaries about how and why, Thursday, March 31st 4:00pm MST.
albertaprecisionlabs - Healty laboratory tests [blood pressure, colon, diabetes, cholesterol, etc] Alexander Lukashenko says Belarusian troops may invade Ukraine.
Alexander Query: Macron’s ill-timed bluff puts Ukraine at risk (op-ed)
Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko? - I haven"t yet put together comments etc, but a few pointers are :
Algorithms sped up selling, leading to the fastest bear market in stock market history - MarketWatch Alice "Alices Adventures in Wonderland", Mad Tea Party
A list of the locations can be found here.


Aljazeera Al Jazeera: The Russians going against Putin in Ukraine.
Allan Pagh Kristensen: Fight against corruption requires more than anti-corruption institutions.
ALL daily cases regional charts on a single web-page.
All emails sent by Anthony Fauci between November 1, 2019 and the present that include the term Moderna or mRNA-1273 in any portion of the email. All emails sent by Anthony Fauci between November 1, 2019 and the present that include the terms SARS-CoV, COVID, COVID-19, or coronavirus in any portion of the email. All functioning NPPs in Ukraine operate stably – Energoatom
all possible metaverses all the algorithms that have attracted Almost 132,000 people crossed Ukraine"s border on March 7 – State Border Guard Service
Almost 24 hours since Russia"s attack began, the Russian government has not made public any information on Russian deaths or casualties,
Almost 3,000 people evacuated from Bucha, Hostomel today
Almost 3,000 people have already been evacuated from Irpin
Almost 836,000 people fled Ukraine since war started.
A loud explosion was heard in Kyiv center at 2.54 p.m.
alsamixer alternative to RNNs. [AM16] Amazon Customer - Concerned about vaccines? Make an informed decision with this book. Classic on the debate which has raged for a century. Ambassador walks back his statement that Ukraine might concede NATO membership plans
American IT giants Netscout, Autodesk suspend operations in Russia.
Americans want U.S. to close skies over Ukraine, provide more weapons – poll
americasfrontlinedoctors.org
[AMH1-2] [AMH1,2] is based.
[AMH1-3] [AMH1] [AMH1] [AMH1] [AMH2] did not cite [AMH1].
[AMH1]
[AMH2] [AMH2] or Amari-Hopfield Network.
[AMH3] [AMH3]
Amid fierce defense, Ukraine foils Russian blitz victory plans
Amid West's doubts over no-fly zone, Russia destroying Ukrainian airfields to choke country’s own capacities
A missile fragment, presumably from a Russian missile, falls in the yard of Zelensky"s state dacha near Kyiv.
A missile strikes an apartment building in Chernihiv,
Ammunition depot in Vasylkiv, Kyiv Oblast, on fire.
Amnesty International: Russian military commits ‘indiscriminate attacks’ during invasion of Ukraine.
Amount Parameter - Synfig Animation Studio Amy Knight: On Ukraine, NATO and more, Russia’s Vladimir Putin lives in an alternative reality
Analysts forecast up to 52,000 daily Covid-19 cases in early February
Anatoly Motkin: Ukraine will become a role model for Eurasian IT markets
An attack on a military unit in Kyiv has been repelled by Ukraine"s military.
Ancient Worlds Anders Åslund: Putin has seriously wounded Ukraine’s economy without firing a single shot
Andrew D’Anieri: The new Ukraine needs a new census.
Andrew Fink: Putin’s anti-democratic crusade
Andrew Hall: Electricity in Ancient Egypt. Andrew Hall"s work Andrew Hall - YouTube Andrew Nguyen – Medium Andriy Guck: No-fly zone is what Ukraine urgently needs to save civilians and cities
Andriy Shevchenko can’t hold back tears, speaking of war on Italian television
Andriy Shevchenko: Putin won’t stop at Ukraine
A new cyberattack hits several Ukrainian government websites.
A New Publishing Model in Computer Science. an expressive oil painting of a basketball player dunking, depicted as an explosion of a nebula | DALL·E Anglophone Animating Shapes - Synfig Animation Studio Animation Basics - Synfig Animation Studio An introspective network that can learn to run its own weight change algorithm. In Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Artificial Neural Networks, Anna Myroniuk: I lost my home to Putin once. Now it can happen again.
Anne Applebaum: The reason Putin would risk war.
Anne Rooney - Dangerous and inaccurate nonsense Annotated History of Modern AI and Deep Learning. Technical Report IDSIA-22-22, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland, 2022. announced in a video message on March 7 that at least 10 people were killed as a result of targeted bombings by Russia on Sumy.


Annual inflation reaches 10% in Ukraine for first time in 3 years
"Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Ophelia" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1961. pp. 158–167. Retrieved April 29, 2013. Another attempt to evacuate people from Mariupol fails over enemy shelling
Another enemy attack aircraft destroyed over Kharkiv
Another mRNA Company Announced a Covid-19 Vaccine Program - MarketWatch Another Russian general liquidated in Ukraine
another version of this article "Anthony Faucis Emails Reveal The Pressure That Fell On One Man".
Anthony Peratt 3: Stickman on Stone | thunderbolts.info Anthony Peratt] - Mythology backed by space plasma science help explain what some [mythology, petroglyphic images] may represent. This is far superior to any other explanations that I have seen (including ?Joseph Campbell"s archetypes).
Anthony Peratt: Auroral phenomena and petroglyphs is one of the all-time best scientists for describing very ancient-to-modern times mega-catastrophes as reflected in petroglyphs, and tied solidly to advanced plasma science. Anti-corruption activists say head of Ukraine’s ‘FBI’ appointed after fake contest
Anti-corruption body: Medvedchuk failed to declare $2.68 million in assets
Anti-engineering and the emergence of racisim Anti-Monopoly Committee pauses Bilshovyk machinery plant sale
anti-vaxxer who dies of Covid. ..."
Antonov rolls out new An-178 aircraft
A number of cities and towns in Ukraine, including
[AOI] A Pandemic Is No Time for an Oil War. What It Means for Russian and Saudi Economies - MarketWatch Aphrodite Aphrodite [love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation], warrior goddess
Aphrodite apnna.net Apollo (son of [Zeus, Leto], and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt) Apparent failures of essentially ALL [medical, scientific] experts, and the mass media? Apparent successes of the medical, scientific] experts? appeared long before the 1980s. appeared long before the 1980s. Apple suspends product sales in Russia, limits Apple Pay
applications in [science, engineering, etc]. As such, this is the only solidly-based EMERGENT theory of consciousness that I know of. Grossberg"s book provides a wonderful description :
approach of AP: Russia moves additional 7,000 troops to Ukraine"s border despite claim of withdrawal.
a [puzzle, failure] that I address separately.
a [puzzle, failure] that I address separately. A quick comparison of Consciousness Theories. Only a few concepts are listed, almost randomly selected except for [Grossberg, Taylor]"s, as there are a huge [number, diversity] of concepts. Arakhamiya: We are ready to discuss non-NATO models of security
[ARC06]) paved the way for infinitesimals Arc Blast — Part 1 | thunderbolts.info arc blasts ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih shuts down website due to fears of cyberattack.
Areferendum on constitutional amendments in Belarus, held today, on Feb. 27, is set to allow Russia to place nuclear weapons on the territory of Belarus.
Ares Ares Arestovych on enemy losses: More than 1,000 killed, about 2,500 wounded
Are We In a Recession? The Steepening Yield Curve Indicator Says Another Recession Is Coming. - MarketWatch Are we ready for Global Cooling Armed Forces of Ukraine successfully repel an attack by Russian forces on Mykolaiv,
Armed Forces report interception of Russian planning documents alleging invasion affirmed on Jan. 22.
Armed Forces: Russia captures 400 Ukrainians in Kherson.
Armed Forces: Russia fires cluster munition in Pokrovsk, no casualties.
Armed Forces: Russia loses around 5,840 troops.
Armed Forces: Russia may intensify missile strikes, shelling.
Armed Forces: Russia to use Belarus troops in war against Ukraine.
Armenia (Mede) Army Chief Zaluzhnyi: Russia plans terrorist attacks in occupied Donbas to frame Ukraine.
Army liberates two populated localities in Chernihiv region
Army says Odesa region "stuffed" with Russian saboteurs
aroused criticism, perhaps justified, or not? I haven"t looked in detail, but I"m only concerned about whether the concepts hold water, which I did not succeed in re-deriving, yet... :
arrays nested.ndf.
Artem Zdunov, who heads Russia"s Mordovian Republic,
Articles to be expanded from November 2020 Artificial Curiosity (1990) → GANs (2010s, see Sec. XVII). artificial curiosity Artificial Curiosity artificial curiosity and creativity through generative adversarial agents that learn to design abstract, interesting computational experiments. artificial neural network (NN) artificial scientists and artists.) Arts Arts & Events Arts Genres Arts & Life
Arts Links Arts News A Russian rocket hit police headquarters in Kharkiv, UNIAN news agency reports.
arXiv:1112.5309 [cs.AI] arXiv:1210.0118 [cs.AI], 2015. arXiv:1210.8385 [cs.AI]. arXiv/1311.2524, Nov 2013. arxiv:1312.5602. arxiv:1312.5602 (PDF). arXiv/1409.0473, 2014-16. arxiv:1506.07452. arXiv:1507.06228 (July 2015). Also at NIPS 2015. The arXiv:1512.03385 arXiv/1606.06724. arXiv:1607.06450, 2016. arXiv:1608.05343, 2016. arXiv:1609.08144 (PDF), 2016. Based on LSTM which it mentions at least 50 times. arXiv:1611.01578 (PDF), 2017. arxiv:1612.07771 (2016). Also at ICLR 2017. arXiv:1703.03906 arXiv/1703.06870, 2017. arXiv:1704.04760 arXiv/1708.03498. arXiv:1802.08864 [cs.AI], Feb 2018. arXiv/1802.10353. arXiv:1805.04908. arXiv:1808.03578, 2018. arXiv:1808.03578, 2018. arXiv:1809.01999. arXiv/1906.04493. arXiv/1912.02875, 5 Dec 2019. arXiv/1912.02877, 5 Dec 2019. arxiv:1912.06680. arXiv:2003.08165. arXiv:2005.05744, 2020. arXiv:2005.05744, 2020. The arXiv/2005.14165. arXiv/2010.03635. arXiv:2011.07831 [cs.AI], 2020. arXiv/2011.12930. arXiv:2012.14905 [cs.LG], 2020. arXiv:2102.11174. arXiv:2106.06295 (June 2021). arXiv/2110.07732. arXiv:2112.10752, LMU Munich, 2021. arXiv:2202.05780. arXiv/2207.01570, 4 July 2022 (submitted in May 2022). arXiv:2212.11279 arXiv:2212.11279. arXiv:cs/0309048 (2003). ArXiv preprint. ArXiv Preprint. Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, Illia Polosukhin 2017) Ashlea Colton, Blair Bromley Jul2018 Reactor Physics Assessment of Annular Plutonium-Thorium Fuels for Use in Prismatic Fuel Blocks in a HTGR-SMR with a Hydrogen-Based Moderator 7LiH
a simple menu listing webPages on the webSite As invaders intend to advance deeper into Ukraine, Army remains ready to repel enemy – defense ministry
Ask an Expert As of March 3, more than 1.2 million refugees have left Ukraine since Russia"s full-scale invasion began on February 24,
As of March 6, more than 1.7 million refugees have left Ukraine
(A) speech recognition, as shown in 2005 "Association of of geomagnetic disturbances and suicide attempts in Taiwan, 1997-2013. A cross-sectional study" Assocn Resrcs - home Assocn Resrcs - Meetings and Events Planning Assocn Resrcs - services Assumed rules of the game As their universities are shelled, fleeing foreign students wait days at borders
Asura superhuman demigods ??? ATB supermarkets located underground are opened as bomb shelters.
Thanks Thanks to many expert reviewers for useful comments. Since science is about self-correction, let me know under juergen@idsia.ch if you can spot any remaining error. Many additional relevant publications can be found in my A thermal airburst impact structure | A Catastrophe of Comets Athletes from Russia and Belarus will not be allowed to compete at the 2022 Winter Paralympics in Beijing, the International Paralympic Committee said.
Atlantic hurricanes
At least $120 billion in infrastructure damage by Russia"s war in Ukraine.
At least 11 people killed in shelling in Kharkiv
At least 136 people, including 13 children, have been killed in Ukraine
At least 17 people injured after Russian air strike hit maternity hospital
At least 1 killed, 14 injured in shelling of Okhtyrka
At least 1 million Ukrainians have fled the country
At least 71 children killed since Russia’s full-scale invasion began on Feb. 24.
At least 756 anti-war protestors detained in Russia on March 13.
"Atom Viewer" 3D rotatable online model to see element structures according to SAM : "Atom Viewer" 3D rotatable online model to see nucleus structures for each element according to SAM "Atom Viewer" 3D rotatable online model to see nucleus structures for each element according to SAM :
Atom-Viewer comment after selecting carbon : "... Carbon is the most "perfect" element that is recognized in SAM. It is not only the most geometrical and complete element it is also the "building block" for the larger elements. Multiple Carbon nuclets intertwined together are called the "backbone" of the Atom in the SAM model. Carbon has 2 stable and 1 semi stable isotopes, C12, C13 and semi-stable C-14. ..."
Atsani [ATT0-1] (1990). [ATT0-2] which the authors did not cite. [ATT0-3] [ATT14] has indeed become important. [ATT2] [ATT3] [ATT3] (2010) [ATT] [ATT] [ATT] although [ATT] and [ATT]
[ATT] through "Attention is all you need" paper. "Attention Is All You Need" [v5] Wed, 6 Dec 2017 03:30:32 UTC https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762 attention mechanisms also Attention terminology of 1993 at the point of the knife you never see anyone the strong will survive at the end of the gun we run songs lyrics Atum (Atem, Tem) evening sun, or Atum M [Atem, Tem] evening sun
audacity Audio Audiobooks audio - Howell"s web directory Audit alleges financial violations worth $460 million at Energoatom.
Aug 2015 Google"s speech recognition based on CTC and LSTM. A Ukrainian doctor was killed on March 1 while transporting her wounded nephew to the hospital,
Aura Sabadus: Will Putin deploy his energy weapons against Europe?
Aureon.ca for actual experimental results Australia Australia closes its embassy in Ukraine.
Australia imposes sanctions, travel bans on 8 members of Russia’s security council.
Australia Network TV Australian government sanctions 10 individuals for their legitimization of Russia’s war in Ukraine.
Australian region tropical cyclones
Australia temporarily relocates embassy from Kyiv to Lviv.
Austrian Solar Charts Expose “Small Sensation” …Fractures CO2 Warming Theory [ author ] Authorities complete investigation of infamous judge Vovk’s brother
Authorities investigating 38 cases of Ukrainian officials and law enforcement officers helping Russian occupiers.
Authorities search ex-head of Naftogaz Kobolyev’s home over contentious debt settlement
Authors" Guide for young researchers and those unfamiliar with the IEEE Paper submission system and IJCNN conference requirements.

Authors" Guide to be of some help.

[AV1] [AV2] Bengio has simply "denied my claims" without available for downloading from this site available here

available on YouTube Avdiivka Coke Plant comes under rocket attack
A video shared by UNIAN news agency shows dozens of Russian soldiers
A warehouse of Kyivenergo, capital’s energy generating company, was set on fire.
Awaye! worked on one of these, if I remember correctly :
Azerbaijan ready to host Ukraine–Russia meeting
"b64.png" width="512" height="144" B), B). B, [BA93] [BA96-03] [BA96-03] Today, graph NNs are used in numerous applications. Baby lemur born in Kyiv zoo named Bayraktar, after Turkish-made drone used by Ukrainian military.
Bachelor of Applied backpropagation Backpropagation is a previously invented backupper - backups to USB hard drives etc bad guy Badlands Community Facility (BCF) Baerbock: NATO will not close sky over Ukraine as it is responsible for lives of Europeans
Banking system will work but with limitations, according to President"s Office.
"Báo cáo nhanh công tác trực ban PCTT ngày 07/11/2020" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Disaster Management Authority. November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020. Barrons bash bash library: file operations used extensively, sometimes hybridized with the QNial programming language bash script, for example, to automatically play through a sequence of selected segments battery alert in Linux Mint? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange Bayraktar drone destroys EW system in Kyiv region
BBC: EU freezes Putin and Lavrov"s assets.
BBC to launch shortwave radio service in Ukraine and Russia.
COVIDAnalytics (MIT DELPHI) - A top-performing model for US nationwide forecasts. COVIDhub Ensemble - An aggregation of the forecasts of ~30 models submitted to the COVID-19 Forecast Hub. The combined forecast is then published on the CDC website. You can find the pre-print here. Because it is able to combine the forecasts of so many models, it is more accurate than any single model alone. Hence, if one were to only use one model, this would be the one to use. 利奇馬颱風來襲 教育部初估學校災損524萬. United Daily News (in Chinese). Retrieved 2021-03-16. 利奇马酿成我国近年来最严重台风灾害 (in Chinese). 中国气象爱好者. August 18, 2019. Retrieved 2021-03-16. 暴风雨席卷吉打1死1失踪. Oriental Daily News Malaysia (in Chinese). August 10, 2019. Retrieved 2021-03-16. Before Ukraine, there was Georgia: How Russia recycles its 2008 playbook
Being Human [BEL53] Belarus claims Ukrainian military helicopter violated its airspace, threatens consequences
Belarusian border crisis, explained
Belarusian dictator Alexander Lukashenko said on TV that his country isn"t participating or planning to participate in Russia"s invasion of Ukraine.
Belarusian regime launches 4 ballistic missiles.
Belarusian regime opens probe into Dnipro mayor for supporting opposition.
Belarus may join Russia in war against Ukraine – Ukraine's ex-defense chief
Belarus may launch attack on Ukraine today, on March 11.
Belarus missile ruins historical building in Chernihiv.
Belarus moves migrants away from Polish border
Belarus resumes supplying electricity to Ukraine
Belarus says it will rotate troops on Ukraine"s border.
Belarus starts joint military drills with Russia.
Belarus troops are on standby for deployment
Belarus will renounce its non-nuclear and neutral status,
Belarus will renounce its non-nuclear and neutral status, allowing Russia to place nuclear weapons on its territory, as a result of the referendum held today.
Belgian green energy producer launches arbitration to recover $79 million from Ukraine
Belgium to supply Ukraine with 2,000 machine guns, 3,800 tons of fuel.
Bellingcat: Secret Donetsk torture prison is controlled by Russia
Bellingcat: Ukraine behind failed attempt to arrest Russian proxies in 2020
below). Ben Davidson) Ben Davidson of Suspicious Observers, I have added the geomagnetic Kp index (see definitions below) to sunspots in the graph below to see if it might add "explanatory power" to the influenza data, beyond using sunspots alone. Ben has posted an awesome series of [papers, books, videos] dealing with human health in a broad sense and a multitude of astronomical phenomena!
Ben Davidson & Suspicious0bservers.org - Space Weather and health Ben (@TheRealS0s) | Twitter Bermuda withdraws licenses for Russian-operated planes due to safety concerns.
Best of ABC online Best Scripts of the Month — 2020.04 for NASDAQ:SSP by PineCoders — TradingView Betty Between 20,000 and 30,000 people rally in support of Ukraine in Berlin.
"Beyond Plate Tectonics". Other scientists have also written about it, and some professional geologists claim success in applying it to .
BFMTV: "The worst yet to come," says Macron after speaking to Putin.
Biden: ‘I will not accept Russia’s red lines on Ukraine’
Biden aide: Russia prepares pretext for potential invasion of Ukraine
Biden allocates $200 million in military aid for Ukraine.
Biden announces US ban on Russian oil, gas imports.
Biden asks Congress to approve $10 billion in aid for Ukraine.
Biden authorizes allocation of another $200M in aid to Ukraine
Biden: Ejecting Russia from SWIFT international payments system "always an option” but not right now.
Biden: "I"m convinced that Putin has decided to invade."
Biden: "Invasion remains distinctly possible."
Biden, Macron hold talks with Putin as tensions peak
Biden predicts Russia will ‘move in’ on Ukraine, while Zelensky downplays invasion threat
Biden promises to halt Nord Stream 2 if Russia further invades Ukraine.
Biden promises Zelensky there will be no agreements about Ukraine behind its back
Biden, Putin hold talks about Russia’s potential invasion of Ukraine
Biden: Putin"s actions are the "beginning of a Russian invasion of Ukraine."
Biden, Putin to meet as tensions rise in Donbas.
Biden security advisor says Russia can annex Ukraine’s occupied Donbas region.
Biden: threat of Russian further invasion is "very high."
Biden: Ukraine will never, never be a victory for Putin
Biden: US Department of Justice is assembling a task force to go after the crimes of Russian oligarchs and corrupt Russian leaders.
Biden: U.S. to sanction 4 more Russian banks, more members of Russian elites and their families.
Biden warns Russia will pay a "severe price" if it uses chemical weapons in Ukraine.
Biden warns that Putin decided to invade as Russian proxies in Ukraine appear to stage escalation
Biden warns that the world will hold Russia accountable as Putin declared war on Ukraine.
Biden: "We believe Russia will target Kyiv."
Biden: We will join our allies in closing our airspace to Russian planes.
Biden will talk to Putin amid threat of imminent invasion.
Big Data, Deep Learning, and Safety directory. Perhaps these may be of interest, help] to others putting together a film from Linux-based free software.
Big Science is broken Bill Howells book [note, review]s/ Bill Howell"s not-so-sure self-VAERS list and comments Bill Howells videos/Birkeland rotation in galaxy - not dark matter/Dark matter video 1 - initial, simple.mpeg

Bill liberalizing gun ownership passes in first reading.
Bill O"Reilly | No Spin News Bipartisan bill introduced in US House of Representatives that would ban import of Russian crude oil.
Birkeland rotation in galaxy - not dark matter/ [BL16] [BL16] He Blackfoot Crossing Hisotical Park, sign Treaty #7 Black Saturday Blake Lemoine, 2022) Blasts are reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv,
Blinken calls off meeting with Russian foreign minister scheduled on Feb. 24.
Blinken compares situation in Mariupol with siege of Leningrad
Blinken: I am utterly convinced that Ukraine will prevail
Blinken-Lavrov call results in another stalemate for Ukraine crisis
Blinken rejects calls for no-fly zone over Ukraine, sides with NATO.
Blinken: Russia could launch renewed invasion of Ukraine during Olympics.
Blinken: Russian invasion could come at any time.
Blinken: Russia plans to encircle Kyiv.
Blinken: Russia will launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine before the end of the night.
Blinken to speak with Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov today.
Blinken to visit Kyiv, Berlin on Jan. 18-20
Blinken: "Ukraine can absolutely win against Russia".
Blinken: Ukraine’s using defense support "effectively" against Russian aggression.
Blinken: US intelligence sees no evidence of Russia withdrawal.
Blinken visits Kyiv, warns Russia might attack ‘at very short notice,’ asks about reforms
LNQ - A model released in July that has the best forecasts for incident cases, both on a state-by-state level and county-by-county level. It is created by two individuals. blocking Russian state media from running ads on its platform anywhere in the world.


Blog Blog, 2006). Blog Blog of Werner Vogels, CTO of Amazon (Nov 2016): Blog post, Internet Archive, 2010. blog post of my PhD student Louis Kirsch. Blogs London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - While its forecasts are unproven, it is one of the few other models to have US and global Rt estimates. Bloomberg Bloomberg: Germany, others seek exemptions in possible sanctions on Russia
Bloomberg, May 15, 2018. Bloomberg, May 17, 2018. Bloomberg: Russia loses over $30 billion of its GDP since the start of all-out invasion.
Bloomberg: Russia surpasses Iran and North Korea as most sanctioned nation ten days after its full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
Bloomberg: Some EU nations balk at push to advance Ukraine’s membership bid.
Bloomberg temporarily halts work of its journalists in Russia after Putin criminalizes independent journalism.
Bloomberg: Turkey ready to sell over 20 Bayraktar drones to Ukraine
Bloomberg: US considers sanctions on Russia"s central bank.
Bloomberg: US embassy considers leaving Ukraine for Poland.
Bloom multilingual language model - open-source platform Los Alamos National Lab (LANL) - One of the top-performing models from April-July, but has been significantly under-forecasting since then. Blue Yeti microphone Blu-ray [BM] a [BM] did not cite prior relevant work (B) natural language processing, Body & Health
Bohdan Vitvitsky: Disarming Putin’s history weapon
Bolaven Oliver Wyman - A model released in June that instantly became one of the top-performing models since its release. It is one of the few other models to have estimates of true infections. It only has public forecasts 4 weeks into the future. Bollinger Bands for TVC:NDX by NewCycleTrading — TradingView Bolt to donate EUR 5M to Ukraine and leave Belarus market
Bomber Command Museum of Canada, Nanton [BOO] Books & Magazines Bootleg booze costs Ukraine $330 million a year in uncollected taxes
Bopha Boris Johnson: Ukraine invasion would "echo around the world."
Borrell: EU countries to send ‘fighter jets’ to Ukraine.
Borrell: EU to apply full sanctions power if Russia escalates
Borrell: Putin has failed and must stop war in Ukraine
Botched evacuation: thousands remain in Bucha, including toddler with transplanted organ
[BOU] Boxer Usyk joins Territorial Defense Forces.
[BP1-2] [BP1-2] And [BP1,4,5] [BP1-4] [BP1-4] also known as the reverse mode of automatic differentiation.
[BP1-4] [BP1-4] to rapidly modify [BP1-5] also known as the reverse mode of automatic differentiation. [BP1-5] and weight-sharing [BP1-5] [BP1] [BP1] [BP1]). [BP1]); [BP1] (1970) of this [BP1] and therefore should get the credit. [BP1]). [BP1] to NNs (concretizing thoughts in his 1974 thesis). [BP1] to NNs (concretizing thoughts in Werbos" 1974 thesis). [BP1] whose origins [BP2] [BP2] and [BP2] and weight-sharing [BP2] extending ideas in his 1974 thesis. [BP4-5] [BP4] [BP6]). [BPA] Furthermore, many [BPA-C] [BPA-C]). BP to stop new purchases of Russian oil and gas.
[BPTT1]



brain wave (Hz)

Breakdown of Putin’s false narratives to justify aggression against Ukraine
BREAKING: EU disconnects key Russian banks from SWIFT.
BREAKING: European Parliament recommends giving Ukraine EU candidate status.
BREAKING: Ex-President Poroshenko charged with high treason
BREAKING: German economy minister orders Nord Stream 2 certification halt
BREAKING: German government says allies cutting Russia out of SWIFT.
BREAKING: Putin orders Russian nuclear deterrent forces on alert.
BREAKING: Russia recognizes occupied regions in Ukraine as independent states
BREAKING: Ukraine confirms peace talks with Russia today.
BREAKING: Ukraine imposes state of emergency
[BRE] Brian Brian Whitmore: While the world watches Ukraine, Putin is quietly occupying Belarus.
Bridge blown up on Kyiv-Zhytomyr highway.
BrightWorkResearch.com - This "articles webPage has a fantastic list of references for many covid issues!! Far more than I have collected below, and there are also a large number of [covid, covax]-related references on my related webPages! Brihaspati M (Vedic fire)
brilliantlightpower.com
Brilliant Light Power website BrilliantLightPower Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia Brisbane Britain calls for "Marshall Plan for Ukraine."
Britain to do everything possible to end war in Ukraine - Johnson
Britain welcomes Ukrainian children battling cancer, their families.
Britain will detain any Russian aircraft in its airspace
British instructors train Ukrainian military to operate NLAW tank killers (PHOTOS)
Bromley, Alexander Dec2018 Assessment of fast-spectrum blanket lattices for breeding fissile fuel from thorium and depleted uranium in an externally driven sub-critical gas-cooled pressure tube reactor Browser scan directory Browser scan directory
Browser scan directory

[BRU1-4] [BRU4] [BRU4] [BRU4] calls that the first conference on AI. base64.zip, a Bualoi Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy’s control, situation remains critical
UCLA - Another early model that has consistently performed well. It also has estimates for the reproduction number (Rt). The visualizations are well-done. With that said, the confidence intervals are fairly narrow, and they have been under-forecasting since September. Budapest Memorandum guarantors ignore Ukraine’s calls to close the sky – Vereshchuk
UMass Amherst - An early model that has consistently performed well since its release in May. It is made by the Reich Lab, the same group that runs the COVID-19 Forecast Hub. The downside is that it only forecasts 4 weeks out and has no visualizations (other than on the Forecast Hub). [BUR18] USC - A model released in July that has made great improvements over the past few weeks. It is one of the few other models to make daily updates. Buses leave Zaporizhzhia to evacuate people from Mariupol
Business Buy TV Programs What is consciousness? I will start with a simple definition concentrated on how out [awareness of [environment, situation, self, others], expectations, feeling about a situation] arise from essentially non-conscious cognitive, emotional, and motor processes, including muscle control. "Awareness", "Expectations", "Emotions", lead to "Actions". "Actions" include muscle actions, language communications, striving towards a goal, reactions to the current situation, directing [perception, cognition], and other processes. "Learning" in a robust, stable, and flexible manner is an essential part of this, given that the environment forces us to learn and adapt to new situations and to modify our [conscious, sub-conscious] understanding where it is wrong or insufficient. Some other components of consciousness are provided in the remainder of this video, but there are many, many more in the literature. Of interest to philosophers such as David Chalmers, are qualia and phenomenal experiences.
by myself by others (Sec. Byoung-Kyong Min 2010 "A Thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness"
by the mid 2010s, speech recognition and machine translation C) C), C, C above, Cabinet offers to lift excise tax, cut VAT rate on fuel
CA Conservative Calgary LabSvcs Appointment Services Calgary Movies and Listings | Calgary Theatres | Showtimes and Movie Times callerID-SNN programming - QNial program file callerID-SNN [programming, note]s directory callerID-SNNs Introduction (this webPage) callerID-SNNs project. callerID-SNNs (Spiking Neural Networks), as introduced in another webPage callerID-SNNs program coding (QNial programming language) callerID Spiking Neural Networks (callerID-SNNs) - This webPage describes my [direction, concept]s that will be built at least partially on MindCode. CA Maverick Cambodia Canada
Canada closes ports, territorial waters to Russian ships.
Canada decides against sending more military personnel to Ukraine
Canada delivers weapons to Ukraine.
Canada, Japan, Australia join Western allies in Russia sanction sweep
Canada leads international call to action against Russian state-sponsored disinformation in Ukraine.
Canada offers a $393 million loan to Ukraine, provides lethal weapons.
Canada pulls out military trainers from Ukraine.
Canada relocates embassy to western Ukraine amid growing threats of further Russian invasion, others may follow
Canada sanctions 10 people in Russia’s energy sector, offers further support to Ukraine.
Canada sends Ukraine non-lethal military equipment, amid growing war threats.
Canada’s new sanctions target banks and Putin"s inner circle.
Canada’s sanctions target Russian sovereign debt, 2 state banks, Russian lawmakers.
Canada’s Ukrainian communities rally in support of Ukraine
Canada, the Netherlands, Britain pledge to supply more weapons to Ukraine
Canada to impose further sanctions on Russian individuals.
Canada to impose new sanctions prohibiting all imports of Russian crude oil.
Canada to move its embassy from Kyiv to Lviv.
Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre: Canadian court awards $84 million ‘for lives lost to terrorism’ in 2020 Ukrainian plane downing in Iran
canadiancovidcarealliance - Awesome job! Canadian Covid Care Alliance "... We are a group of over 500 independent Canadian doctors, scientists, and professionals aiming to provide top quality, evidence-based information about COVID-19, intent on reducing hospitalizations and saving more lives. Our role is to assist you by providing balanced, unbiased information relating to all sides of current recommendations surrounding this pandemic. ..."
Canadian military veteran wants his country to act on Ukraine
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau will visit Europe from March 6- 11 to coordinate new sanctions against Russia and show support for Ukraine.
[CAN] can be found here (depth > 1000). can be found here. Canberra "Cancer in Science"

CA PeopleParty (Bernier) [CAPS] Captured Russian pilot says he knew he dropped bombs on peaceful Ukrainians
Captured Russian soldiers will face punishment in Ukraine or be used for prisoner exchange.
[Cardona 2006]?, Geb originally wrongly read as Seb? [Cardona 2006] (?= Savitri [Vrata, Brata, Amavasya]) Careers Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands Caroline Islands case of Blake Lemoine is a good example. How far can LLMs go in assessing human intelligence, given their huge "codified databases"? Would they be able to go beyond our traditional measures of intelligence in both [depth, diversity]?
Casimir energy of Sierpinski triangles, Phys. Rev. D 96, 105010
Catastrophe Evidence Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 CBC: Canada sanctions Russian oligarch Abramovich, 32 agencies associated with Russia’s military and security.
CCI Wireless – Corridor Communications Inc CCI Wireless Sign In CDC: 94% of COVID-19 deaths had underlying medical conditions | WKRC CDC ???
CDC Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19 CDC FluView Interactive CDC Influenza (Flu) CDC National, Regional, and State Level Outpatient Illness and Viral Surveillance CDC NVSS - Public Use Data File Documentation CDC Pandemic Influenza (Flu) CDC Pandemic Influenza (Flu), historical CDC Saved Request: Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2018, D85F179 CDC Weekly counts of deaths by jurisdiction and age group Céline Dion - Titanic Lyrics | MetroLyrics Center for Defense Strategies: Can Ukraine really be invaded? Scenarios for a Russian attack (analysis)
Center for Defense Strategies: How likely is large-scale war in Ukraine? (analysis)
Center for Defense Strategies: Russia will likely impose martial law on March 4.
Center for Defense Strategies: What Putin’s watershed decision means for Ukraine, world? (analysis)
Center for Social and Economic Research: Ukraine loses up to $17 billion per year to tax avoidance
Centrenergo to import 1.5 million tons of coal to prevent outages
CERN kicks Russia out from nuclear research programs.
C:ESO29(1) 96766.DVI - Sorokhtin-Evolution-Earths-Global-Climate-2009.pdf Chaba championed by Hinton), Chanthu Chapter 13. Scripting Character AI - ChatSonic’s conversational experiences via AI characters Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and social critic.
Charlotte • Chart: COVID-19 Cases per Million Inhabitants: A Comparison | Statista Cheating Theory, Parasitic behavior, and Stupidity Chernihiv defenders destroy entire Russian missile unit
Chernihiv left without electricity, water, heat, gas supplies
Chernihiv left without water after Russian strikes.
Chester × DALL·E | Sea otters Child dies of dehydration in Mariupol, first time since WW2, as humanitarian disaster unfolds - Zelensky
Children Children among dead after Russian air raid on residential buildings in Sumy.
Children & Parenting Chill Ukrainian cat Stepan goes viral, does ad for Valentino
"China Meteorological Administration Best Track Data For the 1951 Pacific Typhoon Season". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 20 July 2013. China’s Coronavirus Figures Don’t Add Up. ‘This Never Happens With Real Data.’ - Barron"s China’s Skyrizon sues Ukrainian government for $4.5 billion over failed Motor Sich bid
China stock market data - prices and news - FT.com China to provide Ukraine withover $791,000 in humanitarian aid.
Chinchilla LLM - Alphabet"s Deepmind Chinese Chinese Chinese FM says he hopes Russia’s war will end soon.
Chinese Foreign Minister: China-Russia friendship is ‘rock solid,’ prospects for cooperation extensive.
Chinese foreign minister: Ukraine"s territorial integrity must be respected.
Chinese handwriting contest (ICDAR 2011), Chornobyl disconnected from power following Russian attack.
Chornobyl Exclusion Zone closes for tourists.
Chornobyl NPP left without electricity due to actions of Russian invaders
@chrism665 very powerful thinking, relatively rare postings [CHU] (1935), CIA Chief: Putin is not crazy.
CIA classified video: a hoot that turned real!], this 12,000 year catastrophe cycle with a 6,000 [year hemi-cycle].
CiteSeerX City council: 1,582 Mariupol residents killed by Russia.
City Council: Russia disrupts evacuation from Bucha.
City council: Russian troops seize Berdiansk Airport on Azov Sea coast.
Civic watchdogs say Zelensky appoints 21 tainted judges
Civilian killed in shelling by Russian proxies in Donbas.
Civilians evacuated from Izium under Russian shelling
Civilians" evacuation in Mariupol postponed as Russian forces break temporary ceasefire agreement.
Civilians flee in terror as Ukraine’s military deter Russia in Irpin
Civilian wounded in Russian shelling in Donbas.
_Civilisations and the sun, and if I find [time to do it, data] this would be nice. civiliser clamscan notes.txt Clara Classic FM Click for LibreOffice macro directory listing
Click to see a full-sized image of the chart in your browser.. (~3.5 feet squared on my kitchen wall. My printed out version includes hand annotated comparisons to the Mayan calendar and other references.) Click to view most files related to this presentation
Climate and Sun/ - an assortment of programs to analyse data, including history climate change Climate Change, or not... CNETTV 2020: Watch Elon Musk"s ENTIRE live Neuralink demonstration [CNN1-4] [CNN1a] Waibel called this TDNN and [CNN1a] Waibel did not call this CNNs but TDNNs. [CNN1] [CNN1] [CNN1] [CNN1] [CNN1] [CNN1] The popular downsampling variant [CNN1] who also introduced the now widely used [CNN2,4] [CNN3] [CNN3] [CNN3] Since 1989, CNN, citing screenshots from a webcam and video that have been geolocated, Russian military vehicles entered Kherson after heavy shelling and appear to have taken the southern city.


CNN: Australia to send missiles to Ukraine as part of $50 million support package,
CNN: British soldiers may have traveled unlawfully to fight alongside Ukraine.
CNN: Explosions heard in Kyiv.
CNN: Google Maps has blocked two features in Ukraine
CNN: Overstretched Russian forces could struggle to hold Ukraine at current levels, expert predicts.
CNN: Russia fired more than 400 missiles on Ukraine.
CNN: Russia is poised to deploy up to 1,000 more mercenaries to Ukraine.
CNNs CNN: Six-year-old boy killed in Kyiv clashes, several more Ukrainian civilians wounded,
CNN: Stalled 64-km-long Russian convoy near Kyiv largely dispersed.
CNN: Two massive explosions in Kyiv.
CNN: US Embassy in Kyiv asks authorization to evacuate non-essential staff
CNN: US intelligence fueled alarming headlines to disrupt further Russian invasion, deter military action.
CNN: Zelensky-Baerbock meeting cancelled over non-supply of arms and Nord Stream 2.
CNPS 2015 - YouTube CNPS live talk during videoconf CNPS Video Conference Jeffrey Cook and Perpetual Motion - YouTube CNS Fusion Energy Science and Technology (CNS-FEST) cns-snc.ca/CNS/fusion/ [CO1-3] [CO1-4] Here we exploited that the [CO2] Coal shortages force Ukraine to switch to gas
Coca-Cola suspends business in Russia.
[Cochrane 2024] p148 "... As a general rule of thumb - one is tempted to deem it a natural law of human cognition - the primary structures references in cosmogonic myth never trace to metaphorical or analytical processes. Rather cosmogonic traditions always encode witnessed natural events and concrete structures and, as such, reflect experiential learning. Until now, however, the natural history of the epochal catastrophic events remembered as Creation has remained all but unknown to modern science and thus it is not surprising that the root meanings of such fundamental concepts as Maat continue to elude even the best scholars. ..."
[Cochrane 2024] p148 "... ?? Howell: I am missing a quote that EU mythologists take ancient myths aren"t made-up stories, but are the great truths. They take the ancients at their word, and try to interpret. Furthermore, the commonality of key myths across the globe in societies that never came into contact, is an important argument that they are correct, or at least substantiated. ??
[Cochrane 2024] p148 "... In order to understand the multiform symbolism associated with the manifestation of order at the Time of the Beginning, it is helpful to have a rough outline of cosmogonic history before us. The natural events remembered as Creation, as we have documented in a number of publications, occurred during a historical context in which darkness and chaos prevailed. During the pre-Creation period in question, the nascent "sun" or "fire" was "hidden" in the primordial earth, during which time a prodigious storm whirled about the circumpolar heavens, darkening the sky and buffeting the earth. The catastrophic onditions in question were interpreted in countless different ways - as an apocalyptic eclipse of the sun, as the imprisonment of of a solar hero within the earth (=Under-world, a hole in the earth, Venusberg), as the swallowing of the warrior-heroby a dragon, as the withholding or hoarding of riches or food within a mountain, etc. With the flaring up of the nascent sun (=rekindling of the fire), the solar "rays" extending to the four directions first came into view, thereby partioning and "ordering" the cosmos while dispelling the darkness. Hence we would understand the Egyptian tradition that Maat originated at the very time of the prototypical sun"s appearance in illo tempere, not to mention the menaing "ray/radiance" inherent in the cognate term m(backards epsilon)wt. The essence of the symbolism is captured by an inscription of King Tut which speaks of the establishment of maat instead of jsft (chaos and disorder): "His Majesty drove out disorder (jsft) from the Two Lands so that order (m(backards epsilon)"t) was again established in its place;... the land was at "the first time" [= the creation]." ..."
[Cochrane 2024] p160 "... In addition to the seemingly all-consuming desire to replicate the behavior of the planetary gods, there is also a strong likelihood that the aforementioned ritual practices represented an attempt to temper or assuage the anxiety associated with the profoundly terrifying events in question. According to Sigmund Freud, especially traumatic events can produce compulsive behaviors that tend to repeat them. Walter Burkett suggested that the repetition of traumatic events acted to assuage or mollify the fear" "It seems to be a psychological mechanism that anxiety, caused by some traumatic event, may be overcome by what is called traumatic repetition." Aristotle"s notion of catharsis is also relevant here: According to the celebrated Greek philosopher, a fundamental goal of Athenian dramatic performances was to elicit a catharsis among the audience members, by which he evidently meant a calming or relieving of terrifying emotions. ..."
[Cochrane 2024] p163 "... We have documented that sacred traditions on both sides of the Atlantic told of a Turquoise Sun at the Time of the Beginning. It was the explosive, utterly spellbinding appearance of this nascent or prototypical "sun" that formed the primary subject of creation myths around the globe. The riddle of Creation, for countless millenia the ever-elusive Holy Grail sought by wise men and philosophers alike, stands revealed as a collective memory of catastrophic natural events - specifically, as the awe-inspiring occasion wen a former sun sent forth its straight rays to the four cardinal directions, thereby separating heaven from earth and ordering the visible cosmos. ..."
Code of Conduct Coinbase blocks 25,000 Russian cryptocurrency wallets, but not because of invasion.
Collections | DALL·E collimated plasma jets
Color Hex Color Codes Colton, Bromley Mar2021 Reactor Physics Assessment of Potential Feasibility of Using Advanced Nonconventional Fuels in a Pressure Tube Heavy Water Reactor to Destroy Americium and Curium
Columnists
Column of Russian special forces defeated near Hostomel "Kadyrovites,"
Coming days of war are "likely to be worse," says NATO chief.
Commander of Kyiv’s Defense: We’re ready to arrange inhospitable reception of Russian army
comment on response by A. Hodges (DOI:10.1126/science.336.6089.1639-a) commentary) Comments from Piers Commission fails to nominate anti-graft prosecutor for third time
Common Sense Science Community community.egroupware.org: Community wiki Comparing the legacies of Gauss, Pasteur, Darwin. Correspondence, Nature, vol 452, p 530, April 2008. Comparison of [TradingView, Yahoo finance] data Compass Competitions, complete re-interpretation of WWII at the highest levels (very incomplete work - my father got too old, and I panicked with video animations as too much work) compressing or distilling compressing or distilling one NN into another (1991), "Computations with multiple RNA strands". Most other sections provide context.
Conclusion: Conclusion (~2,000 words). Conditions of Use confirmed the report, saying that the eastern city of Kharkiv is “at particular risk.”


Conflict Intelligence Team: Russia"s military appear to be taking up positions for offense.
[CONN21] "Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain". (This link shows a menu that lists details of many themes from his book, plus commentary on well-known concepts of consciousness.) His book went far beyond my awareness of his work (obviously I was horribly out of date). [Right, wrong, true, false], it also goes far beyond any other [concept, work] that I am aware of in explaining how [neurons, the brain] work. The results are not simple, nor are they amenable to the normal "yap, wave your arms" that we all like so much. Maybe that"s why it"s not so [popular, well known]. To me, concepts of consciousness that do not [emerge from, work with] non-conscious processes, and which do not ellucidate mechanisms, are not satisfying, even though they can still be pragmatically useful.
Consciousness Conscript arrested after allegedly killing 5 people in unprecedented shooting spree (UPDATED)
Constitutional Court delays swearing in judges appointed by Zelensky
Contact the Post
Contact Wikipedia Contests
Contribute Controversial court’s new ruling might cancel anti-corruption prosecutor contest
Converting jpeg / png pictures to mp4 format videos on Linux with avconv | Walking in Light with Christ - Faith, Computing, Diary Cookie statement Coordinated Universal Time. Coordination Headquarters for Treatment of Prisoners of War established in Ukraine
copy in case original link fails) Copyright & Permission Rules Corona virus Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus (COVID-19) charts and stats — TradingView Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | CDC Corona virus models Corona virus models coronavirus research deemed ‘too dangerous’ by DARPA, was approved by Anthony Fauci’s NIAID and was conducted by Daszak’s EcoHealth Alliance at Wuhan.
Coronavirus vaccine clinical trial starts Monday, U.S. official says - MarketWatch Corrected sunspot history suggests climate change not due to natural solar trends – Astronomy Now Corrections
Costumes Council of Europe condemns Russia"s aggression against Ukraine
Counter-Rotation at Center of Galaxy NGC 1068
Country Breakfast Couple detained in Donetsk Region for providing enemy with location details of Ukraine Army
Court delays arrest hearing for Zelensky"s party MP until Feb. 8.
Court extends Medvedchuk’s house arrest in treason case
Courtney Museum display of his "legend of the Queneesh" (Origins of the white whale glacier of Comox following the Great flood) :
Court of appeal overturns decision favoring Kolomoisky’s company in PrivatBank case
Court orders closure of bribery case against top member of Zelensky’s administration
Court rules not to arrest Poroshenko
Court seizes Poroshenko’s assets in treason case
COVID-19 COVID-19 and Influenza Co-infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Covid-19 cases, deaths rise in Kyiv amid latest outbreak
COVID-19 data and models COVID-19 data and models COVID-19: How it compares with other diseases in 5 charts | MPR News COVID 19 Inoculations More Harm Than Good Covid-19 in Ukraine: 13,562 new cases, 127 new deaths, and 17,172 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 16,993 new cases, 142 new deaths, and 18,938 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 17,448 new cases, 152 new deaths, and 29,528 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 22,440 new cases, 287 new deaths, and 15,443 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 23,378 new cases, 115 new deaths, and 18,626 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 24,518 new cases, 140 new deaths, and 36,453 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 29,724 new cases, 305 new deaths, and 24,205 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 33,330 new cases, 259 new deaths, and 18,504 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 34,353 new cases, 255 new deaths, 19,526 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 34,938 new cases, 282 new deaths, and 17,796 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 38,212 new cases, 265 new deaths, and 20,260 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 38,257 new cases, 240 new deaths, 21,212 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 41,229 new cases, 236 new deaths, and 20,826 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine: 41,694 new cases, 280 new deaths, and 21,367 new vaccinations.
Covid-19 in Ukraine:
Covid-19 patients face dilemma of infecting others while hiding in bomb shelters
Covid-19 vaccine shots Cracks in Theory 20Nov2021 Craig Paardekooper - The Speed of Death from vaccine - ADVERSE REPORTING VAERS Craig Paardekooper - VAERS - Different Effects of the Vaccine on women and men Crain"s Petrophysical Handbook - Home Page CraterHunter (?Dennis Cox?) - A Catastrophe of Comets, The geophysical world according to me, and a few folks I happen to agree with, ~23Dec2010? created the world"s first working programmable general-purpose computer 1935-41. Creating Shapes - Synfig Animation Studio [Creation of the Gods 2024 film]
[Creation of the Gods 2024 film] Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Cricket Crimean Tatar traditional ornament added to UNESCO heritage list
Crimes of Russcists worse than those committed by fascists – NSDC secretary
Critique of Honda Prize for Dr. Hinton. Science must not allow corporate PR to distort the academic record. Critique of LBH"s ACM article (Turing Lecture) of July 2021. Critique of Paper by "Deep Learning Conspiracy" (Nature 521 p 436). critique of the Turing Lecture given by the awardees (published by ACM in July 2021). critiques of the article above (C) robotics, C: Robotics. cross-section of retinal layer. Cruise missile strikes expected from Black Sea, Azov operational zones - General Staff
@cryptobullethbtcxlm - powerful commentary and ideas. Mix of approaches. CTC-based) [CTC] [CTC] [CTC] (2006), which were applied to speech CTC-LSTM CureVac and EU in advanced talks for 225 million Covid-19 vaccine doses - MarketWatch Curfew introduced in Kyiv from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.
CuriosityStream - Stay curious Customize Firefox Cyber attacks on Ukrainian banks, government websites may occur on Feb. 22.
Cyclonic Storms Cyprus, Italy change their position and support cutting Russia off SWIFT.
Czech PM supports Ukraine's accession to EU under special procedure
Czech Republic makes it illegal to openly support Russia’s war on Ukraine.
Czech Republic plans to officially support Ukraine’s path to EU membership.
Czech Republic provides Ukraine with artillery rounds
D D). D, D & D & D) below: daily 5 minute solar newscast, conferences. In my opinion, he is a far better thinker than essentially all academics. Even if I don"t always agree with his [model, conclusion]s (mostly I do!), I appreciate his [information, work]. Daily case charts for countries, by region Daily Newsletter
Dalio principles, DALL·E2 - https://openai.com/dall-e-2/ DALL·E author signup “Damn you all!” - Kuchma on Russian invasion of Ukraine
Damrey [DAN1] [DAN1] in an international contest. [DAN1] in an international contest (where LeCun"s team took a distant second place, with [DAN1] Now everybody is using this approach. [DAN1] This led to massive interest from industry. Dan Brindle: "Earnings growth" Danilov: All former Soviet republics under Russian threat
Danilov: "If the enemy thinks that Ukraine will only defend itself, they are wrong. We will do as we see fit."
Danilov: Lithuania to become Putin’s next target if Russia wins the war against Ukraine.
Danilov on Russian offensive on Odesa: There will be no smooth sailing
Danilov: Russia plans to land troops in Odesa Oblast but Ukraine is ready.
Danilov: Russia provokes Ukraine to fire in response.
Danilov: Team of elite Chechen forces, sent to assassinate Zelensky, has been eliminated.
Danilov: Ukrainian forces reach Russian border inSumy Oblast.
Danilov: "We did not expect this to happen from Belarus. We did not expect such a stab in the back."
Danil Prokhorov received his Diploma in Robotics with Honors from the St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia, in 1992. He then worked in the St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation. After receiving Ph.D. in 1997, he joined the staff of Ford Scientific Research Laboratory, Dearborn, Michigan. While at Ford he was engaged in application-driven studies of intelligent technologies, developing new and improving existing machine learning/computational intelligence algorithms and applying them to problems in system modeling, control, diagnostics and optimization. Since 2011 he has been in charge of future mobility research department of Toyota NA. DanNet DanNet). DanNet). DanNet: the first deep convolutional NN to win DanNet was also the first deep CNN to win: DanNet) was the first DanNet was the first CNN fast & deep enough for DanNet, the CUDA CNN of Dan Ciresan in J. Schmidhuber"s team, won 4 image recognition challenges prior to AlexNet. Darwin Data Access - Vital Statistics Online [data, software] cart [description, links] Dateful Time Zone Converter - simplest David de Hilster "Seeing Red" by Halton Arp. David Fischer - The Great pricing Waves 1200-1990 AD DAVID TALBOTT: Backbone of the Sky | Thunderbolts Podcast - YouTube Dawn Probe Spots a Bright Surprise on Ceres: Is It Ice? - NBC News.com (D) computer vision, D: Computer Vision DDoS attack also targets Ukrainian banks, some government websites back up.
Deal reached in US Senate for vote on Nord Stream 2 sanctions
Death toll in attack on Chernihiv rises to 47 people.
"Death toll in Iloilo sea tragedy hits 31". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2021-03-16. Debian Science Mathematics-dev packages decade of deep learning, [DEC] [DEC] they were [DEC] when computers were a million times faster. December 1938] and she could have won the Nobel Prize. ...". [DEEP1-2] [DEEP2] deep & fast CNN Deep Depressions Deeper Look - Suspicious0bservers - Climate Change | Space Weather | Astronomy deep GPU-NN of 2010 Deep learning Deep Learning. deeplearning.net of Y. Bengio"s MILA (2015, retrieved May 2020; compare the version in the deeplearning.net which until 2019 advertised Deep Learning: Our Miraculous Year 1990-1991. Preprint deep NNs deep NNs deep supervised NNs defeat human experts in the Defenders of Zmiinyi Island alive, in Russian captivity – Navy
Defense minister downplays Russian threat, says it’s similar to that of spring 2021
Defense minister: Evacuees from Donbas returning from Russia.
Defense minister: Germany blocked weapon sales to Ukraine
Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov praises Ukraine"s military effort in defending the country.
Defense Minister Oleksiy Reznikov called all Ukrainians who are able to hold a weapon to mobilize.
Defense minister: Probability of Russia’s military escalation remains low.
Defense minister Reznikov: Russia might use 94,300 troops to invade Ukraine
Defense Minister: Russia has massed around 149,000 troops near Ukraine.
Defense minister: Significant escalation by Russia unlikely at present.
Defense ministry: Enemy suffers significant losses near Borodianka and Makariv
Defense Ministry: Number of Russian casualties hasn"t changed for days due to slower offensive.
Defense ministry: Russian forces shoot at evacuating civilians, kill 7.
Defense Ministry: Several thousand foreigners willing to join International Legion
Defense ministry, state banks suffer ‘powerful’ cyberattack
Defense websites, state banks are under "powerful" cyberattack.
Defensive operation ongoing near Huliaypole, Orikhove in Zaporizhzhia region
[definitions, models] of consciousness.
[definitions, models] of consciousness.html - [definitions, models] of [consciousness, sentience]. However, for reasons given on that webpage, only Stephen Grossberg"s concept provide a workable basis that is tied to [].
Della Demos for gnuplot version 5.2 Denisova: 400,000 people are under siege in Mariupol
Denmark closes its airspace for Russian aircraft
Deploying reserves major issue for enemy forces - General Staff
Depressions Deputy economy minister: Ukraine’s GDP hit $200 billion for first time in 30 years
Deputy FM of Poland: Ukraine could get EU candidate status any day.
Deputy minister resigns after video of his altercation with police goes viral
Derivation and Derivation and Experimental Proof of the Universal Force
Derivation and Experimental Proof of the Universal Force by Dr. Bill Lucas
Designing Robots to Walk and Run - Jonathan Hurst OregonStateU Despite Russian attack threat, these foreigners stay in Ukraine
destroyer Detectives try to summon Poroshenko, may charge him in Medvedchuk case
@Deus - consistent, detailed application of Elliot Wave theory, which bears some relationship to [time, price] multi-fractals. Developers DialoGPT - Microsoft for multi-turn conversations DiCaprio donates $10M to Ukrainian army
"dictionaries.ndf" - here, dictionaries are actually sorted lists of words [DIF3-5] dig Digital Radio digitized version online Diia platform adds place of registration, criminal records, building permits.
Dinah Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth Dionysus god of [wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, theatre] Diplomacy week ends with no resolution, Russian threats
Diplomacy week kicks off as US, Russia meet to discuss Ukraine
directory of captioned images DISASTER CYCLE | Signs in the Sky Now Disaster information Disclaimers Discourses on an alien sky Discourses on an alien sky Disney casts Ukrainian actress in ‘Star Wars: Ahsoka’
Disney stops releasing films in Russia, condemns Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine.
Displaying unicode symbols in HTML - Stack Overflow [DIST2] (2006) did not cite my much earlier original DistroWatch
Diversions
[DL1-2] [DL1-2]). [DL1-4] [DL1-4] [DL1] [DL1] [DL1]) [DL1] and can also be seen as a short history of the deep learning revolution, at least as far as ACM"s erroneous laudation and the Turing Lecture are concerned. [DL1] and videos. [DL1])
[DL2] [DL2] [DL2]) had long before LeCun. [DL2] To my knowledge, LBH have never cited them. [DL3a] . [DL3a] [DL3a] [DL3a] which necessitated an extension of the [DL3a] without even mentioning the world"s first working deep learning nets by [DL3] does cite Werbos (1974) who however described the method correctly only [DL3,DL3a] did he [DL3,DL3a] did not cite either. [DL4] [DL4] [DL4] & [DL4] etc. [DL6,6a] was [DL6,6a] was actually [DL6] Soon after its publication, everybody started talking about "deep learning." Causality or correlation? [DL6] Soon after its publication, everybody started talking about "deep learning." Causality or correlation? [DL7] [DL7] referring to their unsupervised pre-training methods of 2006. [DLC1-2] [DLC1-2] "Deep Learning Conspiracy" (Nature 521 p 436). [DLC2] "Deep Learning Conspiracy" (Nature 521 p 436). [DLC] [DLC] [DM1-2a] (superhuman players for Go, chess, and other games). [DM1] [DM2] in many ways, using [DM3] DNA Data Storage Gets Random Access - IEEE Spectrum [DNC]). Dnipro airport temporarily suspends flights following Kharkiv airport.
"Do ambient electromagnetic fields affect behaviour? A demonstration of the relationship between geomagnetic storm activity and suicide" Bio-electromagnetics Journal, Uof Melbourne, Australia (both images above come from this paper) Doc:Following a Spline - Synfig Animation Studio Doc:How Do I - Synfig Animation Studio Document - engineering analysis, not a strict scientific analysis - This is an engineering analysis, not a strict scientific analysis. - What I mean by this is that our objective is to use all the available data and our own expert judgement in interpreting that data in a reasonable way in an attempt to get an accurate estimate. /documents/styles/standard_screen.css" type="text/css" /> Doksuri Dolphin Donald Scott, Doris Dot Dota 2 developer changes tournament logo because of Ukraine’s decommunization law
Dow Jones Today, Futures Peg Limit Down; Casinos Dive As Las Vegas Prepares To Turn Out The Lights | Investor"s Business Daily Download base64-1.5.tar.gz (Gzipped TAR archive) Downloads Dozens of Ukrainians killed within hours of Russian invasion
d_Qndfs "dictionaries.ndf"
d_Qndfs "emails - convert pdfCompilation to text.ndf" - convert email pdf to text
Dr. E.P. Scarlett high school, Calgary matriculation: driver of dark [energy, matter] pseudo-theory, and the scramble to "solve" the main (politically-correct) problem with General Relativity (GR) (but my cheap mpeg video anim doesn"t seem to work now). Driver"s Edge
Driver"s Edge
Dr Karl [Drop1-2] [Drop1-2] Hinton"s 2012 paper and his later patent did not cite this either. [Drop1-3] [Drop1-3] Hinton"s 2012 paper and his later patent did not cite this either. drove the shift Dr. Pierre-Marie Robitaille | Observing the Frontier Dr. Pierre-Marie Robitaille: On the Validity of Kirchhoff"s Law | EU2014 DrumhellerLandfill.com - hours, information DrumhellerOnline.com - Local news, Weather, Sports, Free Classifieds and Business Listings DTEK energy company may have hidden hazardous accident at power plant
DTEK Eurobonds fall 11.6% after Zelensky’s allegations about Akhmetov
DTEK threatens to sue Guaranteed Buyer for freezing $115 million in debt repayments
dual approaches of 1991 have become successful. DuckDuckGo Duda: ICC prosecutors collecting evidence of Russian crimes among Ukrainian refugees in Poland
Duda: Russia must answer to international courts for genocide in Ukraine.
Duda: Russia"s possible use of chemical weapons on Ukraine could be a ‘game-changer’ for NATO.
Dujuan dune-cheat-sheet.pdf DUNE - Core Modules DUNE - Tutorials Dunkirk). Worse, the unfinished part 1 of 6 videos (!1 hour length) wasn"t saved to a complete file, and the software to it needs massive updating. The vidoes are in ogv format (.ogg)- use the VLC media player to view (some other media programs also work).
Dutch airline KLM stops all flights to Ukraine.
Dutch PM urges justice for MH17 victims, pushes to continue dialogue with Russia.
Dutchsinse - Home DVD3 chapter 1. Thomas Brophy: Nabla Playa origin Map (Orion or ?) Nubian desert megaglitic arrangement (below) DVD Dwardona Cardona"s [star, planet] gods : here"s something that made gaps in my awareness painfully obvious: [Japan, China] were the main societies for which my quick summaries few [Sun, planetary] gods. But as I dug only a tiny bit futher, it seemed obvious that it is a huge theme, perhaps not favoured now.
Dynamic epiDNA-NN coding Dzerkalo Tyzhnia: Airports in Kharkiv, Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia are blocking runways in case of attack.
Early ARTMAP benchmark studies Early look at Ukraine’s exhibit at Venice Art Biennale – exploration of world’s exhaustion
earth :: a global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions EarthChanges.org earth.nullschool.net: a global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions East China East China, Japan East China EBRD loans Nova Poshta 13 million euros to build automated sorting center in Dnipro
EBRD unveils EUR 2B resilience package in response to war on Ukraine
ECHR suspends all procedures that require action from Ukraine.
Economic Principles Economists say Russian invasion could lead to largest wheat shortage in history.
Editorials
Editorial: Sanction Russia now
Editorial: Western allies should do more for Ukraine to correct their past mistakes.
Edo Kaal & SAM team Education Educational Education platform about Chornobyl disaster available in English
EDWARD DOWD ON THE INCOMING WORLD ECONOMIC RESET | SGT Report Edwin Kaal"s atomic structure model: 6*n + 1. eg [Am, Cm, etc]:Bromerly papers e.g.,[MIT97] Egypt EIB will give Ukraine 668 million euros in immediate financial support.
Eight days under siege: Mariupol without electricity, heat, water, communication
Eighth US shipment of military aid carrying 86 tons of ammunition lands in Kyiv.
Eight television channels back up after interruption following Russian attack on Kyiv"s TV tower.
Eight Ukrainian servicemen killed in missile strike on Mykolayiv
Eight-year-old girl creates illustration for European Space Agency’s rocket
eixdelmon.com, eixdelmon.com, which in turn comes from Peratt"s paper linked above)
Elections Electricity in Ancient Egypt, video 26Aug2023 electric planetary scarring in the lab
Electric substation, filling station in Lebedyn destroyed after Russian bombing
Electric Universe Geology – Redefining the way we Electric Universe [time, [length, mass, energy], theme] multi-fractals, for overall context, questions, and printable images
Electric Universe [time, [length, mass, energy], theme] multi-fractal webPage
Electric Vehicles Real World Testing | Edmunds.com - YouTube electro-healing : Tom Bearden Website - Priorë Elliot Wave Theory, notable Robert Prechter (including Socionomics). Amoung many, many fun topics, the arguments presented about how the Fed FOLLOWSnterest rates, only gng the impression of leading, is espectially relevant to theis web-page. [ELM1] Elon Musk refuses to ban Russian news sources on Starlink satellite internet.
Elon Musk"s Starlink satellite hardware arrives in Ukraine.
Elon Musk"s Starlink satellite system providing internet access now active in Ukraine,
Elsa Speak multi-language-learning Elsevier Researcher Academy - Learn Élysée Palace: Putin agrees to halt strikes against civilians
"advances in natural language processing" and in speech Email "email analysis - Fauci corona virus header.ndf" email analysis - Fauci corona virus header.ndf - email analysis - Fauci corona virus.ndf - email [IP, port, security]s for Howell.txt emails, blogs on Ukraine Russia.
"emails - convert pdfCompilation to text.ndf" - convert email pdf to text email scripts - various capabilities Email Self-Defense - a guide to fighting surveillance with GnuPG encryption Embargo on Russian oil, gas to be in place, albeit without Europe so far - Kuleba
Embassies of 8 countries urge citizens to leave Ukraine immediately.
Embassy advice guide for foreign nationals in Ukraine
Emma Emmanuel Macron will speak to Vladimir Putin on Feb. 12.
Nature, 429 p 501, June 2004 Nature, 441 p 25, May 2006. Nature, vol 483, p 541, March 2012, doi:10.1038/483541b. Science, vol 336, p 1639, June 2012. Encounter encryption notes.txt Enemies drop cluster bombs on village in Chernihiv region
Enemies shell village in Donetsk region, damaging kindergarten
Enemy's light armored vehicles break into Kharkiv
Enemy aircraft bombed outskirts of Sumy, Bytytsia village
Enemy aircraft bomb Sviatohirsk Lavra in Donetsk region
Enemy aircraft shot down near Odesa
Enemy air strike on bread factory in Makariv kills 13
Enemy bombards stadium, library in Chernihiv
Enemy damages military airfield in Vasylkiv, Kyiv region
Enemy fires at least six missiles near airfield in Vasylkiv
Enemy fires two missiles on airport in Dnipropetrovsk region
Enemy forces shell two schools in Chernihiv, one of them catches fire
Enemy helicopter downed near Vyshhorod
Enemy helicopter shot down in Kharkiv region – Herashchenko
Enemy launches airstrikes on Zhytomyr and its suburbs
Enemy launches rocket attack on airfield near Kropyvnytskyi
Enemy loses 7 planes, 11 helicopters, column of equipment, fuel convoy over past day
Enemy missile destroyed in sky over Zhytomyr region
Enemy missile intercepted in Poltava region
Enemy rocket destroyed residential building in Kharkiv, killing one person
Enemy’s column of military vehicles moving towards Zaporizhzhia NPP
Enemy shell hits nine-story building in Kharkiv, killing a woman
Enemy suffering losses, planning new rocket attacks on large cities - General Staff
Enemy tank company destroyed near Pryluky in Chernihiv region
Enemy tanks shell bus with civilians in Sumy region
Enemy trying to introduce system of ‘commandant"s offices’ in Kherson region
Energoatom: Russian occupiers mined coast of reservoir near Zaporizhzhia’s nuclear plant.
Energoatom: Russian shells hit Zaporizhzhia NPP
Energy & Transport Energy Ministry says 960,000 Ukrainians are without electricity.
English link. eng.minerals-ua.info - Mineral Resources of Ukraine - Metallic minerals
ENNS European Neural Network Society [ENS1-4] Entertainment Environment Environment environmental variables] would be necessary to do this, but with that the code does work. Environment & Nature Epson will suspend exports of its products to Russia and Belarus and has pledged $1 million to the UNHCR to support humanitarian relief.


equiFax: A ??Feb2025 seemed to go well, as I equiFax: I"m still subscribed to this as of 22Jan2025 Erdogan says Zelensky agreed to meet Putin in Turkey.
Erdogan visits Kyiv, signs long-anticipated free trade agreement
Erdogan: West could have stopped Russia in 2014.
ESA ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2021-03-16. @EsotericTrading - I have only just noticed a whole "Astrology" group in TradingView. EsotericTrading is one of many active in this area. This is definitiely NOT my area, a I"m not comfortable with it at all. However, I"ve seen mythologists make complete fools out of essentially ALL [astronomy, fundamental theoretical physic, climate, weather, earthquake, etc etc] scientists (including me - I learn slowly), so in my focus areas of science (other than Componal Intelligence) I keep an eye out for the one-in-a-million amateur who may shape part of the future of all scientists. Estonia, Latvia to send Ukraine Javelins, ammunition, fuel.
Estonia’s foreign intelligence: Russia will be ready to attack Ukraine in the second half of February
Estonia urges citizens to leave Ukraine.
Ethnic breakdown of Ukraine. EU2015 speakers Bruce Leybourne and Ben Davidson - explain theories of our electromagnetic environment and the hot spots of current welling inside the Earth. 2015 (Ben Davidson video 24Feb2016) EU2016 — home page | thunderbolts.info EU accepts to integrate Ukraine into its electricity network.
EU allocates EUR 90M in humanitarian assistance to Ukraine
EU announces "hellish" sanctions against Russia.
EU announces new sanctions, luxury goods and crypto ban.
EU approves additional sanctions against Russia and Belarus
EU bans Russia Today, Sputnik.
EU Council adopts 1.2 billion euros of economic assistance to Ukraine.
EU council approves additional 1.2 billion euro macro-financial assistance to Ukraine.
EU diplomats approve new sanctions against Belarus.
EU diplomats visit Lviv in show of support for Ukraine’s quest for candidate status
EU Facebook group Eugene Czolij: A no-fly zone needs to be enforced now over Ukraine’s airspace
Eugene Czolij: Canada’s package to Ukraine to ensure peace is missing a crucial piece
Eugene Czolij: EU must grant Ukraine EU membership now
Eugene Czolij: Expelling all Russian banks from SWIFT must be done now
Eugene Czolij: It is in NATO’s best interests to help Ukraine secure its airspace
Eugene Czolij: NATO member countries are targets of Putin’s military aggression and must act accordingly in Ukraine
Eugene Czolij: NATO member states must provide Ukraine with fighter jets without further delay
Eugene Czolij: Still not too late for Germany to honor its commitment to Ukraine
Eugene Czolij: The Budapest Memorandum – reality check
Eugene Czolij: The US must show leadership in countering Putin’s imperial ambitions
Eugene Czolij: The West must act now
Eugene Czolij: West must decisively enforce basic principles of UN charter for global peace, security
EU imposes restrictive measures on 160 more Russians
EU imposes sanctions on Belarus, bans petroleum imports, sharing technologies.
EU imposes sanctions on Peskov, 26 high-profile Russian oligarchs.
EU imposes sanctions on Russian lawmakers, officials, bans investors from trading Russian state bonds.
EU launches procedure to consider Ukraine"s membership application
EU leaders say ‘yes’ to Ukrainian eurointegration - Lithuanian president assures
EU leaders to meet on Feb. 17 to discuss latest events in Russia’s war on Ukraine.
EU meets on Russian military aggression against Ukraine.
EU Parliament: Russia must be suspended from SWIFT if it invades Ukraine
EU prepares sanctions package to be imposed should Russia invade Ukraine.
EU provides Ukraine with first EUR 300M in emergency macro-financial assistance
EU pushes for de-escalation, offers more talks in letter to Russia.
EU reaches unity on Ukraine, but won’t offer fast-track membership - AP
European Central Bank announces massive stimulus plan to calm markets - MarketWatch European Commission expects 20,000 to more than million refugees if Russia invades further.
European Commission not evacuating staff from Ukraine.
European Commission prepares sanctions against Russian lawmakers who voted for recognition of Ukraine’s occupied territories.
European Commission President: Cutting Russian banks off from SWIFT will effectively block Russia's exports and imports
European Commission president promises firm reaction to Russia"s recognition of occupied territories.
European Commission president: Russia uses gas supplies as political leverage.
European Commission President says they will not let Putin tear down Europe"s security architecture.
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen on latest round of sanctions:
European Commission proposes new $1.35 billion loan to Ukraine amid invasion threat
European Court of Human Rights ordered Russia to stop bombing and shelling civilian targets in Ukraine,
European Parliament approves 1.2 billion euro loan to Ukraine.
Europe remains closed to unvaccinated Ukrainians
EU sanctions will target Nord Stream 2 if Ukraine is invaded, Austria says.
EU says it"s not yet time for sanctions on Russia.
EU shuts its airspace to all Russian-owned, Russian-registered, or Russian-controlled aircraft,
EU"s next round of sanctions may target Russian businesspeople, propagandists.
EU’s top diplomat Borrell to visit Ukraine on Jan. 4-6 in show of support
EU"s working on further sanctions due to Kremlin"s "recklessness" towards civilians, including children.
EU to approve new sanctions against Russia, Belarus.
EU to finance purchase, delivery of weapons and equipment for Ukraine.
EU to impose sanctions against those involved in recognizing Russian-occupied territories as independent states.
EU to impose sanctions if Russia recognizes occupied parts of eastern Ukraine.
EU to provide 31 million euros to enhance Ukraine’s defense capabilities
EU to provide Ukraine with additional 1.2 billion euros.
EU to send advisory military mission to Ukraine.
EU unveils second package of sanctions on Moscow, targets Russia’s access to key capital.
EU urges non-essential diplomats to leave Ukraine.
Evacuation buses from Bucha arrive in Bilohorodka
Evacuation buses from Enerhodar arrive in Zaporizhzhia
Evacuation buses leave Enerhodar for Zaporizhzhia
Evacuation from Sumy to continue on Mar 9 – regional governor
Evacuation train hit by shrapnel in Donetsk Oblast.
Evacuees from occupied Donbas get cold welcome in Russia
Everything is Electric site map and website information Everything that occupiers doing with Mariupol is beyond atrocities – Zelensky"s address (full text)
Evolution email program webSite [EVONN1-3] Exchange Rate Prediction: Machine Learning with 5 Regression Models | by Andrew Nguyen | Towards Data Science Exchange Rate Prediction (Part 1): EDA & Data Visualisation | Analytics Vidhya Exchange Rates - X-Rates Ex-chief editor says Ukraine’s top prosecutor pressured Kyiv Post
EXCLUSIVE: Voice message reveals Russian military unit’s catastrophic losses in Ukraine
Ex-defense minister: Moscow has enough troops to capture Kyiv but not to occupy country.
Executive Summary Executive Summary and Sec. I-XXI of this critique for more. Executive Summary in Sec. 3, Sec. 4 will split Executive summary of what"s wrong with ACM"s laudation (~1,000 words), Ex-intelligence chief says Zelensky may be behind failed attempt to arrest Russian proxies
Exit permitted but no entry during Kyiv curfew hours.
Expanding Earth hypothesis
Expats rally in Kyiv to show solidarity with Ukraine.
Experimental vaccine stocks jump on concerns about new virus in China - MarketWatch Explained: New requirement for Ukrainianwomen to register for possible military, civil defense service
Explainer: Is Poroshenko treason case justice or political persecution?
Explainer: What happened in Kazakhstan, what comes next
Explainer: When can Ukraine get EU membership?
Explainer: Why did Putin’s regime engineer current military crisis over Ukraine?
Explainer: Why Russia wants autonomy for occupied Donbas (and why Ukraine doesn’t)
Explore the ABC Explosion heard in Kyiv.
Explosions, gunfire in Kyiv’s Shulyavka, Kyiv Zoo, Beresteiska areas.
Explosions heard in Ivano-Frankivsk
Explosions reported in Dnipro.
[extensive, diverse] ex-bio applications have been successfully [developed, applied], based on Grossberg etal"s computational models. [extensive, diverse] [neuro, pyscho]logical data at BOTH the [sub, ]conscious levels, and for [perception, action] of [sight, auditory, touch, language, cognition, emotion, etc]. This is similar to what we see in physics. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storms ExxonMobil, one of the world"s largest publicly traded international energy companies,
Facebook Facebook blog by J.M. Pino, A. Sidorov, N.F. Ayan (August 3, 2017) Facebook - Hussar and Area Bulletin Board [FAKE2] [FAKE2]) [FAKE] [FAKE] [FASTa] [FAST,a,b] fast deep CNN called DanNet [FAST,FASTa] of [FAST,FASTa,b] of Fast Weight Programmers). fast weight programmers using fast weights. fast weights of Favourite sayings & Crazy Thoughts
Faye [FB17] See Features
Features Feb. 1 news wrap-up
Feb. 2 news wrap-up.
February 22, 2016 - Suspicious0bservers - Climate Change | Space Weather | Astronomy FECC - Fusion Energy Council of Canada Fed could buy $4.5 trillion of debt if it starts snapping up corporate bonds, says Bank of America - MarketWatch Federal Reserve Board - Home Federal Reserve - Financial Stability Report Fed pumping schedule - Repurchase Agreement Operational Details - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK "FEMA estimates $135M for NMI". Saipan Tribune. Retrieved 2021-03-18. few (incomplete) points on addressing. I have a lot of [read, program]ing to do here
Fidelity Learning Center: Technical Analysis Indicator Guide FIFA, UEFA suspend Russia from all football competitions.
Fig 0.01 linear regression raw data.dat Fig 0.01 line segments for GNUplots.dat. Notice that olumn titles can use free-format text, except for the comma, which separates columns.
Fig 0.01 Price of consumables in England 1201-1993.dat Fig 0.01 Price of consumables in England 1201-1993 detrended.plt - This covers the medieval to mdern era, and is used to colect curves for different data. The restricted t-frame provides a more accurate view of that period. Fig 0.01 Price of consumables in England 1201-1993 detrended.png Fig 0.01 Price of consumables in England 1201-1993.plt Fig 0.01 Price of consumables in England 1201-1993.png Fighting in Luhansk region abates not for a minute
Figure 2.03). Its release or inactivation in an activity-dependent way is also called habituation. LTM defines how associative learning occurs between a pair of neurons whose activities are approximately correlated through time. See the text for details.
|| Medium and Long Term memory.
MTMhabituative transmitter gated[dt: yki(t)] = H*(K - yki) - L*fk(xk)*yki
LTMgated steepest descent learningd[dt: zki(t)] = Mk*fk(xk)*(hi(xi) - zki)
Figure 2.37 Modelling method and cycle, one starts with Behavioral Data from scores or hundreds of psychological experiments. These data are analyszed as the result of an individual adapting autonomously in real time to a changing world. This is the Arty of Modeling. It requires that one be able to infer from static data curves the dynamical processes that control individual behaviors occuring in real time. One of the hardest things that I teach to my students to do is "how to think in real time" to be able to carry out this speculative leap.

Properly carried out, this analysis leads to the discovery of new Design Principles that are embodied by these behavioral processes. The Design Principles highlight the functional meaning of the data, and clarify how individual behaviors occurring in real time give rise to these static data curves.

These principles are then converted into the simplest Mathematical Model using a method of minimal anatomies, which is a form of Occam"s Razor, or principle of parsimony. Such a mathematical model embodies the psychological principles using the simplest possible differential equations. By "simplest" I mean that, if any part of the derived model is removed, then a significant fraction of the targeted data could no longer be explained. One then analyzes the model mathematically and simulates it on the computer, showing along the way how variations on the minimal anatomy can realize the design principles in different individuals or species.

This analysis has always provided functional explanations and Behavioral Predictions for much larger behavioral data bases than those used to discover the Design Principles. The most remarkable fact is, however, that the behaviorally derived model always looks like part of a brain, thereby explaining a body of challenging Neural Data and making novel Brain Predictions.

The derivation hereby links mind to brain via psychological organizational principles and their mechanistic realization as a mathematically defined neural network. This startling fact is what I first experienced as a college Freshman taking Introductory Psychology, and it changed my life forever.

I conclude from having had this experience scores of times since 1957 that brains look the way they do because they embody a natural computational realization for controlling autonomous adaptation in real-time to a changing world. Moreover, the Behavior -> Principles -> Model -> Neural derivation predicts new functional roles for both known and unknown brain mechanisms by linking the brain data to how it helps to ensure behavioral success. As I noted above, the power of this method is illustrated by the fact that scores of these predictions about brain and behavior have been supported by experimental data 5-30 years after they were first published.

Having made the link from behavior to brain, one can then "burn the candle from both ends" by pressing both top-down from Behavioral Data and bottom-up from Brain Data to clarify what the model can and cannot explain at its current stage of derivation. No model can explain everything. At each stage of development, the model can cope with certain environmental challenges but not others. An important part of the mathematical and computational analysis is to characterize the boundary between the known and unknown; that is which challenges the model can cope with and which it cannot. The shape of this boundary between the known and unknown helps to direct the theorist"s attention to new design principles that have been omitted from previous analysis.

The next step is to show how these new design principles can be incorporated into the evolved model in a self-consistent way, without undermining its previous mechanisms, thereby leading to a progressively more realistic model, one that can explain and predict ever more behavioral and neural data. In this way, the model undergoes a type of evolutionary development, as it becomes able to cope behaviorally with environmental constraints of ever increasing subtlety and complexity. The Method of Minimal Anatomies may hereby be viewed as way to functionally understand how increasingly demanding combinations of environmental pressures were incorporated into brains during the evolutionary process.

If such an Embedding Principle cannot be carried out - that is, if the model cannot be unlumped or refined in a self-consistent way - then the previous model was, put simply, wrong, and one needs to figure out which parts must be discarded. Such a model is, as it were, an evolutionary dead end. Fortunately, this has not happened to me since I began my work in 1957 because the theoretical method is so conservative. No theoretical addition is made unless it is supported by multiple experiments that cannot be explained in its absence. Where multiple mechanistic instantiations of some Design Principles were possible, they were all developed in models to better underestand their explanatory implications. Not all of these instantiations could survive the pressure of the evolutionary method, but some always could. As a happy result, all earlier models have been capable of incremental refinement and expansion.

The cycle of model evolution has been carried out many times since 1957, leading today to increasing numbers of models that individually can explain and predict psychological, neurophysiological, anatomical, biophysical, and even biochemical data. In this specific sense, the classical mind-body problem is being incrementally solved.

Howell: bold added for emphasis.
(keys : Principles-Principia, behavior-mind-brain link, brain evolution, cycle of model evolution)
see also quotes: Charles William Lucas "Universal Force" and others (not retyped yet). Figure 3.11.
|| Boundary contours - lower contrast boundary signals are weakened. feature contours- no inhibition, feature signals survive and spread. MP -> [BCS, FCS]. BCS -> FCS. Figure 3.21b. Figure 3.21(d)
depth increasing ↓boundariessurfaces
BC inputsurface capture!
FC input
Figure 3.22), since these boundaries select the depth-sselective FIDOs within whin filling-in can occur, and thereby achieve surface capture. These boundaries, in turn, are themselves strengthened after surface-to-boundary contour feedback eliminates redundant boundaries that cannot support sucessful filling-in (Figure 4.51). These surface contour feedback signals have precisely the properties that are needed to explain why brighter Kanizsa squares look closer! ..." Figure 3.26. Both kinds of surfaces cooperate to form the final painterly percept.
|| Figure 3.28.
|| Chiascuro - Rembrandt self-portraitm Trompe l"oeil - Graham Rust. Figure 3.3), can be understood using FACADE theory mechanism that will shown below to explain many figure-ground percepts using natural extensions to the three dimensional world of boundary and and surface mechanisms that we have already discussed. ..." Figure 3.45.
|| Rouen Cathedral at sunset (Monet 1892-1894).
  • Lighting almost equiluminant
  • Most boundaries are thus caused by color differences, not luminance differences
  • Fine architectural details are obscured, leading to...
  • Coarser and more uniform boundary webs, so...
  • Less depth in the painting.
Figure 4.2. ..." Figure 4.32). It is thus another example of the balance between cooperative and competitive mechanisms. ..." Figure 4.32, which includes both a double filter and a bipole grouping network, simulates the observed results. Figure 4.43a middle panel)bottomLeftshows the end gaps that are caused by these bipole grouping mechanismsbottomRightshows how surface filling-in is contained within the closed horizontal rectangular boundary, but spills out of the end gaps formed in the other two rectangles Figure 4.57.
|| [left, right] eye, [LGN, V1 [6, 4, 3B, 2/3 A], V2 [4, 2/3]], [mo, bi]nocular cart [simple, complex] cells, [excita, inhibi]tory cart [connection, cell]s. Figure 5.40). Many labs have reported a link between attention and gamma oscillations in the brain, including two articles published in 2001, one from the laboratory of Robert Desimone when he was at the the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethseda (Fries, Reynolds, Rorie, Desimone 2001), and the other from the laboratory of Wolf Singer in Frankfurt (Engel, Fries, Singer 2001). You"ll note that Pascal Fries participated in both studies, and is an acknowledged leader in neurobiological studies of gamma oscillations; eg (Fries 2009). .." "figure-captions-based" thematic overview of his work, my only other comment is on the subject of consciousness (below).
file conversion utilities fileops.ndf - fileops.ndf : file_ops.ndf, and use the operators : fileops run commentary, overall.html
fileops run.sh is used to [add, uncomment] specfic functions that you want to run. This is an example only, as everybody probably has their own favourite bash libraries.
fileops TblOfContents.txt - files listing [chapter, section, figure, table, comment]s.
Files listing [chapter, section, figure, table, selected Grossberg quotes, my comments]s. These files of lists are my basis for providing much more detailed information. While this is FAR LESS HELPFUL than the text of the book or its index alone, it can complement the book index, and it has the advantages that : Finally, Finance Minister: Ukraine expects first 600 million euro tranche of EU macro-financial assistance in ‘late March-early April.’
Finance Ministry: Ukraine raises Hr 8 billion from first sale of military bonds.
Financial Crisis Bailouts: What Did They Actually Cost Taxpayers? Financial Post
FINANCIAL POST
Financial Post - Market Data | Markets | Financial Post - Markets Financial Times: Ex-lawmaker Tsaryov could head Russian-installed puppet government in Ukraine.
Find a car
Find a home
find - it feels weird, but I actually don"t make use of "find" for this super-simple project, as it doesn"t deal with many thousands of files. Find a job
Find an ad find and replace text in a existing pdf file, stackoverflow.com Find your frequency Find your Local Finland latest country to close its airspace to Russian planes.
Finland raises defense readiness level due to threat of Russia"s war on Ukraine.
Finland to support Ukraine with weapons and ammunition in a shift of policy.
Fire at Cherniakhiv oil depot extinguished
Fire at oil depot in Zhytomyr put out, two half-empty tanks burning in Chernyakhiv
First Experiments with PowerPlay. First heavy snowfall hits Kyiv (PHOTOS)
First of 7 ships carrying emergency coal deliveries arrives in Odesa
First Pow(d)ered flight / plane truth. Correspondence, Nature, 421 p 689, Feb 2003. First round of Ukraine-Russia negotiations inconclusive as casualties pile up
First stage of evacuation from Sumy started – President"s Office
First superhuman visual pattern recognition. first to win medical imaging competitions first truly self-driving cars First Ukrainian satellite in 10 years launched by SpaceX (VIDEO)
first version First Very Deep NNs, Based on Unsupervised Pre-Training (1991). Fitch downgrades Ukraine"s credit rating to stable, amid Russian escalation.
Fitch, Moody"s cut Russia"s credit rating to "junk."
fit_linearRegress.ndf Five major deep learning papers by G. Hinton did not cite similar earlier work by J. Schmidhuber. Five people including 2 children injured in Russia’s attacks on Kyiv last night.
Five people killed in airstrike on Zhytomyr region
Flights by civil aircraft now restricted inside Ukraine.
Fluendo play DVDs on computer FM Dmytro Kuleba calls on world to fully isolate Russia after missile hit residential building in Kyiv last night.
FM Dmytro Kuleba: Russians plan to organize a sham ‘referendum’ in Kherson.
FM Kuleba urges world states to assist in evacuating Mariupol residents
FM Kuleba: War crimes are part of Russia’s deliberate strategy.
FM: Putin"s nuclear threat is an attempt to put pressure on Ukraine ahead of negotiations.
MONTHLY SECTIONS
THE POST TODAY
WEEKLY SECTIONS Genetic Football Footnote 6. Forbes Ukraine: Ukrainian forces destroyed Russian equipment worth $5.1 billion.
Force-Free Currents)
Force-Free Currents,
Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba accuses Russia of trying to kill Normandy Format peace talks
Foreign Minister Kuleba: Ukraine and its partners are ready to take decisive action to protect Ukraine.
Foreign Ministry urges Ukrainians to leave Russia, avoid traveling there.
Foreign panel members slam delay in selection of anti-graft prosecutor
Foreign Policy: Biden wants to kill Nord Stream 2 sanctions amendments
Foreign volunteers will be able to obtain Ukrainian citizenship if they want to,
Forest fires versus sunspots form and the State Department will respond.
Former judge under investigation for wrongdoing found shot dead in Kyiv
Former judiciary official suspected of embezzling $1.9 million
For Schools For The God Who Sings Forty-one children killed in Ukraine since onset of war
Forum Home Forums For whom the bell tolls. The following comment comes from that webPage.
Founder of Rakuten Viber donates almost $9M to Ukraine
Four civilians killed in enemy shelling in Mykolaiv region on Mar 7
Four European countries launch investigation into Russia"s war crimes - Venediktova
Four more Crimean Tatars detained in Russian-occupied Crimea.
Four Russian fighter jets violated Swedish airspace over Baltic Sea.
Fourth round of Ukraine-Russia peace talks may be held on March 14-15.
Fox News FP Business Magazine
FP Entrepreneur
FP Investing
FP Market Data
FP Weekend
@fract has interesting fractal ideas and colorful charts. In particular, he does [time, price] multi-fractals in his own way, and he has an interesting emphasis on the [rise, decline] angles. fractalarts.com: Fractals fractalarts.com - great list of programs fractalfoundation.org: Fractal Neurons Fractal notes. as I remember, the plan was to build fractal dendrites (as the main inter-neuron synaptic information transfer) for callerID-SNNs. Axons as well, but perhaps more specialised for [power transmission or something.
France backs cutting Russia from SWIFT.
France calls on its nationals to leave Ukraine if they don"t have a compelling reason to stay.
France to allocate 100 million euros in financial aid to populations affected by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
France will give Ukraine 300 million euros in aid and military equipment, Le Monde reports.
Francisco Francis M. O’Donnell: UN must impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 16/6/2021. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), 17/5/2021. FAZ online: Frank Hoogerbeets: Earthquake Predictions and planetary conjunctions [FRE] (who introduced the first formal language in 1879), French French President Emmanuel Macron says he"s ready to broker a ceasefire.
frequency [harmonic, sympathetic resonance, split, scavange, etc]. Friends of Science | Providing Insight into Climate Change FT: Xiaomi, Oppo and Huawei cut smartphone shipments to Russia as rouble collapses.
[FU77] into end-to-end differentiable "sub-symbolic" NNs. Fuel prices hike, Covid-19 slashes Kyiv traffic by 30%.
"full video transcript: Kaal, The Proton-Electron Atom" For permissions, this is perhaps most relevant. It"s the first time that I"ve used Google Transcript, so I am curious to see how this works out over time. It"s definitely [easier, better] than voice dictation systems [IBM Voicetype, Kurzweil Voice, Dragon Dictate] that I sold via my [small, short-lived] "nights-and-weekends" buissiness in the early-to-mid-1990s. But after I"ve further evolved my bash scripts to better handle output, I will be better able to judge if it"s an effective eveeryday working tool. Fully vaccinated Ukrainians will get Hr 1,000 ($40) from government
Fundamental Deep Learning Problem Fundamental Deep Learning Problem identified by Sepp in his above-mentioned 1991 FusionPower.org Future potential work [FWP0-1] [FWP0-1] as an [FWP0-1] [FWP0-1] is illustrated in the figure. There is [FWP0-1] is more general than the one of linear Transformers: a slow NN continually reprograms the weights of a fast NN with [FWP0-1] of the Fast Weight Programmers described [FWP0-1] separated storage and control like in traditional computers, [FWP0-1] to recurrent NNs. [FWP0-2,6] [FWP0-2] [FWP0-2] [FWP0-2] [FWP0-3a] [FWP0-6] in [FWP0-6,FWPMETA1-7] can learn to memorize past data, e.g., [FWP0-6,FWPMETA1-8] can learn to memorize past data, e.g., [FWP0] [FWP0] essentially [FWP0]). The [FWP1] [FWP2] [FWP2] [FWP2] also was an RNN [FWP2] now used [FWP2] which [FWP4b-d]) [FWP5] [FWP6] [FWP6] of [FWP] [FWP] [FWP] [FWP] Today, both types are very popular. [FWP,FWP0-1] [FWP,FWP0-2,6] [FWP][FWP0-4a] [FWPMETA1-5] [FWPMETA1-5] [FWPMETA1-5] since 1992, the slow NN and the fast NN [FWPMETA1-9] [FWPMETA5] [FWPMETA6] [FWPMETA6] [FWPMETA7] [FWPMETA7] [FWPMETA7] on FWPs G3
[G63] G7 foreign ministers: Russia will face ‘massive consequences’ if it invades Ukraine
G7 urges Ukraine not to sabotage selection of anti-corruption prosecutor
G7 warns of “massive” consequences for Russian economy in case of invasion.
gain of function research into a number of SARS-like viruses in the Wuhan laboratory in China, which is widely believed to be the origin of Covid-19 infection. In September 2021, it was revealed in a book that the US had funded research on deadly viruses in Wuhan under the supervision of Anthony Fauci.
Galactic Sheet Impact | Timing the Arrival Gallipoli in 3D Games [GAN0-1] (2010-2014) are actually [GAN0-1] without mentioning that [GAN1,2] [GAN1] [GAN1] about [GAN1] instances of my [GAN1] which are instances of my [GAN2]). GANs are instances GANs are variations GAP-2.6 for Gimp 2.6-Windows by photocomix-resources on DeviantArt Gareth Samuel: Halton Arp Quasar Model Verified | Thunderbolts
Gary Marcus - critique of Yann LeCun"s adoption of symbolics (plagiarism) Gary Marcus website Gas transit through Ukraine from Russia continues to decline.
Gazprom declines to buy additional capacity through Ukraine again
GCI Live Data | HeartMath Institute GCMS Magnetometer | HeartMath Institute [GD1-2a] [GD1-2a]). [GD1-2a] A few years later, modern [GD1-2] [GD1-2]). [GD1-2] on learning internal representations in deep nets through stochastic gradient descent. [GD1-3] [GD1] (S. Amari, personal communication, 2021.) [GD2,GD2a] (with his student Saito) learned internal representations in a five layer MLP with two modifiable layers, which was trained to classify [GDa-b] [GDa-b]). [GD"] uses this to GDP Geb M god of snakes?
"General Relativity (GR) is a turkey. "General Relativity is a turkey?"
"General Relativity is a turkey?", please refer to it.
General Relativity is a turkey?, the comments herein are VASTLY incomplete! They would be far better (still vastly incomplete) if I could find extensive old notes.
General Relativity is a turkey.html General Staff of Ukraine"s Armed Forces:As of 6:00 a.m. on March 2, the 7th day of Russia"s war in Ukraine, Russian forces are trying to advance in all directions, but are resisted by Ukraine"s military everywhere and are suffering losses.
General Staff: Russians unable to restore logistics of their units
General Staff: Russian troops lose combat efficiency, involve reserves
General Staff: Russia reduced offensive pace, still trying to develop success.
general system GENESIS Gene Therapy Is Nearing a Major Breakthrough - Barron"s Genetic genetic mechanisms for [protein, program] code Genetic specification of recurrent neural networks, draft concepts and Genetic Specification of Recurrent Neural Networks: Initial Thoughts", Presentation in the Special Session on Neural Network Models and Applications in Bioinformatics, Neuroscience, and Neuro-Genetics, World Congress on Computational Intelligence 2006, Vancouver, 21-27Jul06 (available from author)

Genevieve Geomagnetic Data | NCEI Geomagnetic kp and ap Indices | NCEI Geometrical Deep Learning neural networks (eg drug discovery) - Michael Bronstein"s plenary talk for the 2020 World Congress on Computational Intelligence was an inspiring insight. Georgian opposition demands resignation of Prime Minister Garibashvili.
German alphabet - Unicode® character table German ambassador: Nord Stream 2 won’t enter use for at least 6 months
German-based tech company Avenga buys Ukrainian outsourcer Perfectial
German Bild publishes Kremlin"s alleged plan to conquer Ukraine.
German Chancellor Olaf Scholz to meet with Putin on Feb. 15.
German Chancellor Olaf Scholz to meet with Putin on Feb. 15.
German foreign minister: Ukraine ‘a factor’ in Nord Stream 2 certification delay
Germany allows supplying weapons to Ukraine in major turnaround.
Germany, Austria ask nationals to leave Ukraine immediately.
Germany digs in heels against harder measures to restrain Russia
Germany, Finland and Lithuania advise their citizens to leave Ukraine.
Germany investigates Russian war crimes in Ukraine.
Germany once again refuses weapon deliveries to Ukraine.
Germany’s foreign minister: Tensions between Russia and Ukraine escalating.
Germany supplied $415 million of dual-use equipment to Russia in 2020.
Germany to build two port terminals for liquefied natural gas (LNG) to reduce its energy dependency on Russia.
Germany to close airspace to Russian planes.
Germany to give Ukraine new 150 million euro loan.
Germany to send 1,000 unspecified anti-tank weapons and 500 FIM-92 Stinger air defense missiles.
Germany to supply Ukraine with anti-tank weapons, Stinger missiles – Scholz
Get Involved Getting Started Getting Started - Synfig Animation Studio [GGP] [GGP] [GGP] with GGPlot Title, Subtitle and Caption : The Ultimate Guide - Datanovia Gilda GIMP - Advanced Animations Tutorial GIMP - Batch Mode Gimp PDB documentation - plug_in_gap_move_path GIMP - Using GAP GitHub - andrewnguyen07/graph-neural-networks GitHub - OPM/opm-grid: DUNE module supporting grids in a corner-point format GitHub - OPM/opm-simulators: Simulator programs and utilities for automatic differentiation. [GLA85] Glen Grant: Ukraine stands firm despite Russian offensive
Global Analysis - Annual 2016 | State of the Climate | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Global Catastrophe Recap November 2020 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2021-03-15. Global Coherence Monitoring System (GCMS) | HeartMath Institute Global freelance platform Upwork stops operations in Russia, Belarus.
Global Highlights: Neuroengineering towards Whole-Brain Emulation and Mind Uploading Global National
Glovo acquires Ukrainian grocery delivery Zakaz.ua
GM Stock Price GNU Free Documentation License; GNU Free Documentation License; GNU Image Manipulation Program gnuplot homepage GNU Privacy Guard [GOD21,21a] [GOD21,a,b] [GOD34] [GOD86] (who identified GOLD Charts and Quotes — TradingView Golden Gate District to become Kyiv’s cultural hub with own brand
Goldman Sachs to become first major U.S. bank to exit Russia.
Golf Gomel never approved as negotiation site, talks must only be held in neutral cities - Zelensky’s advisor
Goni "Goni Best Track". ssd.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-15. Google Analytics Google Gemini LLM (was Bard) Google - groupware search " + google_info.feedback_url + Google Research Blog, Sep 2015, see also Google Scholar Google"s original 2016 paper Google Translate Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Government approves UAH 100,000 in salaries for military on the frontline
Government extends duty on Russian fuel imports
Government launches new digital services, including pension and subsidy registration
Government: Recent cyber attack caused no data leaks or financial losses.
Government to begin giving seized property to armed forces.
Government to conduct inspections of six national TV channels for broadcasting classified Wagnergate documents.
Government to create 150 Territorial Defense battalions
Government to launch state-owned Ukrainian National Airlines
Governor: Russia controls 70% of Luhansk Oblast.
Governor says Russian tanks attacked Mykolayiv.
[GPT3] [GPUCNN1,3,5] [GPUCNN1-3] [GPUCNN1-3] as [GPUCNN1-3] won the [GPUCNN2-3,5] [GPUCNN3a] [GPUCNN3] [GPUCNN4] [GPUCNN4] [GPUCNN4] characterizes [GPUCNN5,7,8] [GPUCNN5,7,8] [GPUCNN5,8] [GPUCNN5,8] [GPUCNN5] [GPUCNN5] [GPUCNN5] [GPUCNN8] [GPUCNN9] [GPUCNN9] [GPUCNN9] won ImageNet 2014). [GPUCNN] [GPUCNN] In 2011, DanNet became the first pure deep CNN [GPUNN]). A reviewer called this a Grace Grammarly becomes most expensive Ukrainian tech startup with $13 billion valuation
Grammarly founders become billionaires, richer than oligarchs Kolomoisky, Pinchuk
Grand solar minimum is underway | Tom Nelson Pod #278 (12Feb2025 youTube) Gravity and Magnetism... One and the same?
greatest context for cycles is presented by Stephen Puetz. Great graphs - Schumann resonances on-line - Climate monitoring GeoCenter.info Great Pyramid of Giza can focus electromagnetic energy through its hidden chambers
Greece to take some Ukrainian refugees from Poland
Greek alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Greek Greek foreign ministry: 2 diaspora Greeks killed, 2 injured near the front line in eastern Donetsk Oblast.
grep - global regular expression parsing, used frequently in combion wth [sed, find] below. This is a foundational tool across [U, Li]nix. I reqlly wish I had spent the time to learn it properly decades ago, and I have a long way to go. Grocery stores and public transport will open in Kyiv starting at 8 am.
Grossberg 2021: the biological need for machine consciousness
Grossberg"s c-ART, Transformer NNs, and consciousness?:
"Grossberg"s [core, fun, strange] concepts", created by very simple searches for key [word, phrase]s. Links in the sub-lists lead quickly to pertinent figures or other content. Grossberg"s list of [figure, table]s, and randomly try a few image links. "http://www.BillHowell.ca/Neural nets/TrNNs_ART/Grossbergs list of [figure, table]s.html"
Group of authors: Understanding, confronting Russian aggression toward Ukraine
Groupware - The Horde Project Grybauskaite: NATO should fight alongside Ukraine.
[GSR15] [GSR19] Guam Guam Guchol Guy Hatchard 17Dec2021 - New Zealand provides a very special case for assessing covax adverse effects in a population
Gyunduz Mamedov: Ukraine must hold Iran to justice over flight PS752
Gyunduz Mamedov: Ukraine needs to strengthen effective prosecution of war crimes
[H90] [HAB1-2] [HAB1] Hacker News. Hacking group Anonymous interrupts Russian state tv programs with footage of Russia"s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
Hacktivist organization Anonymous declared cyber war on Russia.
Hagibis Hagupit [HAI14b] Haima Hainan Haishen "Haishen Best Track". ssd.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-15. Haiyan Halong Hang Seng Index HSI, Hong Kong - TradingView Happy holidays in Kyiv: best parties, concerts, winter villages
hard-nosed critique of various "quantum consciousness" theories, from which the following quote is taken :
Hari Dasa "the 4 Yugas, the cosmic ages of Satya, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali yuga", last update December 11, 2023. see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga. I"m not impressed with Cruttendon"s [stumble, fumble]ing through the subject, although it fits right in with many others from the humanities etc. Harley Balzer: Don’t believe Putin’s propaganda. Sanctions are hurting Russia
Harris: Russia to face "swift, severe and united" response if it invades Ukraine.
Harry Dent] and others are examples of recent pattern-matching for the SP500, with their comparisons of the 2020 crash to other time periods. But my overlays in the graph above above did not involve [re-scaling, rotating] or other transformation of the time segments, transparencies], so that is [noteworthy, simple, pure]. Scale is important, even if only to confirm the applicability of multi-scalar processes.
Harry Dent – Capitalizing on the Predictive Power of Demographics Harry S. Dent Jr - demographics, with astounding successes in the past (at least twice on decade-or-longer-out basis, perhaps a bit muffled with the last decade. Harry S. Dent Jr. - YouTube Hathaway - Discover the Sun! Hathor
Hazing being considered as motive for National Guardsman"s shooting spree in Dnipro.
HBO acquires Ukrainian war drama ‘Bad Roads’
[HE49] and Head of Energoatom: Invaders use Zaporizhzhia NPP as military base
Head of Kremlin-controlled proxies says militants want entire Donbas region.
Head of Lithuanian parliament says Russia’s growing military threat may accelerate Ukraine’s path to NATO membership.
Head of state-owned Guaranteed Buyer sacked, claims foul play
Head of State Property Fund removed from office by parliament.
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Interpretive Centre Health & Medical Health & Recipes Health & Wellbeing healthcare, Health minister: 57 Ukrainians dead from Russian attack.
Health minister falsely claims Ukraine reached WHO’s target of vaccinating 40% of population
Health minister: Ukraine past peak of recent Covid-19 wave
Health Ministry: 96% of people who die of COVID-19 are unvaccinated
Health ministry announces new Covid-19 outbreak in western Ukraine
Health Ministry: Omicron infection wave to start in Ukraine in mid-January
Health ministry: Unvaccinated patients are 9 times more likely to die from Covid-19
Health Ministry warns of new scam targeting vaccinated people
Health Minutes Health News Healthy Living Healthy Recipes Hear Celine Dion"s Delicate New "Beauty and the Beast" Ballad - Rolling Stone Heavy shelling in Sumy Oblast leaves civilians without utilities.
Heavy shelling of two settlements in Luhansk Oblast leaves locals without utility services.
Hebrew Hebrew, pre-Bible [HEL] Helen Helios [Helius, Hyperion, Phaethon]
help Help and Tutorials "Helping People Be Seen, Heard and Believed After Adverse Vaccine Reactions Here’s how to support the Ukrainian military
here. here and a few highlights from these emails are outlined below: here and a few highlights from these emails are outlined below: (Howell : I haven"t listed them here. Just click the link).
here (check sub-directories). Here’s a breakdown of the Fed’s rescue programs to keep credit flowing during the pandemic - MarketWatch Heritage Park, Calgary Hermes Herodotus quote of Solon of Athens In about 440 B.C., Herodotus quoted the famous statesman Solon of Athens (638 - ca. 558 B.C.) as saying: "...you ask me about human affairs. Over a long period of time, many things come to pass which no one would wish to see or suffer. I propose seventy years as the average life span for a man. These seventy years represent, excluding intercalated months, 25,200 days." So this famed and learned ancient Greek calculated using a 360-day year. Hester hierarchical Q-learning. Highlights of robot car history. Around Highway Net, Highway Net with open gates) joined the party. Today, deep CNNs are standard in computer vision. Highway Nets. Highway Nets brought it to feedforward Higos [HIN22] [HIN] [HIN] [HIN]) [HIN] (~3,000 words). [HIN] as well as [HIN] It is true that in 2018, [HIN] nor Hindu Hinnamnor Hinton, LeCun, Bengio receive ACM Turing Award. Hinton, LeCun, Bengio receive ACM Turing Award. This announcement contains more comments about Schmidhuber than about any of the awardees. Hip-hop diva Alina Pash to represent Ukraine at Eurovision 2022.
his and my concerns dating back to when the mRNA vaccines by [BioNTceh-Pfizer, Moderna] were reported as candidates (see the section "Is the cure worse than the disease?"). The best estimates that I"ve seen are that covaxes are reponsible for ~400k deaths in the USA, compared to confirmed corona virus deaths of 860k @21Jan2022! It"s even worse if you suspect, as I do, that many the covax deaths are reported as corona virsus deaths - in other words the vaccines may kill as many Americans at the same rate as the virus! Echos of always-suppressed lessons from the 1918 Spanish flu, and Peter Doshi"s 2008 comment that vaccines could NOT have accounted for the great decline of influenza from 1940-?1998?. A real-world self-imposed zombie sci-fi movie effect?
His github has several other interesting investment-related postings, including Black-Scholes derivative pricing. his more advanced work on multi-layer networks discussed below). Historical [DNA, Protein, Evolutionary Computing, ANN] hybrid basis for epiDNA-NNs Historical solar cycles | Solar activity | SpaceWeatherLive.com Historical sunspot numbers are about to be given an adjustment | Watts Up With That? Historical thinking about consciousness. historical thinking about consciousness, which is not limited to quantum consciousness. This complements items below. Historical thinking about quantum [neurophysiology, consciousness] Historical thinking about quantum [neurophysiology, consciousness]). But as with the ancient Greeks, I would be surprised if others in the quantum mechanics community weren"t thinking of mind in addition to matter in the early 1900s. To me, this would not be a solid assumption to make even if the lack of documentation is glaring.
History | DALL·E history of backpropagation Hitler and Stalin negotiate agreement | DALL·E [HO07] of deep learning to protein folding (2007).
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"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p003fig02-04 cropped composite [δ18O, Be-10 ice core, C-14 tree ring] spectra 10ky data.png" NAME="spectral analysis of [ice core, tree ring] data of last 10ky" width=750>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p005fig05 interaction [1, 2] ky cycles.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p009fig06 observed sunspots since 1985.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p011fig07 spectral analysis sunspot.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p011fig08 cumulative z-score of monthly sunspot.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p012fig09 sunspots last 400y.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p015fig10 model solar over Holocene vs Greenland ice.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p015fig11 model solar since 1500AD vs historical record.png" width=250>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p018fig12 summary of the phases and postulates of the proposed 900y climate cycle.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p019fig13 snowshoe hares vs lynx 1845 to 1935.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p020fig14 global vegetation last glacial ms vs today.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p020fig15 indicators of 900y climate cycle phases.jpg" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p027fig16 Earths solar irradiance energy budget.png" height=400>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p028fig17 absorption of radiation bands for various greenhouse gases.png" height=400>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p032fig17a global sea level over last 20ky.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p035fig18 major worldwide atmospheric circulation patterns.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p037fig19 mass balance of ice sheets in relation to temperature.png" width=650>

"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p038fig20 temperature last 800ky Antarctic ice cores.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p038fig21 ocean sediment paleotemperature lst 5My.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p040fig22 spectral analysis of delta18O ocean sediment last 900ky.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p054fig23 stone sculpture from Lepinski Vir site in Serbia 7kyBC.png" width=200>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p060fig24 boat rock painting from Southern Algeria.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p060fig25 giraffe rock painting from Southern Algeria.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p062fig26 Vinca symbols.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p062fig27 Tartaria tablets.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p073fig28 goldfen ox, Maykop culture in Caucasus mid-4th millenium BC.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p101fig29 stone bearded man Cacasian facial features Monte Alban.png" width=300>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p101fig30 9-ton head sculpture Olmex site of San Lorenzo.png" width=300>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p111fig31 Dogu figurine from Japan 700BC.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p146fig32 12th century Ponte dAmmiraglio near Palermo, spanned Oreto river.png" width=650>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p168tbl33 countries with predicted water shortages.jpg" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p170tbl34 global [reserves, production] of natural gas and petroleum.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p171tbl35 status of main commercial fish species in oceans.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p172tbl36 forrested land cover of continents 1990-2020.png" width=350>
"/home/bill/web/webOther/Wickson, Steven/900y cycle/images- captioned/p172tbl37 known [reserves, years of supply] for various minerals.png" width=350>
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"/home/bill/web/" width=250>
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Home - The Community"s Center for Security Hospital fire kills 3 patients, injures staff in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Hostomel - Irpin – Bucha direction: Active hostilities, shelling underway, households on fire
Hostomel village council confirms on March 7 Russian troops killed head of Hostomel territorial community Yury Prylypko.
House destroyed, casualties reported in Russian airstrike on Chernihiv
Houses damaged, man injured in Russian airstrikes on Bashtanka
How a big decline in China’s oil imports may ‘test the resiliency of the market’ - MarketWatch How DALL·E Credits Work | OpenAI Help Center Howell 06Dec2012 review and comments Howell: 0_PineScript notes.txt Howell 120115 Wars & battles of history - Charvatovan alignment.png Howell 120115 Wars & battles of history.png "Howell 120513 Ark of the Covenant.pdf".
"Howell 120513 Ark of the Covenant.pdf", rather pitiful war gains of Ramses the 2nd are documented. Was the Arc of the Covenant erased? Howell 120514 Velikovsky, quack or genius.pdf Howell 120514 Velikovsky, quack or genius.pdf. Howell 120903 Paul Anderson"s Electric scarring of the Earth.pdf) "Howell 161220 Big Data, Deep Learning, Safety.ogv">, I have also posted the [software, scheduling/coding spredsheet, slides, etc] used to produce the video, but not any proprietary video segments (to reduce space). This may be of use to others who produce videos and would like to kow how I approached this. It won"t be directly adapatable, as I have used a little-known language, Queen"s University of Kingston "Nested Interactive Array Language (Q"Nial) to actually run the playing of [slides, references, images, videos, etc] of which it is composed. Although there is some documentation, it is very limited.
Howell 2005 - Presentation, Junk DNA and Neural Networks conjecture on directions and implications.ppt Howell 2006 - Genetic specification of neural networks, draft concepts and implications.pdf Howell 2006 "Genetic specification of recurrent neural networks" (draft version of my WCCI2006 conference paper) Howell 2006 - Presentation, Genetic Specification of Recurrent Neural Networks Initial Thoughts.ppt Howell 30Dec2011, page 39 "Part VI - Far beyond current toolsets"
Howell - Are we ready for global cooling 14Mar06 longer version.pdf Howell - Are we ready for global cooling 14Mar06.pdf Howell - Are we ready for Global Cooling, comments 14Mar06.pdf Howell Aug08 - Charvatovas hypothesis & Isotopic solar proxies.pdf. It does a great job of explaining many [important, well-established] cycles. (again, click-right to view a larger image) Howell - Climate Change situation Jun04.pdf Howell comments : Kyle Beattie"s Bayesian analysis of covax - ~30% increases in [case, death]s, which provides a completely independent support for this, although I haven"t tried to quantify tat in terms of a fraction of official covid deaths.
Howell - comments on Puetz UWS, the greatest of cycles, human implications for a few other references, albeit not all relevant to this webPage. That link provides a very incomplete listing of my initial thoughts about Puetz"s UWS back in 2015, when I first ran into it.
Howell - comments on Puetz UWS, the greatest of cycles, human implications.odt Howell - critique of Gore, An inconvenient truth.pdf Howell: directory Howell - flexible historical timelines.xls Howell - Glaciation models for the last 6 million years.pdf). The discrepancy may make sense, as one can interpret two of the 10 as being one extended glaciation, and perhaps in the decade preceding the date (2001) of the Magical Egypt series, the [data, interpretations] were different. But, its clear that I have let a [model, concept] dominate my thinking on this point, rather than the actual data. <oops> Howell: Human [time, length, theme] multifractals (poster).
Howell: Lucas directory Howell: Lucas notes Howell: market news.txt "Howell - Mega-Life, Mega-Death and the Sun, the rise and fall of civilisations.pdf" did a [history, astronomy, Earth sciences] look at the rise and fall of civilisations.
Howell - Note to Glenn Beck, TV series proposal.pdf Howell, OurWorldInData.org daily-covid-cases-per-million-three-day-avg Howell, OurWorldInData.org daily-covid-deaths-per-million-3-day-avg.ods Howell - Pandemics and the sun Howell - possible phenomenological origins of Puetz Universal Wave Series (UWS).html Howell - preliminary frequency analysis as origin of Puetz UWS.html Howell - preliminary frequency analysis, Fourier series as origins of Puetz UWS. I don"t actually "believe" my anal but it is very important to address it in some detail.
Howell - preliminary frequency analysis, Fourier series as origins of Puetz UWS.html (unfinished) Howell - PuetzUWS [time, price] multifractal of detrended SPX 1871-2020.html Howell - Quick introduction to Puetz Universal Wave Series (UWS) fractal time).html Howell - Quick introduction to Puetz Universal Wave Series (UWS) fractal time.html Howell - References related to Puetz [H]UWS Howell - References related to Puetz [H]UWS.html "Howell - review of Holverstott 2016 Hydrino energy".
Howell"s bash [library, program, note]s - Because of the "suspended animation" of my QNial programming, I have been migrating simple stuff to bash. The fileops.sh library may be especially useful to others? Howells bash scripts/ Howells blog posts to MarketWatch etc Howell - Selected pandemics & epidemics.pdf Howell"s [email, blog]s. Howell"s email : filters list.txt Howell"s MindCode programming and notes Howell"s notes Howell - solar inertial motion - NASA-JPL versus Charvatova.pdf. Howell - Solar presentations 13Oct06.pdf Howell - SP500 detrended [time, price] multifractal ).
Howell - SP500 PE Shiller ratios versus 10 year Treasury bond yields, with earnings growth & discount factors.ods
Howell - SP500 P/E versus 10 year Treasury bonds Howell - SP500 [Puetz time, Fibonacci price]Fractals [trend, relStdDev] 1926-2020.txt
Howell"s QNial [program, library, note]s - my long-standing programming code (other than MindCode) has been in a state of great transition for >2 years, as I am re-defining symbol names, argument [number, order]s. One concept being applied is "The Computability of symbol names" (like Turing"s "The Computability of Numbers"). It is not a priority for now, so progress will be slow Howells questions about 1993 conference proceedings Howell"s webSite, "System_maintenance" directory Howell: technical analysis - patterns etc.txt Howell : Text-Speech-Image User Interfaces Howell- TradingView chart "USA multi-indicator" Howell: TradingView notes.txt Howell - TradingView PineScript [description, problem, debug].html Howell - TradingView PineScript [description, problem, debug].html. Howell - TradingView PineScript of priceTimeFractals.html Howell - T-Shirt, Kyoto premise fraud.pdf Howell - videos.html Howell webSite security directory How has the U.K. stock market fared lo these past 300 years? | FRED Blog How influenza cases were recategorized as covid cases
How Linux Mint is preventing future hacks and increasing security | PCWorld How Much Do Interest Rates Affect the Market’s P/E Ratio? - GuruFocus.com How the sun affects temperatures on Earth (10Oct2019 youTube) How to Convert JPG to AVI in Linux | eHow How to Decode an Email in MIME Format | Techwalla.com How To Gage The Frequency And Amplitude Experiences - DNit How to Hide Files Inside Images in Linux How to Participate in openSUSE How to Understand Option Greeks | Charles Schwab How well do you know Ukrainian Christmas traditions? (QUIZ)
How Zelensky’s administration moves to dismantle press freedom in Ukraine
Hoyte & Schatten year? - solar influence on climate & natural systems, graphs
Hoyte & Schatten year - solar influence on climate & natural systems, graphs.pdf [HRL0-2] [HRL0] Soon afterwards, this was also done with Hryvnia falls following news about state of emergency.
Hryvnia hits 7 year low amid Russian threat
HS Dent Publishing | Facebook HTML. HTML. HTML. HTML. HTML. HTML overview. HTML overview. HTML Picture Codes "http://a123.g.akamai.net/f/123/12465/1d/www.canada.com/images/tonightontv/g_et_fall03.gif" id="_ctl4_imgDaily" align="top" height="69" width="120" border="0" /> "http://a123.g.akamai.net/f/123/12465/1d/www.canada.com/images/tonightontv/tonight_on_global.jpg"alt="[tonight on Global]" width=120 height=16 align=TOP>
"http://a123.g.akamai.net/f/123/12465/1d/www.canada.com/images/tonightontv/tvtimes_fulllistings.gif"alt="[full listings]" width=120 height=33 align=TOP border=0>--> "http://ad.ca.doubleclick.net/N3081/ad/npo.com/ http://ad.ca.doubleclick.net/N3081/jump/npo.com/ "http://canwest.112.2O7.net/b/ss/canwest/1/G.7--FB/s"+s_tm.getTime()+"?[AQB]" http://earth.nullschool.net http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/psintl/~3/uW4Tt21A52Q/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email
"http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/3.0/88x31.png"/> http://safireproject.com/ https://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2010/20100329_MemorandumPandemie_E.pdf https://aureon.ca/
https://brandnewtube.com/watch/craig-paardekooper-vaers-different-effects-of-the-vaccine-on-women-and-men_X3XzcDSVmc1y4kE.html
https://brandnewtube.com/watch/dr-jessica-rose-vaers-data-reveals-5-427-increase-in-deaths-following-c-19-shots_luxXci1s1oSeMRE.html
https://childrenshealthdefense.org/news/caveat-emptor-science-versus-cdc-on-scary-flu-shot-promotions/ https://childrenshealthdefense.org/news/the-cdc-influenza-math-doesnt-add-up-exaggerating-death-toll-to-sell-flu-shots/ https://childrenshealthdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/01-29-CDC-flu-uptake-presentation-Nowak.pdf https://darwinawards.com/ :
http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DLlRa9rUqvW9pG1vNEsWMEydWwsmSMbe/view https://drumhelleronline.com/local/crash-on-highway-10-east#sigProId20f4df19a3 https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA)
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_super_typhoons&oldid=1245088573" https://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/linuxmint.com/testing/sha256sum.txt https://gellerreport.com/2022/01/the-coming-war-with-russia.html/
https://hatchardreport.com/relationship-between-covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-mortality/ "https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Scientists-in-a-lab-UN.png?resize=520%2C223&ssl=1" alt="" width="520" height="223" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Scientists-in-a-lab-UN.png?resize=450%2C193&ssl=1 450w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Scientists-in-a-lab-UN.png?resize=350%2C150&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Scientists-in-a-lab-UN.png?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px" data-recalc-dims="1" />

https://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/fissile-material-basics/
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2783644 https://ObserverRanch.com https://osf.io/9p8qu/

https://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/deep-learning-history.html https://quakewatch.net/predictioncenter/ https://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/ramsdis/online/goes-16.asp "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2fccca91c22cf7754f7bd7afa9230e?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2fccca91c22cf7754f7bd7afa9230e?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0d324a6f32f9a50594f33382f78a1d93?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0d324a6f32f9a50594f33382f78a1d93?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/365f8feba620843947e6b6947d6ebe9d?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/365f8feba620843947e6b6947d6ebe9d?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/587d6cf972f60c3ec770e1b3696bd2db?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/587d6cf972f60c3ec770e1b3696bd2db?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8d1db00b30979a475738df489d3c5280?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8d1db00b30979a475738df489d3c5280?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9487f5841aed2acb6ab4a47291ee43e1?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9487f5841aed2acb6ab4a47291ee43e1?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ac7eb79eb6e256227edeabe1bb7219d5?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ac7eb79eb6e256227edeabe1bb7219d5?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e951141bc13ad8a29b5316564b224163?s=50&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e951141bc13ad8a29b5316564b224163?s=100&r=pg 2x" class="uk-comment-avatar avatar-50 photo" height="50" width="50" loading="lazy"/> https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/data/Theater/ https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/images https://StructuredAtom.org/ http://stats.bls.gov:80/cgi-bin/surveymost?wp).] Data from before
https://thunderbolts.us7.list-manage.com/track/click?u=1b8e5fc5ffab70f95805dea12&id=f6b8bab8a7&e=54f3bc9169 http://stjameslodge47.org/

https://tr.tradingview.com/script/pB5nv16J/?utm_source=notification_email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=notification_pubscript_update
https://wonkhe.com/blogs/freemasonry-and-universities-a-bit-like-facebook/

https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2010/6/4/report-who-overstated-h1n1-threat https://www.digitizeit.xyz/ https://www.gimp.org https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/flu-cases-decline-dramatically-this-season https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2020/11/a-closer-look-at-u-s-deaths-due-to-covid-19 https://www.MagneticReversal.org https://www.ObservatoryProject.com https://www.patreon.com/posts/andrew-hall-egg-51555997?utm_medium=post_notification_email&utm_source=post_link&utm_campaign=patron_engagement https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-chart-us-death-figures-2020/fact-check-chart-does-not-present-accurate-us-deaths-figure-for-2020-idUSKBN2872MV https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/flu-has-disappeared-worldwide-during-the-covid-pandemic1/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ten-myths-about-1918-flu-pandemic-180967810/ https://www.SpaceWeatherNews.com https://www.Suspicious0bservers.org https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2016/03/11/surface-conductive-faults/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2016/05/11/arc-blast-part-1/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2016/05/21/arc-blast-part-two/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2016/05/28/arc-blast-part-three/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2016/10/06/the-monocline/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/01/20/the-maars-of-pinacate-part-one/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/02/16/the-maars-of-pinacate-part-two/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/04/22/natures-electrode/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/05/21/the-summer-thermopile/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/06/13/tornado-the-electric-model/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/12/10/lightning-scarred-earth-part-1/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2017/12/17/lightning-scarred-earth-part-2/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2018/02/12/sputtering-canyons-part-1/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2018/02/12/sputtering-canyons-part-2/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2018/03/31/sputtering-canyons-part-3/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2019/03/31/the-eye-of-the-storm-part-1/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2019/05/05/the-eye-of-the-storm-part-2/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2019/05/24/eye-of-the-storm-part-3/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2019/06/20/eye-of-the-storm-part-4-2/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2020/03/19/47212/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2020/04/04/the-great-red-spot/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2020/09/24/48437/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2020/10/31/eye-of-the-storm-part-8/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2020/12/25/eye-of-the-storm-part-9/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2021/01/28/eye-of-the-storm-part-10-2/ https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2021/08/20/the-shocking-truth/ https://www.tradingview.com/script/12M8Jqu6-Function-Polynomial-Regression/
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/01/08/fact-check-u-s-more-deaths-2020-than-2019-covid-19/4141839001/ https://www.windy.com https://www.youtube.com/user/Suspicious0bservers/videos/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3ITTdl_QRY&t=0s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgNTKrjpiiI&t=0s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW4kCP-ascw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4jWPfNJ0rM&t=1s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISfuOZgaN3c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KoJ9wpvD_g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPcF40vBqzs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt6NscQ2qS8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNk0a5je9G8
https://youtu.be/2WS0vsVB4Tw https://youtu.be/_3ITTdl_QRY https://youtu.be/-KoJ9wpvD_g https://youtu.be/LwbsA-QDBFY http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer" "http://www.BillHowell.ca/20120 [before, after] running head-on into a semi-tractor trailor hauling propane.jpg" NAME="Bill HOWELL photo" BORDER=0 ALIGN=RIGHT> http://www.BillHowell.ca/ http://www.BillHowell.ca/
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/Cool stuff/Gareth Samuel 04Jul202 Edwin Kaal periodic table of the elements.png" NAME="SP500 semi-log detrended" WIDTH=80% BORDER=0 NOWRAP> "http://www.BillHowell.ca/economics, markets/Fischer, David 1996 The Great Wave/Fig 0.01 Price of consumables in England 1201-1993 detrended.png" NAME="Price of consumables in England 1201-1993" WIDTH=80% BORDER=0> "http://www.BillHowell.ca/economics, markets/market data/detrend/220802/detrend StockMkt Indices 1871-2022 PuetzUWS2011.png" NAME="SP500 semi-log detrended" WIDTH=80% BORDER=0 NOWRAP> http://www.BillHowell.ca/home.html (start webPage browsing)
http://www.BillHowell.ca/Neural nets/) http://www.BillHowell.ca/Personal/241115 IDtheft/Howell IDtheft.html, assuming that I can recover my webSite, and that it is not corrupted.
http://www.BillHowell.ca/Personal/241115 IDtheft/Howell IDtheft.html, but this is a couple of months out of date and lacks key details for now.
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Aureon-SAFIRE/Aureon.ca team, visitors.png" width=600>
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Aureon-SAFIRE/SAFIRE [core, consulting] team.png" width=600>
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Kaal SAM nucleus/images/Chinese checkers board, etsy.com, center triangles.png" width=250>
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Kaal SAM nucleus/images/nucleus 12 carbon.png" width=250>
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Kaal SAM nucleus/images/nucleus 239 Plutonium.png" width=250>
"http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Kaal SAM nucleus/images/Swart, Smith, UtrechtU 19Nov2018 quantum physics in a fractional-dimensional system, Sierpinski triangle.jpg" width=250> "http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Electric Universe/Peratt petroglyphs/Peratt 0312dd Stonehenge.png" width=400> "http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Icebreaker/images/Neil Howell - Hilter refuses to invade Great Britain, Operation Eagle denied.jpg" NAME="Hilter refuses to invade Great Britain" WIDTH=400 BORDER=0 ALIGN=LEFT> "http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMajor/Sun civilisations/Howell - radioisotopes and history 200 by 200 pixels.jpg" NAME="Rise and fall of civilisations" WIDTH=20% BORDER=0 ALIGN=RIGHT> "http://www.BillHowell.ca/ProjMini/Mythology/Arc of the covenant on Karnac temple.jpg" NAME="Arc of the covenant on Karnac temple" WIDTH=60% BORDER=0> http://www.fourmilab.ch/ http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/base64/. http://www.gnuplot.info/ http://www.helioviewer.org/ http://www.ijcnn.org" >www.ijcnn.org


http://www.uct-news.com E-mail: contact@uct-news.com
http://www.yardeni.com/public/sp52_c.pdf
http://youtu.be/X9C4Tx2zC3c.
Hugo video -skeptical about the coverage, and senses that something isn"t what it is portayed as being. human deaths vs solar activity, 1000-2000 AD
Humanitarian cargo returns to Zaporizhzhia as Mariupol blocked for evacuation
Humanitarian cargo will still go - Zelensky
Humanitarian corridor in Sumy to continue for second day.
Humanitarian corridors open only in Sumy region – adviser to interior minister
Humanitarian crisis deepens in Mariupol.
"Humanitarian crisis looms after Super Typhoon Yutu flattens parts of Saipan and Tinian". USA Today. Retrieved 2021-03-18. Human Rights Ombudsman: 210 Ukrainians killed by Russian assault.
Humans and Electromagnetism - Suspicious0bservers - Climate Change | Space Weather | Astronomy Hunan Hun and po states "Hun and po are types of souls in Chinese philosophy and traditional religion. Within this ancient soul dualism tradition, every living human has both a hun spiritual, ethereal, yang soul which leaves the body after death, and also a po corporeal, substantive, yin soul which remains with the corpse of the deceased." Hundreds of thousands of households left without gas due to Russia"s war.
Hundreds of thousands of refugees flee Ukraine as war rages on
Hungary against ban on Russian energy imports - PM
Hungary bans weapon shipments to Ukraine from its territory.
Hungary blocks Ukraine from joining NATO"s cyber defense center.
Hungary doesn"t support ban on Russian energy.
Hungary not to allow lethal weapons for Ukraine to transit its territory – FM
Hungary rejects sending arms to Ukraine, blocks transit.
Hungary will not accept any more NATO troops on its soil.
??? Hurrell?] - entirely subsumes plate techtonics and takes it to an entirely new level,both for geology and evolution. Hurricane Forecast Model Output :: [Model Identifiers] Hurricane Michael: The Destruction of Mexico Beach, FL - YouTube Hussar, Alberta - 7 Day Weather Forecast - The Weather Network Hussar, Alberta 7 Day Weather Forecast - The Weather Network Hussar garbage dump hours (transfer station) [HW1-3] [HW1-3] brought it to feedforward NNs. [HW1-3] which has become the [HW1] [HW1]
with open gates [HW2] are a version of this where the gates are always open: g(x)=t(x)=const=1. [HW2] (Dec 2015). [HW2] (Dec 2015) and currently the [HW2] (Dec 2015) which currently gets [HW2] (which won the [HW3] [HW3] the first working really deep [HYB12] [HYB12] [HYB12] and did not compare it to CTC-LSTM. Hybrids of [algorithms, conventional computing, ANNs, MindCode] HYG high yield Ishares Trust - AMEX:HYG - TradingView "14Feb12 Venus et Mars - au dela d"une histoire d"amour (video 240 Mbytes)", only consisted of still images (pictures taken from books, the internet, PowerPoint-like software, and graphics programs) and audio (music CDs, voice recordings).

I). I, I, I. I & I & iac.es comment, I contains 4 subsections IAEA loses contact with Chernobyl NPP monitoring systems
IAEA loses control over systems that monitor nuclear material at Chornobyl, Zaporizhzhia NPPs
[IC14] [IC49-14] ICC Prosecutor opens formal investigation into situation of Ukraine
ICC prosecutor to investigate war crimes in Ukraine.
ICDAR 2011 Chinese handwriting Icebreaker unchained directory. Perhaps these may be of interest, help] to others putting together a film from Linux-based free software.
Icebreaker unchained directory. Perhaps these may be of interest, help] to others putting together a film from Linux-based free software.
Icebreaker unchained: We should have lost WWI Icebreaker unchained : We should have lost WWII" (directory tree of many files - perhaps start with "Script for Icebreaker Unchained.odt" Icebreaker unchained : We should have lost WWII" (directory tree of many files - perhaps start with "Script for Icebreaker Unchained.odt".
Icebreaker unchained : We should have lost WWII" (directory tree of many files - perhaps start with "Script for Icebreaker Unchained.odt". That project cannot reasonably condensed for the current webPage, nor would I be happy with any simplistic "zero-dimensional" quips to summarize it. I have no interest in catering to that type of reader.
Icebreaker unchained : We should have lost WWII" (directory tree of many files - perhaps start with "Script for Icebreaker Unchained.odt", until I hit a wall trying to produce animations for our video, and finally in ~2015 my father no longer able to [read, comprehen] well enough to workk on the project. Stephen Yaskell cited us as the "two fools who rushed in" for our previous history project : the rise and fall of civilisations over the last 7,500 years. Yaskell used some of our earlier graphs in his book (see references below). One argument we re-visited several times was the basis for periods of prolonged warfare between nations. "... Great periods of war in history : desperation, affluence, religion, natural quasi-cycles? ..." He favoured religion as the main driver, me, well as usual, I retain "multiple conflicting hypothesis". Icebreaker Unchained : we should have lost WWII Ichiro Tsuda
holds the position of Professor at Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Professor Emeritus of Hokkaido University, and Visiting Professor at Osaka University, Tamagawa University and at many other universities. He has been Associate Member of Science Council of Japan since 2014. He received a degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) from Kyoto University in 1982. He has published widely in the field of chaotic dynamical systems and complex systems, and also in the field of cognitive neurodynamics. I collapsed all of this into a single RNN that could rapidly ICPR 2012 medical imaging ICSC Tom Harris ICSC Tom Harris - International Climate Science Coalition Ida IDtheft overall description. IDtheft: time periods of the attack and my recovery. : IEEE IEEE-CIS Computational Intelligence Society IEEE-CIS magazine IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE-CIS), and is the premier international meeting for researchers and other professionals in neural networks and related areas. It will feature invited plenary talks by world-renowned speakers in the areas of neural network theory and applications, computational neuroscience, robotics, and distributed intelligence.

IEEE link. IEEE LISTSERV® Email List Management | IEEE GDPR Volunteer Dashboard IEEE Task Force on Reservoir Computing If Russia launches blitzkrieg into Ukraine, how would it look?
If West claims unity against Nazis, sky must be closed over Ukraine
If you do this now, you might be able to double your retirement portfolio - MarketWatch IHME COVID-19 in USA II), II). II). II, II, II, II. II: II & II & II & III) III). III, III, III. III. III & III & III. Note that IJCNN 2011 traffic signs IJCNN Author Guide IJCNN Cross Check Portal Login Page IJCNN Publications Guide IJCNN Sponsors jjain@cisco.com)
IK1QFK Monitoring Station - Live data Illia Ponomarenko: Even if Russia attacks, Ukraine’s fall is not predestined
Illia Ponomarenko: Is Russia really about to invade Ukraine?
image: 2
image: 2
|" "$d_projMaj""History/Jacobovici, Exodus plagues/Jacobovici 17Nov2018 Exodus proofs, transcript.html" >"$d_projMaj""History/Jacobovici, Exodus plagues/Jacobovici 17Nov2018 Exodus proofs, transcript online, href not src.html" image image) image p002fig01.01 The difference between seeing and recognizing.
|| (W. Epstein, R. Gregory, H. von Helmholtz, G. Kanizsa, P. Kellman, A. Michote...) Seeing an object vs Knowing what it is. Seeing Ehrenstein illusion (See, recognize) va Recognizing offset grating Do not see, recognize). offset grating: some boundaries are invisible or amodal. image p002fig01.02 Dalmation in snow
|| p002c2h0.55 "...This image reminds us that invisible boundaries can sometimes be very useful in helping us to recognize visual objects in the world. ... When we first look at this picture, it may just look like an array of black splotches of different sizes, desities, and orientations across the picture. Gradually, however, we can recognize the Dalmatian in it as new boundaries form in our brain between the black splotches. ..." image p003fig01.03 Amodal completion
|| p00c1h0.75 "... Figure 1.3 illustrates what I mean by the claim that percepts derived from pictures are often illusions. Figure 1.3 (left column) shows three rectangular shapes that abut one another. Our percept of this image irresitably creates a different interpretation, however. We perceive a horizontal bar lying in front of a partially occluded vertical bar that is amodally completed behind it. ..." image p004fig01.04 (top row) Kanizsa stratification; (botton row) transparency images
|| [top row images] "... are called stratification percepts... This simple percept can ... be perceived either as a white cross in front of a white outline square, or as a white outline square in front of a white cross. The former percept usually occurs, but the percept can intermittently switch between these two interpretations. ...it is said to be a bistable percept. ..." image p008fig01.05 Noise-saturation dilemma.
|| cell activity vs cell number; [minimum, equilibrium, current, maximal] activity image p009fig01.06 Primacy gradient of activity stored in working memory within a recurrent shunting on-center off-surround network. Rehersal is controlled by a nonspecific rehersal wave and self-inhibitory feedback of the item that is currently being rehearsed. Rehearsal is controlled by a nonspecific rehearsal wave and self-inhibitory feedback of the item that is currently being rehearsed. Green = excitatory, red = inhibitory
|| inputs? -> item and order WM storage -> competitive selection-> rehearsal wave -> outputs image p011fig01.07 The choice of signal function f determines how an initial activity pattern will be transformed and stored in short-term memory (STM). Among [same, slower, faster]-than-linear signal functions, only the last one can suppress noise. It does so as it chooses the population that receives the largest input for storage, while suppressing the activities of all other population, thereby giving rise to a winner-take-all choice.
|| initial pattern (xi(0) vs i):
fXi(∞)= xi(∞)/sum[j: xj(∞)]x(∞)
linearperfect storage of any patternamplifies noise (or no storage)
slower-than-linearsaturatesamplifies noise
faster-than-linearchooses max [winner-take-all, Bayesian], categorical perceptionsuppresses noise, [normalizes, quantizes] total activity, finite state machine
image p012fig01.08 A sigmoidal signal function is a hybrid signal that combines the best properties of [faster, same, slower]-than linear signals. It can suppress noise and store a partially contrast-enhanced activity pattern. slower-than-linear saturates pattern; approximately linear- preserves pattern and normalizes; faster-than-linear- noise suppression and contrast-enhancement.
|| Sigmoidal signal: a hybrid. (upper) saturates pattern- slower-than-linear; (middle) preserves pattern and normalizes- approximately linear. (lower) noise suppression and contrast enhancement- faster-than-linear. image p013fig01.09 A sigmoid signal function generates a quenching threshold below which cell activities are treated like noise and suppressed. Activities that are larger than the quenching threshold are contrast enhanced and stored in short-term memory.
|| Quenching threshold xi(o) vs i.
fXi(∞)= xi(∞)/sum[j: xj(∞)]x(∞)
sigmoidtunable filter
stores infinitely many contrast-enhanced patterns
suppresses noise
image p016fig01.10 The blocking paradigm shows how sensory cues that are conditioned to predict specific consequences can attentionally block other cues that do not change those predictions. On the other hand, if the total cue context is changed by adding a cue that does not change the predicted consequences, then the new cues can be conditioned to the direction of that change. They can hereby learn, for example, to predict fear if the shock level unexpectedly increases, or relief if the shock level unexpectedly decreases.
|| Minimal adaptive prediction. blocking- CS2 is irrelevant, unblocking- CS2 predicts US change. Learn if CS2 predicts a different (novel) outcome than CS1. CS2 is not redundant. image p016fig01.11 A sufficiently big mismatch between a bottom-up input pattern and a top-down expectation can activate the orienting system, which triggers a burst of nonspecific arousal that can reset the recognition category that read out the expectation. In this way, unexpected events can reset short-term memory and initiate a search for a category that better represents the current situation.
|| [category- top-down (TD) expectation; Bottom-up (BU) input pattern] -> Feature pattern -> BU-TD mismatch -> orienting system -> non-specific arousal -> category. image p018fig01.12 Peak shift and behavioural contrast. When a negative generalization gradient (in red) is subtracted from a positive generalization gradient (in green), the net gradient (in purple) is shifted way from the negative gradient and has a width that is narrower than any of its triggering gradients. Because the total activity of the network tends to be normalized, the renormalized peak of the net gradient is higher than that of the rewarded gradient, thereby illustrating that we can prefer experiences that we have never previously experienced over those for which we have previously been rewarded.
|| image p019fig01.13 Affective circuits are organized into opponent channels, such as fear vs. relief, and hunger vs. frustration. On a larger scale of affective behaviours, exploration and consummation are also opponent types of behaviour. Exploration helps to discover novel sources of reward. Consummation enables expected rewards to be acted upon. Exploration must be inhibited to enable an animal to maintain attention long enough upon a stationary reward in order to consume it.
|| exploration vs consummation image p023fig01.14 A gated dipole opponent process can generate a transient antagonistic reboubnd from its OFF channel in response to offset of an input J to its ON channel. sustained on-response; transient off-response; opponent process; gates arousal: energy for rebound.
|| image p024fig01.15 A REcurrent Associative Dipole, or READ, circuit is a recurrent shunting on-center off-surround network with habituative transmitter gates. Sensory cues sample it with LTM traces and thereby become conditioned reinforcers.
|| image p025fig01.16 (left panel) The main processing stages of the Cognitive-Emotional-Motor (CogEM) model have anatomical interpretations in terms of sensory cortex, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Chapter 13 will describe in greater detail how CS cues activate invariant object categories in the sensory cortex, value categories in the amygdala, and object-value categories in the prefrontal cortex, notably the orbitofrontal cortex. The amygdala is also modulated by internal drive inputs like hunger and satiety. (right panel) Anatomical data support this circuit, as do many neurophysiological data.
|| drive -> amygdala -> prefrontal cortex <-> sensory cortex -> amygdala. [visual, somatosensory, auditory, gustatory, olfactory] cortex -> [amygdala, Orbital Prefrontal Cortex]. amygdala -> Lateral Prefrontal Cortex image p025fig01.17 Sensory-drive heterarchy vs. drive hierarchy. How cues and drives interact to choose the drive and motivation that will control behavioral choices.
|| [drive inputs, sensory cue [before, after] cross-over] -> incentive motivation [eat, sex]. image p026fig01.18 Inverted U as a function of arousal. A Golden Mean at intermediate levels of arousal generates a combination of behavioral threshold, sensitivity, and activation that can support typical behaviors. Both underarousal and overarousal lead to symptoms that are found in mental disorders.
|| Behavior vs arousal.
depressionunder-arousedover-aroused
thresholdelevatedlow
excitable above thresholdHyperHypo
"UPPER" brings excitability "DOWN". image p027fig01.19 The ventral What stream is devoted to perception and categorization. The dorsal Where stream is devoted to spatial representation and action. The Where stream is also often called the Where/How stream because of its role in the control of action.
||
Spatial representation of actionPerception categorization
WHERE dorsalWHAT ventral
Parietal pathway "where"Temporal pathway "what"
Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)Inferior temporal Cortex (IT)
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPFC)Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPFC)
image p029tbl01.01 Some pairs of complementary processing streams.
||
visual boundary:
interblob stream V1-V2-V4
visual surface:
blob stream V1-V2-V4
visual boundary:
interblob stream V1-V2-V4
visual motion:
magno stream V1-MT-MST
WHAT streamWHERE stream
perception & recognition:
interferotemporal & prefrontal areas
space & action:
parietal & prefrontal areas
object tracking:
MT interbands & MSTv
optic flow navigation:
MT+ bands & MSTd
motor target position:
motor & parietal cortex
volitional speed:
basal ganglia
image p030fig01.20 A schematic cross-section of a slice of laminar neocortex whose cells are organized in a characteristic way in six layers, which themselves may be organized into distinct sublaminae. The computational paradigm of Laminar Computing attempts to show how different parts of neocortex can represent and control very different kinds of behavior - including vision, speech, can cognition - using specializations of the same canonical laminar cortical design.
|| Projection fibres: Cortico[spinal, bulbar, pontine, striate, reticulat, etc]; Thalamocortical fibres; Diffuse cortical afferent fibres: [nonspecific thalamocortical, Cholinergic, Monoaminergic]; Corticocortical efferents; Projection [cell, fibre]; Corticocortical efferent terminals. image p030tbl01.02 The What and Where cortical processing streams obey complementary laws. These laws enable the What stream to rapidly and stably learn invariant object categories without experiencing catastrophic forgetting, while the Where stream learns labile spatial and action representations to control actions that are aimed towards these objects.
||
WHATWHERE
spatially-invariant object learning and recognitionspatially-variant reaching and movement
fast learning without catastrophic forgettingcontinually update sensory-motor maps and gains
IT InterferoTemporal CortexPPC Posterior Parietal Cortex
WhatWhere
matchingexcitatoryinhibitory
learningmatchmismatch
image p032fig01.21 At least three parallel visual cortical streams respond to visual inputs that reach the retina. Two parvocellular streams process visual surfaces (blob stream) and visual boundaries (interblob stream). The magnocellular stream processes visual motion.
|| [Retina, LGNs, V[1,2,3,4], MT] to [What- inferotemporal areas, Where- parietal areas]: visual parallel streams [2x blob, 1x bound] image p035fig01.22 A classical example of phonemic restoration. The spectrogram of the word "legislatures" is either excised, leaving a silent interval, or filled with broad-band noise. A percept of the restored phoneme is heard when it is replaced by noise, but not by silence.
|| [normal, silence, noise replaced] presentations. frequency (Hz) vs time (sec). image p036fig01.23 As more items are stored in working memory through time, they can select larger chunks with which to represent the longer list of stored items.
|| [x, y, z] -> [xy, xyz] image p037fig01.24 Only three processing stages are needed to learn how to store and categorize sentences with repeated words in working memory. See the text for more discussion.
|| IOR working memory (item chunk-> sequences) <-> IOR masking field: [item->list]<->[list->list] chunks. (<-> signifies <- expectation/attention, adaptive filter ->) image p038fig01.25 The ART Matching Rule stabilizes real time learning using a [top-down, modulatory on-center, off-surround] network. Object attention is realized by such a network. See text for additional discussion.
|| ART Matching Rule [volition, categories, features]. [one, two] against one. image p039tbl01.03 The link between consciousness and movement
||
VISUALseeing, knowing, and reaching
AUDITORYhearing, knowing, and speaking
EMOTIONALfeeling, knowing, and acting
image p042tbl01.04 The six main kinds of resonances which support different kinds of conscious awareness that will be explained and discussed in this book.
||
type of resonancetype of consciousness
surface-shroudsee visual object or scene
feature-categoryrecognize visual object or scene
stream-shroudhear auditory object or stream
spectral-pitch-and-timbrerecognize auditory object or stream
item-listrecognize speech and language
cognitive-emotionalfeel emotion and know its source
image p051fig02.01 Along the boundaries between adjacent shades of gray, laterial inhibition makes the darker area appear even darker, and the lighter areas appear even lighter. (Ernst Mach bands)
|| image p052fig02.02 Feature-category resonances enable us to rapidly learn how to recognize objects without experiencing catastrophic forgetting. Attentive matching between bottom-up feature pattern inputs and top-down expectations prevent catastrophic forgetting by focussing object attention upon expected patterns of features, while suppressing outlier features that might otherwise have caused catastophic forgetting if they were learned also.
|| Adaptive Resonance. Attended feature clusters reactivate bottom-up pathways. Activated categories reactivate their top-down pathways. Categories STM, Feature patterns STM. Feature-Category resonance [synchronize, amplify, prolong]s system response. Resonance triggers learning in bottom-up and top-down adaptive weights: adaptive resonance! image p057fig02.03 Some basic anatomical and physiological properties of individual neurons. See the text for additional discussion.
||
physiologycell body potentialaxonal signalchemical transmitter
anatomynerve cell bodyaxonsynaptic knob, synapse
image p058fig02.04 Serial learning paradigm: Learning the temporal order of events by practicing them in the order that they occur in time.
|| Learning a global arrow in time. How do we learn to encode the temporal order of events in LTM? serial learning. [w=intra, W=inter]trial interval. "... data about serial verbal learning (Figure 2.4) seemed to suggest that events can go "backwards in time". ..." image p059fig02.05 Bowed serial position curve. This kind of data emphasizes the importance of modelling how our brains give rise to our minds using nonlinear systems of differential equations.
|| Effects of [inter, intra]trial intervals (Hovland 1938). # of errors vs list position. [w (sec), W (sec)] = (2 6) (4 6) (2 126) (4 126). Nonoccurance of future items reduces the number of errors in response to past items. Thes data require a real-time theory for their explanation! that is, DIFFERENTIAL equations. image p059fig02.06 The bowed serial position curve illustrates the sense in which "events can go backwards in time" during serial learning.
|| Bow due to backward effect in time. If the past influenced the future, but no conversely: # of errors vs list position; Data (Hoyland Hull, Underwood, etc). image p060fig02.07 Position-specific-forward and backward error gradients illustrate how associations can form in both the forward and backward directions in time before the list is completely learned.
|| Error gradients: depend on list position. # of responses vs list position:
list beginninganticipatory errorsforward in time
list middleanticipatory and perseverative errorsforward and backward in time
list endperseverative errorsbackward in time
image p061fig02.08 The existence of forward and backward associations, such as from A to B and from B to A is naturally explained by a network of neurons with their own activities or STM traces, and bidirectional connections between them with their own adaptive weights or LTM traces.
|| How these results led to neural networks (Grossberg 1957). Networks can learn forward and backward associations! Practice A->B also learn B<-A. Because learning AB is not the same as learning BA, you need STM traces, or activations, xp at the nodes, or cells, and LTM traces, or adaptive weights, zg, for learning at the synapses. image p063fig02.09 The Additive Model describes how multiple effects add up influence the activities, or STM, traces of neurons.
|| STM: Additive model (Grossberg, PNAS 1967, 1968).
Short-term memory (STM)
trace activation
signaladaptive weightLong-term memory (LTM)
trace
xi(j)fi(xi(t))*Bijzij(t)xj(t)
learning rate?passive decaypositive feedbacknegative feedbackinput
d[dt: xi(t)] = - Ai*xi + sum[j=1 to n: fj(xj(t))*Bji*zji] - sum[j=1 to n: gj(xj)*Cp*Zp] + Ii
Special case : d[dt: xi(t)] = - Ai*xi + sum[j=1 to n: fj(xj(t))*zp] + Ii image p064fig02.10 The Shunting Model includes upper and lower bounds on neuronal activities. These bound have the effect of multiplying additive terms by excitatory and inhibitory automatic gain terms that enable such models to preserve their sensitivity to inputs whose size may vary greatly in size through time, while also approximately normalizing their total activities.
|| STM: Shunting Model (Grossberg, PNAS 1967, 1968). Mass action in membrane equations. Bi/Ci -> xi(t) -> O -> -Fi/Ei. Bounded activations, automatic gain control. d[dt: xi(t)] = - Ai*xi + (Bi - Ci*xi)sum[j=1 to n: fj(xj(t))*Dji*yji*zji + Ii] - (Ei*Xi + Fi)*sum[j=1 to n: gj(xj)*Gji*Yji*Zji + Ji]. Includes the Additive Model. image p065fig02.12 Three sources of neural network research: [binary, linear, continuous nonlinear]. My own research has contributed primarily to the third.
|| Three sources of neural network research.
BinaryLinearContinuous and non-Linear
neural network signal processingSystems theoryNeurophysiology and Psychology
McCullogh-Pitts 1943
... Xi(t+1) = sgn{sum[j: Aij*Xj(t) - Bi}
Von Neumann 1945
Calanielio 1961
Rosenblatt 1962
Widrow 1962
Anderson 1968
Kohonen 1971
Hodgkin, Huxley 1952
Hartline, Ratliff 1957
Grossberg 1967
Von der Malsburg 1973
digital computerY-A*X
cross-correlate
steepest descent
image p068fig02.13 Hartline"s lab developed a model to describe signal processing by the retina of the horseshoe crab.
|| Neurophysiology (network): lateral inhibition in limulus retina of horseshoe crab (Hartline, Ratliff, Miller 1963, Nobel Prize)
hi = ei - sum[j=1 to n: {∫[dv, 0 to t: e^(-A*(t-v))*hj(v)] - Γj}(+) *Bji
ei = spiking frequency without inhibition
hi = spiking frequency with inhibition
[w - r]+ vs i, Precursor of ADDITIVE network model. image p071fig02.15 The noise saturation dilemma: How do neurons retain their sensitivity to the relative sizes of input patterns whose total sizes can change greatly through time?
|| Noise-Saturation Dilemma (Grossberg 1968-1973). Bounded activities from multiple input sources.
If activities xi are sensitive to SMALL inputs, then why don"t the saturate to large outputs?
If xi are sensitive to LARGE inputs, then why don"t small inputs get lost in system noise?
The functional unit is a spatial activity pattern . image p071fig02.16 To solve the noise-saturation dilemma, individual neurons in a network that is receiving a distributed spatial patterns of inputs need to remain sensitive to the ratio of input to them divided by all the inputs in that spatial pattern. Although the inputs are delivered to a finite number of neurons, the input and activity patterns are drawn continuously across the cells for simplicity.
|| Noise-Saturation Dilemma. [Ii, xi] vs t. [Input, Activity] pattern [small -> noise, large -> saturation]. Problem: remain sensitive to input RATIOS θi = Ii / sum[j: Ij] as total input I = sum[j: Ij] -> ∞. Many kinds of data exhibit sensitivity to ratios of inputs. image p072fig02.17 Brightness constancy.
|| Vision: brightness constancy, contrast normalization. Compute RATIOS of reflected light. Reflectance processing. p72c1h0.45 "... In other words, the perceived brightness of the gray disk is constant despite changes in the overall illumination. On the other hand, if only the gray disk were illuminated at increaing intensities, with the annulus illuminated at a constant intensity, then the gray disk would look progressively brighter. image p072fig02.18 Vision: brightness contrast. Conserve a total quantity, Total activity normalization.
LUCERatio scales in choice behavior
ZEILERAdaptation level theory

|| image p073fig02.19 Computing with cells: infinity does not exist in biology!
|| Computing in a bounded activity domain, Gedanken experiment (Grossberg 1970). Vm sub-areas [xm, B - xm], I(all m)], m=[1, i, B].
Bexcitable sites
xi(t)excited sites (activity, potential)
B - xi(t)unexcited sites
image p073fig02.20 Shunting saturation occurs when inputs get larger to non-interacting cells.
|| Shunting saturation. [xi(t), B - xi(t)].
(a)(b)
d[dt: xi] = -A*xi + (B - xi)*Ii
(a) Spontaneous decay of activity xi to equilibrium
(b) Turn on unexcited sites B - xo by inputs Ii (mass action)
Inadequate response to a SPATIAL PATTERN of inputs: Ii(t) = θi*I(t)
θirelative intensity (cf. reflectance)
I(t)total intensity (cf. luminance)
image p073fig02.21 How shunting saturation turns on all of a cell"s excitable sites as input intensity increases.
|| Shunting saturation. At equilibrium:
0 = d[dt: xi] = -A*xi + (B - xi)*Ii
xi = B*Ii / (A + Ii) = B*θi*I / (A + θi*I) -> B as I -> ∞
Ii = θi*I, I = sum[j: Ij]
I small: lost in noise; I large: saturates
Sensitivity loss to relative intensity as total intensity increases. image p073fig02.22 An on-center off-surround network is capable of computing input ratios.
|| Computing with patterns.
How to compute the pattern-sensitive variable: θi = Ii / sum[k=1 to n: Ik]?
Needs interactions! What type? θi = Ii / sum[k ≠ i: Ik]
Ii↑ ⇒ θi↑ excitation, Ik↑ ⇒ θk↓, k ≠ i inhibition
On-center off-surround network. image p074fig02.23 The equations for a shunting on-center off-surround network. Shunting terms lead to many beautiful and important properties of these networks, which are found ubiquitously, in one form or another, in all cellular tissues.
|| Shunting on-center off-surround network.
Mass action: d[dt: xi] = -A*xi +(B - xi)*Ii -xi*sum[k≠i: Ik]
Turn on unexcited sitesTurn off excited sites
At equilibrium:
0 = d[dt: xi] = -(A + Ii + sum[k≠i: Ik])*xi + B*Ii = -(A + I)*xi + B*Ii
xi = B*Ii/(A + I) = B*θi*I/(A + I) = θi* B*I/(A + I)No saturation!
Infinite dynamical range
Automatic gain control
Compute ratio scale
Weber law
x = sum[k-1 to n: xk] = B*I/(A + I) ≤ B Conserve total activity
NORMALIZATION
Limited capacty
Real-time probability
image p076fig02.25 An on-center off-surround network can respond to increasing on-center excitatory inputs without a loss of sensitivity. Instead, as the off-surround input increases, the region of a cell"s maximal sensitivity to an increasing on-center input shifts to a range of larger inputs. This is because the off-surround divides the effect of the on-center input, an effect that is often called a Weber law.
|| Web er law, adaptation, and shift property (Grossberg 1963).
Convert to logarithmic coordinates:
K = ln(Ii), Ii = e^K, J = sum[k≠i: Ik]
xi(K,J) = B*Ii/(A + Ii + J) = B*e^K/(A + e^K + J)
x(K + S, J1) = x(K, J2), S = ln((A + J1)/(A + J2)) size of SHIFT. image p076fig02.26 The mudpuppy retina exhibits the shift property that occurs in the feedforward shunting on-center off-surround network in Figure 2.25. As a result, its sensitivity also shifts in response to different background off-surrounds, and therefore exhibits no compression (dashed purple lines).
|| Mudpuppy retina neurophysiology.
I center, J background
a) Relative figure-to-ground
b) Weber-Fechner I*(A + J)^(-I)
c) No hyperpolarization, SHUNT: Silent inhibition
d) Shift property(Werblin 1970) xi(K,J) vs K = ln(I)
Adaptation- sensitivity shifts for different backgrounds. NO COMPRESSION. image p077fig02.27 A schematic of the on-center off-surround network that occurs in the mudpuppy retina, including three main cell types: receptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells.
|| Mechanism: cooperative-competitive dynamics.
On-center off-surround (Kuffler 1953) cat retina
Subtractive lateral inhibition (Hartline, Ratcliff 1956/7+) limulus retina.
R receptor -> H horizontal -> B bipolar (Werblin, Dowling, etal 1969+) mudpuppy retina. image p077fig02.28 Silent inhibition is replaced by hyperpolarization when the inhibitory saturating potential is smaller than the passive saturating potential. Then an adpatation level is created that determines how big input ratios need to be to activate their cells.
|| Weber Law and adaptation level.
Hyperpolarization vs Silent inhibition
d[dt: xi] = -A*xi +(B - xi)*Ii -(xi + C)*sum[k≠i: Ik]
At equilibrium:
0 = d[dt: xi] = -(A + Ii + )*xi +B*Ii -C*sum[k≠i: Ik]
= -(A + I)*xi +(B + C)*Ii -C*I
= -(A + I)*xi +(B + C)*I*[θi -C/(B + C)]
xi = (B + C)*I/(A + I)* [θi -C/(B + C)]
Weber Law Reflectance Adaptation level
image p078fig02.29 How the adaptation level is chosen to enable sufficiently distinct inputs to activate their cells.
|| Weber Law and adaptation level.
xi = (B + C)*I/(A + I)* [θi -C/(B + C)]
Weber Law Reflectance Adaptation level
V(+) >> V(-) ⇒ B >> C ⇒ C/(B + C) << 1
Adaptation level theory (Zeiler 1963). image p078fig02.30 Choosing the adaptation level to achieve informational noise suppression.
|| Noise suppression. Attenuate Zero Spatial frequency patterns: no information. Ii vs i (flat line), xi vs i (flat line at zero)
B >> C: Try B = (n - 1)*C or C/(B + C) = 1/n
Choose a uniform input pattern (no distinctive features): All θi = 1/n
xi = (B + C)*I/(A + I)*[θi -C/(B + C)] = 0 no matter how intense I is. image p078fig02.31 How noise suppression enables matching of bottom-up and top-down input patterns.
|| Noise suppression -> pattern matching. mismatch (out of phase) suppressed, match (in phase) amplifies pattern. image p079fig02.32 Matching amplifies the matched pattern due to automatic gain control. See terms I and J in the equation.
|| Substrate of resonance. Match (in phase) of BU and TD input patterns AMPLIFIES matched pattern due to automatic gain control by shunting terms. J = sum[i: Ji], I = sum[i: Ii], θi = (Ii + Ji)/(I + J)
xi = (B + C)*(I + J)/(A + I + J)*[θi -C/(B + C)]
Need top-down expectations to be MODULATORY. image p080fig02.33 An opposite-attracts rule during the development of intracellular connections can lead to a mature network that realizes informational noise suppression.
|| How do noise suppression parameters arise? Symmetry-breaking during morphogenesis? Opposites attract rule.
Intracellular parameters C/B = 1/(1 - n) Intercellular parameters
Predicts that:
  • Intracellular excitatory and inhibitory saturation points can control the growth during development of :
  • Intercellular excitatory and inhibitory connections.
image p080fig02.34 How to achieve informational noise suppression in a network with multiple parallel processing channels.
|| Symmetry-breaking: dynamics and anatomy.
Dynamics:
  • excitatory range is amplified
  • inhibitory range is compressed
Anatomy:
  • narrow on-center
  • broad off-surround
Noise suppression: attenuates uniform patterns
Contour direction: enhances pattern gradients image p081fig02.35 The equilibrium activities of a shunting netwok with Gaussian on-center off-surround kernels are sensitive to the ratio-contrasts of the input patterns that they process. The terms in the denominator of the equilibrium activities accomplish this using the shunting on-center and off-surround terms.
|| Ratio-contrast detector. flat versus [Gaussian Cki, flattened Gaussian? Eki]
d[dt: xi] = -A*xi +(B - xi)*sum[k≠i: Ik]*Cki -(xi + D)*sum[k=1 to n: Ik*Eki]
Cki = C*e^(-μ*(k - i)^2), Eki = E*e^(-μ*(k - i)^2)
At equilibrium: xi = I*sum[k=1 to n: θk*Fki] / (A + I*sum[k=1 to n: θk*Gki])
Fki = B*Cki -D*Eki (weighted D.O.G)
Gki = Cki +Eki (S,O,G)
  • Reflectance processing
  • Contrast normalization
  • Discount illuminant
image p081fig02.36 Informational noise suppression in network with Gaussian on-center and off-surround function as contour detectors that are sensitive to ratio-contrast.
|| Noise suppression and contour detection.
If B*sum[k=1 to n: Cki] <= D*sum[k=1 to n: Eki] then:
  • uniform patterns are suppressed
  • contrasts are selectively enhanced
  • contours are detected
Ii vs i, xi vs i
Responses are selective to [REFLECTANCE, SPATIAL SCALE], eg color [feature, surface] contours. image p082fig02.37 My models begin with behavioral data, since brains are designed to achieve behavioral success. The text explains how models evolve in stages, through a process of successive refinements, or unlumpings. These unlumpings together carry out a kind of conceptual evolution, leading to models that can explain and predict ever larger psychological and neurobiological databases.
|| Modelling method and cycle.
Behavioral data -(art of modeling)-> Design principles <- Neural data <-(brain predictions)- Mathematical model and analysis -(behavioral predictions)-> Behavioural data
Operationalizes "proper level of abstraction"
Operationalizes that you cannot "derive a brain" in one step. image p085fig02.38 Our models have been used in many large-scale applications to engineering and technology. Linking brain to behavior explains how brain mechanisms give rise to psychological functions, and do so autonomously. The combination of mechanism, function, and autonomy helps to explain their value in helping to solve outstanding problems in technology.
|| Modeling method and cycle.
Behavioral data -(art of modeling)-> Design principles <- Neural data <-(brain predictions)- Mathematical model and analysis -(behavioral predictions)-> Behavioural data
Technology: Mathematical model and analysis <-> Technological applications
At every stage, spin off new model designs and mechanisms to technologist who need autonomous intelligent applications. image p087fig03.01 A macrocircuit of key visual processes (in green) and the cortical areas in which they primarily occur (in red), from the retina to the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), including both the What and Where cortical streams. The [bottom-up, horizontal, and top-down] interactions help each of these processes to overcome computationally complementary processing deficiencies that they would experience without them, and aso to read-out top-down expectations that help to stabilize learning while they focus attention on salient objects and positions.
|| Emerging unified theory of visual intelligence. [What, Where] streams. Bottom-up and top-down interactions overcome COMPLEMENTARY processing deficiencies. image p089fig03.02 What do you think lies under the two grey disks? (on a checkers board)
|| p089c1h0.55 "... As your eye traverses the entire circular boundary (Howell: of a grey disk on a checkerboard), the contrast keeps flipping between light-to-dark and dark-to-light. Despite these contrast reversals, we perceive a single continuous boundary surrounding the gray disk. ...". image p090fig03.03 Kanizsa square and reverse-contrast Kanizsa square precepts. The spatial arrangement of pac-men, lines, and relative contrasts determines the perceived brightness of the squares, and even if they exhibit no brightness difference from their backgrounds, as in (b). These factors also determine whether pac-men will appear to be amodally completed behind the squares, and how far behind them.
|| p089c2h0.65 "...
a) The percept of the square that abuts the pac-men is a visual illusion that is called the Kanizsa square. The enhanced brightness of the square is also an illusion.
c) shows that these boundaries can be induced by either collinear edges or perpendicular line ends, and that both kinds of inducers cooperate to generate an even stronger boundary.
d) if the perpendicular lines cross the positions of the illusory contours, then they can inhibit the strength of these contours. ..." image p092fig03.05 A cross-section of the retinal layer. Note that light stimuli need to go through all retinal layers before they reach the photoreceptor layer at which the light signals are registered.
|| light stimuli ->
retinal layerscellular composition
inner limiting membrane
retinal nerve fibreganglion nerve fibres
ganglion cellganglion
inner plexiformamacrine
inner nuclearhorizontal
outer plexiform
outer limiting membrane
photoreceptorrod
photoreceptorcone
retinal pigment epithelium
<- signal transduction. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/20/brain.awq346 image p093fig03.06 Every line is an illusion because regions of the line that are occluded by the blind spot or retinal veins are completed at higher levels of brain processing by boundary completion and surface filling-in.
|| Every line is an illusion!
Boundary completionWhich boundaries to connect?
Surface filling-inWhat color and brightness do we see?
image p094fig03.07 The processes of boundary completion and surface filling-in are computationally complementary.
||
Boundary completionSurface filling-in
outwardinward
orientedunoriented
insensitive to direction of contrastsensitive to direction-of-contrast
image p095fig03.08 Computer simulation of a Kanizsa square percept. See the text for details.
|| p094c2h0.2 "...
b) shows the feature contours that are induced just inside the pac-man boundaries.
c) feature contours fill-in within the square boundary
d) create a percept of enhanced brightness throughout the square surface ..." image p095fig03.09 Simulation of a reverse-contrast Kanizsa square percept. See the text for details.
|| p094c2h0.5 "...
b) whereas bright feature contours are induced just inside the boundaries of the two black pac-men at the bottom of the figure, dark feature contours are induced inside the boundaries of the two white pac-man at the top of the figure
c) the square boundary is recognized
d) Because these dark and bright feature contours are approximately balanced, the filled-in surface color is indistinguishable from the filled-in surface color outside of the square, ... but [the square boundary is] not seen ..." image p096fig03.10 The visual illusion of eon color spreading. Neither the square nor the blue color that are percieved within it are in the image that defines a neon color display. The display consists only of black and blue arcs.
|| image p096fig03.11 Another example of neon color spreading. The image is composed of black and blue crosses. See the text for details.
|| Howell: note the appearance of illusory red squares image p098fig03.12 In this picture of Einstein"s face, [edges, texture, shading] are overlaid.
|| image p100fig03.13 The Ehrenstein percept in the left panel is significantly weakened as the orientations of the lines that induce it deviate from being perpendicular deviate from being perpendicular to the illusory circle.
|| image p100fig03.14 Boundaries are completed with the orientations that receive the largest total amount of evidence, or support. Some can form in the locally preferred orientations that are perpendicular to the inducing lines, while others can form through orientations that are not locally preferred, thus showing that there is initially a fuzzy band of almost perpendicular initial grouping orientations at the end of each line.
|| Perpendicular induction at line ends wrt [circular, square] boundaries
line ends localglobal
perpendicular, crisppreferredpreferred
NOT perpendicular, fuzzyunpreferredpreferred
image p100fig03.15 A fuzzy band of possible initial grouping orientations allows grouping to get started. Cooperative-competitive feedback via a hierarchical resolution of uncertainty chooses a sharp final grouping that has the most evidence to support it.
|| before choice: transient; after choice: equilibrium image p102fig03.16 T"s and L"s group together based on shared orientations, not identities.
|| image p102fig03.17 The relative positions of the squares give rise to a percept of three regions. In the middle region, emergent diagonal groupings form, despite the fact that all the orientations in the image are verticals and horizontals.
|| image p103fig03.18 Computer simulations in [b, c, e, f] of groupings in response to different spatial arrangements in [a,c, e, g] of inducers that are composed of short vertical boundaries. Note the emergent horizontal groupings in [d, f, h] and the diagonal groupings in h, despite the fact that all its inducers have vertical orientations.
|| image p103fig03.19 As in Figure 3.18, emergent groupings can form whose orientations differ from thos of the inducing stimuli.
|| Thats how multiple orientations can induce boundary completion of an object. [diagonal, perpendicular, parallel] image p104fig03.20 Sean Williams: how boundaries can form
|| image p104fig03.21 Four examples of how emergent boundaries can form in response to different kinds of images. These examples show how boundary webs can shape themselves to textures, as in (c), and shading, as in (d), in addition to lines, as in (a). In all these cases, the boundaries are invisible, but reveal themselves by supporting filling-in of surface brightness and color within their form-sensitive webs.
|| image p105fig03.23 The pointillist painting A Sunday on la Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat illustrates how we group together both large-scale coherence among the pixels of the painting, as well as forming small groupings around the individual dabs of color.
|| image p106fig03.24 In response to the Synthetic Aperture image (upper corner left), a shunting on-center off-surround network "discounts the illiminant" and thereby normalizes cell activities to compute feature contours, without causing saturation (upper right corner). Multiple-scale boundaries form in response to spatially coherent activities in the feature contours (lower left corner) and create the webs, or containers, into which the feature contours fill-in the final surface representations (lower right corner).
|| Do these ideas work on hard problems? SAR!
input imagefeature contoursboundary contoursfilled-in surface
Synthetic Aperture Radar: sees through weather 5 orders of magnitude of power in radar returndiscounting the illuminant
  • normalizes the image: preseves RELATIVE activities without SATURATION
  • shows individual PIXELS
boundaries complete between regions where normalized feature contrasts changefilling-in averages brightnesses within boundary compartments
image p107fig03.25 The Roofs of Collioure by Matisse. See the text for details
|| p107c1h0.6 "... [Matisse] showed how patches of pure color, when laid down properly on a canvas, could be grouped by the brain into emergent boundarues, without the intervention of visible outlines. ... The trick was that these emergent boundaries, being invisible, or amodal, did not darken the colors in the surface representations. In this sense, Matisse intuitively realized that "all boundaries are invisible" through the masterful way in which he arranged his colors on canvas to generate boundaries that could support compelling surface representations. ..." image p107fig03.26 How "drawing directly in color" leads to colored surface representations. Amodal boundary webs control the filling-in of color within these surface representations. See the text for details.
|| color patches on canvas -> [surface color and form, Amodal boundary web]. Amodal boundary web -> surface color and form. image p108fig03.28 The watercolor illusion of Baingio Pinna 1987 can be explained using spatial competition betweeen like-oriented boundary signals. This occurs at what I have called the First Competitive Stage. This is one stage in the brain"s computation of hypercomplex cells, which are also called endstopped complex cells. Why the blue regions seem to bulge in depth may be explained using multple-scale, depth-selective boundary webs. See ther text for details.
|| Baigio Pinna. Watercolor illusion 1987. Filled-in regions bulge in depth. Multiple-scale, depth-selective boundary web! image p109fig03.30 The triptych of Joe Baer, called Primary Light Goup: Red, Green, and Blue 1964-1965, generates watercolor illusion percepts which, when displayed side by side in a museum, create a striking impression. image p110fig03.31 Henry Hensche"s painting of The Bather is suffused with light.
|| p109c2h0.8 (Hawthorne 1938/60) wrote "... (pp 25-26) the outline and color of each spot of color against every other spot of color it touches, is the only kind of drawing you need to bother about ...Let color make form- do not make form and color it. ...". p110c1h0.6 (Robichaux 1997, p27) "... The untrained eye is fooled to think he sees forms by the model edges, not with color ... Fool the eye into seeing form without edges. (p33) Every form change must be a color change. ...". image p110fig03.32 Claude Monet"s painting of Poppies Near Argenteuil. See the text for details.
|| Claude Monet Poppies Near Argenteuil 1873. p110c2h0.35 "... the red poppies and the green field around them are painted to have almost the same luminescence; that is, they are almost equiluminant. As a result, the boundaries between the red and green regions are weak and positionally unstable, thereby facilitating an occasional impression of the poppies moving in a gentle breeze, especially as one"s attention wanders over the scene. ...". image p112fig03.33 Various ways that spatial gradients in boundary webs can cause self-luminous percepts. See the text for details.
|| Boundary web gradient can cause self luminosity. Similar to watercolor illusion. Gloss by attached highlight (Beck, Prazdny 1981), glare. (Bresan 2001) Double brilliant illusion, (Grossberg, Hong 2004) simulation. p111c2h0.5 "... This effect may be explained as the result of the boundary webs that are generated in response to the luminance gradients and how they control the filling-in of lightness within themselves and abutting regions. ... Due to the mutually inhibitory interactions across the boundaries that comprise these boundary webs, more lightness can spread into the central square as the steepness of the boundary gradients increases. ...". image p112fig03.34 Examples of Ross Bleckner"s self-luminous paintings.
|| Self-luminous paintings (Ross Bleckner). Galaxy painting (1993), Galaxy with Birds (1993). p112c2h0.15 "... Bleckner does this, not by painting large surface areas with high reflectances or bright colors, but rather creating compositions of small, star-like, circular regions that are perceived as self luminous ...". image p113fig03.35 The Highest Luminance As White (HLAW) rule of (Hans Wallach 1948) works in some cases (top row) but not others (bottom row). image p113fig03.36 The Blurred Highest Luminance As White (BHLAW) rule that I developed with my PhD student, Simon Hong, works in caseswhere the rule of Hans Wallach fails, as can be seen by comparing the simulation in Figure 3.35 with the one in this figure.
|| Blurred Highest Luminance As White (BHLAW) rule (Grossberg, Hong 2004, 2006). Spatial integration (blurring) adds spatial context to lightness perception. image p114fig03.37 How the Blurred Highest Luminance as White rule sometimes normalizes the highest luminance to white (left panel) but at other times normalizes it to be self-luminous (right panel). See the text for details.
|| perceived reflectance vs cross-section of visual field. [white level, anchored lightness, self-luminous*, BHCAW]. *self-luminous only when conditions are right. image p114fig03.38 Four color-field spray paintings of Jules Olitski. The text explains why they generate surfaces percepts with such ambiguous depth.
|| Jules and his friends (1967), Lysander-1 (1970), Instant Loveland (1968), Comprehensive Dream (1965). p114c2h0.4 "... it is impossible to visually perceive descrete colored units within the boundary webs in Olitski"s spray paintings. ... create a sense of ambiguous depth in the viewer, similar to staring into a space filled with colored fog, or into a sunset free of discrete clouds. Olitski intentionally created this effect. ...". image p115fig03.39 Two of Gene Davis"s paintings in full color (top row) and in the monochromatic versions (bottom row). The text text explains how they achieve their different percepts of grouping and relative depth.
|| Gene Davis [Black popcorn, Pink flamingo] in [full color, monchromatic]. p115c1h0.8 "... His paintings ... are built up from vertical stripes. They do not contain size differences, shading, or recognizable objects. ...". p115c2h0.15 "... For starters, color similarities and/or almost equal luminances between stripes can influuence whether the viewer"s eyes are drawn to individual stripes or groups of stripes. The achromatic versions of the two paintings more clearly show regions where the color assimilation is facilitated. ... Such form-sensitive spatial attention is called an attentional shroud. An attentional shroud, in turn, is created by a dynamical state in the brain that I call a surface-shroud resonance. ...". image p117fig03.42 Two paintings by Frank Stella. See the text for details.
|| Firzubad (top row) ... and Khurasan Gate (variation) (bottom row). p117c1h0.75 "... The luminance and color structure within a painting affects how it groups and stratifies the figures within it. These processes, in turn, affect the formation of attentional shrouds that organize how spatial attention is is allocated as we view them. ..." "... Stella wrote Furzabad is a good example of of lookng for stability and trying to create as much instability as possible. "Cause those things are like bicycle wheels spinning around"." image p120fig03.43 Four paintings by Monet of the Rouen cathedral under different lighting conditions (top row) and their monochromatic versions (bottom row). See the text for details.
|| p119c2h0.25 "... Monet uses nearby colors that are nearly equiluminant, and sharp, high-contrast luminance defined edges are sparse. He hereby creates weaker boundary signals within and between the parts of many forms, and stronger boundary signals between the forms. This combination facilitates color spreading within the forms and better separation of brightness and collor differences between forms. ... The grayscale versions of these paintings demonstrate the near equiluminance of the brushstrokes within forms, and places in which brightness and color differences significantly influence the groupings that differentiate between forms, including the differentiation between the cathedral and the sky. ..." image p121fig03.45 The Rouen cathedral in full sunlight.
|| Rouen Cathedral full sunlight (Monet 1892-1894).
  • Lighting is strongly non-uniform across most of the painting
  • Strong boundaries due to both luminance and color differences
  • Fine architectural details are much clearer, leading to...
  • Finer and more non-uniform boundary webs, so...
  • Much more detail and depth
image p121fig03.46 The Rouen cathedral in full sunlight contains T-Junctions that are not salient in the painting of it at sunset. These are among the painting"s features that give it a much more depthful appearance.
|| Rouen Cathedral full sunlight (Monet 1892-1894).
  • There are also more T-junctions where vertical boundaries occlude horizontal boundaries, or conversely...
  • Leading to more depth.
p119c2h1.0 "... Such T-junction boundary occlusions ... can generate percepts of depth in the absence of any other visual clues. ...". image p123fig04.01 A classical example of how boundaries are barriers to filling-in.
|| Combining stabilized images with filling-in (Krauskopf 1963, Yarbus 1967). Image: Stabilize these boundaries with suction cup attached to retina or electronic feedback circuit. Percept: A visible effect of an invisible cause! image p124fig04.02 The verical cusp of lesser and greater illuminance is the same in both images, but the one on the left prevents brightness from flowing around it by creating closed boundaries that tighly surround the cusp. image p126fig04.03 A McCann Mondrian is an excellent display with which to illustrate how our brains discount the illuminant to compute the "real" colors of objects. See the text for details.
|| Color constancy: compute ratios. McCann Mondrian. Biological advantage: never see in bright light, eg tropical fish
Discount the illuminantCompute lightness
Different colors seen from the same spectrum
... similar to those seen in white light
Physical basis: reflectance RATIOS!
image p128fig04.04 When a gradient of light illuminates a McCann Mondrian, there is a jump in the total light that is reflected at nearby positions where the reflectances of the patches change,
|| Compute reflectance changes at contours. Fill-in illuminant-discounted surface colors.
leftright
I + εI - ε
A*(I + ε)B*(I - ε)
A*(I + ε)/(B*(I - ε)) - 1 = A/B - 1 image p129fig04.05 Multiple-scale balanced competition chooses color contours where the reflectance of the patches change. These color contours discount the illuminant.
|| Compute reflectance changes at contours. Fill-in illuminant-discounted surface colors. Discount illuminant: compute color contours. image p129fig04.06 Filling-in of color contours restores a surface percept with colors that substantially discount the illuminant.
|| Compute reflectance changes at contours. Fill-in illuminant-discounted surface colors. Fill-in surface color: hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. image p130fig04.07 Simulation of brightness constancy under uniform illumination.
|| Simulation of brightness constancy (Grossberg & Todorovic 1988). Uniform illumination. [stimulus (S), feature (F), boundary (B), output]. B -> F -> S -> B: Veridical! Boundary peaks are spatially narrower than feature peaks. image p131fig04.08 Simulation of brightness constancy under an illimination gradient. Note that the feature content pattern (F) is the same in both cases, so too is the boundary contour (B) pattern that is derived from it, and the final filled-in surface.
|| Simulation of brightness constancy. Discount the illuminant. [stimulus (S), feature (F), boundary (B), output]. B -> F -> S -> B: not veridical, but useful! Ratio-sensitive feature contours (F). image p131fig04.09 Simulation of brightness contrast
|| Simulation of brightness contrast. [stimulus (S), feature (F), boundary (B), output]. image p132fig04.10 Simulation of brightness assimilation. Note how the equal steps on the left and right sides of the luminance profile are transformed into different brightness levels.
|| Simulation of brightness assimilation. [stimulus (S), feature (F), boundary (B), output]. image p132fig04.11 Simulations of a double step (left panel) and the Craik-O"Brien-Cornsweet (COCE) illusion. Note that discounting the illuminant creates similar feature contour patterns, from which the fact that the COCE looks like the double step follows immediately.
|| Simulations of double step and COCE. [stimulus (S), feature (F), boundary (B), output]. image p134fig04.13 Contrast constancy shows how the relative luminances when a picture is viewed in an illumination gradient can even be reversed to restore the correct reflectances due to discounting the illuminant. image p134fig04.14 The kinds of displays that Michael Paradiso and Ken Nakayamas used to catch filling-in "in the act" and which Karl Arrington then simulated using the Grossberg and Todorovic 1988 model.
|| Experiments on filling-in. Catching "filling0in" in the act (Paradiso, Nakayama 1991). (Arrington 1994 Vision Research 34, 3371-3387) simulated these data using the model of Grossberg and Todorovic 1988. image p138fig04.15 Simple cells are oriented contrast detectors, not edge detectors.
|| From oriented filtering to grouping and boundary completion (Hubei, Weisel 1968). Oriented receptive fields: SIMPLE CELLS. Sensitive to : orientation, [amount, direction] of contrast, spatial scale. Oriented local contrast detectors, not edge detectors! image p139fig04.16 The simplest way to realize an odd simple cell receptive field and firing threshold.
|| "Simplest" simple cell model. need more complexity for processing natural scenes. Difference-of-Gaussian or Gabor filter (J. Daugman, D. Pollen...). Output signal vs cell activity. Threshold linear signal, half-wave rectification. image p140fig04.17 Complex cells pool inputs from simple cells that are sensitive to opposite contrast polarities. Complex cells hereby become contrast invartiant, and can respond to contrasts of either polarity.
|| Complex cells: pool signals from like-oriented simple cells of opposite contrast polarity at the same position. They are "insensitive to contrast polarity". Half-wave rectification of inputs from simple cells. image p141fig04.18 The images formed on the two retinas in response to a single object in the world are displaced by different amounts with respect to their foveas. This binocular disparity is a powerful cue for determining the depth of the object from an observer.
|| Binocular Disparity. Binocular disparities are used in the brain to reconstruct depth from 2D retinal inputs, for relatively near objects. image p141fig04.19 A laminar cortical circuit for computing binocular disparities in layer 3B of V1 at binocular simple cells. These cells add positionally disparate inputes from like polarized monocular simple cells (layer 4 of V1). Binocular simple cells at each position that is sensitive to opposite polarities then add their outputs at complex cells in layer 2/3. Chapter 10 will explain how these laminar circuits work in greater detail.
|| Laminar cortical circuit for complex cells. [left, right] eye.
V1 layerdescription
2/3Acomplex cells
3Bbinocular simple cells
4monocular simple cells
image p142fig04.20 A Glass pattern and a reverse-contrast Glass pattern give rise to a different boundary groupings because simple cells can only pool signals from like-polarity visual features. See the text for details. image p143fig04.21 Oriented simple cells can respond at the ends of thick enough bar ends, but not at the ends of thin enough lines. See the text for an explanation of why this is true, and its implications for visual system design.
|| Hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. For a given field size. Different responses occur at bar ends and line ends. For a thin line no detector perpendicular to line end can respond enough to close the boundary there. Network activity. image p144fig04.22 Computer simulation of how simple and complex cells respond to the end of a line (gray region) that is thin enough relative to the receptive field size (thick dashed region in the left panel). These cells cannot detect the line end, as indicated by the lack of responses there in the left panel (oriented short lines denote the cells" preferred positions and orientations, and their lengths denote relative cell activations). Such an end gap is corrected in the responses of hypercomplex cells that create a boundary at the line end which is called an end cut (right panel). See the text for details.
|| End gap and end cut simulation (Grossberg, Mingolia 1985). End gap, filter size, end cut. image p145fig04.23 If end gaps were not closed by end cuts, then color would flow out of every line end!
|| A perceptual disaster in the feature contour system. feature contour, line boundary. input -> [boundary, surface]. boundary -> surface. Color would flow out of every line end! as it does during neon color spreading. image p145fig04.24 A brain"s task in creating an end cut to replace an ambiguous end gap requires that it be sensitive to the pattern of signals across the network, not just the activities of individual neurons.
|| Hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. End Cuts. The boundary system must CREATE a line end at next processing stage: Every line end is illusory! input -> ambiguous -> end cut. vertical -> vertical, ambiguous -> horizontal. A pattern-to-pattern map, not a pixel-to-pixel map. image p146fig04.25 Networks of simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells can create end cuts as an example of hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. See the text for details.
|| How are end cuts created? (Grossberg 1984) Two stages of short-range competition. 1st stage: Simple cells -> complex cells -> hypercomplex - endstopped complex. First competitive stage- across position, same orientation; Second competitive stage- same position, across orientation. -> cooperation. image p148fig04.26 End cuts are formed during neon color spreading in the same way that they are formed at line ends.
|| End cut during neon color spreading.
FIRST competitive stageSECOND competitive stage
within orientationacross orientation
across positionwithin position
to generate end cuts. image p149fig04.27 Bipole cells can form boundaries that interpolate end cuts, and use their cooperative-competitive interactions to choose the boundary groupings that have the most support from them.
|| Bipole cells: boundary completion. long-range cooperation & short-range inhibition: complete winning boundary groupings and suppress weaker boundaries. image p150fig04.28 Bipole cells have two branches (A and B), or poles, in their receptive fields. They help to carry out long-range boundary completion.
|| Bipole property. Boundary completion via long-range cooperation. Completing boundaries inwardly between pairs or great numbers of inducers in an oriented way. fuzzy "AND" gate. image p151fig04.29 Experimental evidence of bipole cells in cortical area V2 was reported by Von der Heydt, Peterhans, and Baumgarter (1984).
|| Bipoles: first neurophysiological evidence (V2) (von der Heydt, Peterhans, Baumgartner 1984, Peterhans, von der Heydt 1988). (Grossberg 1984) prediction.
Ordering:
Stimulus (S)
probe location *
cells in V2
response?
...(S)*...YES
...*...(S)NO
(S)...*...NO
(S)...*...(S)YES
(S)...*...
(more contrast)
NO
(S)...*.....(S)YES
Evidence for receptive field. image p151fig04.30 Anatomical evidence for long-range horizontal connections has also been reported, as illustrated by the example above from (Bosking etal 1997).
|| Anatomy: horizontal connections (V1) (Bosking etal 1997). tree shrew. [10, 20]*[20, 10, 0, -10, -20] (degrees). image p152fig04.31 The predicted bipole cell receptive field (upper left corner) has been supported by both neurophysiological data and psychophysical data, and used in various forms by many modelers. See the text for details.
|| Bipoles through the ages. (Grossberg 1984; Grossberg, Mongolla 1985). (Field, Hayes, Hess 1993) "association field". (Heitger, von der Heydt 1993). (Williams, Jacobs 1997). cf. "relatability" geometric constraints on which countours get to group (Kellman & Shipley 1991). Also "tensor voting" (Ullman, Zucker, Mumford, Guy, Medioni, ...). image p153fig04.32 The double filter network embodies simple, complex, and hypercomplex (or endstopped complex) cells. It feeds into a network of bipole cells that can complete boundaries when it properly interacts with the double filter.
|| Double filter and grouping network. Cells : simple -> complex -> hypercomplex (endstopping) -> bipole
Grouping networkbipole cells
Double filterhypercomplex cells
endstopping
complex cells
simple cells
image p156fig04.33 A tripartite texture (top row) and two bipartite textures (bottom row) that illustrate how emergent boundary groupings can segregate textured regions from one another. image p159fig04.36 Graffiti art by Banksy exploits properties of amodal boundary completion and spatial impenetrability.
|| p159c1h0.75 perceptual psychologist Nava Rubin "... When the wall is smooth, Banksy leaves the regions previously covered by stencil unpainted, relying of observers" perception to segregate figural regions from the (identically colored) background. But when the wall is patterned with large-scale luminance edges - eg due to bricks - Banksy takes the extra time to fill in unpainted figural regions with another color (Rubin 2015). ..." image p162fig04.38 How long-range cooperation among bipole cells and short-range competition by hypercomplex cells work together to generate the inverted-U in boundary strength that is found in the data of Figure 4.37 (right panel).
|| Cooperation and competition during grouping.
few lineswide spacing, inputs outside spatial range of competition, more inputs cause higher bipole activity
more linesnarrower spacing, slightly weakens net input to bipoles from each inducer
increasing line densitycauses inhibition to reduce net total input to bipoles
image p163fig04.39 A schematic of the LAMINART model that explains key aspects of laminar visual cortical anatomy and dynamics. LGN -> V1 [6, 4, 2/3] -> V2 [6, 4, 2/3]
|| p163c1h0.6 "... The first article abount laminar computing ... proposed how the laminar cortical model could process 2D pictures using bottom-up filtering and horizontal bipole grouping interactions (Grossbeerg, Mingolla, Ross 1997). In 1999, I was able to extend the model to also include top-down circuits for expectation and attention (Grossberg 1999)(right panel). Such a synthesis of laminar bottom-up, horizontal, and top-down circuits is characteristic of the cerebral cortex (left panel). I called it LAMINART because it began to show how properties of Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, notably the ART prediction about how top-down expectations and attention work, and are realized by identical cortical cells and circuits. You can immediately see from the schematic laminar circuit diagram ... (right panel) that circuits in V2 seem to repeat circuits in V1, albeit with a larger spatial scale, despite the fact that V1 and V2 carry out different functions, How this anatomical similarity can coexist with functional diversity will be clarified in subsequent sections and chapters. It enable dfifferent kinds of biological intelligence to communicate seamlessly while carrying out their different psychological functions. ..." image p163fig04.39 A schematic of the LAMINART model that explains key aspects of laminar visual cortical anatomy and dynamics. LGN -> V1 [6, 4, 2/3] -> V2 [6, 4, 2/3]
|| p163c1h0.6 "... The first article abount laminar computing ... proposed how the laminar cortical model could process 2D pictures using bottom-up filtering and horizontal bipole grouping interactions (Grossbeerg, Mingolla, Ross 1997). In 1999, I was able to extend the model to also include top-down circuits for expectation and attention (Grossberg 1999)(right panel). Such a synthesis of laminar bottom-up, horizontal, and top-down circuits is characteristic of the cerebral cortex (left panel). I called it LAMINART because it began to show how properties of Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, notably the ART prediction about how top-down expectations and attention work, and are realized by identical cortical cells and circuits. You can immediately see from the schematic laminar circuit diagram ... (right panel) that circuits in V2 seem to repeat circuits in V1, albeit with a larger spatial scale, despite the fact that V1 and V2 carry out different functions, How this anatomical similarity can coexist with functional diversity will be clarified in subsequent sections and chapters. It enable different kinds of biological intelligence to communicate seamlessly while carrying out their different psychological functions. ..." image p164fig04.40 The Koffka-Benussi ring. See the text for details.
|| p164c2h0.25 "... [left image] The luminance of the ring is intermediate between the luminances of the two background regions. Its perceived brightness is also between the brightnesses of the two background regions, and appears to be uniform throughout. The right image differs from the left only in that a vertical line divides the two halves of the ring where it intersects the two halves in the background. Although the luminance of the ring is still uniform throughout, the two halves of the rig now have noticeably different brightnesses, with the left half of the ring looking darker than the right half. How can drawing a line have such a profound effect on the brightnesses of surface positions that are so far away from the line? ..." image p165fig04.41 The Kanizsa-Minguzzi ring. See the text for details.
|| p165c1h0.6 "... (left panel), the annulus is divided by two line segments into annular sectors of unequal area. Careful viewing shows that the smaller sector looks a little brighter than the larger one. (Kanizsa, Minguzzi 1986) noted that "this unexpected effect is not easily explained. In fact, it cannot be accounted for by any simple psychological mechanism such as lateral inhibition or freuency filtering. Furthermore, it does not seem obvious to invoke oganizational factors, like figural belongingness or figure-ground articulation."". p165c2h0.35 "... (Grossberg, Todorovic 1988). Our main claim is that the two radial lines play two roles, one in the formation of boundaries with which to contain the filling-in process, and the other as a source of feature contour signals that are filled-in within the annular regions to create a surface brightness percept. ..." image p166fig04.42 Computer simulation of Kanizsa-Minguzzi ring percept. See the text for details. image p167fig04.43 (a) How bipole cells cause end cuts. (b) The Necker cube generates a bistable percept of two 3D parallelopipeds. (c) Focusing spatial attention on one of the disks makes it look both nearer and darker, as (Tse 1995) noted and (Grossbert, Yazdanbakhsh 1995) explained.
|| T-junction sensitivity. image -> bipole cells -> boundary. (+) long-range cooperation, (-) short-range competition. image p168fig04.44 Macrocircuit of the main boundary and surface formation stages that take place from the lateral geniculate nucleus, or LGN, through cortical areas [V1, V2, V4]. See the text for details.
||
left eyebinocularright eye
V4 binocular surface
V2 monocular surfaceV2 layer 2/3 binocular boundaryV2 monocular surface
V2 layer 4 binocular boundary
V1 monocular surfaceV1 monocular boundaryV1 binocular boundaryV1 monocular boundaryV1 monocular surface
LGNLGN
image p168fig04.45 How ON and OFF feature contour (FC) activities give rise to filled-in surface regions when they are adjacent to a like oriented boundary, but not otherwise. image p170fig04.46 Surface regions can fill-in using feature contour inputs (+ and - signs) if they are adjacent to, and collinear with, boundary contour inputs (solid) line, as in (a), but not otherwise, as in (b). image p170fig04.47 A double-opponent network processes output signals from opponent ON and OFF Filling-In DOmains, or FIDOs.
|| OFF FIDO -> shunting networks -> ON FIDO -> shunting networks-> opponent interation -> FIDO outputs image p171fig04.48 How closed boundaries contain filling-in of feature contour signals, whereas open boundaries allow color to spread to both sides of the boundary.
|| Before filling-in: boundary contour, illuminant-discounted feature contour; After filling-in: no gap, gap image p171fig04.49 An example of DaVinci stereopsis in which the left eye sees more of the wall between A and C than the right eye does. The region between B and C is seen only by the left eye because the nearer wall between C and D occludes it from the right eye view. image p173fig04.50 This figure illustrates how a closed boundary can be formed in a prescribed depth due to addition of binocular and monocular boundaries, but not at other depths.
|| How are closed 3D boundaries formed? V1 Binocular, V2 boundary, V2 surface; Prediction: monocular and horizontal boundaries are added to ALL binocular boundaries along the line of sight. Regions that are surrounded by a CLOSED boundary can depth-selectively contain filling-in of lightness and colored signals. image p174fig04.51 The same feedback circuit that ensures complementary consistency between boundaries and surfaces also, automatically, initiates figure-ground separation! See the text for details.
|| before feedback: [V1 -> V2 pale stripe -> V2 thin stripe, "attention pointers" (Cavanagh etal 2010)]; after feedback: [V1 + V2 thin stripe] -> V2 pale stripe via contrast sensitive [exhitation, inhibition] for depths [1, 2] -> object recognition image p174fig04.52 An example of how the 3D LAMINART model can transform the two monocular images of the random dot stereogream in the top row into the three depth-separated surfaces representations in the bottom row.
|| Stereogram surface percepts: surface lightnesses are segregated in depth (Fang and Grossberg 2009). [left, right] inputs, [far, fixation, near] planes. Contrast algorithms that just compute disparity matches and let computer code build the surface eg (Marr, Poggio, etal 1974). image p178fig04.55 Amodal completion of boundaries and surfaces in V2.
|| Separated V2 boundaries: near, far (amodal boundary completion); Separated V2 surfaces: ?horizonal, vertical? (amodal surface filling-in). image p179fig04.56 Final steps in generating a visible, figure-ground separated, 3D surface representation in V4 of the unoccluded parts of opaque surfaces.
|| Visible surface perception.
Boundary enrichment:nearfarasymmetry between near & far
V4horizontal rectanglehorizontal & vertical rectanglescannot use these (overlapping?) boundaries for occluded object recognition
V2horizontal rectanglevertical rectangleuse these boundaries for occluded object recognition
Visible surface filling-in:filling-in of entire vertical rectanglepartial filling in of horizontal rectanglevisible percept of unoccluded [vertical] surface
image p181fig04.57 Percepts of unimodal and bistable transparency (top row) as well as of a flat 2D surface (bottom row, left column) can be induced just by changing the relative contrasts in an image with a fixed geometry.
|| X junction image p186fig05.01 Humans and other autonomous adaptive intelligent agents need to be able to learn both many-to-one and one-to-many maps.
|| Learn many-to-one (compression, naming) and one-to-many (expert knowledge) maps image p186fig05.02 Learning a many-to-one map from multiple visual fonts of a letter to the letter"s name requires a stage of category learning followed by one of asscociatively learned mapping.
|| Many-to-one map- two stages of compression: visual categories, auditory categories image p186fig05.03 Many-to-one maps can learn a huge variety of kinds of predictive information.
|| Many-to-one map, two stage compression: IF-THEN rules: [symptom, test, treatment]s; length of stay in hospital image p189fig05.04 The hippocampus is one of several brain regions that are important in learning and remembering about objects and events that we experience throughout life. The book will describe several hippocampal processes that contribute to this achievement in different ways.
|| hypothalmic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum, thalamus image p192fig05.05 ON and OFF cells in the LGN respond differently to the sides and ends of lines.
|| [ON, OFF]-center, [OFF, ON]-surround (respectively). OFF-center cells maximum response at line end (interior), ON-center cells maximum response along sides (exterior) image p192fig05.06 Bottom-up and top-down circuits between the LGN and cortical area V1. The top-down circuits obey the ART Matching Rule for matching with bottom-up input patterns and focussing attention on expected critical features.
|| Model V1-LGN circuits, version [1, 2]. retina -> LGN relay cells -> interneurons -> cortex [simple, endstopped] cells -> cortex complex cells image p193fig05.07 A more detailed description of the connections between retinal ganglion cells, the LGN, and V1.
|| image p193fig05.08 The patterns of LGN activation and inhibition on the sides and ends of a line without the top-down feedback (A) and with it (C). The top-down distribution of excitation (+) and inhibition (-) are shown in (B).
|| image p194fig05.09 A computer simulation of the percept (D) that is generated by feature contours (B) and boundary contours (C) in response to an Ehrenstein disk stimulus (A).
|| image p198fig05.10 A competitive learning circuit learns to transform distributed feature patterns into selective responses of recognition categories.
|| Competitive learning and Self-Organized Maps (SOMs). input patterns -> feature level (F1) -> adaptive filter (T=ZS) -> image p199fig05.11 Instar learning enables a bottom-up adaptive filter to become selectively tuned to particular feature patterns. Such pattern learning needs adaptive weights that can either increase or decrease to match the featural activations that they filter.
|| Instar learning STM->LTM: need both increases and decreases in strength for the LTM pattern to learn the STM pattern image p200fig05.12 The duality of the outstar and instar networks is evident when they are drawn as above.
|| image p200fig05.13 Instar and outstar learning are often used to learn the adaptive weights in the bottom-up filters and top-down expectations that occur in ART. The ART Matching Rule for object attention enables top-down expectations to select, amplify, and synchronize expected patterns of critical features, while suppressing unexpected features.
|| Expectations focus attention: feature pattern (STM), Bottom-Up adaptive filter (LTM), Category (STM), competition, Top-Down expectation (LTM); ART Matching Rule: STM before top-down matching, STM after top-down matching (attention!) image p200fig05.14 Outstar learning enables individual sampling cells to learn distributed spatial patterns of activation at the network of cells that they sample. Again, both increases and decreases in LTM traces must be possible to enable them to match the activity pattern at the sampled cells.
|| Outstar learning, need both increases and decreases in ???? image p201fig05.15 An outstar can learn an arbitrary spatial pattern of activation at its sampled nodes, or cells. The net pattern that is learned is a time average of all the patterns that are active at the sampled nodes when the sampling node is active.
|| Spatial learning pattern, outstar learning. image p202fig05.16 In the simplest example of category learning, the category that receives the largest total input from the feature level is chosen, and drives learning in the adaptive weights that abut it. Learning in this "classifying vector", denoted by zi, makes this vector more parallel to the input vector from the feature level that is driving the learning (dashed red arrow).
|| Geometry of choice and learning image p202fig05.17 This figure summarizes the simplest equations whereby the adaptive weights of a winning category learn the input pattern that drove it to win, or more generally a time-average of all the input patterns that succeeded in doing so.
|| Geometry of choice and learning, learning trains the closest LTM vector image p205fig05.18 How catastrophic forgetting can occur in a competitive learning or self-organizing map model due to basic properties of competition and associative learning.
|| Learning from pattern sequences, practicing a sequence of spatial patterns can recode all of them! When is learning stable? Input patterns cannot be too dense relative to the number of categories; Either: not to many distributed inputs relative to the number of categories, or not too many input clusters image p207fig05.19 The ART hypothesis testing and learning cycle. See the text for details about how the attentional system and orienting system interact in order to incorporate learning of novel categories into the corpus of already learned categories without causing catastophic forgetting.
|| image p211fig05.20 The PN and N200 event-related potentials are computationally complementary events that are computed within the attentional and orienting systems.
|| PN and N200 are complementary waves. PN [top-down, conditionable, specific] match; N200 [bottom-up, unconditionable, nonspecific] mismatch image p211fig05.21 Sequences of P120, N200, and P300 event-related potentials occur during oddball learning EEG experiments under conditions that ART predicted should occur during sequences of mismatch, arousal, and STM reset events, respectively.
|| ERP support for mismatch-mediated reset: event-related potentials: human scalp potentials. ART predicted correlated sequences of P120-N200-P300 Event Related Potentials during oddball learning. P120 mismatch; N200 arousal/novelty; P300 STM reset. Confirmed in (Banquet and Grossberg 1987) image p213fig05.22 Suppose that a very different exemplar activates a category than the one that originally learned how to do this.
|| By prior learning, X1 at F1 is coded at F2, Suppose that X2 incorrectly activates the same F2 code. How to correct the error? The problem occurs no matter how you define an "error" image p213fig05.23 A category, symbol, or other highly compressed representation cannot determine whether an error has occurred.
|| Compression vs error correction. past vs present. Where is the knowledge than an error was made? Not at F2! The compressed code cannot tell the difference! X2 is at F1 when (green right triangle GRT) is at F2 defines the error. There is a mismatch between X1 and X2 at F1. How does the system know this? image p214fig05.24 Learning of a top-down expectation must occur during bottom-up learning in the adaptive filter in order to be able to match the previously associated feature pattern with the one that is currently active.
|| Learning top-down expectations. When the code (green right triangle GRT) for X1 was learned at F2, GRT learned to read-out X1 at F1. [Bottom-Up, Top-Down] learning image p214fig05.25 The sequence of events whereby a novel input pattern can activate a category which, in turn, reads out its learned top-down expectation to be matched against the input pattern. Error correction thus requires the use of a Match Detector that has properties of the Processing Negativity ERP.
|| How is an error corrected. During bottom-up learning, top-down learning must also occur so that the pattern that is read out top-down can be compared with the pattern that is activated by bottom-up inputs. Match detector: Processing Negativity ERP. 1. top-down, 2. conditionable, 3. specific, 4. match image p214fig05.26 When a big enough mismatch occurs, the orienting system is activated and sends a burst of nonspecific arousal to the category level. This Mismatch Detector has properties of the N200 ERP.
|| Mismatch triggers nonspecific arousal. Mismatch at F1 eleicits a nonspecific event at F2. Call this event nonspecific arousal. N200 ERP Naatanen etal: 1. bottom-up, 2. unconditionable, 3. nonspecific, 4. mismatch image p215fig05.27 Every event activates both the attentional system and the orienting system. This text explains why.
|| Attentional and Orienting systems. Every event has a cue (specific) and an arousal (nonspecific) function image p215fig05.28 How a mismatch between bottom-up and top-down input patterns can trigger activation of the orienting system A and, with it, a burst of nonspecific arousal to the category level.
|| Mismatch -> inhibition -> arousal -> reset. BU input orienting arousal, BU+TD mismatch arousal and reset. ART Matching Rule: TD mismatch can suppress a part of F1 STM pattern, F2 is reset if degree of match < vigilance image p220fig05.29 Vigilance is a gain parameter on inputs to the orienting system that regulates whether net excitation from bottom-up inputs or inhibition from activated categories will dominate the orienting system. If excitation wins, then a memory search for a better matching will occur. If inhibition wins, then the orienting system will remain quiet, thereby enabling resonance and learning to occur.
|| Vigilance control [resonate and learn, reset and search]. ρ is a sensitivity or gain parameter image p221fig05.30 When a predictive disconfirmation occurs, vigilance increases enough to drive a search for a more predictive category. If vigilance increases just enough to exceed the analog match between features that survive top-down matching and the entire bottom-up input pattern, then minimax learning occurs. In this case, the minimum amount of category generalization is given up to correct the predictive error.
|| Match tracking realizes minimax learning principle. Given a predictive error, vigilance increases just enough to trigger search and thus acrifices the minimum generalization to correct the error ... and enables expert knowledge to be incrementally learned. predictive error -> vigilance increase just enough -> minimax learning image p221fig05.31 A system like Fuzzy ARTMAP can learn to associate learned categories in one ART network with learned categories in a second ART network. Because both bottom-up and top-down interactions occur in both networks, a bottom-up input pattern to the first ART network can learn to generate a top-down output pattern from the second ART network.
|| Fuzzy ARTMAP. Match tracking realizes minimax learning principle: vigilence increases to just above the match ratio of prototype / exemplar, thereby triggering search image p224fig05.32 Learning the alphabet with two different levels of vigilance. The learning in column (b) is higher than in column (a), leading to more concrete categories with less abstract prototypes. See the text for details.
|| image p225fig05.34 ARTMAP was successfully used to learn maps of natural terrains with many advantages over those of mapping projects that used AI expert systems. The advantages are so great that many mapping projects started to use this technology.
|| AI expert system - 1 year: field identification of natural regions; derivation of ad hoc rules for each region by expert geographers; correct 80,000 of 250,000 site labels; 230m (site-level) scale. ARTMAP system - 1 day: rapid, automatic, no natural regions or rules; confidence map; 30m (pixel-level) scale can see roads; equal accuracy at test sites image p226fig05.35 I had shown in 1976 how a competitive learning or self-organizing map model could undergo catastrophic forgetting if the input environment was sufficiently dense and nonstationary, as illustrated by Figure 5.18. Later work with Gail Carpenter showed how, if the ART Matching Rule was shut off, repeating just four input patterns in the correct order could also casue catastrophic forgetting by causing superset recoding, as illustrated in Figure 5.36.
|| Code instability input sequences. D C A; B A; B C = ; |D|<|B|<|C|; where |E| is the number of features in the set E. Any set of input vectors that satisfy the above conditions will lead to unstable coding if they are periodically presented in the order ABCAD and the top-down ART Matching Rule is shut off. image p226fig05.36 Column (a) shows catastrophic forgetting when the ART Matching Rule is not operative. It is due to superset recoding. Column (b) shows how category learning quickly stabilizes when the ART Martching Rule is restored.
|| Stabel and unstable learning, superset recoding image p226fig05.36 Column (a) shows catastrophic forgetting when the ART Matching Rule is not operative. It is due to superset recoding. Column (b) shows how category learning quickly stabilizes when the ART Matching Rule is restored.
|| Stabel and unstable learning, superset recoding image p228fig05.37 A macrocircuit of the neurotrophic Spectrally Timed ART, or nSTART, model. I developed nSTART with my PhD student Daniel Franklin. It proposes how adaptively timed learning in the hippocampus, bolstered by Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, or BDNF, helps to ensure normal memory consolidation.
|| habituative gates, CS, US, Thalamus (sensory cortex, category learning, conditioned reinforcer learning, adaptively time learning and BDNF), Amygdala (incentive motivation learning), Hippocampus (BDNF), Prefrontal Cortex (attention), Pontine nuclei, Cerebellum (adaptively timed motor learning) image p230fig05.38 The Synchronous Matching ART, or SMART, model includes spiking neurons in a laminar cortical hierarchy. I developed SMART with my PhD student Massimiliano Versace. By unlumping LAMINART to include spiking neurons, finer details of neurodynamics, such as the existence of faster gamma oscillations during good enough matches, and slower beta oscillations during bad enough mismatches, could be shown as emergent properties of network interactions.
|| Second order thalamus -> specific thalamic nucleus -> Thalamic reticulate nucleus -> neocortical laminar circuit [6ll, 6l, 5, 2/3, 1] -> Higher order cortex. Similar for First order thalamus -> First order cortex, with interconnection to Second order, nonspecific thalamic nucleus image p231fig05.39 The SMART hypothesis testing and learning cycle predicts that vigilance increases when a mismatch in subcortical regions like the nonspecific thanlamus activates the nucleus basalis of Meynert which, in turn, broadcasts a burst of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, or ACh, to deeper cortical layers. Due to the way in which LAMINART proposes that cortical matching and mismatching occurs, this ACh burst can increase vigilance and thereby trigger a memory search. See the text for details.
|| [BU input, [, non]specific thalamic nucleus, thalamic reticulate nucleus, neocortical laminar circuit] cart [Arousal, Reset, Search, Vigilance] image p232fig05.40 Computer simulation of how the SMART mode generates (a) gamma oscillations if a good enough match occurs, or (c) beta oscillations if a bad enough match occurs. See the text for details.
|| Brain oscillations during match/mismatch, data, simulation. (a) TD corticothalamic feedback increases synchrony (Sillito etal 1994) (b) Match increases γ oscillations (c) Mismatch increases θ,β oscillations image p232fig05.41 (a)-(c). The sequence of interlaminar events that SMART predicts during a mismatch reset. (d) Some of the compatible neurophysiological data.
|| Mismatch causes layer 5 dendritic spike that trigger reset. (a) Arousal causes increase in nonspecific thalamic nuclei firing rate and layer 5 dendritic and later somatic spikes (Karkum and Zhu 2002, Williams and Stuart 1999) (b) Layer 5 spikes reach layer 4 via layer 6i and inhibitory neurons (Lund and Boothe 1975, Gilbert and Wiesel 1979) (c) habituative neurotransmitters in layer 6i shift the balance of active cells in layer 4 (Grossberg 1972, 1976) (d) Dendritic stimulation fires layer 5 (Larkum and Zhu 2002) stimulation apical dendrites of nonspecific thalamus image p233fig05.42 Mismatch-induced beta oscillations have been reported in at least three parts of the brain: V1, V4, and hippocampus. Althpough there may be other reasons for beta oscillations in the brain, those that are caused by a mismatch should be studied in concert with the gamma oscillations that occur during a good enough match. See tyhe text for details.
|| Is there evidence for the [gamma, beta] prediction? Yes, in at least three parts of the brain, (Buffalo EA, Fries P, Ladman R, Buschman TJ, Desimone R 2011, PNAS 108, 11262-11267) Does this difference in average oscillation frequencies in the superficial and deep layers reflect layer 4 reset? Superficial recording γ (gamma), Deep recording β (beta) (Berke etal 2008, hippocampus; Buschman and Miller 2009, FEF) image p236fig05.43 The activation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, and its subsequent release of ACh into deeper layers of neocortex, notably layer 5, is assumed to increase vigilance by reducing afterhyperpolarization (AHP) currents.
|| Vigilance control: mismatch-mediated acetylcholine release (Grossberg and Versace 2008). Acetylcholine (ACh) regulation by nonspecific thalamic nuclei via nucleus basalis of Meynert reduces AHP in layer 5 and causes a mismatch/reset thereby increasing vigilance. HIGH vigilance ~ sharp code, LOW vigilance ~ coarse code image p240fig05.44 When an algebraic exemplar model is realized using only local computations, it starts looking like an ART prototype model.
|| How does the model know which exemplars are in category A? BU-TD learning. How does a NOVEL test item access category A? image p241fig05.45 The 5-4 category structure is one example of how an ART network learns the same kinds of categories as human learners. See the text for details.
|| 5-4 Category structure. A1-A5: closer to the (1 1 1 1) prototype; B1-B4: closer to the (0 0 0 0) prototype image p242fig05.46 Computer simulations of how two variants of Distributed ARTMAP incrementally learn the 5-4 category structure. See the text for details.
|| Distributed ARTMAP with [self-supervised learning, post-training LTM noise] image p245fig05.47 How long-range excitatory connections and short-range disynaptic inhibitory connections realize the bipole grouping law.
|| stimulus -> boundary representation -> layer 2/3 image p246fig05.48 Microcircuits of the LAMINART model that I developed with Rajeev Raizada. See the text for details of how they integrate bottom-up adaptive filtering, horizontal bipole grouping, and top-down attentional matching that satisfied the ART Matching Rule.
|| image p248fig05.49 This circuit of the LAMINART model helps to explain properties of Up and Down states during slow wave sleep, and how disturbances in ACh dynamics can disrupt them.
|| image p252fig06.01 A surface-shroud resonance begins to form when the surface representations of objects bid for spatial attention. In addition to these topographic excitatory inputs, there is long-range inhibition of the spatial attention cells that determines which inputs will attract spatial attention.
|| Bottom-up spatial attention competition. [more, less] luminous perceptual surfaces -> competition -> spatial attention image p253fig06.02 After bottom-up surface inputs activate spatial attentional cells, they send top-down topographic excitatory signals back to the surface representations. This recurrent shunting on-center off-surround network contrast enhances larger attentional activities while approximately normalizing the total spatial attentional activity. A surface-shroud resonance hereby forms that selects an attentional shroud, enhances the perceived contrast of the attended surface (light blue region), and maintains spatial attention on it.
|| Surface-shroud resonance. perceptual surfaces -> competition -> spatial attention. (Carrasco, Penpeci-Talgar, and Eckstein 2000, Reynolds and Desimone 2003) image p254fig06.03 These interactions of the ARTSCAN Search model enable it to learn to recognize and name invariant object categories. Interactions between spatial attention in the Where cortical stream, via surface-shroud resonances, and object attention in the What cortical stream, that obeys the ART Matching Rule, coordinate these learning, recognition, and naming processes.
|| Retinal image -> On & OFF cell contrast normalization (retina/LGN) -> polarity [, in]sensitive contrast enhancement (V1) -> object [boundary (V2), surface (V2/V4)] -> surface contour (V2); What stream categories: volition control (BG). object boundary (V2) <-> view (ITp) <-> view integrator (ITp) <-> object (ITa) <-> [object-value (ORB), value (Amyg)] <-> name (PFC) image p255fig06.04 The ARTSCAN Search model can also search for a desired target object in a scene, thereby clarifying how our brains solve the Where"s Waldo problem.
|| similar ilustration as Figure 06.03, with some changes to arrows image p257fig06.05 A curve tracing task with monkeys was used by Roelfsema, Lamme, and Spekreijse in 1998 to demonstrate how spatial attention can flow along object boundaries. See the text for details.
|| Attention flows along curves: Roelfsema etal 1998: Macaque V1. fixation (300ms) -> stimulus (600ms RF - target curve, distractor) -> saccade. Crossed-curve condition: attention flows across junction between smoothly connected curve segments, Gestalt good continuation image p258fig06.06 Neurophysiological data and simulation of how attention can flow along a curve. See the text for details.
|| Simulation of Roelfsema etal 1998, data & simulation. Attention directed only to far end of curve. Propagates along active layer 2/3 grouping to distal neurons. image p258fig06.07 A top-down spotlight of attention can also be converted into a shroud. This process begins when the spotlight triggers surface filling-in within a region. Figure 6.8 shows how it is completed.
|| Reconciling spotlights and shrouds: top-down attentional spotlight becomes a shroud. spotlight of attention, surface filling-in image p259fig06.08 The distributed ARTSCAN, or dARTSCAN, model includes spatial attention in both PPC and PFC, and both fast-acting attention, triggered by transient cells in Where cortical areas such as MT, and slower-acting surface-shroud resonances in What cortical areas such as V4 and PPC. See the text for details.
|| dARTSCN spatial attention hierarchy, Fast (Where stream) Slow (What stream) (Foley, Grossberg, and Mingolia 2012). [transient cells (MT) ->, object surfaces (V4) <->] [object shrouds (PPC) <-> spatial shrouds (PPC/PFC)] image p260fig06.09 Crowding in the periphery of the eye can be avoided by expanding the size and spacing of the letters to match the cortical magnification factor.
|| Crowding: visible objects and confused recognition. Accurate target recogition requires increased flanker spacing at higher eccentricity image p260fig06.10 The cortical magnification factor transforms (A) artesian coordinates in the retina into (B) log polar coordinates in visual cortical area V1.
|| image p261fig06.11 If the sizes and distances between the letters stays the same as they are received by more peripheral parts of the retina, then all three letters may be covered by a single shroud, thereby preventing their individual perception and recognition.
|| Crowding: visible objects and confused recognition. log compression and center-surround processing cause... input same eccentricity, surface, object shroud, crowding threshold. object shrouds merge! image p261fig06.12 Pop-out of the L among T"s can easily occur when inspecting the picture to the left. In the picture to the right, a more serial search is needed to detect the vertical red bar due to overlapping conjunctions of features.
|| image p265fig06.13 The basal ganglia gate perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and more processes through parallel loops.
|| [motor, ocularmotor, dorsolateral, ventral-orbital, anterior cingulate] vs. [Thalamus, pallidum-subs, nigra, Striatum, Cortex] image p267fig06.14 Feedback from object surfaces to object boundaries uses surface contours. This feedback assures complementary consistency and enables figure-ground separation. A corollary discharge of the surface contours can be used to compite salient object feature positions.
|| Perceptual consistency and figure-ground separation. image p268fig06.15 The largest salient feature signal is chosen to determine the next target position of a saccadic eye movement. This This target position signal self-inhibits to enable the next most salient position to be foveated. In this way, multiple feature combinations of the object can be foveated and categorized. This process clarifies how the eyes can explire even novel objects before moving to other objects. These eye movements enable invariant categories to be learned. Each newly chosen target position is, moreover, an "attention pointer" whereby attention shifts to the newly foveated object position.
|| How are saccades within an object determined? Figure-ground outputs control eye movements via V3AA! Support for prediction (Theeuwes, Mathot, and Kingstone 2010), More support: "attention pointers" (Cavanaugh etal 2010), Even more support (Backus etal 2001, Caplovitz and Tse 2006, Galletti and Battaglia 1989, Nakamura and Colby 2000) image p270fig06.16 The same target position signal that can command the next saccade also updates a gain field that predictively maintains the attentional shroud in head-centered coordinates, even before the eye movement is complete. This process keeps the shroud invariant under eye movements, so that it can continue to inhibit reset of an emerging invariant category as t is associated with multiple object views, even while the conscious surface representation shifts with each eye movement in retinotopic coordinates. This pdating process is often called predictive re mapping.
|| Predictive remapping of eye movements! From V3A to LIP. [spatial attention, object attention, figure-ground separation, eye movement remapping, visual search]. (Beauvillaib etal 2005, Carlson-Radvansky 1999, Cavanaugh etal 2001, Fecteau & Munoz 2003, Henderson & Hollingworth 2003, Irwin 1991) image p271fig06.17 Persistent activity in IT cells is just what is needed to enable view-invariant object category learning by ARTSCAN to be generalized to [view, position, size]-invariant category learning by positional ARTSCAN, or pARTSCAN. See the text for details.
|| Persistent activity in IT. Physiological data show that persistent activity exist in IT (Fuester and Jervey 1981, Miyashita and Chang 1988, Tomita etal 1999). Adapted from (Tomita etal 1999 Nature) image p272fig06.18 The pARTSCAN model can learn [view, position, size]-invariant categories by adding view category integrator cells that have the properties of persistent neurons in IT. These integrator cells get reset with the invariant object category, not the view category.
|| pARTSCAN: positionally-invariant object learning. (Cao, Grossberg, Markowitz 2011). IT cells with persistent activities are modeled by view category integrators in ITp. View-specific category cells are RESET as the eyes move within the object. View category integrator cells are NOT RESET when the view-specific category is reset. They are RESET along with invariant object category cells when a spatial attention shift occurs. image p272fig06.19 The various parts of this figure explain why persistent activity is needed in order to learn positionally-invariant object categories, and how this fails when persistent activity is not available. See the text for details.
|| image p273fig06.20 pARTSCAN can simulate the IT cell recoding that Li and DiCarlo reported in their swapping experiments because the swapping procedure happens without causing a parietal reset burst to occur. Thus the originally activated invariant category remains activated and can get associated with the swapped object features.
|| Simulation of Li and DiCarlo swapping data. data (Li and DiCarlo 2008), model (Cao, Grossberg, Markowitz 2011). normalized response vs. exposure (swaps and/or hours) image p274fig06.21 pARTSCAN can also simulate the trade-off in IT cell responses between position invariance and selectivity that was reported by Zoccolan etal 2007. This trade-off limits the amount of position invariance that can be learned by a cortical area like V1 that is constrained by the cortical magnification factor.
|| Trade-off in IT cell response properties. Inferotemporal cortex cells with greater position invariance respond less selectively to natural objects. invariance-tolerance, selectivity-sparseness. data (Zoccolan etal 2007) model (Grossberg, Markowitzm, Cao 2011). position tolerance (PT, degrees) vs sparseness (S) image p274fig06.22 pARTSCAN can simulate how IT cortex processes image morphs, when it learns with high vigilance. See the text for details.
|| Akrami etal simulation: a case of high vigilance. tested on morphs between image pairs image p275fig06.23 Data from (Akrami etal 2009) and our simulation of it. See the text for details.
|| IT responses to image morphs. data vs model image p275fig06.24 Left and right eye stereogram inputs are constructed to generate percepts of objects in depth. These percepts include the features of the objects, not only their relative depths, a property that is not realized in some other models of steriopsis. See the text for details.
|| Sterogram surface percepts: surface lightnesses are segregated in depth (Fand, Grossberg 2009). Contrast algorithms that just compute disparity matches and let computer code build the surface, eg (Marr, Poggio 1974) image p276fig06.25 In addition to the gain field that predictively maintains a shroud in head-centered coordinates during saccades, there are gain fields that predictively maintain binocular boundaries in head-centered coordinates so that they can maintain binocular fusion during saccades and control the filling-in of surfaces in retinotopic coordinates.
|| Surface-shroud resonance. image p277fig06.26 Gain fields also enable predictive remapping that maintain binocular boundary fusion as the eyes move betweeen objects. See the text for details.
|| Predictive remapping maintains binocular boundary fusion even as eyes move between objects. retinotopic boundary -> invariant boundary (binocular) image p278fig06.27 A surface-shroud resonance through the Where stream enables us to consciously see an object while a feature-category resonance into the What stream enables us to recognize it. Both kinds of resonances can synchronize via visual cortex so that we can know what an object is when we see it.
|| What kinds of resonances support knowing vs seeing? What stream [knowing, feature-prototype resonance], Where stream [seeing, surface-shroud resonance] image p278fig06.28 If the feature-category resonances cannot form, say due to a lesion in IT, then a surface-shroud resonance can still support conscious seeing of an attended object, and looking at or reaching for it, even if the individual doing so knows nothing about the object, as occurs during visual agnosia. The surface-shroud resonance supports both spatial attention and releases commands that embody the intention to move towards the attended object.
|| What kinds of resonances support knowing vs seeing? visual agnosia: reaching without knowing Patient DF (Goodale etal 1991). Attention and intention both parietal cortical functions (Anderson, Essick, Siegel 1985; Gnadt, Andersen 1988; Synder, Batista, Andersen 1997, 1998) image p283fig07.01 The usual boundary processing stages of [simple, complex, hypercomplex, bipole] cells enable our brains to correct uncontrolled persistence of previously excited cells just by adding habituative transmitter gates, or MTM traces, at appropriate places in the network.
|| Boundary processing with habituative gates. spatial competition with habituative gates, orientational competition: gated dipole, bipole grouping image p284fig07.02 Psychophysical data (top row) and simulation (bottom row) of how persistence decreases with flash illuminance and duration.
|| Persistence data and simulations. (Francis, Grossberg, Mingolia 1994 Vision Research, 34, 1089-1104). Persistence decreases with flash illuminance and duration (Bowen, Pola, Matin 1974; Breitmeyer 1984; Coltheart 1980). Higher luminance or longer duration habituates the gated dipole ON channel more. Causes larger and faster rebound in the OFF channel to shut persisting ON activity off. image p285fig07.03 Persistence decreases with flash illuminance and duration due to the way in which habituative transmitters regulate the strength of the rebound in response to offset of a stimulating input, and how this rebound inhibits previously activated bipole cells.
|| Persistence data and simulations (Francis, Grossberg, Mingolia 1994 Vision Research, 34, 1089-1104). Persistence decreases with flash illuminance and duration. Horizontal input excites a horizontal bipole cell, which supports persistence. Offset of the horizontal input causes a rebound of activity in the vertical pathway, which inhibits the horizontal bipole cell, thereby terminating persistence. image p286fig07.04 Illusory contours persist longer than real contours because real contours have more inducers whose rebound at contour offset can cause faster boundary reset. Illusory contours also take longer to form than real contours, which explains the increasing portion of the curve.
|| Persistence data and simulations (Meyer, Ming 1988; Reynolds 1981). Increasing portion of curve is due to formation time of the illusory contour. Longer persistence is due to fewer bottom-up inducers of an illusory contour that has the same length as a real contour: only illuminance-derived edges generate reset signals. When bottom-up inducers are inhibited by OFF cell rebounds, their offset gradually propagates to the center of the illusory contour. image p286fig07.05 This figure shows the propagation through time of illusory contour offset from the rebounded cells that got direct inputs to the center of the contour.
|| Persistence data and simulations. Illusory contours persist longer than real contours (Meyer, Ming 1988; Reynolds 1981). When bottom-up inducers are inhibited by OFF cell rebounds, their offset gradually propagates to the center of the illusory contour. image p287fig07.06 The relative durations of persistence that occur due to an adaptation stimulus of the same or orthogonal orientation follow from the properties of the habituative gated dipoles that are embedded in the boundary completion system.
|| Persistence data and simulations. Change in persistence depends on whether adaptation stimulus has same or orthogonal orientation as test grating (Meyer, Lawson, Cohen 1975). If adaptation stimulus and test stimulus have the same orientation, they cause cumulative habituation, which causes a stronger reset signal, hence less persistence. When they are orthogonal, the competition on the ON channel is less, hence more persistence. image p287fig07.07 Persistence increases with distance between a target and a masking stimulus due to weakening of the spatial competition in the first competitive stage of hypercomplex cells.
|| Persistence data and simulations. Persistence increases with distance between a target and a masking stimulus (Farrell, Pavel, Sperling 1990). There is less spatial competition from the masker to the target when they are more distant, hence the target is more persistent. image p290fig08.01 Motion in a given direction pools all possible contrast-sensitive sources of information that are moving in that direction.
|| image p291fig08.02 Complex cells can respond to motion in opposite directions and from features with opposite contrast polarities.
|| image p292fig08.03 The MacKay and waterfall illusion aftereffects dramatically illustrate the different symmetries that occur in the orientational form stream and the directional motion stream.
|| Form and motion aftereffects. different inhibitory symmetries govern orientation and direction. illusions: [Form- MacKay 90°, Motion- waterfall 180°]. stimulus, aftereffect percept image p293fig08.04 Most local motion signals on a moving object (red arrows) may not point in the direction of the object"s real motion (green arrows). This problem besets every neuron due to the fact that it receives signals only in a space-limited aperture.
|| Most motion signals may not point in an object"s direction of motion. Aperture problem. EVERY neuron"s receptive field experiences an aperture problem. How doe the brain use the small number of [correct, unambiguous] motion signals to compute an object"s motion direction? image p295fig08.05 The perceived direction of an object is derived either from a small subset of feature tracking signals, or by voting among ambiguous signals when feature tracking signals are not available.
|| Aperture problem. Barberpole illusion (Wallach). How do sparse feature tracking signals capture so many ambiguous motion signals to determine the perceived motion direction? image p296fig08.06 In the simplest example of apparent motion, two dots turning on and off out of phase in time generate a compelling percept of continuous motion between them.
|| Simplest long-range motion paradigm. ISI- interstimulus interval, SOA- stimulus onset synchrony image p296fig08.07 When two flashes turn on and off out of phase with the correct range of interstimulus intervals, and not too far from one another, then either beta motion of phi motion are perceived.
|| Beta and Phi motion percepts. Beta motion: percepts of continuous motion of a well-defined object across empty intervening space. Phi motion: sense of "pure" motion without a concurrent percept of moving object. (Exner 1875) http://www.yorku.ca/eye/balls.htm image p297fig08.08 When a second flash is more intense than the first flash, then apparent motion may occur from the second to the first flash.
|| Delta motion: motions from the second to the first flash. Data: (Kolers 1972; Korte 1915). Simulation: (Grossberg, Rudd 1992). This occurs when the luminance or contrast of the second flash is large compared to that of the first flash. Sustained and transient cells obey shunting dynamics whose averaging rates speed up with output intensity. The first flash to wane is the one that will be the source of the G-wave. image p297fig08.09 Simulation of motion in opposite directions that is perceived when two later flashes occur on either side of the first flash.
|| Split motion. Data: (H.R. Silva 1926), Simulation: (Grossberg, Rudd 1992) image p298fig08.10 Simulation of the motion speed-up that is perceived when flash duration decreases.
|| "The less you see it, the faster it moves". Data: (Giaschi, Anstis 1989), Simulation: (Grossberg, Rudd 1992). ISI = 0, flash duration decreases; SOA = constant, flash duration decreases image p298fig08.11 This formotion percept is a double illusion due to boundary completion in the form stream followed by long-range apparent motion using the completed bioundaries in the motion stream.
|| Form-motion interactions. Apparent motion of illusory contours (Ramachandran 1985). Double illusion! Illusory contour is created in form stream V1-V2. Apparent motion of illusory contours occurs in motion stream due to a V2-MT interaction. image p300fig08.12 A single flash activates a Gaussian receptive field across space whose maximum is chosen by a winner-take-all recurrent on-center off-surround network.
|| Gaussian receptive fields are sufficient! (Grossberg, Rudd 1992). Single flash. Suppose that a single flash causes a narrow peak of activity at the position where it occurs. It generates output signals through a Gaussian filter that produces a Gaussian activity profile at the next processing stage., A recurrent on-center off-surround network chooses the maximum activity and suppresses samaller activities. Winner-take-all image p300fig08.13 As a flash waxes and wanes through time, so too do the activities of the cells in its Gaussian receptive field. Because the maximum of each Gaussian occurs at the same position, nothing is perceived to move.
|| Temporal profile of a single flash. Suppose that a single flash quickly turns on to maximum activity, stays there for a short time, and then shuts off. It causes an increase in activity, followed by an exponential decay of activity. The corresponding Gaussian profile waxes and wanes through time. Since the peak position of the Gaussian does not change through time, nothing moves. image p300fig08.14 Visual inertia depicts how the effects of a flash decay after the flash shuts off.
|| Inertia (%) vs ISI (msec) image p301fig08.15 If two flashes occur in succession, then the cell activation that is caused by the first one can be waning while the activation due to the second one is waxing.
|| Temporal profile of two flashes. Of two flashes occur in succession, the waning of the activity due to the first flash may overlap with the waxing of the activity due to the second flash. image p301fig08.16 The sum of the waning Gaussian activity profile due to the first flash and the waxing Gaussian activity profile due to the second flash has a maximum that moves like a travelling wave from the first to the second flash.
|| Travelling wave (G-wave): long-range motion. If the Gaussian activity profiles of two flashes overlap sufficiently in space and time, then the sum of Gaussians produced by the waning of the first flash added to the Gaussian produced by the waxing of the second flash, can produce a single-peaked travelling wave from the position of the first flash to that of the second flash. The wave is then processed through a WTA choice network (Winner Take All). The resulting continuous motion percept is both long-range and sharp. image p302fig08.17 An important constraint on whether long-rang apparent motion occurs is whether the Gaussian kernel is broad enough to span the distance between successive flashes.
|| Motion speed-up with increasing distance: For a fixed ISI, how does perceived velocity increase with distance between the flashes? Gaussian filter : Gp = exp{ -(j-i)^2 / (2*K^2) }. The largest separation, L_crit, for which sufficient spatial overlap between two Gaussians centered at locations i and j will exist to support a travelling wave of summed peak activity is : L_crit = 2*K image p302fig08.18 This theorem shows how far away (L), given a fixed Gaussian width, two flashes can be to generate a wave of apparent motion between them.
|| G-wave properties (Grossberg 1977). Let flashes occur at positions i=0 and i=L. Suppose that d[dt: x0] = -A*x0 + J0; d[dt: xL] = -A*xL + JL; Define G(w,t) ...; Theorem 1 max_w G(w,t) moves continuously through time from w=0 to w=L if and only if L <= 2*K. image p303fig08.19 The dashed red line divides combinations of flash distance L and Gaussian width K into two regions of no apparent motion (above the line) and apparent motion (below the line).
|| No motion vs motion at multiple scales. image p303fig08.20 The G-wave speeds up with the distance between flashes at a fixed delay, and has a consitent motion across multiple spatial scales.
|| G-wave properties (Grossberg 1977). Theorem 2 (Equal half-time property) The time at which the motion signal reaches position w=L/2. Apparent motion speed-up with distance: this half-time is independent of the distance L between the two flashes. Consistent motion across scales: half-time is independent of the scale size K. Method of proof: elementary algebra and calculus (Grossberg, Rudd 1989 appendix) image p304fig08.21 A computer simulation of the equal half-time property whereby the apparent motions within different scales that respond to the same flashes all reach the half-way point in the motion trajectory at the same time.
|| Equal half-time property: how multiple scales cooperate to generate motion percept. Travelling waves from Gaussian filters of different sizes bridge the same distance in comparable time. The time needed to bridge half the distance between flashes is the same. image p304fig08.22 Data (top image) and simulation (bottom image) of Korte"s laws. The laws raise the question of how ISIs in the hundreds of milliseconds can cause apparent motion.
|| Korte"s Laws, Data: (Korte 1915) Simulation: (Francis, Grossberg 1996) image p305fig08.23 Despite its simplicity, the Terus display can induce one of four possible percepts, depending on the ISI.
|| Ternus motion. ISI [small- stationary, intermediate- element, larger- group] motion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternus_illusion image p305fig08.24 When each stimulus has an opposite contrast relative to the background, element motion is eliminated and replaced by group motion at intermediate values of the ISI.
|| Reverse-contrast Ternus motion. ISI [small- stationarity, intermediate- group (not element!), larger- group] motion. image p306fig08.25 The Motion BCS model can explain and simulate all the long-range apparent motion percepts that this chapter describes.
|| Motion BCS model (Grossberg, Rudd 1989, 1992) Level 1: discount illuminant; Level 2: short-range filter, pool sustained simple cell inputs with like-oriented receptive fields aligned in a given direction. Sensitive to direction-of-contrast; Level 3: Transient celss with unoriented receptive field. Sensitive to direction-of-change image p306fig08.26 The 3D FORMOTION model combines mechanisms for determining the relative depth of a visual form with mechanisms for both short-range and long-range motion filtering and grouping. A formotion interaction from V2 to MT is predicted to enable the motion stream to track objects moving in depth.
|| 3D Formotion model (Chey etal 1997; Grossberg etal 2001; Berzhanskaya etal 2007). Form [LGN contours -> simple cells orientation selectivity -> complex cells (contrast pooling, orientation selectivity, V1) -> hypercomplex cells (end-stopping, spatial sharpening) <-> bipole cells (grouping, cross-orientation competition) -> depth-separated boundaries (V2)], Motion: [LGN contours -> transient cells (directional stability, V1) -> short-range motion filter -> spatial competition -> long-range motion filter and boundary selection in depth (MT) <-> directional grouping, attentional priming (MST)] image p307fig08.27 The distribution of transients through time at onsets and offsets of Ternus display flashes helps to determine whether element motion or group motion will be perceived.
|| Ternus motion. Element motion: zero or weak transients at positions 2 and 3; Group motion: strong transients at positions 2 and 3. Conditions that favor visual persistence and thus perceived stationarity of element (2,3) favor element motion (Braddick, Adlard 1978; Breitmeyer, Ritter 1986; Pantle, Peteresik 1980) image p308fig08.28 The Gaussian distributions of activity that arise from the three simultaneous flashes in a Ternus display add to generate a maximum value at their midpoint. The motion of this group gives rise to group motion.
|| Ternus group motion simulation. If L < 2*K, Gaussian filter of three flashes forms one global maximum. image p310fig08.29 When the individual component motions in (A) and (B) combine into a plaid motion (C), both their perceived direction and speed changes.
|| image p311fig08.30 The data of (Castet etal 1993) in the left image was simulated in the right image by the 3D FORMOTION model that I developed with my PhD student Jonathan Chey. These data provide insight into how feature tracking signals propagate from the ends of a line to its interior, where they capture consistent motion directional signals and inhibit inconsistent ones.
|| Solving the aperture problem. A key design problem: How do amplified feature tracking signals propagate within depth to select the cirrect motion directions at ambiguous positions? This propagation from feature tracking signals to the line interior determines perceived speed in Castet etal data, which is why speed depends on line tilt and length. Data: (Castet etal 1993), Simulation: (Chey etal 1997) image p311fig08.31 Processing stages of the Motion BCS convert locally ambiguous motion signals from transient cells into a globally coherent percept of object motion, thereby solving the aperture problem.
|| Why are so many motion processing stages needed? change sensitive receptors -> directional transient cells -> directional short-range filter -> spatial and directional competition -> directional long-range filter (MT) <-> Directional grouping network image p312fig08.32 Schematic of motion filtering circuits.
|| Level 1: Change sensitive units -> Level 2: transient cells -> Level 3: short-range spatial filters -> Level 4: intra-scale competition -> Level 5: inter-scale competition image p312fig08.33 Processing motion signals by a population of speed-tuned neurons.
|| image p314fig08.34 The VISTARS model for visually-based spatial navigation. It uses the Motion BCS as a front end and feeds it output signals into two computationally complementary cortical processing streams for computing optic flow and target tracking information.
|| VISTARS navigation model (Browning, Grossberg, Mingolia 2009). Use FORMOTION model as front end for higher level navigational circuits: input natural image sequences -> estimate heading (MT+)-MSTd -> additive processing -> estimate object position (MT-)-MSTv direction and speed subtractive processing -> Complementary Computing. [optic flow navigation, object tracking] image p315fig08.35 The output signals from the directional grouping network obey the ART Matching Rule. They thereby select consistent motion directional signals while suppressing inconsistent ones, and do not distort that the spared cells code. The aperture problem is hereby solved by the same mechanism that dynamically stabilizes the learning of directional grouping cells.
|| How to select correct direction and preserve speed estimates? Prediction: Feedback from MSTv to MT- obeys ART Matching Rule; Top-down, modulatory on-center, off-surround network (Grossberg 1976, 1980; Carpenter, Grossberg 1987, 1991); Explains how directional grouping network can stably develop and how top-down directional attention can work. (Cavanough 1992; Goner etal 1986; Sekuer, Ball 1977; Stelmach etal 1994). Directional grouping network (MSTv) <-> Directional long-range filter (MT). Modulatory on-center selects chosen direction and preserves speed. Off-surround inhibits incompatible directions. image p316fig08.36 How the directional grouping network, notably properties of the ART Matching Rule, enables a small set of amplified feature tracking signals at the ends of a line to select consistent directions in the line interior, while suppressing inconsistent directions.
|| Motion capture by directional grouping feedback. Directional grouping network (MSTv) <-> Directional long-range filter (MT). It takes longer to capture ambiguous motion signals in the line interior as the length of the line increases cf (Castet etal 1993) image p317fig08.37 Processing stages that transform the transient cell inputs in response to a tilted moving line into a global percept of the object"s direction of motion. The orientations of the lines denote the directional preferences of the corresponding cells, whereas line lengths are proportional to cell activities.
|| Motion capture by directional grouping feedback (Chey, Grossberg, Mingolia 1997). thresholded short-range filter outputs, directional long-range filter cell activities a 3 times, directional short-range filter cells, directionally-sensitive transient cells image p319fig08.38 The neurophysiological data from MT (left image) confirms the prediction embodied in the simulation of MT (right image) concerning the fact that it takes a long time for MT to compute an object"s real direction of motion.
|| Solving the aperture problem takes time. MT Data (Pack, Born 2001), MT simulation (Chey, Grossberg, Mingolia 1997) image p320fig08.39 Simulation of the barberpole illusion direction field at two times. Note that the initial multiple directions due to the feature tracking signals at the contiguous vertical and horizontal sides of the barberpole (upper image) get supplanted by the horizontal direction of the two horizontal sides (lower image).
|| Barberpole illusion (one line) simulation image p321fig08.40 Visible occluders capture the boundaries that they share with moving edges. Invisible occluders do not. Consequently, the two types of motions are influenced by different combinations of feature tracking signals.
|| Motion grouping across occluders (J. Lorenceau, D. Alais 2001). Rotating contours observed through apertures. Determine direction of a circular motion. [, in]visible occluders http://persci.mit.edu/demos/square/square.html image p322fig08.41 A percept of motion transparency can be achieved by using motion grouping feedback that embodies the "asymmetry between near and far" along with the usual opponent competition between opposite motion directions.
|| Motion transparency. near: big scale; far: small scale MSTv, "Asymmetry between near and far" Inhibition from near (large scales) to far (small scales) at each position image p323fig08.42 The chopsticks illusion not only depends upon how feature tracking signals are altered by visible and invisible occluders, but also upon how the form system disambiguates the ambiguous region where the two chopsticks intersect and uses figure-ground mechanisms to separate them in depth.
|| Chopsticks: motion separation in depth (Anstis 1990). [, in]visible occluders [display, percept] image p324fig08.43 Attention can flow along the boundaries of one chopstick and enable it to win the orientation competition where the two chopsticks cross, thereby enabling bipole grouping and figure-ground mechanisms to separate them in depth within the form cortical stream.
|| The ambiguous X-junction. motion system. Attention propagates along chopstick and enhances cell activations in one branch of a chopstick. MT-MST directional motion grouping helps to bridge the ambiguous position. image p325fig08.44 Attentional feedback from MST-to-MT-to-V2 can strengthen one branch of a chopstick (left image). Then bipole cell activations that are strengthened by this feedback can complete that chopstick"s boundaries across the ambiguous X region (right image).
|| The role of MT-V1 feedback. Motion-form feedback: MT-to-V2 feedback strengthens boundaries of one bar. Bipole boundary completion: Bipole grouping helps to complete bar boundary even if motion grouping does not cross the gap. image p325fig08.45 The feedback loop between MT/MST-to-V1-to-V2-to-MT/MST enables a percept of two chopsticks sliding one in front of the other while moving in opposite directions.
|| Closing formotion feedback loop. [formotion interaction, motion grouping] V1 -> V2 -> (MT <-> MST) -> V1 image p326fig08.46 How do we determine the relative motion direction of a part of a scene when it moves with a larger part that determines an object reference frame?
|| How do we perceive relative motion of object parts? image p327fig08.47 Two classical examples of part motion in a moving reference frame illustrate the general situation where complex objects move while their multiplie parts may move in different directions relative to the direction of the reference frame.
|| Two kinds of percepts and variations (Johansson 1950). Symmetrically moving inducers: each do moves along a straight path, each part contributes equally to common motion; Duncker wheel (Duncker 1929): one dot moves on a cycloid, the other dot (the "center") moves stright, unequal contributipon from parts; If the dot is presented alone: seen as cycloid; if with center: seen as if it were on the rim of a wheel. image p328fig08.48 How vector subtraction from the reference frame motion direction computes the part directions.
|| How vector decomposition can explain them. Common motion subtracted from retinal motion gives part motion: [retinal, common, part] motion image p328fig08.49 A directional peak shift in a directional hypercolumn determines the part directions relative to a moving reference frame.
|| What is the mechanism of vector decomposition? (Grossberg, Leveille, Versace 2011). Prediction: directional peak shift! ...specifically, a peak shift due to Gaussian lateral inhibition. [retinal, part, common, relative] motion. shunting dynamics, self-normalization, contrast gain control image p329fig08.50 The common motion direction of the two dots builds upon illusory contours that connect the dots as they move through time. The common motion directin signal can flow along these boundaries.
|| How is common motion direction computed? retinal motion. Bipole grouping in the form stream creates illusory contours between the dots. V2-MT formotion interaction injects the completed boundaries into the motion stream where they capture consistent motion signals. Motion of illusory contours is computed in the motion stream: cf. Ramanchandran image p329fig08.51 Large and small scale boundaries differentially form illusory contours between the dots and boundaries that surround each of them respectively. These boundaries capture the motion signals that they will support via V2-to-MT formotion interaction. The MST-to-MT directional peak shift has not yet occurred.
|| Large scale: near. Can bridge gap between dots to form illusory contours. Spatial competition inhibits inner dot boundaries.; Small scale: far. Forms boundaries around dots. image p330fig08.52 Direction fields of the object frame (left column) and of the two dot "parts" (right column) show the correct motion directions after the peak shift top-down expectation acts.
|| Simulation of motion vector decomposition. [Larger scale (nearer depth), Small scale (farther depth)] vs [Down, Up] image p330fig08.53 Simulation of the various directional signals of the left dot through time. Note the amplification of the downward directional signal due to the combined action of the short-range and long-range directional signals.
|| image p331fig08.54 The simulated part directions of the rotating dot through time after the translational motion of the frame does its work via the top-down peak shift mechanism.
|| Cycloid. Motion directions of a single dot moving slowly along a cycloid curve through time. image p331fig08.55 The rightward motion of the dot that determines the frame propagates along the illusory contour between the dots and thereby dominates the motion directions along the rim as well, thereby setting the stage for the peak shift mechanism.
|| Duncker Wheel: large scale. [cyc;oid, center] velocity -> rightward common velocity. Stable rightward motion at the center captures motion at the rim. image p332fig08.56 Simulation of the Duncker Wheel motion through time. See the text for details.
|| Duncker Wheel: small scale. Temporal procession of activity in eight directions. Wheel motion as seen when directions are collapsed. image p332fig08.57 The MODE model uses the Motion BCS as its front end, followed by a saccadic target selection circuit in the model LIP region that converts motion directions into movement directions. These movement choices are also under basal ganglia (BG) control. More will be explained about the BG in Chapters 13 and 15.
|| MODE (MOtion DEcision) model (Grossberg, Pilly 2008, Vision Research). Change sensitive receptors -> directional transient cells -> directiponal short-range filter -> spatial and directional competition -> directional long-range filter (MT) <-> directional grouping network (MSTv) -> saccadic target selection <-> gsting mechanism (BG). Representation of problem that solves the aperture problem (change sensitive receptors (CSR) -> directional grouping network (DGN, MSTv)). Gated movement choice (saccadic target selection & gating mechanism) image p333fig08.58 Neurophysiological data (left image) and simulation (right image) of LIP data during correct trials on the RT task. See the text for details.
|| LIP responses during RT task correct trials (Roltman, Shadlen 2002). More coherence in favored direction causes faster cell activation. More coherence in opposite direction causes faster cell inhibition. Coherence stops playing a role in the final stages of LIP firing. image p334fig08.59 Neurophysiological data (left column) and simulations (right column) of LIP responses for the FD task during both [correct, error] trials. See the text for details.
|| LIP responses for the FD task during both [correct, error] trials (Shadlen, Newsome 2001). LIP encodes the perceptual decision regardless of the true direction of the dots. Predictiveness of LIP responses on error trials decreases with increasing coherence. image p334fig08.60 Behavioral data (left image) and simulation (right image) about accuracy in both the RT and FD tasks. See text for details
|| Behavioral data: % correct vs % coherence (Mazurek etal 2003; Roltman, Shadien 2002). More coherence in the motion causes more accurate decisions. RT task accuracy at weaker coherence levels is slightly better than FD task accuracy. image p335fig08.61 Behavioral data (left image) and simulation (right image) about speed in correct and error trials of the RT task. See text for details.
|| Behavioral data: speed, correct and error trials (RT task) (Roltman, Shadien 2002). More coherence in the motion causes faster reaction time. image p335fig08.62 More remarkable simulation fits (right column) to LIP neurophysiology data (left column) about where and when to move the eyes.
|| LIP encodes not only where, but also when, to move the eyes. ...No Bayes(Roltman, Shadien 2002). Firing rate (sp/s) vs time (ms). Slope of firing rate (sp/s^2) vs % correct. image p338fig09.01 The brain regions that help to use visual information for navigating in the world and tracking objects are highlighted in yellow.
|| How does a moving observer use optic flow to navigate while tracking a moving object? [What ventral, Where dorsal] retina -> many locations -> PFC image p338fig09.02 Heading, or the direction of self-motion (green dot), can be derived from the optic flow (red arrows) as an object, in this case an airplane landing, moves forward.
|| Heading and optic flow (Gibson 1950). Optic flow: scene motion generates a velocity field. Heading: direction of travel- self-motion direction. Heading from optic flow, focus of expansion (Gibson 1950). Humans determine heading accurately to within 1-2 degrees. image p339fig09.03 When an observer moves forward, an expanding optic flow is caused. Eye rotations cause a translating flow. When these flows are combined, a spiral flow is caused. How do our brains compensate for eye rotations to compute the heading of the expanding optic flow?
|| Optic flow during navigation (adapted from Warren, Hannon 1990) [observer, retinal flow]: [linear movement, expansion], [eye rotation, translation], [combined motion, spiral] image p339fig09.04 This figure emphasizes that the sum of the expansion and translation optic flows is a spiral optic flow. It thereby raises the question: How can the translation flow be subtracted from the spiral flow to recover the expansion flow?
|| Eye rotations add a uniform translation to an flow field. Resulting retinal patterns are spirals. Expansion + translation = spiral image p340fig09.05 An outflow movement command, also called efference copy or corollary discharge, is the souce ot the signals whereby the commanded eye movement position is subtracted from spiral flow to recover expansion flow and, with it, heading.
|| Subtracting efference copy. Many experiments suggest that the brain internally subtracts the translational component due to eye movements. Efference copy subtracts the translational component using pathways that branch from outflow movement commands to the eye muscles. image p340fig09.06 Corollary discharges are computed using a branch of the outflow movement commands that move their target muscles.
|| image p340fig09.07 Log polar remapping from the retina to cortical area V1 and beyond converts expansion, translation, and spiral flows on the retina into parallel flows, with different orientations, on the cortical map.
|| Log polar remapping of optic flow. retina -> cortex. Any combination of expansion and circular motion centered on the fovea maps to cortex as a single direction. Retinal Cartesian coordinates (x,y) map to cortical polar coordinates (r,theta). This makes it easy to compute directional receptive fields in the cortex! image p341fig09.08 How the various optic flows on the retina are mapped through V1m MT, and MSTd to then compute heading in parietal cortex was modeled by (Grossberg, Mingolia, Pack 1999), using the crucial transformation via V1 log polar mapping into parallel cortical flow fields.
|| MSTd model (Grossberg, Mingolia, Pack 1999). Retinal motion -> V1 log polar mapping -> Each MT Gaussian RF sums motion in preferred direction -> Each MSTd cell sums MT cell inputs with same log polar direction -> Efference copy subtracts rotational flow from MSTd cells. image p341fig09.09 Responses of MSTd cells that are used to compute heading. See the text for details.
|| Cortical area MSTd (adapted from Graziano, Anderson, Snowden 1994). MSTd cells are sensitive to spiral motion as combinations of rotation and expansion. image p342fig09.10 Model simulations of how the peak of MSTd cell activation varies with changes of heading.
|| Heading in log polar space: Retina -> log polar -> MSTd cell. Log polar motion direction correlates with heading eccentricity. image p342fig09.11 Psychophysical data (left panel) and computer simulation (right column) of the importance of efference copy in real movements. See the text for details.
|| Heading: move to wall and fixate stationary object (adapted from Warren, Hannon 1990). Inaccurate for simulated eye rotation, accurate for real eye rotation, need confirmation by efference copy! image p343fig09.12 Transforming two retinal views of the Simpsons into log polar coordinates dramatizes the problem that our brains need to solve in order to separate, and recognize, overlapping figures.
|| View 1 cortical magnification. View 2 How do we know if we are still fixating on the same object?! image p343fig09.13 When one scans the three different types of pears in the left image, as illustrated by the jagged blue curve with red movement end positions, and transforms the resulting retinal images via the cortical magnification factor, or log polar mapping, the result is the series of images in the right column. How do our brains figure out from such confusing data which views belong to which pear?
|| View-invariant object learning and recognition Three pears: Anjou, Bartlett, Comice. Which is the Bartlett pear? During unsupervised scanning and learning about the world, no one tells the brain what views belong to which objects while it learns view-invariant object categories. Cortical magnificantion in V1. image p344fig09.14 (top row, left column) By fitting MT tuning curves with Gaussian receptive fields, a tuning width of 38° is estimated, and leads to the observed standard spiral tuning of 61° in MSTd. (bottom row, left column) The spiral tuning estimate in Figure 9.16 maximizes the position invariant of MSTd receptive fields. (top row, right column) Heading sensitivity is not impaired by these parameter choices.
|| [Spiral tuning (deg), position invariance (deg^(-1)), heading sensitivity] versus log polar direction tuning σ (deg) image p345fig09.15 Double opponent directional receptive fields in MT are capable of detecting the motion of objects relative to each other and their backgrounds.
|| Motion opponency in MT (Born, Tootell 1992). Motion opponent (Grossberg etal), Differential motion (Royden etal), Subtractive motion cells (Neumann etal). ON center directionally selective: [excit, inhibit]ed by motion in [one, opponent] direction. OFF surround directionally selective: [excit, inhibit]ed by motion in [opponent, center] direction. image p346fig09.16 A macrocircuit of some of the main brain regions that are used to move the eyes. Black boxes denote areas belonging to the saccadic eye movement systes (SAC), white boxes the smooth pursuit eye system (SPEM), and gray boxes, both systems. The abbreviations for the different brain regions are: LIP - Lateral Intra-Parietal area; FPA - Frontal Pursuit Area; MST - Middle Superior Temporal area; MT - Middle Temporal area; FEF - Frontal Eye Fields; NRPT - Nucleus Reticularis Tegmenti Pontis; DLPN - Dorso-Lateral Pontine Nuclei; SC - Superior Colliculus; CBM - CereBelluM; MVN/rLVN - Medial and Rostro-Lateral Vestibular Nucleii; PPRF - a Peri-Pontine Reticular Formation; TN - Tonic Neurons
|| image p347fig09.17 The leftward eye movement control channel in the model that I developed with Christopher Pack. See the text for details.
|| retinal image -> MT -> MST[v,d] -> pursuit image p347fig09.18 These circuits between MSTv and MSTd enable predictive target tracking to be achieved by the pursuit system, notably when the eyes are successfully foveating a moving target. Solid arrows depict excitatory connections, dashed arrows depict inhibitory connections.
|| image p348fig09.19 How a constant pursuit speed that is commanded by MSTv cells starts by using target speed on the retina and ends by using backgound speed on the retina in the reverse direction during successful predictive pursuit.
|| target speed on retina, background speed on retina, pursuit speed command by MSTV cells image p349fig09.20 Using virtual reality displays (left image), (Fajen, Warren 2003) collected data (right two images) about how observers avoid obstacles (open circular disks) as a function of their distance and angular position as they navigate towards a fixed goal (x). These data illustrate how goals act as attractors while obstacles act as repellers.
|| Steering from optic flow (Fajen, Warren 2003). goals are attractors, obstacles are repellers. Damped spring model explains human steering data. image p349fig09.21 How attractor-repeller dynamics with Gaussians change the net steering gradient as the goal is approached.
|| Steering dynamics: goal approach. body-centered coordinates [obstacle, goal, heading] -> steering image p350fig09.22 How the negative Gaussian of an obstacle causes a peak shift to avoid the obstacle without losing sight of how to reach the goal.
|| Steering dynamics: obstacle avoidance. body-centered coordinates [obstacle, goal, heading] -> steering image p350fig09.23 Unidirectional transient cells respond to changes in all image contours as an auto navigates and urban scene while taking a video of it.
|| Unidirectional transient cells (Baloch, Grossberg 1997; Berzhanskaya, Grossberg, Mingolia 2007). Transient cells respond to leading and trailing boundaries. Transient cells response, driving video image p351fig09.24 Directional transient cells respond most to motion in their preferred directions.
|| Directional transient cells. 8 directions, 3 speeds image p351fig09.25 By the time MT+ is reached, directional transient cells and directional filters have begun to extract more global directional information from the image.
|| M+ computes global motion estimate. Estimate global motion from noisy local motion estimates. image p352fig09.26 The final stage of the model computes a beautiful expansion optic flow that permits an easy estimate of the heading direction, with an accuracy that matches that of human navigators.
|| The model generates accurate heading (Warren, Hannon 1990; Royden, Crowell, Banks 1994). Maximally active MSTd cell = heading estimate. Accuracy matches human data. Random dots [mean +-1.5°, worst +-3.8°], Random dots with rotation [accurate with rotations <1°/s, rotation increases, error decreases], OpenGL & Yosemite benchmark +-1.5°, Driving video +-3°. image p354fig10.01 The lamiar cortical circuit that realizes how we pay attention to an object sends signals from layer 6 of a higher cortical level to layer 6 of a lower cortical level and then back up to layer 4. This "folded feedback" circuit realizes a top-down, modulatory on-center, off-surround circuit that realizes the ART Matching Rule.
|| Top-down attention and folded feedback. Attentional signals also feed back into 6-to-4 on-center off-surround. 1-to-5-to-6 feedback path: Macaque (Lund, Booth 1975) cat (Gilbert, Wiesel 1979). V2-to-V1 feedback is on-center off-surround and affects layer 6 of V1 the most (Bullier etal 1996; Sandell, Schiller 1982). Attended stimuli enhanced, ignored stimuli suppressed. This circuit supports the predicted ART Matching Rule! [LGN, V[1,2][6->1]] image p355fig10.02 Distinguishing processes of seeing vs knowing has been difficult because they interact so strongly.
|| Seeing vs. Knowing. Seeing and knowing [operate at different levels of the brain, use specialized circuits], but they [interact via feedback, use similar cortical designs, feedback is needed for conscious perception]. Cerebral Cortex: Seeing [V1-V4, MS-MST], Knowing [IT, PFC]. image p356fig10.03 Laminar computing achieves at least three basic properties of visual processing that have analogs in all biologically intelligent behaviors. These properties may be found in all cortical circuits in specialized form.
|| What does Laminar Computing achieve? 1. Self-stabilizing development and learning; 2. Seamless fusion of a) pre-attentive automatic bottom-up processing, b) attentive task-selective top-down processing; 3. Analog coherence: Solution of Binding Problem for perceptual grouping without loss of analog sensitivity. Even the earliest visual cortical stages carry out active adaptive information processing: [learn, group, attention]ing image p357fig10.04 Laminar Computing achieves its properties by computing in a new way that sythesizes the best properties of feedforward and feedback interactions, analog and digital computations, and preattentive and attentive learning. The property of analog coherence enables coherent groupings and decisions to form without losing sensitivity to the amount of evidence that supports them.
|| Laminar Computing: a new way to compute. 1. Feedforward and feedback: a) Fast feedforward processing when data are unambiguous (eg Thorpe etal), b) slower feedback chooses among ambiguous alternatives [self-normalizing property, real-time probabiligy theory], c) A self-organizing system that trades certainty against speed: Goes beyond Bayesian models! 2. Analog and Digital: Analog Coherence combines the stability of digital with the sensitivity of analog. 3. Preattentive and Attentive Learning: Reconciles the differences of (eg) Helmholtz and Kanizsa, "A preattentive grouping is its own "attentional" prime" image p359fig10.05 Activation of V1 is initiated, in part, by direct excitatory signals from the LGN to layer 4 of V1.
|| How are layer 2/3 bipole cells activated? Direct bottom-up activation of layer 4. LGN -> V1 layer 4. Strong bottom-up LGN input to layer 4 (Stratford etal 1996; Chung, Ferster 1998). Many details omitted. image p359fig10.06 Another, albeit indirect, pathway from LGN exists that can also excite layer 4 of V1. Why are not these two pathways redundant? The answer, ultimately, how to do with how cortex learns, as well as with how it pays attention. See the text for details.
|| Another bottom-up input to layer 4: Why?? Layer 6-to-4 on-center off-surround (Grieve, Sillito 1991, 1995; Ahmedetal 1994, 1997). LGN projects to layers 6 and 4. Layer 6 excites spiny stellates in column above it. Medium range connections onto inhibitory neurons. 6-t-4 path acts as on-center off-curround. image p359fig10.07 The two bottom-up pathways from LGN to layer 4 of V1 can together activate layer 4 and contrast-normalize layer 4 responses.
|| Bottom-up contrast normalization (Grossberg 1968, 1973; Sperling, Sondhi 1968; Heeger 1992; Douglas etal 1995; Shapley etal 2004). Together, direct LGN-to-4 path and 6-to-4 on-center off-surround provide contrast normalization if cells obey shunting or membrane equation dynamics. image p360fig10.08 The bottom-up on-center off-surround from LGN-to-6-to-4 has a modulatory on-center because of its role in realizing the ART Matching Rule and, with it, the ability of the cortex to dynamically stabilize its learned memories.
|| Modulation of priming by 6-to-4 on-center (Stratford etal 1996; Callaway 1998). On-center 6-to-4 excitation is inhibited down to being modulatory (priming, subthreshold). On-center 6-to-4 excitation cannot activate layer 4 on its own. Clarifies need for direct path. Prediction: plays key role in stable grouping, development and learning. ART Matching Rule! image p360fig10.09 Perceptual grouping is carried out in layer 2/3 by long-range horizontal excitatory recurrent connections, supplemented by short-range disynaptic inhibitory connections that together realize the bipole grouping properties that are diagrammed in Figure 10.10.
|| Grouping starts in layer 2/3. LGN-> 6-> 4-> 2/3: 1. Long-range horizontal excitation links collinear, coaxial receptive fields (Gilbert, Wiesel 1989; Bosking etal 1997; Schmidt etal 1997) 2. Short-range disynaptic inhibition of target pyramidal via pool of intraneurons (Hirsch, Gilbert 1991) 3. Unambiguous groupings can form and generate feedforward outputs quickly (Thorpe etal 1996). image p361fig10.10 Bipole grouping is achieved by long-range horizontal recurrent connections that also give rise to short-range inhibitory interneurons which inhibit nearby bipole cells as well as each other.
|| Bipole property controls perceptual grouping. Collinear input on both sides. Excitatory inputs summate. Inhibitory inputs normalize, Shunting inhibition! Two-against-one. Cell is excited. image p362fig10.11 Feedback between layer 2/3 to the layer 6-to-4-to-2/3 feedback loop chooses the strongest grouping in cases where there is more than one. If only one grouping exists, then the circuit can function very quickly in a feedforward manner. When multiple groupings exist, the cortex "runs as fast as it can" to select the one with the most evidence to support it using the self-normalizing inhibition in the layer 6-to-4 off-surround.
|| How is the final grouping selected? Folded feedback LGN-> 6-> 4-> 2/3. 1. Layer 2/3 groupings feed back into 6-to-4 on-center off-surround: a) direct layer 2/3 -to-6 path; b) can also go via layer 5 (Blasdel etal 1985; Kisvarday etal 1989). 2. Strongest grouping enhanced by its on-center. 3. Inputs to weaker groupings suppressed by off-surround. 4. Interlaminar feedback creates functional columns. Activities of conflicting groupings are reduced by self-normalizing inhibition, slowing processing; intracortical feedback selects and contrast-enhances the winning grouping, speeding processing. image p363fig10.12 The same laminar circuit design repeats in V1 and V2, albeit with specializations that include longer horizontal grouping axoms and figure-ground separation interactions.
|| V2 repeats V1 circuitry at larger spatial scale, LGN-> V1[6,4,2/3]-> V2[6,4,2/3]. V2 layer 2/3 horizontal axons longer-range than in V1 (Amir etal 1993). Therefore, longer-range groupings can form in V2 (Von der Heydt etal 1984) image p364fig10.13 The bottom-up adaptive filter, intracortical grouping circuit, and intercortical top-down attentional circuit all use the same competitive decision circuit between layers 6 and 4, called the attention-preattention interface, with which to select the featural patterns that will be processed.
|| Bottom-up filters and intracortical grouping feedback use the same 6-to-4 decision circuit, LGN-> Vx[6,4,2/3]. competitive decision circuit, modulatory on-center off-surround network. Top-down intercortical attention also uses the same 6-to-4 decision circuit! image p364fig10.14 This figure emphasizes how preattentive intracortical groupings and top-down intercortical attention share the same modulatory on-center, off-surround layer 4-to-6 decision circuit.
|| Explanation: grouping and attention share the same modulatory decision circuit. Layer 6-6-4-2/3 pathway shown; also a layer 6-1-2/3 path. intercortical attention, both act via a modulatory on-center off-surround decision circuit, intracortical feedback from groupings image p367fig10.15 Data (left column) and simulation (right column) of how attention prevents a masking stimulus from inhibiting the response to the on-center of the cell from which the recording was made.
|| Attention protects target from masking stimulus (Reynolds etal 1999; Grossberg, Raizada 2000). image p367fig10.16 Neurophysiological data (left image) and simulation (right image) of how a low-contrast target can be facilitated if it is surrounded by a paid (31May2023 Howell - is word correct?) of collinear flankers, and suppresssed by them if it has high contrast.
|| Flankers can enhance or suppress targets (Polat etal 1998; Grossberg, Raizada 2000). target alone, target + flankers, flankers alone. image p368fig10.17 Neurophysiological data (left image) and simulation (right image) showing that attention has a greater effect on low contrast than high contrast targets.
|| Attention has greater effect on low contrast targets (DeWeerd etal 1999; Raizada, Grossberg 2001). Threshold increase (deg) vs Grating contrast (%), [no, with] attention image p368fig10.18 Neurophysiological data (left image) and simulation (right image) of relative on-cell activities when the input to that cell may also be surroubded by iso-orientation or perpendicular textures.
|| Texture reduces response to a bar: iso-orientation suppression (Knierim, van Essen 1992), perpendicular suppression (Raizada, Grossberg 2001) image p369fig10.19 Data from (Watanabe etal 2001) showing perceptual learning of the coherent motion direction, despite the lack of extra-foveal attention and awareness of the moving stimuli.
|| Unconscious perceptual learning of motion direction, % correct for two tests, compared to chance level results. image p371fig11.01 FACADE theory explains how the 3D boundaries and surfaces are formed with which we see the world in depth.
|| 3D Vision and figure-ground perception (Grossberg 1987, 1994, 1997). How are 3D boundaries and 3D surfaces formed? How the world looks without assuming naive realism. Form And Color And DEpth theory (FACADE). Prediction: Visible figure-ground-separated Form-And-Color-And-DEpth are represented in cortical area V4. image p372fig11.02 FACADE theory explains how multiple depth-selective boundary representations can capture the surface lightnesses and colors at the correct depths. The fact that both surface qualia and depth are determined by a single process implies that, for example, a change in brightness can cause a change in depth.
|| 3D surface filling-in. From filling-in of surface lightness and color to filling-in of surface depth. Prediction: Depth-selective boundary-gated filling-in defines the 3D surfaces that we see. Prediction: A single process fills-in lightness, color, and depth. Can a change in brightness cause a change in depth? YES! eg proximity-luminance covariance (Egusa 1983, Schwartz, Sperling 1983). Why is depth not more unstable when lighting changes? Prediction: Discounting the illuminant limits variability. image p373fig11.03 Both contrast-specific binocular fusion and contrast-invariant boundary perception are needed to properly see the world in depth.
|| How to unify contrast-specific binocular fusion with contrast-invariant boundary perception? Contrast-specific binocular fusion: [Left, right] eye view [, no] binocular fusion. Contrast-invariant boundary perception: contrast polarity along the gray square edge reverses; opposite polarities are pooled to form object boundary. image p374fig11.04 The three processing stages of monocular simple cells, and complex cells accomplish both contrast-specific binocular fusion and contrast-invariant boundary perception.
|| Model unifies contrast-specific binocular fusion and contrast-invariant boundary perception (Ohzawa etal 1990; Grossberg, McLoughlin 1997). [Left, right] eye V1-4 simple cells-> V1-3B simple cells-> V1-2/3A complex cells. Contrast-specific stereoscopic fusion by disparity-selective simple cells. Contrast-invariant boundaries by pooling opposite polarity binocular simple cells at complex cells layer 2/3A. image p374fig11.05 The brain uses a contrast constraint on binocular fusion to help ensure that only contrasts which are derived from the same objects in space are binoculary matched.
|| Contrast constraint on binocular fusion. Left and right input from same object has similar contrast, Percept changes when one contrast is different. Fusion only occurs between bars of similar contrast (McKee etal 1994) image p375fig11.06 The contrast constraint on binocular fusion is realized by obligate cells in layer 3B of cortical area V1.
|| Model implements contrast constraint on binocular fusion (cf. "obligate" cells Poggio 1991). An ecological constraint on cortical development. [left, right] eye cart V1-[4 monocular simple, 3B binocular simple, complex2/3A] cells. Inhibitory cells (red) ensure that fusion occurs when contrasts in left and right eye are approximately equal. image p375fig11.07 The 3D LAMINART model uses both monocular and binocular simple cells to binocularly fuse like image contrasts. The remainder of the model generates 3D boundary and surface representations of multiple kinds of experiments as well as of natural scenes.
|| 3D LAMINART model (Cao, Grossberg 2005). [left, right] eye cart [LGN, V1 blob [4->3B->2/3A], V2 thin stripe [4->2/3A], V4]. V1 blob [V1-4 monocular, V1 interior binocular] simple cells. [complex, simple, inhibitory] cells, on-center off-surround image p376fig11.08 The contrast constraint on binocular fusion is not sufficient to prevent many of the false binocular matches that satisfy this constraint.
|| How to solve the correspondance problem? How does the brain inhibit false matches? Contrast constraint is not enough. [stimulus, multiple possible binocular matches] - Which squares in the two retinal images must be fused to form the correct percept? image p376fig11.09 The disparity filter in V2 helps to solve the correspondence problem by eliminating spurious contrasts using line-of-sight inhibition.
|| Model V2 disparity filter solves the correspondence problem. An ecological constraint on cortical development. [left, right] eye view: False matches (black) suppressed by line-of-sight inhibition (green lines). "Cells that fire together wire together". image p376fig11.10 The 3D LAMINART model shows how the disparity filter can be integrated into the circuit that completes 3D boundary representations using bipole grouping cells. It also explains how surface contours can strengthen boundaries that succeed in generating closed filling-in domains.
|| 3D LAMINART model (Cao, Grossberg 2005). [left, right] eye cart [LGN, V1 blob [4->3B->2/3A] surface contour, V2 thin stripe (monocular surface) [4->2/3A], V2 interior [disynaptic inhibitory interneurons, bipole grouping cells, disparity filter, V4 binocular surface]. [complex, simple, inhibitory] cells, on-center off-surround image p377fig11.11 DaVinci stereopsis phenomena occur when only one eye can receive visual inputs from part of a 3D scene due to occlusion by a nearer surface.
|| How does monocular information contribute to depth perception? DaVinci steropsis (Gillam etal 1999). Only by utilizing monocular information can visual system create correct depth percept. [left, right] eye view image p378fig11.12 How monocular and binocular information are combined in V1 and V2 in the 3D LAMINART model.
|| Model utilizes monocular information. [left, right] eye cart V1-[4 monocular simple, 3B binocular simple, complex2/3A [mo,bi]nocular] cells, V2-4 binocular complex cells. black = monocular cells, blue = binocular cells. In V2, monocular inputs add to binocular inputs along the line of sight and contribute to depth perception. image p379fig11.13 How the 3D LAMINART model explains DaVinci stereopsis. All the stages of boundary and surface formation are color coded to clarify their explanation. Although each mechanism is very simple, when all of them act together, the correct depthful surface representation is generated. See the text for details.
|| DaVinci stereopsis (Nakayama, Shimojo 1990). An emergent property of the previous simple mechanisms working together. [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] pair [Binocular match: boundaries of thick bar -> Add monocular boundaries along lines-of-sight -> Line-of-sight inhibition kills weaker vertical boundaries -> 3D surface percept not just a disparity match!] pair [Binocular match: right edge of thin and thick bars -> Strongest boundaries: binocular and monocular boundaries add -> Vertical boundaries from monocular left edge of thin bar survive -> Filling-in contained by connected boundaries]. cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p380fig11.14 The model explanation of DaVinci stereopsis when the input stimuli have opposite contrast polarities.
|| Polarity-reversed Da Vinci stereopsis (Nakayama, Shimojo 1990). Same explanation! (... as Figure 11.13 ...) [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p381fig11.15 The same model mechanisms explain the surface percept that is generated by the variant of DaVinci stereopsis that Gillam, Blackburn, and Nakayama studied in 1999.
|| DaVinci stereopsis (Gillam, Blackburn, Nakayama 1999). same model mechanisms. [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p382fig11.16 The version of DaVinci steropsis wherein three narrow rectangles are binocularly matched with one thick rectangle can also be explained is a similar way.
|| DaVinci stereopsis of [3 narrow, one thick] rectangles (Gillam, Blackburn, Nakayama 1999). [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p383fig11.17 The bars in the left and right images that are in the same positions are marked in red to simplify tracking how they are processed at subsequent stages.
|| The Venetian blind effect (Howard, Rogers 1995). Every second bar on L in same position as every third bar on R. These bars are marked in red; see them match in Fixation Plane. [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p384fig11.18 Surface and surface-to-boundary surface contour signals that are generated by the Venetian blind image.
|| Venetian blind effect (Howard, Rogers 1995). Every second bar on L in same position as every third bar on R. PERCEPT: 3-bar ramps sloping up from L to R with step returns. [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p385fig11.19 Dichoptic masking occurs when the bars in the left and right images have sufficiently different contrasts.
|| Dichoptic masking (McKee, Bravo, Smallman, Legge 1994). [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p385fig11.20 Dichoptic masking occurs in Panum"s limiting case for reasons explained in the text.
|| Dichoptic masking in Panum"s limiting case (McKee, Bravo, Smallman, Legge 1995). Panum"s limiting case is a simplified version of the Venetian blind effect! [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p386fig11.21 A simulation of the Craik-O"Brien-Cornsweet Effect when viewed on a planar surface in depth.
|| Craik-O"Brien-Cornsweet Effect. Can the model simulate other surface percepts? eg surface brightness. The 2D surface with the image on it is viewed at a very near depth. Adapts (Grossberg, Todovoric 1988) to 3D. [V1 binocular boundaries -> V2 initial boundaries -> V2 final boundaries -> V4 surface] cart [very near, near, fixation plane, far, very far] image p387fig11.22 Simulation of the boundaries that are generated by the Julesz stereogram in Figure 4.59 (top row) without (second row) and with (third row) surface contour feedback.
|| Boundary cart [V2-2, V2, V1] cart [near, fixation, far] image p388fig11.23 Simulation of the surface percept that is seen in response to a sparse stereogram. The challenge is to assign large regions of ambiguous white to the correct surface in depth.
|| [left, right] retinal input. Surface [near, fixation, far] V4 image p388fig11.24 Boundary groupings capture the ambiguous depth-ambiguous feature contour signals and lift them to the correct surface in depth.
|| [surface, boundary] cart [near, fixation, far] V2. image p389fig11.25 Boundaries are not just edge detectors. If they were, a shaded ellipse would look flat, and uniformly gray.
|| 3D vision and figure-ground separation. Multiple-scale, depth-selective boundary webs. [dark-light, light-dark] boundaries -> complex cells! If boundaries were just edge detectors, there would be just a bounding edge of the ellipse. After filling-in, it would look like this:. image p390fig11.26 Although larger scales sometimes look closer (left image), that is not always true, as the right image of (Brown, Weisstein 1988) illustrates. The latter percept is, moreover, bistable. These images show the importance of interactions between groupings and multiple scales to determine perceived surface depths.
|| Multiple-scale depth-selective groupings determine perceived depth (Brown, Weisstein 1988). As an object approaches, it gets bigger on the retina. Does a big scale (RF) always signal NEAR? NO! The same scale can signal either near or far. Some scales fuse more than one disparity. image p391fig11.27 (left image) Each scale can binocularly fuse a subset of spatial scales, with larger scales fusing more scales and closer ones than small scales. (right image) Cortical hypercolumns enable binocular fusion to occur in a larger scale even as rivalry occurs in a smaller scale.
|| Multiple-scale grouping and size-disparity correlation. Depth-selective cooperation and competition among multiple scales determines perceived depth: a) Larger scales fuse more depth; b) Simultaneous fusion and rivalry. Boundary prining using surface contours: Surface-to-boundary feedback from the nearest surface that is surrounded by a connected boundary eliminates redundant boundaries at the same position and further depths. image p391fig11.28 (left image) Ocular dominance columns respond selectively to inputs from one eye or the other. (right image) Inputs from the two eyes are mapped into layer 4C of V1, among other layers.
|| Cortex V1[1, 2/3, 4A, 4B, 4C, 5, 6], LGN image p392fig11.29 Boundary webs of the smallest scales are closer to the boundary edge of the ellipse, and progressively larger scale webs penetrate ever deeper into the ellipse image, due to the amount of evidence that they need to fire. Taken together, they generate a multiple-scale boundary web with depth-selective properties that can capture depth-selective surface filling-in.
|| 3D vision and figure-ground separation. Multiple-scale, depth-selective boundary webs. Instead, different size detectors generate dense boundary webs at different positions and depths along the shading gradient. Small-far, Larger-nearer, Largest-nearest. Each boundary web captures the gray shading in small compartments at its position and depths. A shaded percept in depth results. image p392fig11.30 Multiple scales interact with bipole cells that represent multiple depths, and conversely. See the text for details.
|| How multiple scales vote for multiple depths. Scale-to-depth and depth-to-scale maps. Smallest scale projects to, and receives feedback from, boundary groupings that represent the furthest depths. Largest scale connects to boundary groupings that represent all depths. multiple-[depth, scale] dot [grouping, filter] cells. [small <-> large] vs [far <-> near] image p393fig11.31 (Todd, Akerstrom 1987) created a series of 2D images from discrete black patches on a white disk and showed how the perceived depth varies with the factors summarized in the figure. The LIGHTSHAFT model quantitatively simulated their data.
|| Factors determining depth-from-texture percept. Perceived depth varies with texture element width, but only when elements are elongated and sufficiently aligned with one another to form long-range groupings. Data of (Todd, Akerstrom 1987) simulated by the LIGHTSHAFT model of (Grossberg, Kuhlmann 2007). [HP, LP, CCE, CCS, RO] image p393fig11.32 Kulikowski stereograms involve binocular matching of out-of-phase (a) Gaussians or (b) rectangles. The latter can generate a percept of simultaneous fusion and rivalry. See the text for why.
|| image p394fig11.33 The Kaufman stereogram also creates a percept of simultaneous fusion and rivalry. The square in depth remains fused and the perpendicular lines in the two images are pervceived as rivalrous.
|| 3D groupings determine perceived depth, stereogram (Kaufman 1974). Vertical illusory contours are at different disparities than those of bounding squares. Illusory square is seen in depth. Vertical illusory contours are binocularly fused and determine the perceived depth of the square. Thin, oblique lines, being perpendicular, are rivalrous: simultaneous fusion and rivalry. image p395fig11.34 A comparison of the properties of other rivalry models with those of the 3D LAMINART model (surrounded by red border). Significantly, only 3D LAMINART explains both stable vision and rivalry (green border).
|| Comparison of rivalry models image p396fig11.35 Three properties of bipole boundary grouping in V2 can explain how boundaries oscillate in response to rivalry-inducing stimuli. Because all boundaries are invisible, however, these properties are not sufficient to generate a conscious percept of rivalrous surfaces.
|| 3 V2 boundary properties cause binocular rivalry. 1. Bipole grouping, 2. Orientational competition, 3. Actovity-dependent habituation image p397fig11.36 Simulation of the temporal dynamics of rivalrous, but coherent, boundary switching.
|| Simulation of 2D rivalry dynamics. [Inputs, Temporal dynamics of V2 layer 2/3 boundary cells] cart [left, right] image p398fig11.37 Simulation of the no swap baseline condition of (Logothetis, Leopold, Sheinberg 1996).
|| [Binocular, [left, right] eye] activity image p399fig11.38 Simulation of the swap condition of (Logothetis, Leopold, Sheinberg 1996).
|| [Binocular, [left, right] eye] activity image p399fig11.39 Simulation of the eye rivalry data of (Lee, Blake 1999).
|| [Binocular, [left, right] eye] activity image p400fig11.40 When planar 2D parallelograms are justaposed, the resultant forms generate 3D percepts that are sensitive to the configuration of angles and edges in the fugure. See the text for why.
|| 3D representation of 2D images, Monocular cues (eg angles) can interact together to yield 3D interpretation. Monocular cues by themselves are often ambiguous. Same angles and shapes, different surface slants. How do these ambiguous 2D shapes contextually define a 3D object form? image p401fig11.41 The 3D LAMINART model proposes how angle cells and disparity-gradient interact through learning to generate 3D representations of slanted objects.
|| 3D LAMINART model. [LGN, V1, V2, V4] Four key additions: 1. Angle cells - tuned to various angles; 2. Disparity-gradient cells - tuned to disparity gradients in the image; 3. weights from [angle to disparity-gradient] cells - learned while viewing 3D image; Colinear grouping between [angle to disparity-gradient] cells - disambiguates ambiguous groupings. image p401fig11.42 A hypothetical cortical hypercolumn structure proposes how angle cells and disparity-gradient cells, including bipole cells that stay within a given depth, may self-organize during development.
|| Hypercolumn representation of angles [leftm right] cart [far-to-near, zero, near-to-far] image p402fig11.43 A pair of disparate images of a scene from the University of Tsukuba. Multiview imagre database.
|| input [left, right] image p402fig11.44 3D scenic reconstruction of the image in Figure 11.43 by the 3D LAMINART model.
|| Disparity [5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14]: images of objects in common depth planes image p403fig11.45 The multiple boundary and surface scales that were used to simulate a reconstruction of the SAR image in Figure 3.24.
|| SAR processing by multiple scales. [boundaries before completion, boundaries after completion, surface filling-in] versus scale [small, medium, large]. large scale bipole image p405fig12.01 A What ventral cortical stream and Where/How dorsal cortical stream have been described for audition, no less than for vision.
|| Partietal lobe: where; Temporal lobe: what. V1-> [[what: IT], [where: PPC-> DLPFC]]. A1-> [[what: [ST-> VLPFC], VLPFC], [where: [PPC-> DLPFC], DLPFC]]. image p406fig12.02 The Vector Integration to Endpoint, or VITE, model of arm trajectory formation enables the three S"s of a movement to be realized: Synergy formation, Synchrony of muscles within a synergy, and variable Speed that is under volitional control (G). This is accomplished by subtracting a present position vector (P) from a target position vector (T) to form a difference vector (V) which moves P towards T at a speed that is determined by G.
|| The three S"s of movement control. T-> D [-> [[D]+G]-> P->], P-> D (inhib), G-> [[D]+G]. 1. Synergy - Defining T determines the muscle groups that will contract during the movement. 2. Synchrony - When G turns on, all muscle groups for which D != 0 contract by variable amounts in equal time. Because G multiplies D, it does not change the direction in which P moves to acquire T: straight line movement. 3. Speed - P integrates D at rate G until P = T. Increasing (decreasing) G makes the movement faster (slower). image p407fig12.03 Neurophysiological data showing how motor cortical cells code different vectors that are sensitive to both the direction of the commanded movement and its length.
|| (a) Single primary motor cortex neuron, onset of movement -> on..., radial architecture... (b) Motor cortex neuronal population, radial architecture... image p409fig12.04 (top half) Neurophysiological data of vector cell responses in motor cortex. (bottom half) VITE model simulations of a simple movement in which the model"s difference vector simulates the data as an emergent property of network interactions.
|| Neurophysiological data. VITE model [Present Position vector, Difference vector, Outflow velocity vector, go signal]. image p410fig12.05 VITE simulation of velocity profile invariance if the same GO signal gates shorter (a) or longer (b) movements. Note the higher velocities in (b).
|| [[short, long] cart [G, dP/dt]] vs time. G = GO signal, dP/dt = velocity profile. image p410fig12.06 Monkeys seamlessly transformed a movement initiated towards the 2 o"clock target into one towards the 10 o"clock target when the later target was substituted 50 or 100 msec after activation of the first target light.
|| image p411fig12.07 The left column simulation by VITE shows the velocity profile when the GO signal (G) starts with the movement. The right signal column shows that the peak velocity is much greater if a second movement begins when the GO signal is already positive.
|| Higher peak velocity due to target switching. VITE simulation of higher peak speed if second target rides on first GO signal. [[first, second] target cart [G, dP/dt]] vs time. Second target GO is much higher. G = GO signal, dP/dt = velocity profile. image p411fig12.08 Agonist-antagonist opponent organization of difference vector (DV) and present position vector (PPV) processing stages and how GO signals gate them.
|| image p412fig12.09 How a Vector Associative Map, or VAM, model uses mismatch learning during its development to calibrate inputs from a target position vector (T) and a present position vector (P) via mismatch learning of adaptive weights at the difference vector (D). See the text for details.
|| Vector Associative Map model (VAP). During critical period, Endogenous Random Generator (ERG+) tirns on, activates P, and causes random movements that sample workspace. When ERG+ shuts off, posture occurs. ERG- then turns on (rebound) and opens Now Print (NP) gate, that dumps P into T. Mismatch learning enables adaptive weights between T and D to change until D (the mismatch) appoaches 0. Then T and P are both correctly calibrated to represent the same positions. image p413fig12.10 Processing stages in cortical areas 4 and 5 whereby the VITE model combines outflow VITE trajectory formation signals with inflow signals from the spinal cord and cerebellum that enable it to carry out movements with variable loads and in the presence of obstacles. See the text for details.
|| area 4 (rostral) <-> area 5 (caudal). image p414fig12.11 Neurophysiological data from cortical areas 4 and 5 (every other column) and simulations thereof (other columns) during a reach.
|| activation vs time. (a) area 4 phasic RT (IFV) (b) area 4 tonic (OPV) (c) area 4 phasic-tonic (OFPV) (d) area 4 phasic MT (DVV) (e) area 5 phasic (DV) (f) area 5 tonic (PPV) image p415fig12.12 The combined VITE, FLETE, cerebellar, and multi-joint opponent muscle model for trajectory formation in the presence of variable forces and obstacles.
|| image p416fig12.13 The DIRECT model learns, using a circular reaction that is energized by an Endogenous Random Generator, or ERG, to make motor-equivalent volitionally-activated reaches. This circular reaction learns a spatial representation of a target in space. It can hereby make accurate reaches with clamped joints and on its first try using a tool under visual guidance; see Figure 12.16.
|| DIRECT model (Bulloch, Grossberg, Guenther 1993). learns by circular reaction. learns spatial reresentation to me4diate between vision and action. motor-equivalent reaching. can reach target with clamped joints. can reach target with a TOOL on the first try under visual guidance. How did tool use arise?! image p416fig12.14 Computer simulations of DIRECT reaches with (b) a tool, (c) a clamped elbow, and (d) with a blindfold, among other constraints.
|| Computer simulationsd of direct reaches [unconstrained, with TOOL, elbow clamped at 140°, blindfolded] image p417fig12.15 The DIRECT and DIVA models have homologous circuits to learn and control motor-equivalent reaching and speaking, with tool use and coarticulation resulting properties. See the text for why.
|| From Seeing and Reaching to Hearing and Speaking, Circular reactions (Piaget 1945, 1951, 1952). Homologous circuits for development and learning of motor-equivalent REACHING and SPEAKING. DIRECT TOOL use (Bullock, Grossberg, Guenther 1993), DIVA Coarticulation (Guenther 1995) image p418fig12.16 Anatomical interpretations of the DIVA model processing stages.
|| [Feedforward control system (FF), Feedback control subsystem (FB)]. Speech sound map (Left Ventral Premotor Cortex (LVPC)), Cerebellum, Articulatory velocity and position maps (Motor Cortex (MC)), Somatosensory Error Map (Inferior Parietal Cortex (IPC)), Auditory Error Map (Superior Temporal Cortex (STC)), Auditory State Map (Superior Temporal Cortex)), Somatosensory State Map (Inferior Parietal Cortex)), articulatory musculature via subcortical nuclei, auditory feedback via subcortical nuclei image p419fig12.17 The auditory continuity illusion illustrates the ART Matching Rule at the level of auditory streaming. Its "backwards in time" effect of future context on past conscious perception is a signature of resonance.
|| Auditory continuity illusion. input, percept. Backwards in time - How does a future sound let past sound continue through noise? Resonance! - It takes a while to kick in. After it starts, a future tone can maintain it much more quickly. Why does this not happen if there is no noise? - ART Matching Rule! TD harmonic filter is maodulatory without BU input. It cannot create something out of nothing. image p420fig12.18 The ARTSTREAM model explains and simulates the auditory continuity illusion as an example of a spectral-pitch resonance. Interactions of ART Matching Rule and asymmetric competition mechanisms in cortical strip maps explain how the tone selects the consistent frequency from the noise in its own stream while separating the rest of the noise into another stream.
|| ARTSTREAM model (Grossberg 1999; Grossberg, Govindarajan, Wyse, Cohen 2004). SPINET. Frequency and pitch strips. Bottom Up (BU) harmonic sieve. Top Down (TD) harmonic ART matching. Exclusive allocation. Learn pitch categories based on early harmonic processing. A stream is a Spectral-Pitch Resonance! image p422fig12.19 The ARTSTREAM model includes mechanisms for deriving streams both from pitch and from source direction. See the text for details.
|| [left, right] cart Peripheral processing = [input signal-> outer & middle ear preemphasis-> basilar membrane gammatone filterbank-> energy measure]. Spectral stream layer-> spectral summation layer-> delays-> [f-, tau] plane-> pitch stream layer-> pitch summation layer. image p423fig12.20 The Spatial Pitch Network, or SPINET, model shows how a log polar spatial representation of the sound frequency spectrum can be derived from auditory signals occuring in time. The spatial representation allows the ARTSTREAM model to compute spatially distinct auditory streams.
|| SPINET model (Spatial Pitch Network) (Cohen, Grossberg, Wyse 1995). 1. input sound 2. Gamma-tone filter bank 3. Shaort-term average energy spectrum 4. MAP transfer function 5. On-center off-surround and rectification 6. Harmonic weighting 7. Harmonic summation and competition -> PITCH image p424fig12.21 One of the many types of data about pitch processing that are simulated by the SPINET model. See the text for details.
|| Pitch shifts with component shifts (Patterson, Wightman 1976; Schouten 1962). Pitch vs lowest harmonic number. image p424fig12.22 Decomposition of a sound (bottom row) in terms of three of its harmonics (top three rows).
|| image p425fig12.23 ARTSTREAM simulations of the auditory continuity illusion and other streaming properties (left column, top row). When two tones are separated by silence (Input), a percept of silence also separates them in a spectral-pitch resonance. (left column, bottom row). When two tones are separated by broadband noise, the percept of tone continues through the noise in one stream (stream 1) while the remainder of the noise occurs in a different stream (stream 2). (right column) Some of the other streaming properties that have been simulated by the ARTSTREAM model.
|| Auditory continuity does not occur without noise. Auditory continuity in noise. Other simulated streaming data. image p426fig12.24 Spectrograms of /ba/ and /pa/ show the transient and sustained parts of their spectrograms.
|| image p428fig12.25 (left architecture) Auditory-articulatory feedback loop whereby babbled sounds active learning in an imitative map that is later used to learn to reproduce the sounds of other speakers. An articulatory-to-auditory expectation renders learning possible by making the auditory and motor data dimensionally consistent, as in the motor theory of speech. (right architecture) Parallel streams in the ARTSPEECH model for learning speaker-independent speech and language meaning, including a mechanism for speaker normalization (right cortical stream) and for learning speaker-dependent vocalic qualities (left cortical stream).
|| left: Speaker-dependent vocalic qualities; right: Speaker-independent speech and language meaning image p430fig12.26 The NormNet model shows how speaker normalization can be achieved using specializations of the same mechanisms that create auditory streams. See the text for how.
|| [Anchor vs Stream] log frequency map. -> diagonals-> Speaker-independent acoustic item information-> [BU adaptive filter, TD learned expectation]-> leaned item recognition categories image p431fig12.27 The strip maps that occur in ARTSTREAM and NormNet are variants of a cortical design that aalso creates ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex.
|| Adult organization of V1 (Grinvald etal http://www.weizmann.ac.il/brain/images/cubes.html). (1) Occular dominance columns (OCDs): Alternating strips of cortex respond preferentially to visual inputs of each eye (R/L corresponds to Right and Left eye inputs in the figure); Orientation columns: A smooth pattern of changing orientation preference within each ODC. Organized in a pinwheel like fashion. image p432fig12.28 (left image) The SpaN model simulates how spatial representations of numerical quantities are generated in the parietal cortex. (right image) Behavior numerosity data and SpaN model simulations of it.
|| (Left) preprocessor-> spatial number map-> Comparison wave. (Right) data axis: number of lever presses; model axis: node position in the spatial number axis image p433fig12.29 Learning of place-value number maps language categories in the What cortical stream into numerical strip maps in the Where cortical stream. See the text for details.
|| (1) spoken word "seven"-> (2) What processing stream- learned number category <-> (3) What-Where learned assoociations <- (4) Where processing stream- spatial number map <-(5) visual clues of seven objects image p436fig12.30 The conscious ARTWORD, or cARTWORD, laminar cortical speech model simulates how future context can disambiguate noisy past speech sounds in such a way that the completed percept is consciously heard to proceed from past to future as a feature-item-list resonant wave propagates through time.
|| cARTWORD: Laminar cortical model macrocircuit (Grossberg, Kazerounian 2011) Simulates PHONEMIC RESTORATION: Cognitive Working Memory (processed item sequences) - [Excitatory-> inhibitory-> habituative-> adaptive filter-> adaptive filter-> adaptive filter with depletable synapse-> Acoustic [item, feature] image p436fig12.31 Working memories do not store longer sequences of events in the correct temporal order. Instead, items at the beginning and end of the list are oftem called first, and with the highest probability.
|| Working memory. How to design a working memory to code "Temporal Order Information" in STM before it is stored in LTM. Speech, language, sensory-motor control, cognitive planning. eg repeat a telephone number unless you are distracted first. Temporal order STM is often imperfect, eg Free Recall. [probability, order] of recall vs list position. WHY? image p437fig12.32 Data from a free recall experiment illustrate the bowed serial position curve.
|| Serial position function for free recall Data: (Murdock 1962 JEP 64, 482-488). % correct vs position of word on a 40-word list. Primacy gradient can be a mixture of STM and LTM read-out. image p437fig12.33 Item and Order working memory models explain free recall data, as well as many other psychological and neurobiological data, by simulating how temporal series of events are stored as evolving spatial patterns of activity at content-addressable item categories. The categories with the largest activities are rehearsed first, and self-inhibit their activity as they do so in order to prevent tem from being rehearsed perseveratively. The laws whereby the items are stored in working memory obey basic design principles concerning list categories, or chunks, of sequences of stored items can be stably remembered.
|| Working memory models: item and order, or competitive queuing (Grossberg 1978; Houghton 1990; Page, Norris 1998). Event sequence in time stored as an evolving spatial pattern of activity. Primacy gradient of working memory activation stores correct temporal order at content-addressable cells. Maximally activated cell populations is performed next when a rehearsal wave is turned on. Output signal from chosen cell population inhibits its own activity to prevent perseveration: inhibition of return. Iterate until entire sequence is performed. image p438fig12.34 The LTM Invariance Principle insists that words being stored in working memory for the first time (eg MYSELF) do not cause catastrophic forgetting of the categories that have already been learned for their subwords (eg MY, SELF, and ELF) or other subset linguistic groups.
|| LTM invariance principle. unfamiliar STM -> LTM familiar. How does STM storage of SELF influence STM storage of MY? It should not recode LTM of either MY or SELF! image p439fig12.35 The Normalization Rule insists that the total activity of stored items in working memory has an upper bound that is approximately independent of the number of items that are stored.
|| Normalization Rule (Grossberg 1978). Total STM activity has a finite bound independent of the number of items (limited capacity of STM). Activity vs Items for [slow, quick] asymptotic energy growth. image p439fig12.36 (1) Inputs to Item and Order working memories are stored by content-addressable item categories. (2) The relative activities of the item categories code the temporal order of performance. (3) In addition to excitatory recurrent signals from each working memory cell (population) to itself, there are also inhibitory recurrent signals to other working memory cells, in order to solve the noise-saturation dilemma. (4) A nonspecific rehearsal wave allows the most active cell to be rehearsed first. (5) As an item is being rehearsed, it inhibits its own activity using a feedback inhibitory interneuron. Persevervation performance is hereby prevented.
|| Item and order working memories. (1) Content-addressable item codes (2) Temporal order stored as relative sizes of item activities (3) Competition between working memory cells: Competition balances the positive feedback that enables the cells to remain active. Without it, cell activities may all saturate at their maximal values-> Noise saturation dilemma again! (4) Read-out by nonspecific reheasal wave- Largest activity is the first out (5) STM reset self-inhibition prevents perseveration: [input/self-excitatory, rehearsal wave]-> [output, self-inhibition] image p440fig12.37 Simulation of a primacy gradient for a short list (left image) being transformed into a bowed gradient for a longer list (right image). Activities of cells that store the longer list are smaller die to the Normalization Rule, which follows from the shunting inhibition in the working memory network.
|| Primacy bow as more items stored. [activities, final y] (Left) Primacy gradient 6 items (Right) Bowed gradient 20 items image p441fig12.38 The LTM Invariance Principle is realized if the relative sizes of the inputs to the list chunk level stay the same as more items are stored in working memory. This property, in turn, follows from shunting previously stored working memory activities when a ne4w item occurs.
|| LTM Invariance principle. Choose STM activities so that newly stored STM activities may alter the size of old STM activities without recoding their LTM patterns. In particular: New events do not change the relative activities of past event sequences, but may reduce their absolute activites. Why? Bottom-up adaptive filtering uses dot products: T(j) = sum[i=1 to n: x(i)*z(i,j) = total input to v(j). The relative sizes of inputs to coding nodes v(j) are preserved. x(i) -> w*x(i), 0 < w <= 1, leaves all past ratios T(j)/T(k) unchanged. image p442fig12.39 (left column, top row) How a shunt plus normalization can lead to a bow in the stored working memory spatial pattern. Time increases in each row as every item is stored with activity 1 before it is shunted by w due to each successive item"s storage, and the total working memory activity in each row is normalized to a total activity of 1. (right column, top row) When the working memory stored pattern is shunted sufficiently strongly (w > 1/2), then the pattern bows at position 2 in the list as more items are stored through time. (left column, bottom row) LTM invariance can be generalized to consider arbitrary amounts of attention u, being paid when the i_th item is stored with an arbitrary amount of shunting w(j) to the j_th item. (right colum, bottom row) The Normalization Rule can also be generalized to approach the maximum possible normalized total activity that is stored across all the working memory cells at different rates.
|| Shunt normalization -> STM bow. (topLeft) Algebraic working memory (Grossberg 1978) (topRight) Strong inhibition of new inputs by stored STM items. Bow at position 2. Can we classify all working memory codes of this type? Yes! (bottomLeft) 1. LTM invariance principle (bottomRight) 2. Normalization Rule (Kahneman, Beatty 1966) image p442fig12.40 Given the hypothesis in Figure 12.39 (right column, bottom row) and a generalized concept of steady, albeit possibly decreasing, attention to each item as it is stored in working memory, only a primacy, or bowed gradient of activity across the working memory items can be stored.
|| LTM Invariance + Normalization. (... given conditions ...) Then the x(i) can ONLY form: [primacy gradient, recency gradient, unimodal bow] image p443fig12.41 Neurophysiological data from the Averbeck etal sequential copying experiments show the predicted primacy gradient in working memory and the self-inhibition of activity as an item is stored. When only the last item remains stored, it has the highest activity becasuse it has been freed from inhibition by earlier items.
|| Neurophysiology of sequential copying image p444fig12.42 The LIST PARSE laminar cortical model of working memory and list chunking that I published with Lance Pearson in 2008 simulated the Averbeck etal data in Figure 12.41, as in the left column of the figure. It also simulated cognitive data about working memory storage by human subjects. See the text for details.
|| LIST PARSE: Laminar cortical model of working memory and list chunking (Grossberg, Pearson 2008). Simulates data about: [immediate, delayed, continuous] distractor free recall; immediate serial recall; and variable-speed sequential perfomance of motor acts. [velocity, acceleration] vs time (ms) from recall cue. image p445fig12.43 The LIST PARSE laminar cortical Cognitive Working Memory circuit, that is proposed to occur in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, is homologous to the LAMINART circuit circuit that models aspects of how visual cortex sees. The Motor Working Memory, VITE Trajectory Generator, and Variable-Rate Volitional Control circuits model how other brain regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, interact with the Cognitive Working Memory to control working memory storage and variable-rate performance of item sequences.
|| List parse circuit diagram. Connectivity convention. sequence chunks [<- BU filter, TD expectation ->] working memory. Working memory and sequence chunking circuit is homologous to visual LAMINART circuit! image p446fig12.44 (left column, top row) LIST PARSE can model linguistic data from human subjects. In this figure, model parameters are fixed to enable a close fit to data about error-type distributions in immediate free recall experiments, notably transposition errors. (right column, top row) Simulation and data showing bowing of the serial position curve, including an extended primacy gradient. (left column, bottom row) The simulation curve overlays data about list length effects, notably the increasing recall difficulty of longer lists during immediate serial recall (ISR). (right column, bottom row) Simulation (bottom image) and data (top image) of the limited temporal extent for recall.
|| (1. TL) Error-type distributions in immediate serial recall (Hanson etal 1996). % occurence vs serial position. Graph convention: Data- dashed lines; Simulations- solid lines. Six letter visual ISR. Order errors- transpositions of neighboring items are the most common. Model explanation: Noisy activation levels change relative oorder in primacy gradient. Similar activation of neighboring items most susceptible to noise. Model paramenters fitted on these data. (2. TR) Bowing of serial position curve (Cowan etal 1999). % correct vs serial position. Auditory ISR with various list lengths (graphs shifted rightward): For [, sub-]span lists- extended primacy, with one (or two) item recency; Auditory presentation- enhanced performance for last items. LIST PARSE: End effects- first and last items half as many members; Echoic memory- last presented item retained in separate store. (3. BL) List length effects, circles (Crannell, Parrish 1968), squares (Baddeley, Hitch 1975), solid line- simulation. % list correct vs list length. Variable list length ISR: longer lists are more difficult to recall. LIST PARSE: More items- closer activation levels and lower absolute activity level with enough inputs; Noise is more likely to produce order errors, Activity levels more likely to drop below threshold;. (4. BR) Limited temporal extent for recall (Murdoch 1961). % recalled vs retention interval (s). ISR task with distractor-filled retention intervals (to prevent rehersal): Increasing retention interval - decreases probabilty of recalling list correctly; Load dependence- longer list more affected by delays; Performance plateau- subjects reach apparent asymptote. LIST PARSE: Increase convergence of activities with time; loss of order information;. image p447fig12.45 (left column) LIST PARSE simulations of the proportion of order errors as a function of serial position for 6 item lists with (a) an extended pause of 7 time units between the third and fourth items, and (b) pauses of 5 time units (solid curve) and 10 time units (dashed curve) between all items. (right column) Simulations (solid curves) and data (dashed curves) illustrating close model fits in various immediate free recall tasks.
|| (Left) Temporal grouping and presentation variability. Temporal grouping: Inserting an extended pause leads to inter-group bowing; Significantly different times of integration and activity levels across pause, fewer interchanges. (Right) Immediate free recall, and [delayed, continuous] distractor-free recall. Overt rehersal IFR task with super-span (ie 20 item) lists: Extended recency- even more extended with shorter ISIs; Increased probability of recall with diminished time from last rehearsal; Early items in list rehearsed most;. LIST PARSE (unique) for long lists: Incoming items from recency gradient; Rehearsal (re-presentation) based upon level of activity. image p448fig12.46 A Masking Field working memory is a multiple-scale self-similar recurrent shunting on-center off-surround network. It can learn list chunks that respond selectively to lists of item chunks of variable length that are stored in an item working memory at the previous processing stage. Chunks that code for longer lists (eg MY vs MYSELF) are larger, and give rise to stronger recurrent inhibitory neurons (red arrows).
|| How to code variable length lists? MASKING FIELDS code list chunks of variable length (Cohen, Grossberg 1986, 1987; Grossberg, Kazerounian 2011, 2016; Grossberg, Meyers 2000; Grossberg, Pearson 2008). Multiple-scale self-similar WM: Masking field, adaptive filter. Variable length coding- Masjking fields select list chunks that are sensitive to WM sequences of variable length; Selectivity- Larger cells selectively code code longer lists; Assymetric competition- Larger cells can inhibit smaller cells more than conversely MAgic Number 7! Temporal order- different list chunks respond to the same items in different orders eg LEFT vs FELT;. image p449fig12.47 This figure illustrates the self-similarity in a Masking Field of both its recurrent inhibitory connections (red arrows) and its top-down excitatory priming signals (green arrows) to the item chunk working memory.
|| Both recurrent inhibition and top-down excitatory priming are self-similar in a masking field. MYSELF <-> [MY, MYSELF] image p452fig12.48 (left column) In experiments of (Repp etal 1978), the silence duration between the words GRAY and SHIP was varied, as was the duration of the fricative noise in S, with surprising results. (right column) The red arrow directs our attention to surprising perceptual changes as silence and noise durations increase. See the text for details.
|| Perceptual integration of acoustic cues, data (Repp etal 1978). GRAY-> silence duration-> SHIP (noise duration from start of word). Noise duration vs silence duration: GRAY SHIP <-> [GREAT SHIP <-> GRAY CHIP] <-> GREAT CHIP. image p453fig12.49 The ARTWORD model that I published in 2000 with my PhD student Christopher Myers simulates data such as the (Repp etal 1978) data in Figure 12.68. See the text for details.
|| ARTWORD model (Grossberg, Myers 2000). Input phonetic features-> Phonemic item working memory-> Masking Field unitized lists-> Automatic gain control-> Phonemic item working memory. [habituative gate, adaptive filter]s. image p453fig12.50 The ARTWORD perception cycle shows how sequences of items activate possible list chunks, which compete among each other and begin to send their top-down expectations back to the item working memory. An item-list resonance develops through time as a result.
|| ARTWORD perception cycle. (a) bottom-up activation (b) list chunk competition (c) item-list resonance (d) chunk reset due to habituative collapse. image p454fig12.51 (left column) Even as a resonance with the list chunk GRAY begins to develop, if the delay between "gray" and "chip" is increased, greater habituation of this resonance may allow the GREAT chunk to begin to win, thereby smoothly transfering the item-list resonance from GRAY to GREAT through time. (right column) Simulation of a resonant treansfer from GRAY to GREAT, and back again as the silence interval between the words {gray" and "chip" increases. The red region between GRAY and GREAT curves calls attention to when GREAT wins. See the text for details.
|| Resonant transfer, as silence interval increases. (left) Delay GRAY resonance weakens. A delayed additional item can facilitate perception of a longer list. (right) GRAY-> GREAT-> GRAY. image p455fig12.52 Simulation of cARTWORD dynamics in response to the complete list /1/-/2/-/3/. The relevant responses are surrounded by a red box.
|| Presentation of a normal sequence: input /1/-/2/-/3/. |c(i,1)-5| vs time (msec). List chunks select most predictive code. Order stored in WM layers. Resonant activity of /1/-/2/-/3/ in item and feature layers corresponds to conscious speech percept. image p456fig12.53 Simulation of cARTWORD dynamics in response to the partial list /1/-silence-/3/ with /2/ replaced by silence. Only the representations of these items can be seen in the red box.
|| Presentation with silence duration: input /1/-silence-/3/. |c(i,1)-5| vs time (msec). List chunks select most predictive code. Order stored in WM layers. Gap in resonant activity of /1/-silence-/3/ in item and feature layers corresponds to perceived silence. image p456fig12.54 Item /2/ is restored in the correct list position in response to the list /1/-noise-/3/.
|| Presentation with noise: input /1/-noise-/3/. |c(i,1)-5| vs time (msec). List chunks select the most predictive code. Order restored in WM layers. Resonant activity of /1/-/2/-/3/ in item and feature layers corresponds to restoration of item /2/ replaced by noise in input. image p457fig12.55 Item /4/ is restored in the correct list position in response to the list /1/-noise-/5/. This and the previous figure show how future context can disambiguate past noisy sequences that are otherwise identical.
|| Presentation with noise: input /1/-noise-/5/. |c(i,1)-5| vs time (msec). List chunks select the most predictive code. Order restored in WM layers. Resonant activity of /1/-/4/-/3/ in item and feature layers corresponds to restoration of item /4/ replaced by noise in input. image p459fig12.56 (Grossberg, Pearson 2008) proposed that the ability of working memories to store repeated items in a sequence represents rank information about the position of an item in a list using numerical hypercolumns in the prefrontal cortex (circels with numbered sectors: 1,2,3,4). These numerical hypercolumns are conjointly activated by inputs from item categories and from the analog spatial representation of numerosity in the parietal cortex. Thes parietal representations (overlapping Gausian activity profiles that obey a Weber Law) had earlier been modeled by (Grossberg, Repin 2003). See the text for details.
|| Item-order-rank working memory, rank information from parietal numerosity cicuit (Grossberg, Peaarson 2008; Grossberg, Repin 2003). [Sensory working memory-> adaptive filter-> list chunk-> attentive prime-> Motor working memory]-> [large, small] numbers-> transfer functions with variable thresholds and slopes-> uniform input-> integrator amplitude-> number of transient sensory signals. image p460fig12.57 The lisTELOS architecture explains and simulates how sequences of saccadic eye movement commands can be stored in a spatial working memory and recalled. Multiple brain regions are needed to coordinate these processes, notably three different basal ganglia loops to replace saccade storage, choice, and performance, and the supplementary eye fields (SEF) to choose the next saccadic command from a stored sequence. Because all working memories use a similar network design, this model can be used as a prototype for storing and recalling many other kinds of cognitive, spatial, and motor information. See the text for details.
|| lisTELOS model- Spatial working memory (Silver, Grossberg, Bulloch, Histed, Miller 2011). Simulates how [PPC, PFC, SEF, FEF, SC] interact with 3 BG loops to learn and perform sequences of saccadic eye movements. image p461fig12.58 The lisTELOS model built upon key processes that were earlier modeled by the TELOS model. See the text for details.
|| TELOS model (Brown, Bulloch, Grossberg 1999, 2004). shows [BG nigro-[thalamic, collicular], FEF, ITa, PFC, PNR-THAL, PPC, SEF, SC, V1, V4/ITp, Visual Cortex input] and [GABA]. image p462fig12.59 The TELOS model clarifies how reactive vs. planned eye movements may be properly balanced against one another, notably how a fast reactive movement is prevented from occuring in response to onset of a cue that requires a different, and more contextually appropriate, response, even if the latter response takes longer to be chosen and performed. The circuit explains how "the brain knows it before it knows" what this latter response should be by changing the balance of excitation to inhibition in the basal ganglie (BG) to keep the reactive gate stays shut until the correct target position can be chosen by a frontal-parietal resonance.
|| Balancing reactive vs. planned movements (Brown, Bulloch, Grossberg 2004). (a) shows [FEF, PPC]-> [BG, SC], and BG-> SC. (b) FTE vs time (msec) for [fixation, saccade, overlap, gap, delayed saccade] tasks. image p463fig12.60 Rank-related activity in prefrontal cortex and supplementary eye fields from two different experiments. See the text for details.
|| Rank-related activity in PFC and SEF. Prefrontal cortex (Averbeck etal 2003) [sqare, inverted triangle]. Supplementary eye field (Isoda, Tanju 2002). image p464fig12.61 (left column) A microstimulating electrode causes a spatial gradient of habituation. (right column) The spatial gradient of habituation that is caused by microstimulation alters the order of saccadic performance of a stored sequence, but not which saccades are performed, using interactions between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) working memory and the supplemental eye field (SEF) saccadic choice.
|| (left) Microstimulation causes habituation (Grossberg 1968). Stimulation caused habituation. Cells close to the stimulation site habituate most strongly. (right) Stimulation biases selection PFC-> SEF-> SEF. PFC Activity gradient in working memory, SEF Microstimulation causes habituation, During selection habituated nodes are less likely to win this competition. image p464fig12.62 The most habituated positions have their neuronal activites most reduced, other things being equal, as illustrated by the gradient from deep habituation (red) to less habituation (pink). The saccadic performance orders (black arrows) consequently tend to end in the most habituated positions that have been stored.
|| The most habituated position is foveated last. For each pair of cues, the cue closest to the stimulation site is most habituated -- and least likely to be selected. Because stimulation spreads in all directions, saccade trajectories tend to converge. image p465fig12.63 Neurophysiological data (left image) and lisTELOS stimulation (right figure) showing how microstimulation biases saccadic performance order but not the positions to which the saccades will be directed. See the text for details.
|| Saccade trajectories converge to a single location in space. Microstimulation biased selection so saccade trajectories converged toward a single location in space. [Data, model] contra <-> Ipsi (msec) image p467fig12.64 Some of the auditory cortical regions that respond to sustained or transient sounds. See text for details.
|| Some auditory cortical regions. Core <-> belt <-> parabelt. [Belt, Core, ls, PAi, Parabelt, PGa, TAs, TE, TP, TPO, st s]. image p468fig12.65 Linguistic properties of the PHONET model and some of the data that it simulates. The upper left image summarizes the asymmetric transient-to-sustained gain control that helps to create invariant intraword ratios during variable-rate speech. The lower left image summarizes the rate-dependent gain control of the ARTPHONE model that creates rate-invariant working memory representations in response to sequences of variable-rate speech. The right image summarizes the kind of paradoxical VC-CV category boundary data of (Repp 1980) that ARTPHONE simulates. See the text for details.
|| (left upper) [transient, sustained] [working memory, filter, category]. (left lower) phone inputs-> [input rate estimate, features], Features w <- habituative transmitter gates -> categories-> rate invariant phonetic output, input rate estimate-> gain control-> [features, categories] rate-dependent integration of categories and features. (right) % 2-stop vs VC-CV silent interval (msec): [ib-ga, ib-ba, iga, iba]. image p469fig12.66 (left column) A schematic of how preserving relative duration, as in the first and third images, of consonant and vowel pairs can preserve a percept, in this case of /ba/, but not doing so, as in the first and second images, can cause a change in percept, as from /ba/ to /wa/, as in the data of (Miller, Liberman 1979) that PHONET simulates. (right column) Changing frequency extent can also cause a /ba/ - /wa/ transition, as shown in data of (Schwab, Sawusch, Nusbaum 1981) that PHONET also simulates.
|| (left image) Maintaining relative duration as speech speeds up preserves percept (Miller, Liberman 1979). frequency vs time- [/ba/, /wa/, /ba/] (right image) Changing frequency extent causes /b/-/wa/ transition (Schwab, Sawusch, Nusbaum 1981). frequency vs time- [/ba/, /wa/] Dt extent. image p469fig12.67 PHONET contains transient and sustained cells that respond to different kinds of sounds, notably the transients of certain consonants and the sustained sounds of certain vowels. It then uses the transient working memory to gain contol the integration rate of the sustained working memory to which these different detectors input.
|| Phonetic model summary. (left) Acoustic tokens [consonant, vowel]. (middle) Acoustic detectors [transient (sensitive to rate), Sustained (sensitive to duration)]. (right) Working memory, Spatially stored transient pattern (extent) + gain control-> spatially stored sustained pattern. image p471fig12.68 A mismatch reset of /b/ in response to the /g/ in [ib]-[ga] can rapidly shut off the [ib] percept, leading to the percept of [ga] after an interval of silence. In contrast, resonant fusion of the two occurences of /b/ in [ib]-[ba] can cause a continuous percept of sound [iba] to occur during times at which silence is heard in response to [ib]-[ga].
|| Mismatch vs resonant fusion image p473fig12.69 Error rate and mean reaction time (RT) data from the lexical decision experiments of (Schvanevelt, McDonald 1981). ART Matching Rule properties explain these data in (Grossberg, Stone 1986).
|| (left) Error rate vs type of prime [R, N, U], [non,] word. (right) Mean RT (msec) vs type of prime [R, N, U], [non,] word. image p474fig12.70 The kind of model macrocircuit that was used in (Grossberg, Stone 1986) to explain lexical decision task data.
|| inputs-> A1 <-> A2 oconic sensory features <-> A3 item and order in sensory STM <-> A4 list parsing in STM (masking field) <-> A5 semantic network (self-feedback). [A4, A5] <-> V* visual object recognition system. M1-> [outputs, A1]. M1 <-> M2 iconic motor features <-> M3 item and order in motor STM. A2-> M2. A3-> M3. image p476fig12.71 Word frequency data of (Underwood, Freund 1970) that were explained in (Grossberg, Stone 1986).
|| percent errors vs frequency of old words [L-H to H-H, L-L to H-L]. image p481fig13.01 Macrocircuit of the functional stages and anatomical interpretations of the Cognitive-Emotional-Motor, or CogEM, model.
|| Drive-> hypothalamus value categories <-> amygdala incentive motivational learning-> Orbitofrontal cortex- object-value categories <-> sensory cortex- invariant object categories- conditioned reinforcer learning-> amygdala-> hypothalamus. image p483fig13.02 The object-value categories in the orbitofrontal cortex require converging specific inputs from the sensory cortex and nonspecific incentive motivational inputs from the amygdala in order to fire. When the orbitofrontal cortex fires, it can deliver top-down ART Matching Rule priming signals to the sensory cortical area by which it was activated, thereby helping to choose the active recognition categories there that have the most emotional support, while suppressing others, leading to attentional blocking of irrelevant cues.
|| Cognitive-Emotional-Motor (CogEM) model. Drive-> amygdala incentive motivational learning-> orbitofrontal cortex- need converging cue and incentive iputs to fire <-> sensory cortex- conditioned renforcer learning-> amygdala. CS-> sensory cortex. Motivated attention closes the cognitive-emotional feedback loop, focuses on relevant cues, and causes blocking of irrelevant cues. image p483fig13.03 The predicted processing stages of CogEM have been supported by anatomical studies of connections between sensory cortices, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex.
|| Adapted from (Barbas 1995). sensory cortices = [visual, somatosensory, auditory, gustatory, olfactory]. sensory cortices-> amygdala-> orbital prefrontal cortex. sensory cortices-> orbital prefrontal cortex. [visual cortex, amygdala]-> lateral prefrontal cortex. image p484fig13.04 The top-down feedback from the orbitofrontal cortex closes a feedback loop that supports a cognitive-emotional resonance. If this resonance can be sustained long enough, it enables us to have feelings at the same time that we experience the categories that caused them.
|| Cognitive-Emotional resonance. Basis of "core consciousness" and "the feeling of what happens". (Damasio 1999) derives heuristic version of CogEM model from his clinical data. Drive-> amygdala-> prefrontal cortex-> sensory cortex, resonance around the latter 3. How is this resonance maintained long enough to become conscious? image p484fig13.05 Classical conditioning is perhaps the simplest kind of associative learning.
|| Classical conditioning (nonstationary prediction). Bell (CS)-> (CR), Shock (US)-> Fear (UR), associative learning. image p485fig13.06 (left column) An inverted-U occurs in conditioned reinforcer strength as a function of the ISI between the CS and the US. Why is learning attenuated at 0 ISI? (right column) Some classical conditioning data that illustrate the inverted-U in conditioning as a function of the ISI.
|| InterStimulus Interval (ISI) effect. Data from (Dmith etal 1969; Schneiderman, Gormezano 1964). image p485fig13.07 The paradigm of secondary conditioning. See the text for details.
|| Secondary conditioning (Advertising!). [CS1, C2] become conditioned reinforcers. image p486fig13.08 The blocking paradigm illustrates how cues that do not predict different consequences may fail to be attended.
|| Blocking- minimal adaptive prediction. Phase [I, II] - CS2 is irrelevant. image p486fig13.09 Equally salient cues can be conditioned in parallel to an emotional consequence.
|| Parallel processing of equally salient cues vs overshadowing (Pavlov). image p486fig13.10 Blocking follows if both secondary conditioning and attenuation of conditioning at a zero ISI occur.
|| Blocking = ISI + secondary conditioning. image p487fig13.11 The three main properties of CogEM that help to explain how attentional blocking occurs.
|| CogEM explanation of attentional blocking. Internal drive input <-> Conditioned reinforcer learning (self-recurrent) <-> Competition for STM <- Motor learning. 1. Sensory representations compete for limited capacity STM. 2. Previously reinforced cues amplify their STM via positive feedback. 3. Other dues lose STM via competition. image p488fig13.12 (left column) How incentive motivational feedback amplifies activity of a sensory cortical cell population. (right column) A sensory cortical cell population whose activity is amplified by incentive motivational feedback can suppress the activities of less activated populations via self-normalizing recurrent competitive interactions.
|| Motivational feedback and blocking. (left) sensory input CS, STM activity without motivational feedback, STM activity with motivational feedback. (right) STM suppressed by competition, STM amplified by (+) feedback. image p489fig13.13 (top row) If a positive ISI separates onset of a CS and US, then the CS can sample the consequences of the US during the time interval before it is inhibited by it. (bottom row) A CogEM simulation of the inverted-U in conditioning as a function of the ISI betweeen CS and US.
|| Positive ISI and conditioning. image p490fig13.14 In order for conditioning to work properly, the sensory representation needs to have at least two successive processing stages. See the text for why.
|| Model of Cognitive-Emotional circuit. Drive-> Drive representation-> ??? <-> Sensory STM <-CS image p490fig13.15 The CogEM circuit is an ancient design that is found even in mollusks like Aplysia. See the text for details.
|| Aplysia (Buononamo, Baxter, Byrne, Neural Networks 1990; Grossberg, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1983). Facilitator neuron ~ drive representation. image p492fig13.16 (left column) In order to satisfy all four postulates, there needs to be UCS-activated arousal of polyvalent CS-activated sampling neuron. (right column) The arousal needs to be nonspecific in order to activate any of the CSs that could be paired with the UCS.
|| Polyvalent CS sampling and US-activated nonspecific arousal. image p493fig13.17 (top row) Overcoming the ostensible contradiction that seems to occur when attempting to simultaneously realize hypotheses (3) and (4). (bottom row) The problem is overcome by assuming the existence of US-activated drive representation to which CSs can be associated, and that activate nonspecific incentive motivational feedback to sensory representations.
|| Learning nonspecific arousal and CR read-out. (top) Learning to control nonspecific arousal, Learning to read-out the CR (bottom) Drive representation, Incentive motivation. image p494fig13.18 Realizing the above constraints favor one particular circuit. Circuits (a) and (b) are impossible. Circuit (d) allows previously occurring sensory cues to be stored in STM. Circuit (e) in addition enables a CS can be stored in STM without initiating conditioning in the absence of a US.
|| Learning to control nonspecific arousal and read-out of the CR: two stages of CS. (d) & (e) polyvalent cells. image p494fig13.19 (left column, top row) Secondary conditioning of both arousal and a specific response are now possible. (bottom row) The CogEM circuit may be naturally extended to include multiple drive representations and inputs. (right column, top row) The incentive motivational pathways is also conditionable in order to enable motivational sets to be learned.
|| Secondary conditioning. Homology: conditionable incentive motivation. Multiple drive representations and inputs. image p496fig13.20 (top image) A single avalanche sampling cell can learn an arbitrary space-time pattern by sampling it as a temporally ordered series of spatial patterns using a series of outstars. Once an avalanche"s sampling cell starts to fire, there is no way to stop it from performing the entire space-time pattern, no matter how dire the consequences. (bottom image) If nonspecific arousal and a specific cue input are both needed to fire the next cell in an avalanche, then environmental feedback can shut off avalanche performance at any time, and volition can speed up or slow down performance.
|| Space-time pattern learning: avalanche. (top image) CS sampling signal-> serially activated outstars-> US spacetime input pattern. Sample a space-time pattern as a sequence of sptial patterns. (bottom image) Nonspecific arousal as a command cell. Polyvalent cell: nonspecific arousal as a STOP and a GO signal. image p497fig13.21 (left column) An early embodiment of nonspecific arousal was a command cell in such primitive animals as crayfish. (right column) The songbird pattern generator is also an avalanche. This kind of circuit raises the question of how the connections self-organize through developmental learning.
|| Nonspecific arousal as a command cell. Crayfish swimmerets (Stein 1971). Songbird pattern generator (Fee etal 2002)+. Motor-> RA-> HVC(RA). image p498fig13.22 (left column, top row) Adaptive filtering and conditioned arousal are both needed to regulate what cues can learn to activate particular space-time patterns. These developments lead inexorably to basic cognitive abilities, as embodied in the 3D LAMINART models for 3D vision and figure-ground perception (Chapter 11) and the 3D ARTSCAN SEARCH model for invariant object learning, recognition, and 3D search (Chapter 6). (right column, top row) Conditioned arousal enables only emotionally important cues to activate a motivationally relevant space-time pattern. (bottom row) Conditioned arousal and drive representations arise naturally from the unlumping of avalanche circuits to make them selective to motivationally important cues. The MOTIVATOR model is a natural outcome of this unlumping process (this chapter).
|| (top) Adaptive filtering and Conditioned arousal. Towards Cognition: need to filter inputs to the command cell. Towards Emotion: important signals turn arousal ON and OFF. (bottom) Conditioned arousal and Drive representations. Competition between conditioned arousal sources at drive representations, eg amygdala. image p499fig13.23 (left column) Self-organization in avalanches includes adaptive filtering by outstars [?instars?], serial learning of temporal order, and learned read-out of spatial patterns by outstars. (right column) Serial learning of temporal order occurs in recurrent associative networks.
|| (left) Self-organizing avalanches [instars, serial learning, outstars]. (right) Serial list learning. image p500fig13.24 Both primary excitatory and inhibitory conditioning can occur using opponent processes and their antagonistic rebounds.
|| Opponent processing. Cognitive drive associations. Primary associations: excitatory [CS, US, Fear], inhibitory [CS, US, Fear, Relief rebound]. image p501fig13.25 When an unbiased transducer is embodied by a finite rate physical process, mass action by a chemical transmitter is the result.
|| Unbiased transducer (Grossberg 1968). S=input, T=output, ?SB?=SB B is the gain. Suppose T is due to release of chemical transmitter y at a synapse: release rate T = S*y (mass action); Accumulation y ~= B. image p501fig13.26 A simple differential equation describes the processes of transmitter accumulation and release that do their best, at a finite rate, to carry out unbiased transduction.
|| Transmitter accumulation and release. Transmitter y cannot be restored at an infinite rate: T = S*ym y ~= B, Differential equations: d[dt: y] = A*(B - y) - S*y = accumulate - release. Transmitter y tries to recover to ensure unbiased transduction. What if it falls behind? Evolution has exploited the good properties that happen then. image p502fig13.27 Despite the fact that less transmitter y is available after persistent activation by a larger input signal S, the gated output signal S*y is larger die to the mass action gating of S by y.
|| Minor mathematical miracle. At equilibrium: 0 = d[dt: y] = A*(B - y) - S*y. Transmitter y decreases when input S increases: y = A*B/(A + S). However, output S*y increases with S!: S*y = S*A*B/(A + S) (gate, mass action). image p502fig13.28 Fast increments and decrements in an input S lead to slow habituation of the habituative gate, or medium-term memory, transmitter y. The output T is a product of these fast and slow variables, and consequently exhibits overshoots, habituation, and undershoots in its response.
|| Habituative transmitter gate: Input; Habituative gate d[dt: y] = A*(B - y) - S*y; Output [overshoot, habituation, undershoot]s Weber Law. image p503fig13.29 The ON response to a phasic ON input has Weber Law properties due to the divisive terms in its equilibrium response, which are due to the habituative transmitter.
|| ON-response to phasic ON-input. S1 = f(I+J): y1 = A*B/(A+S1), T1 = s1*y1 = A*B*S1/(A+S1); S2 = f(I): y2 = A*B/(A+S2), T2 = s2*y2 = A*B*S2/(A+S2);. ON = T1 - T2 = (A^2*B*(f(I+J)-f(I)) / (A+f(I)) / (A+f(I+J)) Note Weber Law. When f has a threshold, small I requires larger J to fire due to numerator, but makes suprathreshold ON bigger due to denominator. When I is large, quadratic in denominator and upper bound of f make ON small. image p504fig13.30 OFF rebound occurs when the ON-input shuts off due to the imbalance that is caused by the ON input in the habituation of the transmitters in the ON and OFF channels. The relative sizes of ON responses and OFF rebounds is determined by the arousal level I.
|| OFF-rebound due to phasic input offset. Shut off J (Not I!). Then: S1 = f(I), S2 = f(I); y1 ~= A*B/(A+f(I+J)) < y2 ~= A*B/(A+f(I)) y1 and y2 are SLOW; T1 = S1*y1, T2 = S2*y2, T1 < T2;. OFF = T2 - T1 = A*B*f(I)*(f(I+J) - f(I)) / (A+f(I)) / (A + f(I+J)), Note Weber Law due to remembered previous input. Arousal sets sensitivity of rebound: OFF/ON = f(I)/A. Why is the rebound transient? Note equal f(I) inputs. image p504fig13.31 Behavioral contrast can occur during reinforcement learning due to decreases in either positive or negative reinforcers. See Figure 13.32 for illustrative operant conditioning data.
|| Behavioral contrast: rebounds! Shock level vs trials. 1. A sudden decrease in frequency or amount of food can act as a negative reinforcer: Frustration. 2. A sudden decrease in frequency or amount of shock can act as a positive reinforcer: Relief. image p505fig13.32 Response suppression and the subsequent antagonist rebounds are both calibrated by the inducing shock levels.
|| Behavioral contrast (Reynolds 1968). Responses per minute (VI schedule) vs Trial shock level. image p505fig13.33 An unexpected event can disconfirm ongoing processing by triggering a burst of nonspecific arousal that causes antagonistic rebounds in currently active gated dipoles, whether cognitive or affective.
|| Novelty reset: rebound to arousal onset. 1. Equilibrate to I and J: S1 = f(I+J); y1 = A*B/(A+S1); S2 = f(I+J); y2 = A*B/(A+S2);. 2. Keep phasic input J fixed; increase arousal I to I* = I + ∆I: (a) OFF reaction if T1 < T2; OFF = T2 - T1 = f(I*+J)*y2 - f(I*)*y1 = { A*B*(f(I*) - f(I*+J)) - B*(f(I*)*f(I+J) - f(I)*f(I*+J)) } / (A+f(I)) / (A + f(I+J)). 3. How to interpret this complicated equation? image p506fig13.34 With a linear signal function, one can prove that the rebound increases with both the previous phasic input intensity J and the unexpectedness of the disconfirming event that caused the burst of nonspecific arousal.
|| Novelty reset: rebound to arousal onset. image p506fig13.35 A shock, or other reinforcing event, can have multiple cognitive and emotional effects on different brain processes.
|| Multiple functional roles of shock. 1. Reinforcement sign reversal: An isolated shock is a negative reinforcer; In certain contexts, a shock can be a positive reinforcer. 2. STM-LTM interaction: Prior shock levels need to be remembered (LTM) and used to calibrate the effect of the present shock (STM). 3. Discriminative and situational cues: The present shock level is unexpected (novel) with respect to the shock levels that have previously been contingent upon experimental cues: shock as a [1.reinforcer, 2. sensory cue, 3. expectancy]. image p509fig13.36 How can life-long learning occur without passive forgetting or associative saturation?
|| Associative learning. 1. Forgetting (eg remember childhood experiences): forgetting [is NOT passive, is Selective]; 2. Selective: larger memory capacity; 3. Problem: why doesn"t memory saturate? image p510fig13.37 A disconfirmed expectation can cause an antagonistic rebound that inhibits prior incentive motivational feedback, but by itself is insufficient to prevent associative saturation.
|| Learn on-response. 1. CS-> ON, disconfirmed expectation-> antagonistic rebound, OFF-channel is conditioned 2. CS-> [ON, OFF]-> net, zero net output. What about associative saturation? image p510fig13.38 Dissociation of the read-out of previously learned adaptive weights, or LTM traces, and of the read-in of new weight values enables back-propagating dendritic action potentials to teach the new adaptive weight values.
|| Dissociation of LTM read-out and read-in. Backpropagating dendritic action potentials as teaching signals. 1. LTM Denditic spines (Rall 1960"s)-> Teaching signal - retrograde action potential-> opponent competition. 2. Early predictions: Ca++ currents in learning (Grossberg 1968); role of dendritic spines in learning (Grossberg 1975). Cf experiments of (Hausser, Markram, Poo, Sakmann, Spruston, etc). image p510fig13.39 Shunting competition and informational noise suppression in affective gated dipoles, plus back-propagating action potentials for teaching signals, enable the net normalized adaptive weights to be learned. They never saturate!
|| Learn net dipole output pattern. Opponent "decision" controls learning. Cf. competitive learning. Learning signal, opponent extinction. image p512fig13.40 A conditioning paradigm that illustrates what it means for conditioned excitators to extinguish.
|| Conditioned excitor extinguishes. 1. Learning phase: CS1 bell-> US, CS1-> Fear(-). 2. Forgetting phase: CS1 bell-> Forgetting. 3. The expectation of shock is disconfirmed. image p513fig13.41 A conditioning paradigm that illustrates what it means for conditioned inhibitors not to extinguish.
|| Conditioned inhibitor does not extinguish. 1. Learning phase: CS1 light-> shock, CS1-> Fear(-); Forgetting phase: n/a;. 2. Learning phase : CS1 + CS bell-> no shock; CS2-> relief;. Forgetting phase: CS2 bell- no forgetting. SAME CS could be used! SAME "teacher" in forgetting phase! Something else must be going on , or else causality would be violated! image p513fig13.42 A conditioned excitor extinguishes because the expectation that was learned of a shock during the learning phase is disconfirmed during the forgetting phase.
|| Conditioned excitor extinguishes. Learning phase: CS1 bell-> US; CS1-> Fear(-); CS1-> shock; CS1 is conditioned to an expectation of shock. Forgetting phase: CS2 bell-> forgetting;. The expectation of shock is disconfirmed. image p513fig13.43 A conditioned inhibitor does not extinguish because the expectation that was learned of no shock during the learning phase is not disconfirmed during the forgetting phase.
|| Conditioned excitor extinguishes. 1. Learning phase: CS1 light-> Shock; CS1-> Fear(-);. Forgetting phase: n/a;. 2. Learning phase: CS1 bell + CS2-> NO shock; CS2-> relief(+); CS2-> no shock;. Forgetting phase: CS2 bell!-> no forgetting;. The expectation that "no shock" follows CS2 is NOT disconfirmed! image p514fig13.44 Analog of the COgEM model in Figure 6.1 of (Damasio 1999).
|| (a) map of object X-> map of proto-self at inaugural instant-> [, map of proto-self modified]-> assembly of second-order map. (b) map of object X enhanced-> second-order map imaged. image p519fig14.01 Coronal sections of prefrontal cortex. Note particulary the areas 11, 13, 14, and 12o.
|| image p520fig14.02 Macrocircuit of the main brain regions, and connections between them, that are modelled in the unified predictive Adaptive Resonance Theory (pART) of cognitive-emotional and working memory dynamics. Abbreviations in red denote brain regions used in cognitive-emotional dynamics. Those in green denote brain regions used in working memory dynamics. Black abbreviations denote brain regions that carry out visual perception, learning and recognition of visual object categories, and motion perception, spatial representation and target tracking. Arrow denote non-excitatory synapses. Hemidiscs denote adpative excitatory synapses. Many adaptive synapses are bidirectional, thereby supporting synchronous resonant dynamics among multiple cortical regions. The output signals from the basal ganglia that regulate reinforcement learning and gating of multiple cortical areas are not shown. Also not shown are output signals from cortical areas to motor responses. V1: striate, or primary, visual cortex; V2 and V4: areas of prestriate visual cortex; MT: Middle Temporal cortex; MST: Medial Superior Temporal area; ITp: posterior InferoTemporal cortex; ITa: anterior InferoTemporal cortex; PPC: Posterior parietal Cortex; LIP: Lateral InterParietal area; VPA: Ventral PreArculate gyrus; FEF: Frontal Eye Fields; PHC: ParaHippocampal Cortex; DLPFC: DorsoLateral Hippocampal Cortex; HIPPO: hippocampus; LH: Lateral Hypothalamus; BG: Basal Ganglia; AMYG: AMYGdala; OFC: OrbitoFrontal Cortex; PRC: PeriRhinal Cortex; VPS: Ventral bank of the Principal Sulcus; VLPFC: VentroLateral PreFrontal Cortex. See the text for further details.
|| image p523fig14.03 (a) The MOTIVATOR neural model generalizes CogEM by also including the basal ganglia. It can hereby explain and simulate complementary functions of the amygdala and basal ganglia (SNc) during conditioning and learned performance. The basal ganglia generate Now Print signals in response to unexpected rewards. These signals modulate learning of new associations in many brain regions. The amygdala supports motivated attention to trigger actions that are expected to occur in response to conditioned or unconditioned stimuli. Object Categories represent visual or gustatory inputs in anterior inferotemporal (ITA) and rhinal (RHIN) cortices, respectively. Value Categories represent the value of anticipated outcomes on the basis of hunger and satiety inputs, in amygdala (AMYG) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). Object-Value Categories resolve the value of competing perceptual stimuli in medial (MORB) and lateral (ORB) orbitofrontal cortex. The Reward Expectation Filter detects the omission or delivery of rewards using a circuit that spans ventral striatum (VS), ventral pallidum (VP), striosomal delay (SD) cells in the ventral striatum, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPTN) and midbrain dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta/ventral tegmental area (SNc/VTA). The circuit that processes CS-related visual information (ITA, AMTG, ORB) operates in parallel with a circuit that processes US-related visual and gustatory information (RHIN, AMYG, MORB). (b) Reciprocal adaptive connections between hypothalamus and amygdala enable amygdala cells to become learned value categories. The bottom region represents hypothalmic cells, which receive converging taste and metabolite inputs whereby they become taste-drive cells. Bottom-up signals from activity patterns across these cells activate competing value category, or US Value Representations, in the amygdala. A winning value category learns to respond selectively to specific combinations of taste-drive activity patterns and sends adaptive top-down priming signals back to the taste-drive cells that activated it. CS-activated conditioned reinforcer signals are also associatively linked to value categories. Adpative connections end in (approximately) hemidiscs. See the text for details.
|| image p524fig14.04 (a) Model basal ganglia circuit for the control of dopaminergic Now Print signals from the substantia nigra pars compacta, or SNc, in response to unexpected rewards. Cortical inputs (Ii), activated by conditioned stimuli, learn to excite the SNc via a multi-stage pathway from the vantral striatum (S) to the ventral pallidum and then on to the PPTN (P) and the SNc (D). The inputs Ii excite the ventral striatum via adaptive weights WIS, and the ventral striatum excites the SNc with strength W_PD. The striosomes, which contain an adaptive spectral timing mechanism [xij, Gij, Yij, Zij], learn to generate adaptively timed signals that inhibit reward-related activation of the SNc. Primary reward signals (I_R) from the lateral hypothalamus both excite the PPTN directly (with strength W_RP) and act as training signals to the ventral striatum S (with strength W_RS) that trains the weights W_IS. Arrowheads denote excitatory pathways, circles denote inhibitory pathways, and hemidiscs denote synapses at which learning occurs. Thick pathways denote dopaminergic signals.
|| image p530fig14.05 Displays used by (Buschman, Miller 2007) in their visual search experiments. See the text foir details.
|| Fixation 500 ms-> Sample 1000 ms-> Delay 500 ms-> Visual [pop-out, search]- reaction time. image p531fig14.06 Classification of scenic properties as texture categories by the ARTSCENE model. See the text for details.
|| Image-> Feature extraction (texture principal component rankings)-> Learning feature-to-scene mapping (texture category principal component rankings)<- scene class. Large-to-small attentional shrouds as principle component higher. image p531fig14.07 Voting in the ARTSCENE model achieves even better prediction of scene type. See the text for details.
|| Image-> Feature extraction (texture principal component rankings)-> Learning feature-to-scene mapping (texture category principal component rankings)-> evidence accumulation (sum)-> scene class winner-take-all inference. Large-to-small attentional shrouds as principle component higher. image p532fig14.08 Macrocircuit of the ARTSCENE Search neural model for learning to search for desired objects by using the sequences of already experienced objects and their locations to predict what and where the desired object is. V1 = First visual area or primary visual cortex; V2 = Second visual area; V4 = Fourth visual area; PPC = Posterior Parietal Cortex; ITp = posterior InferoTemporal cortex; ITa = anterior InferoTemporal cortex; MTL = Medial Temporal Lobe; PHC = ParaHippoCampal cortex; PRC = PeriRhinal Cortex; PFC = PreFrontal Cortex; DLPFC = DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex; VPFC = Ventral PFC; SC = Superior Colliculus.
|| image p533fig14.09 Search data and ARTSCENE Search simulations of them in each pair of images from (A) to (F). See the text for details.
|| 6*[data vs simulation], [Response time (ms) versus epoch]. image p540fig15.01 The timing of CS and US inputs in the delay and trace conditioning paradigms.
|| Delay and trace conditioning paradigms. [CS, US] vs [Delay, Trace]. To perform an adaptively timed CR, trace conditioning requires a CS memory trace over the Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI). image p541fig15.02 The neurotrophic Spectrally Timed Adaptive Resonance Theory, or nSTART, model of (Franklin, Grossberg 2017) includes hippocampus to enable adaptively timed learning that can bridge a trace conditioning gap, or other temporal gap between CS and US.
|| Hippocampus can sustain a Cognitive-Emotional resonance: that can support "the feeling of what happens" and knowing what event caused that feeling. [CS, US] -> Sensory Cortex (SC) <- motivational attention <-> category learning -> Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). SC conditioned reinforcement learning-> Amygdala (cannot bridge the temporal gap) incentive motivational learning-> PFC. SC adaptively timer learning and BDNF-> Hippocampus (can bridge the temporal gap) BDNF-> PFC. PFC adaptively timed motor learning-> cerebellum. image p541fig15.03 Stages in the processing of adaptively timed conditioning, leading to timed responses in (d) that exhibit both individual Weber laws and an inverted U in conditioning as a function of ISI. See the text for details.
|| Curves of [Response vs ISI]. image p542fig15.04 Conditioning data from (Smith 1968; Millenson etal 1977). The former shows the kind of Weber Law and inverted U that were simulated in Figure 15.3. The latter shows that, if there are two ISIs during an experiment, then the animals learn to adaptively time their responses with two properly scaled Weber laws.
|| (left) One ISI (Smith 1968) [mean membrane extension (mm) versus time after CS onset (msec)]. (right) Two ISIs (Millenson etal 1977) [200, 100] msec CS test trials, [mean momentary CS amplitude (mm) vs time after CS onset (msec)]. (bottom) Conditioned eye blinks, made with nictitating membrane and/or eyelid, are adaptively timed: peak closure occurs at expected time(s) of arrival of the US following the CS and obeys a Weber Law. image p543fig15.05 Simulation of conditioning with two ISIs that generate their own Weber Laws, as in the data shown in Figure 15.4.
|| Learning with two ISIs: simulation: R = sum[all: f(xi)*yi*xi] vs msec. Each peak obeys Weber Law! strong evidence for spectral learning. image p543fig15.06 The circuit between dentate granule cells and CA1 hippocampal pyramid cells seems to compute spectrally timed responses. See the text for details.
|| Hippocampal interpretation. 1. Dentate granule cells (Berger, Berry, Thompson 1986): "increasing firing...in the CS period...the latency...was constant". 2. Pyramidal cells: "Temporal model" Dentate granule cells-> CA3 pyramids. 3. Convergence (Squire etal 1989): 1e6 granule cells, 1.6e5 CA3 pyramids. 80-to-1 (ri). image p544fig15.07 In response to a step CS and sustained storage by I_CS of that input, a spectrum of responses xi at different rates ri develops through time.
|| Spectral timing: activation. CS-> I_CS-> All xi. STM sensory representation. Spectral activation d[dt: xi] = ri*[-A*xi + (1 - B*xi)*I_CS]. image p544fig15.08 The spectral activities xi generate sigmoid signals f(xi) before the signals are, in turn, gated by habituative transmitters yi.
|| Habituative transmitter gate. transmitter. image p544fig15.09 As always, the habituative transmitter gate yi increases in response to accumulation and decreases due to gated inactivation, leading to the kinds of transmitter and output responses in the right hand column.
|| Habituative transmitter gate (Grossberg 1968). 1. d[dt: yi] = c*(1-yi) - D*f(xi)*yi, C-term - accumulation, D-term gated inactivation. 2. Sigmoid signal f(xi) = xi^n / (B^n + xi^n). 3. Gated output signal f(xi)*yi. image p545fig15.10 When the activity spectrum xi generates a spectrum of sigmoidal signals (f(xi), the corresponding transmitters habituate at different rates. The output signals f(xi)*yi therefore generate a series of unimodal activity profiles that peak at different times, as in Figure 15.3a.
|| A timed spectrum of sampling intervals. [f(xi) activation, yi habituation, f(xi)*yi gated sampling] spectra. gated = sampling intervals. image p545fig15.11 The adaptive weight, or LTM trace , zi learns from the US input I_US at times when the sampling signal f(xi)*yi is on. It then gates the habituative sampling signal f(xi)*yi to generate a doubly gated response f(xi)*yi*zi.
|| Associative learning, gated steepest descent learning (Grossberg 1969). d[dt: zi] = E*f(xi)*yi*[-zi + I_US], E-term read-out of CS gated signal, []-term read-out of US. Output from each population: f(xi)*yi*zi doubly gated signal. image p546fig15.12 The adaptive weights zi in the spectrum learn fastest whose sampling signals are large when the US occurs, as illustrated by the green region in this simulation of (Grossberg, Schmajuk 1989).
|| Computer simulation of spectral learning. (left) fast (right) slow. Constant ISI: 6 cells fast to slow, 4 learning trials, 1 test trial. image p546fig15.13 The total learned response is a sum R of all the doubly gated signals in the spectrum.
|| Adaptive timing is a population property. Total output signal: R = sum[i: f(xi)*yi*zi]. Adaptive timing is a collective property of the circuit. "Random" spectrum of rates achieves good collective timing. image p547fig15.14 An individual"s survival depends upon being able to process ?UN?expected non-occurrences, or disconfirmations, of goals differently from EXPECTED non-occurrences, or disconfirmations. See the text for details.
|| Unexpected non-occurences of goal: a predictive failure, eg reward that does not occur at the expected time. Leads to Orienting Reactions: Cognitive- STM reset, attention shift, forgetting; Emotional- Frustration; Motor- Exploratory behaviour;. What about an Expected non-occurrence? predictive signal, all other events, expected goal. image p547fig15.15 Expected non-occurences do not prevent the processing of sensory events and their expectations. Rather, they prevent mismatches of those expectations from triggering orienting reactions.
|| Expected non-occurrence of goal. Some rewards are reliable but delayed in time. Does not lead to orienting reactions: How? Both expected and unexpected nonoccurrences are diue to mismatch of a sensory event with learned expectations. Expected non-occurrences do not inhibit sensory matching: eg a pigeon can see an earlier-than-usual food pellet. Hypothesis: Expected non-occurrences inhibit the process whereby sensory mismatch activates orienting reactions. Mismatch not-> orient. image p548fig15.16 Homologous recognition learning and reinforcement learning macrocicuits enable adaptively timed conditioning in the reinforcement learning circuit to increase inhibition of the orienting system at times when a mismatch in the recognition system would have reduced inhibition of it.
|| Homolog between ART and CogEM model, complementary systems. [Recognition, Reinforcement] learning vs [Attentional, Orienting] system. Reinforcement: timing, drive representation. image p548fig15.17 The timing paradox asks how inhibition of an orienting response (-) can be spread throughout the ISI, yet accurately timed responding can be excited (+) at the end of the ISI.
|| Timing paradox. [CS light, US shock] vs t. ISI = InterStimulus Interval = expected delay of reinforcer. Want timing to be accurate. Want to inhibit exploratory behaviour throught ISI. image p549fig15.18 The Weber Law solves the timing paradox by creating an adaptively timed response throughout the ISI that peaks at the ISI. Within the reinforcement learning circuit, this response can maintain inhibition of the orienting system A at the same time as it generates adaptively timed incentive motivation to the orbitofrontal cortex.
|| Weber Law: reconciling accurate and distributed timing. Resolution: Output can inhibit orienting, peak response probability. What about different ISIs? Standard deviation = peak time. Weber law rule. image p549fig15.19 How the adaptively timed hippocampal spectrum T inhibits (red arrow) the orienting system A as motivated attention in orbitofrontal cortex Si(2) peaks at the ISI.
|| Conditioning, Attention, and Timing circuit. Hippocampus spectrum-> Amgdala orienting system-> neocortex motivational attention. Adaptive timing inhibits orienting system and maintains adaptively timed Motivated Attention on the CS. image p550fig15.20 Adaptively timed conditioning of Long Term Depression, or LTD, occurs in the cerebellum at synapses between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells, thereby reducing inhibition of subcortical nucleus cells and enabling them to express their learned movement gains within the learned time interval. Also see Figure 15.21.
|| [CS-Activated input pathways parallel fibres, US-Activated climbing fibres]-> [Subcortical nucleus (gain control), Cerebella cortex- Purkinje cells (timing)]. image p551fig15.21 The most important cells types and circuitry of the cerebellum: Purkinje cells (PC) receive excitatory inputs from the climbing fibres (CF) that originate in the inferior olive (IO) and from parallel fibres (PF), which are the axons for granule cells (GC). GCs, in turn, receive inputs from the mossy fibres (MF) coming from the precerebellar nuclei (PCN). The PF also inhibit PC via basket cells (BC), thereby helping to select the most highly activated PC. The PC generate inhibitory outputs from the cerebellum cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), as in Figure 15.20. Excitatory signals are denoted by (+) and inhibitory signals by (-). Other notations: GL- granular layer; GoC- golgi cells; ML- molecular layer; PCL- Purkinje cell layer; SC- stellate cell; WM- white matter.
|| image p551fig15.22 Responses of a retinal cone in the turtle retina to brief flashes of light of increasing intensity.
|| response vs msc. image p552fig15.23 Cerebellar biochemistry that supports the hypothesis of how mGluR supports adaptively timed conditioning at cerebellar Purkinje cells. AMPA, Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl4-isoxazole priopionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptor; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; glu, glutamate; GC, guanylyl cyclase; gK, Ca+-dependent K+ channel protein; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; IP 3"inositol,4,5-triphosphate; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; P, phosphate; PLC, phospholipase C; PKC, protein kinase C; PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase; PP-I, protein phosphatase-i;.
|| climbing fibre induced depolarization, parallel fibre induced mGLuR1 activation. PDE, GTP, 5"GMP, G-substrate, calcineurin, AMPA... image p556fig15.24 (a) Data showing normally timed responding (solid curve) and short latency responses after lesioning cerebellar cortex (dashed curve). (b) computer simulation of short latency response after ablation of model cerebellar cortex.
|| image p557fig15.25 Computer simulations of (a) adaptively timed long term depression at Purkinje cells, and (b) adaptively timed activation of cereballar nuclear cells.
|| response vs time (msec) image p557fig15.26 Brain regions and processes that contribute to autistic behavioral symptoms when they become imbalanced in prescribed ways.
|| Basal Gamglia prolonged gate opening <-> { Amygdala emotionally depressed-> [hippocampus- hyperspecific learning; Cerebellum- adaptive timing fails; hypofrontal blocking fails, no Theory of Mind]-> Neocortex; Neocortex- rewards not received-> Amygdala}. image p559fig15.27 Brain regions and processes that contribute to the release of dopaminergic Now Print signals by the substantia nigra pars compacta, or SNc, in response to unexpected reinforcing events. See the text for details.
|| Model of spectrally timed SNc learning (Brown, Bulloch, Grossberg 1999). Delayed inhibitory expectations of reward. Dopamine cells signal an error in reqard prediction timing or magnitude. Immediate excitatory predictions of reward. Lateral hypothalamus (Primary Reward Input)-> [(+)ventral striatum <-> ventral pallidium (+)-> PPTN(+)-> SNc]. SNc-> [dopamine signal -> ventral striatum, Striosomal cells]. Conditioned Stimuli (CS)(+)-> [ventral striatum, striosomal cells]. Striosomal cells(-)-> SNc. image p559fig15.28 Neurophysiological data (left column) and model simulations (right column) of SNc responses. See the text for details.
|| membrane potential vs time image p560fig15.29 Excitatory pathways that support activation of the SNc by a US and the conditioning of a CS to the US.
|| Excitatory pathway. Primary reward (apple juice) briefly excites lateral hypothalamus. Hypothalamic-PPTN excitation causes SNc dopamine burst. Hypothalamic activity excites ventral striatum for training. Active CS working memory signals learn to excite ventral striatum. Lateral hypothalamus (Primary Reward Input)-> [(+)ventral striatum <-> ventral pallidium(+)-> PPTN(+)-> SNc]. SNc-> [dopamine signal -> ventral striatum. Conditioned Stimuli working memory trace (CS)(+)-> ventral striatum. image p560fig15.30 The inhibitory pathway from striosomal cells to the SNc is able to inhibit the SNc when a reward occurs with expected timing and magnitude.
|| Inhibitory pathway. Learning: CS-striosomal LTP occurs due to a three-way coincidence [An active CS working memory input, a Ca2+ spike, a dopamine burst]; Signaling: The delayed Ca2+ spike facilitates striosomal-SNc inhibition;. Striosomal cells learn to predict both timing and magnitude of reward signal to cancel it: reward expectation;. Conditioned stimuli (CS) LTP-> Striosomal cells <- dopamine | (-)-> SNc->. image p561fig15.31 The CS activates a population of striosomal cells that respond with different delays in order to enable adaptively timed inhibition of the SNc.
|| Expectation timing (Fiala, Grossberg, Bulloch 1996; Grossberg, Merrill 1992, 1996; Grossberg, Schmajuk 1989). How do cells bridge hundreds of milliseconds? Timing spectrum (msec). 1. CS activates a population of cells with delayed transient signals: MGluR. 2. Each has a different delay, so that the range of delays covers the entire interval. 3. Delayed transients gate both learning and read-out of expectations. image p561fig15.32 The SNc can generate both dopamine bursts and dips in response to rewards whose amplitude is unexpectedly large or small.
|| Inhibitory pathway: expectation magnitude. 1. If reward is greater than expected, a dopamine burst causes striosomal expectation to increase. 2. If reward is less than expected, a dopamine dip causes striosomal expectation to decrease. 3. This is a negative feedback control system for learning. Conditioned stimuli (CS)-> Striosomal cells <- dopamine | (-)-> SNc->. image p563fig15.33 The basal ganglia gate neural processing in many parts of the brain. The feedback loop through the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (blue arrow, lateral orbitofrontal) is the one that MOTIVATOR models.
|| MOTIVATOR models one of several thalamocortical loops through basal ganglia (Adapted from Fundamental Neuroscience. 2002 Copyright Elsevier). [cortex-> striatum-> pallidum S. nigra-> thalamus] vs [motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate]. thalamus-> [striatum, cortex]. image p563fig15.34 The colored regions are distinct parts of the basal ganglia in the loops depicted in Figure 15.33.
|| Distinct basal ganglia zones for each loop (Adapted from Fundamental Neuroscience. 2002 Copyright Elsevier). image p564fig15.35 (a) A pair of recurrent shunting on-center off-surround networks for control of the fore limbs and hind limbs. (b) Varying the GO signal to these networks can trigger changes in movement gaits. See the text for details.
|| image p565fig15.36 (a) The FOVEATE model circuit for the control of saccadic eye movements within the peri-pontine reticular formation. (b) A simulated saccade staircase. See the text for details.
|| [left, right] eye FOVEATE model. [vertical vs horizontal] position (deg). image p566fig15.37 Steps in the FOVEATE model"s generation of a saccade. See the text for details.
|| input(+)-> LLBN-> [(-)OPN, (+)EBN], EBN(-)-> LLBN. (A) rest OPN active. (B) charge [input, LLBN, OPN] active. (C) burst [input, LLBN, EBN] active. (D) shutdown [OPN, EBN] active. image p567fig15.38 (a) The Gated Pacemaker model for the control of circadian rythms is a recurrent shunting on-center off-surround network whose excitatory feedback signals are gated by habituative transmitters. Tonic arousal signals energize the pacemaker. Diurnal (left) and nocturnal (right) pacemakers are determined by whether phasic light signals turn the pacemaker on or off. An activity-dependent fatigue signal prevents the pacemaker from becoming overly active for too long. (b) Two simulations of circadian activity cycles during different schedules of light (L) and dark (D). See the text for details.
|| sourceOn-> on-cells (recurrent) <-(-) (-)> off-cells (recurrent) <-sourceOff. on-cells-> activity-> off-cells. off-cells-> fatigue. Diurnal: sourceOn=[light, arousal]; sourceOff=arousal;. Nocturnal: sourceOn=arousal; sourceOff=[arousal, light];. image p568fig15.39 Circuits of the MOTIVATOR model that show hypothalamic gated dipoles.
|| [inputs, -> [object, value] categories-> object-value categories-> [reward expectation filter, [FEF, EAT] outputs]. reward expectation filter [DA dip, arousal burst]-> alpha1 non-specific arousal-> value categories. Msi drive inputs-> value categories. image p569fig15.40 The direct and indirect basal ganglia circuits that control GO and STOP movement signals. See the text for details.
|| [Direct path GO(+), Indirect path STOP(+), dopamine from SNc(+-)]-> striatum. GO-> GPi/SNr-> Thalamus (VA/Vlo) <-> frontal cortex. STOP-> GPe <-> STN-> GPi/SNr. NAc-> GPi/SNr. image p573fig16.01 The experimental chamber (A) and neurophysiological recordings from a rat hippocampus (B) that led to the discovery of place cells. See the text for details.
|| image p574fig16.02 Neurophysiological recordings of 18 different place cell receptive fields. See the text for details.
|| image p575fig16.03 As a rat navigates in its experimental chamber (black curves), neurophysiological recordings disclose the firing patterns (in red) of (a) a hippocampal place cell and (b) an entrorhinal grid cell.
|| image p578fig16.04 Cross-sections of the hippocampal regions and the inputs to them. See the text for details.
|| EC-> CA1-> CA3-> DG. Layers [V/V1, II, II]. image p580fig16.05 Macrocircuit of the GridPlaceMap model, which can learn both 2D grid cells and place cells in response to realistic trajectories of navigating rats using a hierarchy of SOMs with identical equations.
|| GridPlaceMap model: rate-based and spiking (Pilly, Grossberg 2012). Pre-wired 1D stripe cells, learns both 2D frid and place cells! Same laws for both; both select most frequent and energetic inputs. Place cells emerge gradually in response to developing grid cells. [place-> grid-> stripe] cells-> path integration-> vestibular signals image p581fig16.06 The learning of hexagonal grid cell receptive fields as an animal navigates an open field is a natural consequence of simple trigonometric properties of the positions at which the firing of stripe cells that are tuned to different directions will co-occur.
|| The Trigonometry of spatial navigation. Coactivation of stripe cells. image p582fig16.07 Stripe cells were predicted in (Mhatre, Gorchetchnikov, Grossberg 2012) to convert linear velocity signals into the distances travelled in particular directions. They are modeled by directionally-sensitive ring attractors, which help to explain their periodic activation as an animal continues to move in a given direction. See the text for details.
|| Stripe cells. Stripe cells are predicted to exist in (or no later than) EC layer (III, V/VI). Linear path integrators: represent distance traveled using linear velocity modulated with head direction signal. Ring attractor circuit: the activity bump represents distance traveled, stripe cells with same spatial period and directional preference fire with different spatial phases at different ring positions. Distance is computed directly, it does not require decoding by oscillatory interference. Periodic stripe cell activation due to ring anatomy: periodic boundary conditions. Stripe firing fields with multiple orientations, phases and scales. image p582fig16.08 Some experimental evidence for stripe-like cell receptive fields has been reported. The band cells posited by Neil Burgess also exhibit the one-dimensional firing symmetry of stripe cells, but are modeled by oscillatory intererence. See the text for details.
|| Evidence for stripe-like cells. Entorhinal cortex data (Sargolini, Fyhn, Hafting, McNaughton, Witter, Moser, Moser 2006; Krupic, Burgess, O"Keefe 2012). Similar hypothetical construct used by Interference model but position is decoded by grid cell oscillatory interference- Band Cells (Burgess 2008). image p583fig16.09 The GRIDSmap model used algorithmically defined stripe cells to process realistic rat trajectories. The stripe cell outputs then formed inputs to the adaptive filter of a self-organizing map which learned hexagonal grid cell receptive fields.
|| GRIDSmap. Self-organizing map receives inputs from stripe cells and learns to respond to most frequent co-activation patterns. Stripe cells combine speed and head direction to create a periodic 1D position code. Virtual rat navigated using live rat trajectories from Moser Lab. Speed and head direction drives stripe cells. image p583fig16.10 The GRIDSmap model is embedded into a more complete representation of the processing stages from receipt of angular head velocity and linear velocity signals to this learning of place cells.
|| GRIDSmap. Pre-wired 2D stripe cells, learns 2D grid cells. vestibular cells [angular head velocity-> head direction cells, linear velocity]-> stripe cells- small scale 1D periodic spatial code (ECIII)-> SOM grid cells entorhinal cortex- small scale 2D periodic spatial scale-> SOM place cells hippocampal cortex- large scale 2D spatial code (dentate/CA3). Unified hierarchy of SOMs. image p584fig16.11 GRIDSmap simulation of the learning of hexagonal grid fields. See the text for details.
|| Simulation results. Multiple phases per scale. response vs lenght scale (0.5m+). image p584fig16.12 Temporal development of grid cell receptive fields on successive learning trials (1,3,5,7,25,50,75,100).
|| Temporal development of grid fields. Cells begin to exhibit grid structure by 3rd trial. Orientations of the emergent grid rotate to align with each other over trials. image p585fig16.13 Hexagonal grid cell receptive fields develop if their stripe cell directional preferences are separated by 7, 10, 15, 20, or random numbers degrees. The number and directional selectivities of stripe cells can thus be chosen within broad limits without undermining grid cell development.
|| image p585fig16.14 Superimposing firing of stripe cells whose directional preferences differ by 60 degrees supports learning hexagonal grid cell receptive fields in GRIDSmap.
|| GRIDSmap: from stripe cells to grid cells. Grid-cell Regularity from Integrated Distance through Self-organizing map. Superimposing firing of stripe cells oriented at intervals of 60 degrees. Hexagonal grid! image p586fig16.15 Superimposing stripe cells oriented by 45 degrees does not lead to learning of rectangular grids in GRIDSmap, but it does in an oscillatory inference model.
|| Why is a hexagonal grid favored? Superimposing firing of stripe cells oriented at intervals of 45 degrees. Rectangular grid. This and many other possibilities do not happen in vivo. They do happen in the oscillatory inference model. How are they prevented in GRIDSmap? image p586fig16.16 In the place cell learning model of (Gorchetnikov, Grossberg 2007), three populations of five cells each of entorhinal grid cells (only two are shown) with different spatial periods input to the model"s dentate gyrus. The grid cells are one-dimensional and defined algorithmically. A model dentate gyrus granule cell that receives strong projections from all three grid cell scales fires (green cell) and activates a recurrent inhibitory interneuron that inhibits other granule cells. It also generates back-propagating action potentials that trigger learning in the adaptive weights of the projections from the grid cells, thereby causing learning of place cell receptive fields.
|| Grid-to-place Self-Organizing map (Gorchetnikov, Grossberg 2007). Formation of place cell fields via grid-to-place cell learning. Least common multiple: [grid (cm), place (m)] scales: [40, 50, 60 (cm); 6m], [50, 60, 70 (cm); 21m], [41, 53, 59 (cm); 1.282 km]. Our simulations: [40, 50 (cm); 2m], [44, 52 (cm); 5.72m]. Our SOM: Spiking Hodgkin-Huxley membrane equations; Nonlinear choice by contrast-enhancing recurrent on-center off-surround net;. Choice triggers back-propagating action potentials that induce STDP-modulated learning on cell dendrites. image p587fig16.17 A finer analysis of the 2D trigonometry of spatial navigation showed that both the frequency and amplitude of coactivations by stripe cells determine the learning of hexagonal grid fields.
|| A refined analysis: SOM amplifies most frequent and energetic coactivations (Pilly, Grossberg 2012). [linear track, 2D environment]. (left) Stripe fields separated by 90°. 25 coactivations by 2 inputs. (right) Stripe fields separated by 60°. 23 coactivations by 3 inputs. image p588fig16.18 Simulations of coordinated learning of grid cell receptive fields (second row) and unimodal place cell receptive fields (third row) by the hierarchy of SOMs in the GridPlaceMap model. Note the exquisite regularity of the hexagonal grid cell firing fields.
|| [stripe, grid, place] cells vs [spikes on trajectory, unsmoothed rate map, smoothed rate map]. image p589fig16.19 Neurophysiological data showing the smaller dorsal grid cell scales and the larger ventral grid cell scales.
|| Spatial scale of grid cells increase along the MEC dorsoventral axis (Hafting etal 2005; Sargolini etal 2006; Brun etal 2008). [dorsal (left), ventral (right)] cart [rate map, autocortelogram]. How does the spatial scale increase along the MEC dorsoventral axis? image p590fig16.20 Integration rate of grid cells decreases along the dorsoventral gradient of the Medial Entorhinal Cortex, or MEC.
|| Dorsoventral gradient in the rate of synaptic integration of MEC layer II stellate cells (Garden etal 2008). Cross-section of [Hp, CC, LEC, MEC. (A left column) [dorsal, ventral] mV? vs msec. (B center column) [half width (ms), rise time (ms), amplitude (mV)] vs location (μm). (C right upper) responses (D right lower) width (ms) vs loacation (μm). image p590fig16.21 Frequency of membrane potential oscillations in grid cells decreases along the dorsoventral gradient of the MEC.
|| Dorsoventral gradient in the frequency of membrane potential oscillations of MEC layer II stellate cells (Giocomo etal 2007). (C left column) Oscillation (Hz) vs distance from dorsal surface (mm). (D right upper) [dorsal, ventral oscillations 5mV-500ms. (E right lower) [dorsal, ventral oscillations 100ms. Both membrane potential oscillation frequency and resonance frequency decrease from the dorsal to ventral end of MEC. image p591fig16.22 Time constants and duration of afterhyperpolarization currents of grid cells increase along the dorsoventral gradient of the MEC.
|| Dorsoventral gradient in afterhyperpolarization (AHP) kinetics of MEC layer II stellate cells (Navratilova etal 2012). [mAHP time constant (ms), Half-width (mm)] vs distance from the dorsal surface (mm), at [-55, -50, -45] mV. Time constants and duration of AHP increase from the dorsal to the ventral end of MEC layer II. Effectively, the relative refractory period is longer for ventral stellate cells in MEC layer II. image p591fig16.23 The Spectral Spacing Model uses a rate gradient to learn a spatial gradient of grid cell receptive field sizes along the dorsoventral gradient of the MEC.
|| Spectral spacing model. Map cells responding to stripe cell inputs of multiple scales. Grid cells: MEC layer II (small scale 2D spatial code). Stripe cells: PaS / MEC deep layer (small scale 1D spatial code). Path Integration. Vestibular signals- linear velocity and angular head velocity. SOM. How do entorhinal cells solve the scale selection problem? image p592fig16.24 Parameter settings in the Spectral Spacing Model that were used in simulations.
|| Simulation settings. Activity vs distance (cm). Learning trials: 40. image p593fig16.25 Spectral Spacing Model STM, MTM, and LTM equations. The rate spectrum that determines the dorsoventral gradient of multiple grid cell properties is defined by μm.
|| Spectral Spacing Model equations. [STM, MTM, LTM]. μm = rate spectrum. image p593fig16.26 Data (left column) and simulations (right column) of the gradient of increasing grid cell spacing along the dorsoventral axis of MEC.
|| Gradient of grid spacing along dorsoventral axis of MEC (Brun etal 2008). data-[Distance (m?), Median grid spacing (m?)] simulations-[Grid spacing (cm), Grid spacing (cm)] vs response rate. image p594fig16.27 Data (left column) and simulations (right column) of the gradient of increasing grid cell field width along the dorsoventral axis of MEC.
|| Gradient of field width along dorsoventral axis of MEC (Brun etal 2008). data-[Distance (m?), Width autocorr peak (m?)] simulations-[Grid field width (cm), Width autocorr peak (cm)] vs response rate. image p595fig16.28 Data (left column) and simulations (right column) about peak and mean grid cell response rates along the dorsoventral axis of MEC.
|| Peak and mean rates at different locations along DV axis of MEC (Brun etal 2008). Peak rate (Hz) vs [data- DV quarter, simulations- Response rate]. image p596fig16.29 Data (top row) and simulations (bottom row) showing decreasing frequency of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations along the DV axis of MEC.
|| Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations at different locations along DV axis of MEC (Giocomo etal 2020; Yoshida etal 2011). Data [oscillations (Hz) vs distance from dorsal surface (mm) @[-50, -45] mV, Frequency (Hz) vs [-58, -54, -50] mV]. Simulations MPO frequency (Hz) s [response, habituation] rate. image p596fig16.30 Data (top row) and simulations (bottom row) of spatial phases of learned grid and place cells.
|| Spatial phases of learned grid and place cells (Hafting etal 2005). Data: Cross-correlogram of rate maps of two grid cells; Distribution of phase difference: distance from origin to nearest peak in cross-correlogram. Simulations: Grid cell histogram of spatial correlation coefficients; Place cell histogram of spatial correlation coefficients. image p597fig16.31 Data (a) and simulations (b-d) about multimodal place cell receptive fields in large spaces. The simulations are the result of learned place fields.
|| Multimodal place cell firing in large spaces (Fenton etal 2008; Henriksen etal 2010; Park etal 2011). Number of cells (%) vs Number of place fields. [2, 3] place fields, 100*100 cm space. image p597fig16.32 Data (top row) and simulations (bottom row) about grid cell development in juvenile rats. Grid score increases (a-b and d), whereas grid spacing remains fairly flat (c and e).
|| Model fits data about grid cell development (Wills etal 2010; Langston etal 2010). Data: [Gridness, grid score, inter-field distance (cm)]. Simulations: [Gridness score, Grid spacing (cm)] vs trial. image p598fig16.33 Data (top row) and simulations (bottom row) of changes in place cell properties in juvenile rats, notably about spatial information (a,c) and inter-trial stability (b,d).
|| Model fits data about grid cell development (Wills etal 2010). [Data, Simulation] vs [spatial information, inter-trial stability]. x-axis [age (postnatal day), trial]. image p598fig16.34 The spiking GridPlaceMap model generates theta-modulated place and grid cell firing, unlike the rate-based model.
|| Theta-modulated cells in spiking model. [place, grid] cell vs [membrane potential (mV vs time), frequency vs inter-spike intervals (s), power spectra (normalized power vs frequency (Hz))]. image p599fig16.35 Data (a) and simulations (b,c) about anatomically overlapping grid cell modules. (a) shows the anatomical distribution of grid cells belonging to different modules in one animal. DV location (mm) vs postrhinal border. (b) shows the simulated distribution of learned grid cell spacings from two stripe cell scales. frequency (%) vs grid spacing (cm). mu = [1, 0.6]. (c) shows what happens when half the cells respond with one rate and half another rate. (d) shows the same with three rates. (e-g) show spatial maps and autocorrelograms of grid cells that arise from the different rates in (d). [rate map, autocorelogram] vs [score [1.07, 0.5, 0.67], spacing (cm) [23.58, 41, 63.64]].
|| image p600fig16.36 The entorhinal-hipppocampal system has properties of an ART spatial category learning system, with hippocampal place cells as the spatial categories. See the text for details.
|| Entorhinal-hippocampal interactions as an ART system. Hippocampal place cells as spatial categories. Angular head velocity-> head direction cells-> stripe cells- small scale 1D periodic code (ECIII) SOM-> grid cells- small scale 2D periodic code (ECII) SOM-> place cells- larger scale spatial map (DG/CA3)-> place cells (CA1)-> conjunctive-coding cells (EC V/VI)-> top-down feedback back to stripe cells- small scale 1D periodic code (ECIII). stripe cells- small scale 1D periodic code (ECIII)-> place cells (CA1). image p602fig16.37 Data showing the effect of hippocampal inactivation by muscimol on grid cell firing before, during, and six hours after the muscimol, reading from left to right.
|| Hippocampal inactivation disrupts grid cells (Bonnevie etal 2013). muscimole inactivation. spikes on trajectory: [before, after min [6-20, 20-40, 40-60, 6h]]. rate map (Hz) [18.6, 11.4, 9.5, 6.7, 10.8]. spatial autocorrelogram g=[1.12, 0.05, -0.34, 0.09, 1.27]. image p603fig16.38 Role of hippocampal feedback in maintaining grid fields. (a) Data showing the effect of hippocampal inactivation before and during muscimol inhibition of hippocampal cells, as in Figure 16.37. (b) Model simulation with normal grid fields. (c) Model simulation that emulates the effect of hippocampal inhibition on grid fields.
|| (a) Data: hippocampal inactivation [before, after] cart [spikes on trajectory (p: [18.6, 6.7] Hz), spatial autocorrelogram (g= [1.12, 0.09])]. (b) Model: noise-free path integration, [spikes on trajectory (p: 14.56 Hz), rate map, spatial autocorrelogram (g= 1.41), dynamic autocorrelogram (g=0.6)]. (c) Model: noisy path integration + non-specific tonic inhibition, [spikes on trajectory (p: 11.33 Hz), rate map, spatial autocorrelogram (g= 0.05), dynamic autocorrelogram (g=0.047)]. image p605fig16.39 Data showing effects of medial septum (MS) inactivation on grid cells and network theta oscillations in medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). (A) Examples of disruption in the spatial expression of the hexagonal grid structure for two grid cells (Brandon etal 2011). (B) Temporal reduction in the power and frequency of network theta oscillations (Koenig etal 2011). (C) Temporary reduction in the gridness score, mean firing rate, and patial stability of grid cells (Koenig etal 2011).
|| Disruptive effects of Medial Septum inactivation in Medial Entorhinal Cortex (Brandon etal 2011; Koenig etal 2011). (A) Rate map [rate map, spatial autocorrelations, trajectory] vs [baseline, sub-sampled, medial septum inactivation, 3-6 hour recovery, 24 hour recovery], [rate map (Hz- m, p), spatial autocorrelations (gridness)][ 1.2, 7.2, 1.1; 0.25, 1.7, 0.6; 0.25, 2.5, -0.53; 0.7, 5.1, 0.55; 1.0, 5.3, 1.3; 2.1, 15, 0.19; 1.7, 12, 0.71; 1.7, 3.2, -0.22; 1.8, 9.1, 0.68; 2.5, 13, 0.46]. (B) [normalized power at 7-9 Hz, frequency (Hz)] vs 5-minute periods. (C) [mean gridness score (+-SEM), mean firing rate (% of baseline), mean correlation coeff (+-SEM)] vs 10-minute periods. image p607fig16.40 Effects of medial septum (MS) inactivation on grid cells. (a) Each row shows data and different data-derived measures of grid cell responsiveness, starting from the left with the baseline response to the middle column with maximal inhibition. (b) Data showing the temporary reduction in the gridness scores during MS inactivation, followed by recovery. (c) Simulation of the collapse in gridness, achieved by reduction in cell response rates to mimic reduced cholinergic transmission. (d,e) Simulations of the reduction in gridness scores in (d) by reduction of cell response rates, in (e) by changing the leak conductance. See the text for details.
|| image p611fig16.41 How back-propagating action potentials, supplemented by recurrent inhibitory interneurons, control both learning within the synapses on the apical dendrites of winning pyramidal cells, and regulate a rythm by which associative read-out is dissociated from read-in. See the text for details.
|| image p612fig16.42 Macrocircuit of the main SOVEREIGN subsystems.
|| [reward input, drive input, drive representation (DR), visual working memory and planning system (VWMPS), visual form and motion system (VFMS), motor approach and orienting system (MAOS), visual input (VisIn), motor working memory and planning system (MWMPS), motor approach and orienting system (MAOS), motor plant (MotP), Proprioceptive Input (PropIn), Vestibular Input (VesIn), Environmental feedback (EnvFB). DR [incentive motivational learning-> [VWMPS, MWMPS], -> VFMS, -> MAOS], VWMPS [conditioned reinforcer learning-> DR, MAOS], VFMS [visual object categories-> VWMPS, reactive movement commands-> MAOS], MWMPS [conditioned reinforcer learning-> DR, planned movement commands-> MAOS], MAOS [motor map positions-> MWMPS, motor outflow-> MotP], VisIn-> VFMS, VesIn-> MAOS, EnvFB-> [VisIn, MotP, VesIn]. image p613fig16.43 The main visual form and motion processing stream mechanisms of SOVEREIGN, many of them described at length in previous chapters.
|| Render 3-D scene (R3DS), figure-ground separation (FGS), log-polar transform (LPT), Gaussian coarse-coding (GCC), Invariant visual target map (IVTM), What Fuzzy ART (WhatFuzz), body spatial coordinates (BSC), where reactive visual TPV storage (WRVTS), Directional transient cell network (DTCN), Motion direction hemifild map (MDHM), Hemifiled left/right scoring (HLRS), reactive visual control signal (RVCS), Parvo/Magno/Erg competition (PMEC), Approach and Orient GOp (AOGp), GOm (GOm). R3DS [parvo-> FGS, magno-> DTCN], FGS-> [LPT, WRVTS], LPT-> GCC-> IVTM-> WhatFuzz, BSC-> [RVTS, PMEC], PMEC-> [gateRVTS-> RVTS, gateRVCS-> RVCS], DTCN-> MDHM-> HLRS, HLRS-> [PMEC, RVCS], AOGp-> gateRVTS, GOm-> gateRVCS. image p613fig16.44 The main target position vector (TPV), difference vector (DV), and volitional GO computations in SOVEREIGN that bring together reactive and planned signals to control decision-making and action. See the text for details.
|| Reactive visual TPV (RVT), NETs (NETs), S-MV mismatch (SMVM), NETmv (NETmv), reactive visual TPV storage (RVTS), reactive DV1 (RD1), NET (NET), motivated what and where decisions (MWWD), Planned DV1 (PD1), tonic (Tonic), top-down readout mismatch (TDRM), Parvo gate (tonic) (PG), Orienting GOp offset (OGpO). RVT-> [NETs, RVTS], NETs-> [SMVM, NET], SMVM-> NET, NETmv-> SMVM, RVTS-> [NETs, RD1], NET-> [RD1, PD1, TDRM], MWWD-> PD1, PD1-> Tonic-> TDRMPG-> NETs, OGpO-> [NETmv, PD1]. image p614fig16.45 The main distance (d) and angle (a) computations that bring together and learn dimensionally-consistent visual and motor information whereby to make the currently best decisions and actions. See the text for details.
|| Reactive Visual TPV [m storage], NETm S-MV mismatch, MV mismatch, NETmv, PPVv, PPVm, Vestibular feedback, motor copy. image p615fig16.46 SOVEREIGN uses homologous processing stages to model the (a) What cortical stream and the (b) Where cortical stream, including their cognitive working memories and chunking networks, and their modulation by motivational mechanisms. See the text for details.
|| image p615fig16.47 SOVEREIGN models how multiple READ circuits, operating in parallel in response to multiple internal drive sources, can be coordinated to realize a sensory-drive heterarchy that can maximally amplify the motivationally most currently favored option.
|| image p616fig16.48 SOVEREIGN was tested using a virtual reality 3D rendering of a cross maze (a) with different visual cues at the end of each corridor.
|| image p616fig16.49 The animat learned to convert (a) inefficient exploration of the maze into (b) an efficient direct learned path to the goal.
|| image p617fig16.50 The perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices enable adaptively timed reinforcement learning and spatial navigational processes that are modeled by Spectral Spacing models in the What and Where cortical streams, respectively, to be fused in the hippocampus.
|| What and Where inputs to the hippocampus (Diana, Yonelinas, Ranganath 2007). Adaptively timed conditioning and spatial naviga039tbl01.03 tion. Hippocampus <-> Entorhinal Cortex <-> [Perirhinal Cortex <-> what, Parahippocampal Cortex <-> where]. image p627tbl17.01 Homologs between reaction-diffusion and recurrent shunting cellular network models of development.
|| byRows: (reaction-diffusion, recurrent shunting net) (activator, excitatory activity) (inhibitor, inhibitory activity) (morphogenic source density, inputs) (firing of morphogen gradient, contrast enhancement) (maintenance of morphogen gradient, short-term memory) (power or sigmoidal signal functions, power or sigmoidal signal functions) (on-center off-surround interactions via diffusion, on-center off-surround interactions via signals) (self-stabilizing distributions of morphogens if inhibitors equilibrate rapidly, short-term memory pattern if inhibitors equilibrate rapidly) (periodic pulses if inhibitors equilibrate slowly, periodic pulses if inhibitors equilibrate slowly) (regulation, adaptation). image p628fig17.01 A hydra
|| image p628fig17.02 Schematics of how different cuts and grafts of the normal Hydra in (a) may (*) or may not lead to the growth of a new head. See the text for details.
|| image p629fig17.03 How an initial morphogenetic gradient may be contrast enhanced to exceed the threshold for head formation in its most active region.
|| head formation threshold, final gradient, initial gradient. image p630fig17.04 Morphogenesis: more ratios (Wolpert 1969). Shape preserved as size increases. French flag problem. Use cellular models! (Grossberg 1976, 1978) vs chemical or fluid reaction-diffusion models (Turing 1952; Gierer, Meinhardt 1972).
|| image p631fig17.05 How a blastula develops into a gastrula. See the text for details.
|| 1. The vegetal pole of the blastula flattens, [Animal, vegetal] hemisphere, blastocoel. 2. Some cells change shape and move inward to form the archenteron, Elastopore. 3. Other cells break free, becoming mesenchyme. 4. Then extensions of mesenchyme cells attach to the overlying ctoderm, Archenteron. 5. The archenteron elongates, assisted by the contraction of mesenchyme cells. 6. The mouth will form, where the archenteron meets ectoderm. 7. The blastopone will form the anus of the mature animal. [Mesenchyme, Ectoderm, Endoderm, Blastocoel, Archenteron, Mesenchyme]. Concept 38.3, www.macmillanhighered.com image p634fig17.06 Summing over a population of cells with binary output signals whose firing thresholds are Gaussianly distributed (left image) generates a total output signal that grows in a sigmoidal fashion with increasing input size (dashed vertical line).
|| How binary cells with a Gaussian distribution of output thresholds generates a sigmoidal population signal. [# of binary cells with threshold T, Total output signal] vs Cell firing thresholds T. Cell population with firing thresholds Gaussianly distributed around a mean value. As input increases (dashed line), more cells in population fire with binary signals. Total population output obeys a sigmoid signal function f. image pxvifig00.01 Macrocircuit of the visual system ImageMagick: Command-line Options ImageMagick: Command-line Processing ImageMagick: Convert, Edit, Or Compose Bitmap Images ImageNet 2012 ImageNet 2014 ImageNet 2015 contest) is a version thereof image recognition competitions), image segmentation contest (ISBI, May 2012), "/images/icons/file.gif" "/images/icons/valid-xhtml10.png" IMF and World Bank preparing $4.4 billion aid package for Ukraine,
IMF approves $1.4 billion in emergency financing support to Ukraine.
IMF approves $700 million loan tranche to Ukraine, extends stand-by program through June 2022
IMF: Default no longer "unlikely event" for Russia.
IMF grants Ukraine $1.4B in emergency financing
IMF to consider $1.4 billion in emergency funding for Ukraine today.
Creative Commons LicenseThanks to many expert reviewers for useful comments. Since science is about self-correction, let me know under juergen@idsia.ch if you can spot any remaining error. Many additional relevant publications can be found in my Creative Commons License Creative Commons License Creative Commons LicenseThanks
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abc.net.au ABC Home Critique of 2018 Turing Award Scientific Integrity, the 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018 Turing Award for Deep Learning Deep Learning: Our Miraculous Year 1990-1991 Transformers with linearized self-attention in Neural Computation 1992, equivalent to fast weight programmers (apart from normalization), separating storage and control. Key/value was called FROM/TO. The attention terminology was introduced at ICANN 1993. Juergen Schmidhuber. Highway Networks:
<img src= Metalearning or Learning to Learn Since 1987. Juergen Schmidhuber. self-referential weight matrix A modern self-referential weight matrix (2022) based on the one of 1992 the simplest and fastest way of computing all possible metaverses or computable universes. Juergen Schmidhuber, 1997 who invented backpropagation? The most important events since the beginning of the universe seem to be neatly aligned on a timeline of exponential acceleration converging in an Omega point in the year 2040 or so (J Schmidhuber, 2014) First Very Deep Learner of 1991 Highlights of over 2000 years of computing history. Juergen Schmidhuber Artificial Curiosity & Creativity Since 1990-91 10-year anniversary of supervised deep learning breakthrough (2010) 26 March 1991: Neural nets learn to program neural nets with fast weights—like today In 1795, Gauss used what 1931: Theoretical Computer Science & AI Theory Founded by Goedel. Juergen Schmidhuber. History of computer vision contests won by deep CNNs since 2011 Highway Networks:
<img src= 2021: 375th birthday of Leibniz, father of computer science. Juergen Schmidhuber. Recurrent Neural Networks, especially LSTM Predictability Minimization: unsupervised minimax game where one neural network minimizes the objective function maximized by another Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, the  20th century Sepp Hochreiter 1941: Konrad Zuse builds first working general computer; patent application 1936. Juergen Schmidhuber. Critique of 2018 Turing Award Scientific Integrity and the History of Deep Learning: The 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018 Turing Award Deep Learning: Our Miraculous Year 1990-1991 Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Immanuel Velikovsky (died ?DDMMMYYYY) is the leading analyst Immanuel Velikovsky - Velikovsky is a primary inspiration for a great deal of breakthrough thinking across many subjects! He was not liked by establishment science, but over time most of his [idea, prediction]s have been OR[right, insightful], and mainstream scientists wrong! That thing about Venus sprouting from [Saturn, Mars, something] (I forget which) in historical times is a bit much for me, but given his track record I am afraid to say that he was wrong. impassioned public testimony exposing this mass genocide in the video below
Import of cars into Ukraine increased by 58% compared to 2020, reaching nearly 1 million in 2021.
“I’m scared. We’re hitting everyone, even civilians” – Russian soldier to his mother before being killed in action
in 2010 → our DanNet (2011) → AlexNet (2012); VGG Net (2014) (see Sec. D). In 2022, we are celebrating the following works from a quarter-century ago. In 4 days, 2 million Ukrainians apply for $215 government assistance.
In addition to Kopani, Russian aircraft attacked two more settlements in Belarus – Ukrainian Air Force
In a long-anticipated move, U.S. to impose sanctions on Nord Stream 2 operator
Inanna -> In Boryspil, enemy missile hits KBP Airport premises
Inca In case of invasion, territorial defense forces will ambush attackers "wherever possible."
In Chernihiv, three unexploded 500kg bombs discovered in residential areas
incorporate reader questions into theme webPage
incorporate reader questions into theme webPages
In Depth India advises its citizens to leave Ukraine amid military escalation.
India continues efforts to evacuate students in eastern Ukraine.
Indian student killed in Kharkiv shelling, according to Indian foreign ministry.
Indigenous Individuals who draw marks on Ukraine"s streets and buildings to help Russia fire targeted air attacks will be tried for high treason,
Indonesian Infamous Ukrainian judge’s brother released on bail after bribery charge
Influenza Influenza and the Sun : seasonal to pandemic influenza web-page covers the same topic with respect to the flu. Information Policy Ministry releases video calling for sky over Ukraine to be closed
Infrastructure Ministry estimates losses from Russian aggression
In Irpin near Kyiv, three households on fire after enemy shelling
initial list of a variety of themes from the book, currently generated by a simple bash script (needs improvement) In Kyiv, businesses stay put despite threat of Russian invasion
In Melitopol, Ukrainian Army destroys huge enemy convoy
in next 30 yrs, global warming prob. will be last thing in our mind (14Nov2022 youTube) Innovation & technology INNS INNS Big Data Conference Blog INNS Board of Governors and Bylaws INNS home page Inspirational Friends Instagram begins labeling accounts of Russian state-controlled media, which promulgate propaganda and disinformation.
Instagram users in Russia are told service will cease from midnight.
Installing CLAPACK and ATLAS on Linux Instant noodle producer Rollton to invest $100 million to expand Ukraine plant.
Instead of humanitarian corridors, Russian army can only ensure bloody ones - Zelensky
Intense tropical cyclones Interfax: China is ready to help end war in Ukraine.
Interior Minister says Yanukovych “expired” politician
Interior ministry: Three civilians killed by Russian assault on Vuhledar.
Interior Ministry: villages Horodyshche, Milove in Luhansk Oblast captured by Russian forces.
internal spotlights of attention International International Boxing Association bans Russian and Belarusian boxers and competition officials from participating in international boxing competitions.
International Center for Peacekeeping in Lviv region fired by planes from Russia’s Saratov. 9 people killed
International Court of Justice to hold hearings over Russia’s war in Ukraine.
International Gymnastics Federation bans Russian and Belarusian athletes from competitions starting March 7,
International Judo Federation strips Putin of honorary status.
International Weather Internet Archive), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy goes on to say: "The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining why any physical state is conscious rather than nonconscious. It is the problem of explaining why there is something it is like for a subject in conscious experience, why conscious mental states light up and directly appear to the subject." ..."
interview with Associated Press, Kyiv’s Mayor Vitali Klitschko said that ‘Kyiv was encircled’ but ready to fight. His spokesperson said that he misspoke, and such information was “a lie and a manipulation.”


in the 1990s → our LSTM (see Sec. A-C) and In the 2010s, In the 2010s, ​​In the Bucha district near Kyiv, Russian forces opened fire on a car with civilians.
In the city of Sumy in northeastern Ukraine, a building of the military faculty
In the nation’s darkest hours, Ukrainians look out for each other
In the occupied parts of Donbas, people struggle to get cash.
into 21 parts introduced Introduction Introduction : Introduction (~300 words), introduction) became Introduction webPage.
Introduction webPage, questions driving this "webSite" (collection of webPages, defined by the menu above) are : Introduction - Conceptual pseudo-basis for MindCode 2020 old description of MindCode Introduction to Elliott Wave Theory Introduction to this webSite.
Invaders continue offensive, but pace of advance slowed significantly - General Staff
Invaders destroy seven hospitals, damage 104, killing six health workers
Invaders detain 400 Ukrainians in Kherson city – General Staff
Invaders drop five bombs: Children"s camp after Russian airstrike
Invaders dropping unguided bombs on Ukrainian cities – intelligence
Invaders focusing efforts on encircling Kyiv and five other cities - General Staff
Invaders have already destroyed and damaged over 400 infrastructure facilities in Donetsk region
Invaders launch airstrikes on three villages in Zhytomyr region at night
Invaders launch missile strike on Baryshivka, Kyiv region
Invaders mine coast of Kakhovka Reservoir
Invaders once again thwart evacuation of civilians from Mariupol
Invaders plunder Mariupol-bound humanitarian convoy
Invaders realize they can’t grab Kyiv, intercepts prove
Invaders shoot bus with orphanage educatresses on Kirovohrad highway
Invaders temporarily controlling roads and some populated localities – Center for Countering Disinformation
Investigation: Russian troops sent toward Ukraine for mysterious 6-9-month missions
Investigators claim ex-Zelensky"s party MP didn’t cause traffic accident.
Investigators seize Bilshovyk shares over suspected corruption
Involving Islamic State, pushing chemical arms claims Russia pursues "Syrian scenario," Ukraine says
In Zaporizhzhia region, Russian tank crushed car with boy inside
ionospheric current systems. Is the Earth in a z-pinch of the Sun? (sort of) I respond to LBH"s recent ACM article (July 2021). Iris I, Robot Isabelle Guyon
obtained a engineering diploma from the Ecole Superieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris, Paris, in 1985, and a Ph.D. degree in Physical Sciences from the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, in 1988. She joined AT&T Bell Labs Research , Homdel, NJ, in January 1989. In January 1996, she left AT&T to try her luck with a startup company, CyberGold, which she left in April of the same year to start her own consulting company, ClopiNet. Recently, she also served as Vice President of a bioinformatics startup called BIOwulf. ISBI 2012 image segmentation Is gravity weak negative electric charge?
Is History Converging? Again? Ishtar F is not necessary Israeli Prime Minister secretly visits Russia, talks to Putin.
Issues & Ideas
Is Ukraine ready for cyberwar with Russia? Fears mount as military build-up continues
Italy seizes $578 million mega yacht owned by Russian oligarch Andrey Melnichenko.
Italy seizes $578M mega yacht owned by Russian oligarch
it became really deep in 1991 in my lab, "It is unlikely that Russia has achieved its planned Day 1 military objectives,"
IV, Ivanka Charvatova- Solar inertial motion & activity: I"ve been a big fan of Charvatova since before 2008. She reminds me of Theodore Landscheit of Acadia University in New Brunswick, Canada, a bit before her time with some overlap. It"s fun to see that Zharkova often cited Charvatova in her [paper, presentation]s, and built on her work to some extent. She was also the basis of my rise & fall of civilisations project (bullet point below). Another fun paper was her application of historical movement of Earth"s geomagnetic fields to the orientation of Chinese pyramids (earth mounds like Emporer ?Chin"s with the teracotta warriors). ‘I’ve been a labor economist for a very long time — and have never seen anything like this.’ Jobless claims rise nearly 1,500% in 3 weeks - MarketWatch iView IX, IX & IX, and Izhikevich Nov2003 Known types of neurons Izium residents come under attack during evacuation.
Jacobovici"s "Exodus proofs" video, especially in the ways that it [compliment, compete, contrast]ed other similar analysis that I have seen in the past. Simcha Jacobovici has done very exceptional [research, analysis, outreach to experts, on-the-ground investigation, script-writing, video production]. He"s a powerful thinker, well beyond the capacity of most of the experts in the field, even though not an archaeologist by profession. More than that, the video was fun to watch.
Jacobovici"s film "Genesis proofs", I have not provided the complete wording from all 6 DVDs of "Magical Egypt: Season 1 Symbolist perspective". I have ONLY done DVD2 and DVD3 in detail, with images, and have stopped my work for now.
James Batchik & Doug Klain: It’s time for Europe to defend Ukraine — and itself
James Rogers: Is Britain now Ukraine’s closest ally?
Jan. 19 news wrap-up
Jan. 20 news wrap-up
Jan. 21 news wrap-up
Jan. 24 news wrap-up
Jan. 25 news wrap-up
Jan. 26 news wrap-up
Jan. 31 news wrap-up
Japan allocates $100M to support Ukraine - Zelensky
Japan announces travel restrictions, asset freezes for Russian elite, sanctions on Russia"s bonds.
Japan Japan Japanese companies Sony and Epson withdraw from Russian market.
Japan joins Western allies to eject selected Russian banks from SWIFT.
Japan joins Western sanctions against Russia"s Central Bank.
Japan Meteorological Agency Japan sends military protective equipment to Ukraine
Japan to ban oil refining equipment exports to Russia.
Japan to freeze assets of Russian leaders, three financial institutions.
Japan to impose sanctions on Russia’s central bank
Japan to provide Ukraine with up to $100 million in loans to "support economy."
Japan to put sanctions on Putin, support Russia's disconnection from SWIFT
Japan to supply gas to Europe.
Jas Jain: "Re: Inflation" Jas Jain: "Re: Thank you...:)" Jasper Chat LLM - companies that need to generate high-quality content Javelin anti-tank missiles arrive from Estonia to Ukraine.
Javelin anti-tank missiles seen deployed to Donbas
JCB suspends operation in Russia.
Jean Jebi Jelawat JM Hurst"s time-period fractal of 2*, which as far as I know targets only financial markets. That website link does mention fractals (at least of the market), and applies "Laguerre Hurst Cycles" because "... Laguerre moving filters have significantly less lag and the setback required is only three days/bars. ...". Very interesting. Note that the Puetz UWS-HUWS combination practically incorporates the Hurst cycles in terms of halfing, but I don"t know if the Hurst cycles are "pegged" to a single basic lamba P(0,0). I suspect not.
Joan Joe Varner: Abandoning Ukraine means surrendering the rules-based liberal world order
Johannes Kepler
John: Book of Revelation John wrote the Book of Revelation in about 95 A.D., a century and a half after the Julian calendar reform of 45 B.C. which adopted a 365-day calendar with modern leap years. However, in verses 11:2-3; 12:6, 12:14; and 13:5, John explicitly indicates a year of 360 days. John Chapelle Natural Philosophy Society groups. To me, in the self-imposed context of "Multiple Conflicting Hypotesis", the context isn"t [right, wrong, true, false], but rather the pleasure of seeing the ideas of people who have done some [observation, imagination, often huge work] in a very [imaginative, creative] way. I tend to favor hard math basis, but I"ve learned that observation may be a powerful key independent of math.
John Chapelle Natural Philosophy Society (NPS) and it"s precursors, have been a wonderful source of great thinking, right or wrong. Even more than the EU, the NPS has been an invaluable ear for many lone thinkers, looking for an audience, and someone to talk to :
John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society Forums John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society | Where Natural Philosophers Meet John Chappell - YouTube John E. Herbst: How Kazakhstan could shift Putin’s calculus on Ukraine
John Hopkins - ncov-model-2 – CSSE John HopkinsU - ArcGIS Dashboards John J. Mearsheimer, Uof Chicago, GREAT presentation 04-07Jun2015 : Why is Ukraine the West’s Fault? John O"Sullivan"s PSI International Johnson: Recognizing independence of Russian-occupied Donbas is violation of international law.
Johnson: Sanctions the minute Russian troops further invade Ukraine
Johnson says evidence of Russia’s further invasion into Ukraine is "pretty clear."
Johnson: Western sanctions will stop Russian economy.
John Tamny 2021 "When politicians panicked: The new corona virus, expert opinion, and a tragic lapse of reason".
John Taylor"s. It seemed to me that it emerged from "Approximate Dynamic Programming" theories of Paul Werbos, which was inspired by Sigmund Freud"s theories (which I dodn"t actually like in general, but had to admit their widespread adoption at one time, and their inspirational use) with a tremendous based of [theoretical, practical] applications to system [identification ????]. While I do provide a very brief summary on a separate webPage, it is not my current focus. John Taylor"s consciousness, which I see as paritally emergent from Paul Werbos"s "advanced control theory" and brain concepts.
John Walker John Walker
Joint Typhoon Warning Center – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Retrieved 2008-12-22. Jose Antonio Iglesias, IJCNN Publicity Chair, Carlos III Univ, Madrid, Spain with the phrase "Remove my email" in the Subject line.

[JOU17] Journalist: 18 Russian Il-76 planes take off from Russia"s Pskov, fly in direction of Kyiv, could carry paratroopers.
Journalist: EU imposes sanctions on Kremlin’s mercenary Wagner Group that fought in Donbas
Journalist: Kherson almost completely surrounded by Russian troops.
Journalists allege that Russia"s proxies in Donbas filmed addresses about "urgent" evacuation 2 days ago.
Journalists forbidden from entering Irpin after Russians kill US reporter on March 13.
Journalist shot dead by Russian occupiers in Kherson Region
Joyland cinema, Strathmore J.P. Morgan downgrades Ukraine’s 2021 GDP growth forecast from 4.5% to 2.3%
JPMorgan: Russian economy to shrink by fifth in second quarter.
JP Morgan: Russia risks default on public debt.
J. Schmidhuber: Critique of Turing Award for Drs. Bengio & Hinton & LeCun J. Schmidhuber on Alexey Ivakhnenko, godfather of deep learning 1965. J. Schmidhuber on Seppo Linnainmaa, inventor of backpropagation in 1970. J. Schmidhuber really had GANs in 1990. J. Schmidhuber"s work on fast weights from 1991 is similar to linearized variants of Transformers Judy Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Jumping off the cliff and into conclusions ??Jun2021 slide presentation is EXCELLENT! I still have to go through the rest of their reports, but that will have to wait several months. June Junk Jupiter Just In Just what sustains Earth"s magnetic field anyway? | EurekAlert! Science News Juyang Weng Juyang Weng - Life is Science (10): Li Fei-Fei, Plagiarism, and... [K56] [K56] Kaal: Structured Atom Model (SAM) vs Quantum Mechanics (QM)
- Kaal"s concepts stunned me when I saw the video within a week or two from the time that he gave his EU2017 presentation. Why can I never think of things like that?
Kaal Structured Atom Model vs Quantum Mechanics Kaal Structured Atom Model vs Quantum Mechanics
Kadyrov says he"s near Kyiv.
Kali F Kalush Orchestra to represent Ukraine at Eurovision 2022.
Karen Kate Kay 24Aug2021 Sociology of Scientific Knowledge - Normal Science.html Kazakh government regains control with Kremlin’s help amid uprising
Kazakhstan denies Russia"s request for troops.
KEI - Perry Kinkaide, youTube Keltner Bands - Fidelity Ken Johnson talks [which video link?] that I was really kind of excited about, is the second verse in the Bible was "the Earth was null and void". The idea is that before the creation of day one, there was nothing. It was null and void. And that"s the narrative. Its a static function, you have something, and it begins on day one, it ends on day seven.
Key files - to [view, hear] my commentary Keyframe - Synfig Animation Studio Key [results, comments] KFC, Pizza Hut suspend operations in Russia.
Kharkiv airport temporarily closed on Feb. 23.
Kharkiv Armored Plant comes under Russian MLRS fire
Kharkiv barraged with rockets, 11 killed
Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Mariupol, Kherson, Hostomel, Volnovakha awarded title of hero cities
Kharkiv governor reports that heavy fighting is taking place inside the city.
Kharkiv resident killed in Russia’s latest attack.
Kharkiv under control by Ukrainian Armed Forces
Kherson, a major city in southern Ukraine, is under attack,
Kherson citizens rally against Russian occupiers.
Kherson Mayor: City running out of food, medicines, fuel
Kherson mayor: City under Ukrainian control.
Kherson Mayor Kolykhaev: "City surrounded."
Kherson regional administration captured by Russia.
Kherson residents do not stop protests against Russian invaders
Khmer Kids TV guide Kit Kivanc Ozbilgics Turtle Trade PineScript - documention.txt Kivanc Ozbilgics Turtle Trade PineScript, plus 8-year detrended SP500.txt Klitchko: Five explosions occurred near Troieshchyna power station in Kyiv.
Klitschko: 9 civilians, including one child, killed in Kyiv since Feb. 24.
Klitschko: About half of Kyiv residents left capital since Russia’s war began.
Klitschko: "Heavy fighting around Kyiv, primarily northwest."
Klitschko: Kyiv has entered defense phase, enemy wants to destroy the capital.
Klitschko: Kyiv metro now only working as bomb shelter.
Klitschko"s spokesperson denies that Kyiv is "encircled. "
knowledge, letters [KNU] [KOE1] It used pins on [KOH72] work, [KOH82-89] Kolmogorov complexity or algorithmic information content of successful huge NNs may actually be rather small. Kong-rey Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) Konrad Zuse"s much earlier 1948 work on Koppu [Korean film "Hansan"] Korean Peninsula [KOS88] Kovach — TradingView kozmoklimate@gmail.com +1-403-734-2118
Kp Index Kremlin announces "humanitarian corridors to Russia, Belarus."
Kremlin denies promising no further military maneuvres near Ukraine to Macron.
​​Kremlin drafts pacts to limit Western influence in post-Soviet countries
Kremlin propaganda claims that Ukrainian troops attacked Russia.
Kremlin proxies in eastern Ukraine ask Russia to recognize occupied territories as independent states.
Kremlin proxies in Luhansk also announce civilian evacuation.
Kremlin proxies introduce state of emergency in occupied parts of Donbas.
Kremlin: Putin to recognize the independence of Russian-occupied Donbas soon.
Kremlin sees "positive and less positive" signals from Emmanuel Macron’s visit to Ukraine.
Kremlin spokesman: Putin was unaware that Russian conscripts were sent to Ukraine.
Kremlin warns against supplying lethal weapons to Ukraine.
Kronos (Cronus) Kronos (= Cronus) kronos-press.com) Kryvyi Rih city council officials suspected of $25 million embezzlement.
KSE professor: Russian naval blockade would cost Ukraine $25-170 million per day.
Kubrakov: Ukrainian transport infrastructure damage due to Russian aggression reaches $10 billion.
[KUL] Kuleba: After Versailles Summit, we definitely know that Ukraine will be EU member
Kuleba backs initiative to establish tribunal to consider crime of Russian aggression against Ukraine
Kuleba, Blinken agree on further support for Ukraine
Kuleba, Blinken discuss further steps to deter Russia.
Kuleba calls for providing Ukraine with aircraft after air strike hit maternity hospital in Mariupol
Kuleba calls on foreigners not to join Russian forces invading Ukraine
Kuleba calls on global business to stop cooperating with Russia
Kuleba calls on UN to refute reports on banning words ‘war’ and ‘invasion’ among its staff
Kuleba calls on world to provide aircrafts amid humanitarian catastrophe in Mariupol
Kuleba, Cavusoglu agree on steps to end Russia"s war against Ukraine
Kuleba compares Russian economy to enemy tank running out of fuel
Kuleba discussed possible supply of fighter jets to Ukraine with Blinken, Rau
Kuleba, Duda discuss support for Ukraine"s EU membership
Kuleba: Large-scale war in Ukraine will be the end of world order as we know it.
Kuleba, Lavrov fail to make progress on 24-hour ceasefire
Kuleba, Lavrov meet first time since start of Russia"s full-scale war.
Kuleba-Lavrov meeting ends with no result
Kuleba: Lavrov was not authorized to make decisions at meeting in Antalya
Kuleba on negotiations with Lavrov: We will make the most
Kuleba outlines who should sign new security guarantees for Ukraine
Kuleba: Potential staged Russian provocation being prepared in Crimea.
Kuleba: Russia must immediately withdraw troops from Chornobyl and Zaporizhzhia NPPs
Kuleba: Russian attack is not "imminent".
Kuleba: Russia plans to fire rockets at its own territory in false-flag operation.
Kuleba says no agreement was reached with Lavrov.
Kuleba: SWIFT severance not part of current Western sanctions package.
Kuleba to Germany: “You have done too little.”
Kuleba, Truss discuss expanding Russia sanctions
Kuleba, Truss discuss further steps to strengthen Ukraine’s defense capabilities
Kuleba: Ukraine will not capitulate.
Kuleba: Unclear when next round of Ukraine-Russia talks will be held.
Kuleba urges countries to provide Ukraine with aircraft.
Kuleba urges EU and G7 countries to introduce further sanctions against Russia.
Kuleba: "We need planes to stop Russian war crimes."
Kupyansk mayor in Kharkiv Oblast charged with treason.
Kurt Volker: Don’t let Russia fool you about Minsk agreements
Kvitneve, a warehouse for frozen food products is on fire after Russian shelling. No casualties have been reported yet.


Kyiv’s Cold War-era bomb shelters in dire state (PHOTOS)
Kyiv, 8 oblasts leave ‘red’ quarantine zone
Kyiv administration asks residents to immediately take shelter due to Russian air attack.
Kyiv administration: Kyiv residents must close their windows tightly.
Kyiv administration sues subway contractor for using state funds to make a buck
Kyivans hide in subways as Russian forces bombard the capital
Kyiv authorities offer to set up Wi-Fi in bomb shelters.
Kyiv central railway station goes dark.
Kyiv city administration illuminates its building with LGBTQ colors on Human Rights Day
Kyiv City administration issues warning about painted markings on rooves.
Kyiv City Council lawmaker suspected of bribery flees investigation.
Kyiv curfew extended to 5 p.m. - 8 a.m.
Kyiv curfew extended until 8 a.m. on Feb. 28.
Kyiv home guard provided with NLAW tank killers.
Kyiv Independent.com kyivindependent.com - news log This is my main source of daily information on the Ukraine-Russia situation Kyiv Independent wins ‘Journalist of the Year’ award by Ukrainska Pravda
Kyiv is under control of Ukrainian military and territorial defense forces.
Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko’s party to run in next elections.
Kyiv-Mohyla students seek to oust education minister over independence clash
Kyiv Oblast Governor: Evacuation from Kyiv suburbs continues.
Kyiv preparing for all-around defense
Kyiv reports first cases of Omicron Covid-19 variant
Kyiv resident gives birth during war: ‘I forgot about the bombings only in labor’
Kyiv residents calm after heavy night fighting
Kyiv residents report loud explosions.
Kyiv’s Brookes CIL International School ranked among world’s best schools
Kyiv’s colorful, crowded Christmas markets in 10 best photos
Kyiv’s state-owned Elektronmash factory auctioned off for $37 million on Nov. 12
Kyivstar blocks all text messages coming to its subscribers from Russia, Belarus
Kyiv subway to hold screenings of Ukrainian films.
Kyiv sustains heavy missile, aircraft assault overnight.
Kyiv to create territorial defense headquarters ahead of Russia’s potential invasion
Kyiv to evacuate all residents if Russia’s war reaches the capital.
Kyiv to update emergency warning system amid threat of another Russian invasion.
Kyiv train station mayhem as thousands rush to flee
Kyiv under control by Ukrainian army, territorial defense forces - city administration
Kyiv under shelling: ‘First thing I heard was my child’s scream’
🔴 Kyle Bass Explains The Chinese Currency Crisis As An Investment Opportunity - YouTube Kyle Bass on Corona Chaos, Insolvency Risk, & US-China Tensions (w/ Raoul Pal) - YouTube Kyle Beattie 30Oct2021 "Worldwide Bayesian Causal Impact Analysis of Vaccine Administration on Deaths and Cases Associated with COVID-19"
Kyrgyz journalist arrested after exposing alleged top-level corruption
Kyslytsia at UN: Ukraine calls on Red Cross to help repatriate bodies of dead Russian soldiers
[L03] [L84] [LA14]) also laid foundations of modern computer science. He Label of Kyiv’s techno club named among the best in 2021
labs.openai.com - DALL·E LaMDA - Google"s "Language Model for Dialog Applications" Lan Landline Language Map Latest Ghost Robotics News Latest News
--> Latest US sanctions target Russian oligarchs and their families.
Latin America Latvia, Lithuania ban Russian airlines from their airspace
Latvian FM demands IAEA immediately interfere due to power outage at Chornobyl NPP
Latvia ready to accept up to 10,000 Ukrainian refugees.
Latvia’s foreign minister: ‘EU must impose sanctions on Russia immediately.’
Lawmaker Shufrych detained by territorial defense, alleged of helping Russia.
Lawmaker wanted for alleged corruption.
Lawrence Person"s BattleSwarm Blog, also interesting)
Lawyers say Zelensky illegally appointed Constitutional Court judges
[LE18] to the later [LE18] to the much later [LE18] to the much later learning sequential attention learning sequential attention with NNs (1990), leaving this weekend.


[LEC] [LEC] [LEC] [LEC] We published answers to these questions in 1990-91: self-supervised [LECP] [LECP] "... LeCun"s 2022 paper on autonomous machine intelligence rehashes but does not cite essential work of 1990-2015. Years Lee Giles is the David Reese Professor at the College of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. He is also graduate college Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, courtesy Professor of Supply Chain and Information Systems, and Director of the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He recently became a Teaching and Learning Technology Fellow and the Interim Associate Dean of Research for IST Lee Giles, CiteSeer - full of ideas on how to build systems. Legendary Mriya aircraft ruined in a Russian attack near Kyiv.
Legendary Petrivka book market will be torn down, replaced by shopping mall
[LEI21,21a] [LEI21,a,b] Leibniz" Lekima [LEN83] Let's support the unbreakable: NBU opens special account to raise funds for Ukraine's Armed Forces
Let’s support unbreakable: NBU’s special account to raise funds for Ukrainian army
Letter: Panel members call on Venediktova to help unblock anti-graft prosecutor selection
Letters
Lexicom.ca Lexi.net Web Mail Login LibreOffice home Lies, Damned Lies, and Scientists". Even though scientists are not the only group involved, the theme is universally applied to all home sapiens.
"Lies, damned lies, and scientists)". One can always play with [frameworks, assumptions, changeable and inconsistent interpretations, statistics, small world universal function approximators] and get whatever answer you want. This approach is something that GR & QM scientists seem to excel at. _Lies, damned lies, and scientists.html Life in a country that saw only 7 COVID-19 deaths - MarketWatch Lifelong Learning [LIL1-2] [LIL1-2] [LIL1-2]). Lindzen - declining marginal effect of CO2 increases.pdf Lindzen - Don"t Believe the Hype - Al Gore is wrong.pdf Link. Link. Link to the archive. linux - How do I modify my user PROFILE file to append a scripts folder i created to the end of my PATH variable? - Stack Overflow Linux Mint Linux Mint Blog » Blog Archive » Update Pack 4 is out! LinuxMint Community Linux Mint Forums - Index page Linux Security for Beginners - How a Firewall Works Linux Security for Beginners - Table of Contents linux.sh - by typing "linux" in a terminal, Linux / Unix: Shell Script Find Out In Which Directory Script File Resides Linux x86 and x64 Tablet World"s First True | Indiegogo Lions International Listen Online List of epidemics and pandemics - Wikipedia list of [figure, table]s, with links to view captioned figures and tables list of [figure, table]s with links List of typhoons List of violent typhoons Lithuania asks The Hague to investigate war crimes by Russia, Belarus in Ukraine
Lithuanian parliament calls for immediate EU candidate status for Ukraine.
Lithuanian PM: "Calls for NATO no-fly zone in Ukraine are irresponsible."
Lithuania, Poland say Ukraine should get EU membership candidate status.
Lithuania prepares to accept Ukrainian refugees.
Lithuania to ban Russian airlines from its airspace from midnight tonight,
Lithuania to send Ukraine Stinger anti-aircraft systems.
Liu etal [9]) Live Events liveuamap.com of all the verified Russian attacks on Ukraine as of 3:30 am last night. Just a reminder that just a day and a half ago, Putin was claiming he was just sending in “peacekeeping” forces to defend the area circled in yellow.
LMDE Linux Mint Releases currently supported local $d_web Local Local Local copy 1 (HTML only). Local copy 2 (HTML only). Local copy (HTML only). Local copy (plain HTML only). Local Heroes Local News Local official: Vasylkiv military airfield completely destroyed.
Local Radio Logout]  Lola Lomachenko defeats Commey, eyes title bout
London maritime insurance market deems Russian, Ukrainian waters to be high risk.
London-traded shares of Russia"s largest state-owned bank Sberbank dropped by 68%.
long before LBH Long Short-Term Memory Long Short-Term Memory, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) mentioned below, which has become the Louise Louis XIV, France’s Sun King love Low-Complexity Art, the Minimal Art of the Information Age. [LSTM0-17] [LSTM0-6] [LSTM0] [LSTM10] [LSTM1-13] [LSTM13,17] [LSTM13] [LSTM13] [LSTM14] [LSTM14]). [LSTM14]) and became the first superior end-to-end neural speech recogniser that outperformed the [LSTM1-6] overcomes [LSTM17] [LSTM1] has got more citations [LSTM1] instead of traditional [LSTM1] solves the problem by adding at every time step [LSTM2] [LSTM2] [LSTM2] (2000) which he did not cite [LSTM2] (2000) which the authors did not cite [LSTM2] It was the first working, really deep feedforward NN with hundreds of layers (previous NNs had at most a few tens of layers). [LSTM2] was the one that introduced gated recurrent units. [LSTM3] (now widely used). [LSTM4,14] [LSTM7]
[LSTM7] without changing the name of the basic method. [LSTM8] LSTM LSTM LSTM). LSTM. LSTM (1990s-2005) and CTC (2006), which were LSTM composes 84% of the model"s total parameter count.
LSTM core." LSTM. LSTM with 84% of the model"s total parameter count was the core of OpenAI Five. [LSTMGRU2] nor learn simple non-regular [LSTMGRU2] they [LSTMGRU3]) [LSTMGRU] [LSTMPG] [LSTMPG] LSTMs Lubomyr Luciuk: When it comes to Ukraine’s national security, Vladimir Putin has already won
lucas2013B.pdf Lucas"s Universal Force" equations (I should make a webpage for this). Lufthansa suspends all flights to and from Ukraine between Feb. 21 and Feb. 28.
Lukashenko: Belarus army must prevent ‘any attack on Russia from rear.’
Lukashenko: Belarusian troops not taking part in Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Lukashenko: Belarus ready to host ‘nuclear weapons’ if West threatens his country.
Lukashenko confirms missile strikes on Ukraine from Belarus territory
Lukashenko confirms rockets fired at Ukraine from Belarus, threatens to join war on Ukraine.
Lukashenko says he sends Belarusian specialists to ensure power supply at Chornobyl plant.
Łukasz Adamski: Putin’s Ukraine playbook echoes the tactics of Russian imperialism.
Luxembourg to send anti-tank weapons to Ukraine
Luzon Lviv-based Pravda brewery switches to making Molotov cocktails.
Lviv launches protective measures to save cultural heritage from possible airstrikes.
Lviv Oblast Governor: 35 killed, 134 injured in Russia’s airstrike on Yavoriv military training ground.
Lyashko: 16 children killed in Russia"s war.
Lying to UNSC, Russia shoots itself in foot, again – Ukraine’s envoy
[M69] [M69] addressed a "deep learning problem" Macau Machine learning won’t crack the stock market — but here’s when investors should trust AI - MarketWatch Macron asks Lukashenko to quickly order Russian troops to leave.
Macron calls for emergency UN Security Council meeting on nuclear safety.
Macron calls on Lukashenko to demand withdrawal of Russian troops from Belarus as soon as possible
Macron demands ‘targeted European sanctions’ against Russia.
Macron: Food supplies to be "profoundly destabilized" by war.
Macron hints that West may need to make diplomatic compromises with Kremlin.
Macron holds phone conversations with Zelensky and Putin
Macron: Minsk Agreements only way to stop the war
Macron: Minsk Agreements ‘only way’ to stop war in Ukraine.
Macron offers "concrete security guarantees" to Russia.
Macron to meet Putin and Zelensky in separate talks next week.
[MACY51] and the 1951 Paris conference on calculating machines and human thought, [MAD86-05] made GPU-based NNs fast and deep enough Magnetic Declination, Models, Data and Services | NCEI Magnetic Observatories (Map) Magnetic oceans and electric Earth / Swarm / Observing the Earth / Our Activities / ESA mobile Magnetic Reversal – Official Data, All in One Place Magnetic Structure in Space) Mailing lists mailto:Budapest Semester in Cognitive Sciences ?subject=IJCNN2019%20Budapest,%20Hungary%20-%20BSCS inquiry&body= mailto:info@genisama.com?subject=IJCNN2019%20Budapest,%20Hungary%20-%20Genisama inquiry&body= mailto:MDPI Publications ?subject=IJCNN2019%20Budapest,%20Hungary%20-%20MDPI inquiry&body= Major cyberattack hits Ukrainian government websites (UPDATED)
Major explosion reported in Russian-occupied Donetsk.
Major extensions of QNial above) as a basis of my current approach to my QNial [symbol name, layout, library, etc]s. During this time, all my QNial libraries were in limbo, so I did extensive bash programming of my [webSite management, file operator, etc] systems to continue working.
major IT companies overwhelmingly used Majority of Germans support giving up Russian gas and oil imports, supplying arms to Ukraine.
Major Storms, Tropic/Quake Watch, Exoplanets | S0 News - YouTube Major Ukrainian cities threatened by early morning offensive.
Malaysia Malta suspends ‘golden passports’ scheme for Russians, Belarusians.
Man arrested for driving truck into gates of Russian embassy in Dublin.
"Man dies while surfing during typhoon in Shek O". Asia Times. November 1, 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-18. Mangkhut Many US citizens decide to stay in Ukraine despite potential Russian attack.
map purporting to show Russia’s movements as it wages a war against Ukraine.
Marco Levytsky: Why is Canada so reluctant to provide lethal arms to Ukraine?
Marco Ramponi 23Dec2022 - How ChatGPT actually works: Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback Marcus House [SpaceX, Blue Origin, Rocket Factory (UK), Sierra Space, ULA Vulcan] Marduk M Maria Mariana Islands Mariupol besieged but Ukrainians fighting for it – Donetsk Regional Administration
Mariupol city council: Death toll of civilians rises to 2,187.
Mariupol cut off from electricity and water supply. Over 200 residents injured
Mariupol defenders destroy or damage 16 units of enemy hardware in past 24 hrs
Mariupol mayor: Fierce combat in all directions around the city.
Mariupol Mayor pleads for help, asks for humanitarian corridor.
Markarova warned US of possible chemical attack in Ukraine
Mark Boslough and team at Sandia National Laboratory - Exploding asteroids, 1,950 views, Dec 27, 2010 Market action a century ago suggests worst could be over for stocks, if not for the coronavirus pandemic - MarketWatch market data subdirectories (eg 200913 for 13Sep2020, 220802 for 02Aug2022). Market Summary – Asia Stock Market Overview - Marketwatch MarketWatch 10Apr2020) MarketWatch, but MW dropped the content about Roosevelt)

MarketWatch Latest News MarketWatch news MarketWatch: summary table of indexes Mars Mars Mars Marshall Islands Maskless Putin appears asleep during Ukrainian team’s introduction at Winter Olympics.
Massive explosions were heard in Kyiv around 4 a.m. local time.
Mastercard blocks multiple financial institutions as a result of sanctions imposed on Russia over its invasion of Ukraine.
Master of Applied Science Mate Academy startup raises $1.9 million from Ukrainian, European investors
Mathematica License for Industry & Individuals: Pricing Options Mathew Emmanuel Pineda 09Feb2023, Large Language Models Explained, Purpose and Apps MathGPT - Use GPT3 to solve math problems, and get the code behind each solution! Mawar Max Plank quote is funny (wikipedia read 09Jan2024). Maya Mayor of occupied Dniprorudne kidnapped by Russian troops.
Mayor of Russian-bombed Okhtyrka saves city during day, operates on people at night
Mayor: Russian troops shell Mariupol every 30 minutes.
Maysak McDonald’s and KFC offer food assistance amid Russian invasion
McDonald’s to temporarily close all of its 850 restaurants in Russia.
McShane 2006 - That Kyoto is a Fraud.pdf Mearsheimer 2015 Eastward expansion of NATO stages
Mearsheimer 2015 Ethnic breakdown of Ukraine
Mearsheimer 2015 Europe dependence on Russian gas
Mearsheimer 2015 Ukraine 2015 survey join EU or [Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan]
Mearsheimer 2015 Ukraine 2015 survey join NATO
Mearsheimer 2015 Ukraine election 2004
Mearsheimer 2015 Ukraine election 2010
Media: At new state-owned TV station, reporters are told to promote Zelensky
Media: Head of State Property Fund resigns
Media in Progress Ep. 1: Our fight for independent journalism in Ukraine
Media in Progress Ep. 2: What’s in a name?
Media in Progress Ep. 3: Who, what, where
Media in Progress Ep. 4: With you on our side
Media in Progress Ep. 5: Will Russia invade again?
Media in Progress Ep. 6: Popular protest, inter-elite feuds or Russian intervention – What’s going on in Kazakhstan?
Media in Progress Ep. 7: Company culture – What can make or break a team
Media in Progress Ep. 8: Can independent media be sustainable? We want to prove it can
Media: Italy seizes property worth $150 million from Russian oligarchs.
Media: Putin wants to reinstate Yanukovych as president of Ukraine.
Media: SBU kills member of Ukrainian negotiations team suspected of treason.
Media: "Ukrainian" spy drone shot down by Belarusian authorities is actually Russian.
Media: Ukrenergo to replace supervisory board
Media: US, Europe prepare harsh sanctions against Russia in case of Ukraine invasion
Media: Zelensky’s chief of staff throws secretive birthday celebration at state residence
medical imaging contest Mega-Life, Mega-Death, and the invisible hand of the Sun "Mega-Life, Mega-Death, and the invisible hand of the Sun: Towards a quasi-predictive model for the rise and fall of civilisations", Megi Melbourne Melitopol mayor allegedly abducted by Russian occupiers.
Melitopol residents rally demanding to free mayor abducted by Russian occupiers.
Members - Sure Dividend Sure Dividend Membrane equations of neurophysiology. Shunting equation menu for the sub-webSite Meranti Mercury Mercury Mesopotamia etc Mesopot Message Boards message on Telegram channel of the latest information from Ukraine’s Armed Forces. message on Telegram channel of the latest information from Ukraine’s Armed Forces.
Message Stick TV [META] [META] long before Bengio metalearning (1987), metalearning in a very general way. metalearning machines that
Microsoft suspends sales of its products and services in Russia.
Microsoft Word - ab_collapse2003_v3.doc - Sunspot Cycles & Human History.pdf Milky Way current sheet progression indicators; plus: Birkeland currents, NOT dark matter? right-click image for mpeg video inseparate [tab, window] Mind2020, and while I intend to convert them to html and may update them, I have not done so as of 20Nov2023. Mind and Brain, this debate is back in fashion MindCode 2023 concept. MindCode 2023 description MindCode 2023 program coding (QNial programming language) this is a simple one-line listing of each operator for each file MindCode - arbitrary selections from Multiple Conflicting Hypothesis MindCode components MindCode [data, optr]s - one-line description per operator. Browse the text files in the same directory to get an idea of my [ToDos, concepts, progress] - but this is a mess to go through. MindCode [description, direction] webPage MindCode - my core neural network projects. MindCode project, callerID-SNNs fit nicely into, and may pragmatically help, that context. Minicam Mini Ice Age by 2021 not 2024, Every Continent Will be Effected (284) - YouTube Mini-paintings and ceramic vases
Minister Fedorov calls on Viber and PayPal CEOs to block their services in Russia
Minister for veterans affairs calls on world leaders to close skies over Ukraine
Minister: Germany to stop most Russian oil imports by end of 2022.
Minister Leshchenko: Sowing campaign to start wherever possible
Minister of Digital Transformation calls on YouTube, Meta, Netflix to confront Russian propaganda.
Minister: Russian troops have already destroyed or damaged 211 Ukrainian schools
Ministry of Defense: Russia"s ultimate goal to grab all Ukraine, not just certain regions
Ministry of Digital Transformation crowdfunds over $14 million for Ukrainian military,
Ministry of Digital Transformation partners with Apple to conduct 2023 census
Ministry of Internal Affairs: Mariupol residents are in critical condition
[MIR] [MIR] [MIR] [MIR] [MIR] at TU Munich, [MIR] Missile from Belarusian territory fired at Zhytomyr airport in central Ukraine,
Missile shot down over Cherkasy region
Missile strikes an apartment building in Kyiv.
??missinglink?? covid Mar2020-Dec2021 [MLP1-2] [MLP1-2] [MLP1] [MLP1] [MLP1] on [MLP2] Mobile Headlines
Mobile operators vow to keep providing services to clients with zero balance.
Mobiles / PDAs Mobile view [MOC1-5] Moderate tropical storms modern AI Moderna vaccine - Howells personal health problems webPage. By far the most serious personal "covax adverse eeft" is my ongoing problems with computer programming, which is foundational to all of my projects, and central to my self-definition. modern backpropagation Modern Grand Solar Minimum and its effect on terrestrial environment (02May2025 slides) Moldova announces state of emergency.
MoneyGram suspends services in Russia due to war against Ukraine.
Moon Moon Phases — TradingView more.) More. More. more) and on generative adversarial networks more). More. More. more details More in Scholarpedia. more Topics More on the Fundamental Deep Learning Problem. More on the Fundamental Deep Learning Problem. More shelling reported near power plant in northern Kyiv.
More sports More than 1,000 more people evacuated from Irpin
More than 100 Russian servicemen taken prisoner in Sumy region
More than 100 Russian troops killed.
More than 140,000 Ukrainians returned from abroad since war began
More than 2 million people evacuate from Ukraine’s hot spots by rail since the start of Russia’s invasion.
More than 300 high-ranking officers of Russian army killed – Arestovych
More than 30 people injured in shelling in Kharkiv, 1 woman died
More than 38,000 people evacuated through humanitarian corridors today
More than 500,000 refugees have fled Ukraine amid Russia"s war,
More than 600,000 Ukrainians left homeland in 2021
More than 60 houses damaged in missile artillery attack on Mykolayiv
Morgan Stanley predicts Venezuela-style default in Russia by mid-spring.
Mortality Analyses - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center Moscow planning to deploy in Ukraine Belarusian soldiers posing as Russians – Danilov
Moscow"s envoy to the U.N. says Russia will hold a ceasefire and open humanitarian corridors on March 8.
Mosque sheltering over 80 civilians shelled by Russian invaders in Mariupol
[MOST] [MOST] [MOST]), [MOST] and of modern deep learning through [MOST] In 1991, I had the [MOST] is a version (with open gates) of our earlier most cited NN of the 21st). Most members of main judicial body to resign over reform
Most vaccinated die because of vax induced autoimmune attacks on their own organs most visible breakthroughs Mothers and wives of Ukrainian defenders urge Russian women to stop war
Movies in Calgary - now playing in theatres [MOZ]). mp3 MPEG-2 License Key - Raspberry Pi Swag Mriya aircraft endures minor breakdown in Poland
Muifa Multiple Cause of Death Data on CDC WONDER "multiple conflicting hypothesis"- a slef-imposed practice to avoid becoming a [believer, tool] of a concept. But this wasd intended for [long-term, well-established, mainstream] theories, and well as new ideas that excite me. Does Grossberg"s uncertainty" concept also allow for "multiple conflicting hypothesis" to sit there and brew? "Multiple Conflicting Hypothesis" for the comparison of viewers" [data, analysis, background concepts] to Howell"s comments. "multiple conflicting hypothesis", which indeed requires that overwhelming mainstream scientific beliefs (religions) are retained including those back in history (eg Ptolemic planetary motions). These are wonderfully creative ideas, with beautiful mathematics, but they are carried as unquestionable religions, defended fiercely by their [priest, disciple]s, to the ruin of many good scientists who dare hypothesize differently.
multpl.com
Music Music Publishing Music video director Tanu Muiño nominated for Grammy
Musk gives Ukraine access to Starlink Internet
Mutt CLI email program webSite my assorted blogs.
my bash directory. Scripts for [audio, encryption, gnuplot, image, video, virus, wget, etc] can be seen in that directory.
Mychailo Wynnyckyj: Ukrainian voices are missing from the drama over Ukraine’s future
"My Early Days at the Imperial University of Tokyo")
My First Deep Learning System of 1991 + Deep Learning Timeline 1960-2013. my history webDirectory, especially : Mykolaiv mayor confirms the city is under Ukraine’s control.
Mykolaiv zoo asks public to buy tickets to save animals from starvation.
Mykolayiv books 50 buses to transport captive Russian invaders
My MathWorks Account My mud&molasses). my publications on exactly this topic my Q"Nial operator libraries, showing their purpose. my QNial programs. Subdirectories provide programs for various projects etc. my reference sub-directories. my reply to Hinton My : [stupid, lazy, naive, ignorant]; broken rules hypocrisy; Paranoia versus Naive).
"My : [stupid, lazy, naive, ignorant]; broken rules hypocrisy; Paranoia versus Naive behaviours" that contributed to my own victimization. But to do that, I needed better "real controls" allowing [consistency, speed]. Otherwise I am sure to fall into the same traps.
Myths are History - home my TradingView page - click on "SCRIPTS", and select my script "PuetzUWS [time, price] multifractal of detrended SPX 1871-2020". Further setup details are given below.
My-Worst-Fears-Have-Come-A-Depression-into-Stagflation, TradingView zSplit 19Mar2020 NABU accuses ex-head of state electricity auction of embezzling $75,000.
Nabu M, Nebu
NABU head Artem Sytnyk interview: 6 years of success or failure?
Naftogaz breaks gas contract with Firtash’s Ye Energy, says it could have cost taxpayers $4 billion
Naftogaz complains of Gazprom market manipulation
Naftogaz records $91 million profit in third quarter of 2021
Naftogaz to import 300 million cubic meters of gas from EU.
[NAK72] Nalgae "" NAME="IDtheft Canada" BORDER=0 height=300> [NAN1-5] Nancy Nancy Nangka Nanmadol Nanmadol Napier cinema, Drumheller Napoleon Bonaparte negotiates agreement | DALL·E narrative) NASA/JPL Eyes - Solar System Interactive NASA/Marshall Solar Physics NASA - Schumann Resonance NASA sunspot cycle predictions [NASC1-9] The present page is offered as a resource for all good computer scientists who share this inclination. [NASC3] [NASC6a]). [NASC6] [NASC9] Nasdaq 100 Index Chart - NDX Quote — TradingView Nasdaq 3000 : IXIC Charts and Quotes — TradingView [NAT1] [NAT1]) Natalie Jaresko steps down as head of Puerto Rico’s financial board after successful debt restructuring.
Nataliia Steblyna: Everyone is important in the war against Putin
National Bank crowdfunds $15 million for Ukrainian military.
National Bank of Poland to provide Ukraine’s NBU with $1 billion.
National Bank of Ukraine receives Hr 1 billion ($33 million) in support for armed forces.
National Bank survey: Ukrainian businesses’ pessimism grew in November
National Bank: Ukrainians have donated $200 million to support army.
National news
National Police to protect over 100 critical infrastructure objects.
National Post | Canadian News, Financial News and Opinion National Security and Defense Council: Ukraine begins to overtake military initiative
Nations expand defense aid to Ukraine as Russia threatens big war
NATO believes Russian military buildup near Ukraine’s border is not a bluff
NATO chief alarmed by Russia’s military buildup, says alliance stands by Ukraine
NATO chief: Biggest Russian troop presence in Belarus since Cold War.
NATO chief condemns Kremlin’s decision to recognize independence of Russian-occupied Donbas.
NATO chief: Putin underestimated Ukraine"s military.
NATO chief: Risk of further Russian invasion of Ukraine increasing.
NATO chief Stoltenberg calls for summit with Russia in early 2022
NATO chief Stoltenberg says Russian military buildup continues unabated, as he meets Zelensky in Brussels
NATO considers increasing military presence in Baltic states.
NATO considers long-term military presence in eastern Europe.
NATO lacks courage and determination to close skies over Ukraine – Zhovkva
NATO member states to provide more weapons to Ukraine.
NATO: No signs of de-escalation near Ukraine’s border.
NATO puts warplanes on high alert, activates its defense plans.
NATO relocates its Ukrainian mission to Lviv and Brussels.
NATO Response Force activated for first time in history.
NATO rules out "no-fly zone" over Ukraine.
NATO secretary general warns Russia away from attacking supply lines supporting Ukraine
NATO sends more military power to eastern flank
NATO stepping up support with air-defense missiles, anti-tank weapons to Ukraine – Stoltenberg
NATO to send military contingent to Romania, Bulgaria and Slovakia.
NATO will continue to support Ukraine, put pressure on Putin to stop war - Stoltenberg
NATO will hold an extraordinary virtual summit on Feb. 25, 4 p.m. Kyiv time
Natural Philosophy Alliance | Science Outside The Box Natural Philosophy Wiki Nature"s Electrode Thunderblog 22Apr2017 Navalny’s team calls on Russian women to take part in anti-war rallies on Mar 8
Navigation: [menu, link, directory]s
NBC: US intelligence reports 9 Russian routes into Ukraine, amid Russian possible full-scale invasion.
 | Subscriber Exclusive   NBU: Banking system remains functional under challenging conditions, no significant outflow of funds.
NBU calls on international partners not to service Russia’s MIR payment cards
NBU has $27.7B in foreign reserves, seen as “sufficient” - governor
NBU head complains of political pressure but isn’t worried about central bank’s independence
[NDR] Nearby Superflares | What Do They Mean Nearly 100 U.S. companies pull from Russia – Markarova
Near White House, thousands of people called for closing sky over Ukraine
Near Zaporizhia, Russian tank fires on, crushes mail car, killing two
Negotiations between Ukrainian and Russian delegations continue
Neoguri Nepartak Nergal M NEST Netflix Canada - Watch TV Shows Online, Watch Movies Online Netflix responds to criticism over ‘offensive’ Ukrainian character in ‘Emily in Paris’
Netflix will not comply with new Russian rules to carry 20 state-backed channels,
Netherlands advises citizens to leave Ukraine.
Netherlands to send 200 Stinger missiles to Ukraine.
Netherlands to supply weapons, helmets, radar to Ukraine.
Network Tools: DNS,IP,Email [NEU45]. Neural Geometry: Towards a Fractal Model of Neurons Neural History Compressor above but then did much more: Neuralink - Breakthrough Technology for the Brain neural knowledge distillation procedure NeurIPS 2019 Bengio Schmidhuber Meta-Learning Fiasco. [Neurological, biological] basis for epiDNA coding Neuron New app to help victims report domestic abuse
New corona virus cases/day/population for selected countries New curfew in Kyiv will last from 8 p.m. until 7 a.m.
New cyberattack hits government websites in Ukraine.
New daily record of 39,620 Covid-19 cases.
New localization law seeks to revive decayed machine building industry
"New network is installed to investigate space weather over South America : New layer of the ionosphere (F4)". Ben points out that this is very reminiscent of the multi-layer plasma shells in SAFIRE experiments, and how these increase in number with increasing current and voltage.

News News
News News New satellite images show Russian troop build-up at three locations in Belarus.
News in Science Newspaper Ads
NewsRadio Newsweek: US warns Ukraine of full-scale Russian invasion within 48 hours.
New Ukrainian carrier Air Ocean Airlines starts regular domestic flights
New wave of companies cease operations in Russia.
New Work New York Times: US exposes Russian effort to fabricate pretext for invasion.
New Zealand prepares sanctions law against Russia and Belarus
New Zealand urges its citizens to leave Ukraine.
next section), another deep learning methodology NGOs call on Zelensky not to appoint corrupt judges
[NGU89] Nguyen commentary) [NHE] Nicola Kasabov is the Director of the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Centre (KEDRI) and Personal Chair of Knowledge Engineering in the School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences at AUT. His main interests are in the areas of: computational intelligence, neuro-computing, bioinformatics, neuroinformatics, speech and image processing, novel methods for data mining and knowledge discovery. Nicole Hemsoth 11Sep2019 First Wave of Spiking Neural Network Hardware Hits [Brainchip Akida, Myriad2, Tegra TX2, IBM TrueNorth, ?Intel? Xilinx] Nina Nine people killed as Russian air strike hits Mykolaiv
Ninurta M mighty hunter NIPS growth - Hassan Sawaf on Twitter: "3755 attendees at #NIPS2015! 1838 paper submissions, 1524 reviewers producing 10,625 reviews resulting in 403 papers (21.9%)." Njal"s Saga, nkodama, lenr-forum.com Electron Deep Orbit (EDO) fine structure by quarks
"NKorea: Tropical storm causes casualties, damage". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2021-03-16. NNAISENSE) NOAA. Retrieved July 25, 2006. NOAA Aurora - 30 Minute Forecast NOAA Aurora Dashboard (experimental) - to[night, morrow] night forecast no bash scripts? - Again, this feels very weird, but then again there are several simple one-liner bash sequences wrapped in QNial operators. Nock-ten No conclusions at Normandy Four meeting after nine hours of talks.
No evacuation planned for Sumy Oblast on March 13.
nofrakkingconsensus.com
NOOBS - Raspberry Pi Swag No "corridor" to ensure shift change at Chernobyl NPP
Nord Stream 2 certification put on hold, gas prices soar
Nord Stream 2 files for bankruptcy.
Nord Stream 2 operator on the verge of bankruptcy.
Nord Stream 2 registers German subsidiary, bringing project closer to certification
Norse North Africa Northern Europe Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands North Indian Ocean
tropical cyclones
North Korea, Russia Noru Noru No Russian troops in Kyiv now - Klitschko
not any longer on the server) Notation for [chapter, section, figure, table, index, note]s
Notes taken during development Noul Novelties No water supply in Enerhodar due to enemy shelling
now on your phone, not on the server) [NPMa] [NPMa] [NPM] [NPM] characterizes it only briefly as "related" NPR: Russian attack on Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant veered near disaster.
[NS56] NSDC secretary: Ukraine was preparing for war against Russia, but did not expect attack from Belarus
NSDC Secretary: World must recognize Russia as nuclear terrorist state
nSTART neurotrophic Spectrally Timed Adaptive Resonance Theory: Hippocampus can sustain a Cognitive-Emotional resonance: that can support "the feeling of what happens" and knowing what event caused that feeling. Hippocampus enables adaptively timed learning that can bridge a trace conditioning gap, or other temporal gap between Conditioned Stimuluus (CS) and Unconditioned Stimulus (US).
backgound colours in the table signify :
whitegeneral microcircuit : a possible component of ART architecture
lime greensensory perception [attention, expectation, learn]. Table includes [see, hear, !!*must add touch example*!!], no Grossberg [smell, taste] yet? some are conscious (decision-quality? or must interact with conscious cognitive?), others not
light bluepost-perceptual cognition?
pink"the feeling of what happens" and knowing what event caused that feeling
nSTART neurotrophic Spectrally Timed Adaptive Resonance Theory: Hippocampus can sustain a Cognitive-Emotional resonance: that can support "the feeling of what happens" and knowing what event caused that feeling. Hippocampus enables adaptively timed learning that can bridge a trace conditioning gap, or other temporal gap between Conditioned Stimuluus (CS) and Unconditioned Stimulus (US).
backgound colours in the table signify :
whitegeneral microcircuit : a possible component of ART architecture
lime greensensory perception [attention, expectation, learn]. Table includes [see, hear, !!*must add touch example*!!], no Grossberg [smell, taste] yet?
light bluepost-perceptual cognition?
pink"the feeling of what happens" and knowing what event caused that feeling
NSW/ACT nt3|" >"$pLnkRaw" NT ntttt 1|" ntttt1 "Nuclear [material, process, deactivate]s" Nuclear research facility in Kharkiv damaged by shelling, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency said on March 7.
Nuclear spent fuel, high-level radio-active waste Nuclear war may start even without launch of nuclear missiles, due to Russia"s actions – Galushchenko
Number of child refugees from Ukraine exceeds 1M – UNICEF
Number of individual entrepreneurs continued increasing sharply in 2021
Number of people killed by Russian strike in Odesa Oblast reaches 22.
Number of reservists of the Territorial Defense Forces reached 37,000,
Number of Ukraine refugees reaches 2 million - UN
Number of Ukrainian refugees in Europe could grow to 5M - Borrell
Number of Ukrainian refugees reaches 2.5M - UN
numerous criticisms of IIT, but I have not yet quoted from that, other than to mention the authors : Nuremberg Trials prosecutor: Putin should be "behind bars."
Nuri NVDA Stock Price and Chart — TradingView NVIDIA and Ghost Robotics Collaboration: An Agile and Dexterous Machine at GTC 2019 - YouTube NVIDIA Nemo developer site NVIDIA Nemo github [NYT1] without [NYT3] NYT: Biden expected to ban Russian oil imports.
NY Times article NYT journalist shot dead by Russian military in Irpin
[OAI1a] [OAI2] Obituaries
[OBJ1-5]) Observing the Frontier 2017 - YouTube OBSERVING THE FRONTIER 2020 - THE MOBILE OBSERVATORY PROJECT OCaml Basics OCCRP: How Kazakhstan’s Nazarbayev controls vast assets through charitable foundations (INVESTIGATION)
OCCRP: Owners of collapsed Mriya Agro Holding embezzeled money through Credit Suisse.
Occupiers fired on Sartana village: four civilians killed, another nine wounded
OCR-based PDF scan of pages 94-135 (see pages 119-120). October 27, 2000 issue of Executive Intelligence Review.
Odesa among contenders to host World Expo 2030
OECD: Ukrainians have some of lowest retirement savings globally
official Puetz "Universal Wave Series" (UWS) or "Half Universal Wave Series" (HUWS) lambda (frequency or period). I ignore the "Double UWS" for much of this webPage, as it appears that Puetz is noww more focused on the HUWS instead. But was this on a linear or log scale? (should be log scale - need to check). Even for a 3/2 mnimum factor (HUWS), 5% is a very tight criteria, somewhat related to the standard 95% confidence interval concept that is commonly used.
OFWI OHCHR records 1,335 civilian casualties in Ukraine
OIL : CLK20 Crude Oil May 2020 Overview | MarketWatch Oil depot burning in Vasylkiv after air strike
Oil depot burns after artillery shelling in Okhtyrka, Sumy Oblast.
Oil depot catches fire in Vasylkiv, 40 kilometres south of Kyiv.
OIL - Exxon Mobil Stock Price — XOM Chart — TradingView OIL : USOIL price for West Texas Intermediate — TradingView Okinawa Oksana Bashuk Hepburn: Dictatorship and isolationism don’t work in the 21st century
Oksana Bashuk Hepburn: How to ensure Putin’s withdrawal from Ukraine
Oksana Bashuk Hepburn: To win in diplomacy, take the advantage
Oksana Bashuk Hepburn: Why is Putin still in charge of the West’s agenda?
Oksana Bashuk Hepburn: With friends like Germany, Ukraine needs no enemies
Oleg Sukhov: US should sanction these 2 symbols of Ukraine’s corruption
Oleksandr Pankieiev: The West must stand together on Russian aggression
Olena Goncharova: Canada must stand on guard for Ukraine
Olena Goncharova: Ukraine is not ‘the Ukraine’ and why it matters now
Oligarch Oleksandr Yaroslavsky allegedly leaves Ukraine following a deadly traffic incident.
Oligarch Rinat Akhmetov makes rare public appearance in Mariupol.
Olive Oliver Manuel"s Ombudsman: Evacuees from Russian-occupied areas stuck without food, sleep.
[OMG1] [OMG1]). [OMG2] [OMG] Omicron fears close 37 air routes in Ukraine
Omicron, new highly transmissible Covid-19 variant, detected in Ukraine
on 26 March 1991, once again vote to recognize the Russia-occupied areas of eastern Ukraine as independent states. In 2014, the upper house, the Federal Assembly, authorized Russian military to move into Ukraine. The authorization was active until December 2021.


Oncolytics Biotech, Inc. (ONCY) Oncolytics - Oncolytics+Corporate+Presentation+September+2020.pdf ONC Stock Price and Chart — TSX:ONC — TradingView ONC Stock Price, Forecast & News (Oncolytics Biotech) ONCY blog Stockhouse ONCY blog Stocktwits (most active?) ONCY blog Yahoo (several comments/week?) ONCY Events & Presentations :: Oncolytics Biotech on-device speech recognition on-device speech recognition of 2019 One civilian killed by Russian shelling in Uman, Cherkasy Oblast.
One dead, several others wounded in Russian artillery attack on Severodonetsk
One killed, four injured in enemy shelling in Luhansk region
One more enemy aircraft downed in Chernihiv Region
One of Lukashenko’s main rivals in 2020 election jailed for 18 years
One of Russian pilots of downed warplane detained near Kharkiv
One woman killed in the shelling of a residential building in Kharkiv.
Online Extras
Online map shows lines on Ukraine"s border in real-time.
Online/Mobile Online version : http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/DeepLearning2July2014.pdf Only 250 civilians evacuated from Izium as Russia violates temporary ceasefire agreement.
on the phone, not the server) Ontogeny OOPS source code in crystalline format. OpenAI chatGPT LLM OpenAI Five OpenOffice.org BASIC Programming Guide - Apache OpenOffice Wiki Openshot Users Openshot Users Forum • Index page OpenShot Video Editor | Blog OpenShot Video Editor Manual – v1.3.0 openSUSE openSUSE Connect openSUSE Documentation openSUSE Download openSUSE Forums openSUSE News Ophelia Opinion Opponent of Nord Stream 2 to become German foreign minister
ordered the general mobilization.


Organizers of "Federal Republic of Ukraine" exposed in Ivano-Frankivsk region
OSCE employee killed in Kharkiv.
OSCE invokes mechanism to address potential war crimes, crimes against humanity committed by Russia in Ukraine.
OSCE Monitoring Mission leaving Ukraine
OSCE: Russian-led militants deploy additional tanks, artillery near frontline.
OSCE: Russian-led militants in Donbas deploy tanks and artillery in restricted zones.
Osirus Osnat Lubrani: UN’s approach to combating gender-based violence in Ukraine
Osnat Lubrani: UN will continue to deliver for all Ukrainians leaving no one behind
Other electric geology concepts Ottawa Our code is public. our Highway Net (May 2015) → ResNet (Dec 2015, see Sec. D). Our impact on the world"s most valuable public companies: Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon... By Our Partners Outline (~300 words), Outside Broadcast Over 100 western diplomats walk out of speech by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov at UN Human Rights Council.
Over 12,700 people evacuated through humanitarian corridors on March 12 - Zelensky
Over 140,000 Ukrainians have returned since the start of Russia"s invasion.
Over 2,000 foreign students trapped in Ukraine amid Russia’s ongoing shelling.
Over 200 civilians, 11 children killed in Kharkiv by Russia.
over 250 references (~9,000 words). Over 2M Ukrainians evacuated from warzone by rail - operator
over 300 references (over 10,000 words). Over 30 enemy helicopters destroyed in Kherson region overnight
Over 40,000 women and children evacuated from all over Ukraine in one day
over 4 billion automatic translations per day (The Verge, August 4, 2017); Over 50,000 households without electricity in Sumy Oblast.
Over 500 Russian soldiers surrendered - Zelensky
Over 50 IT companies join Ukraine’s ‘special tax regime’ Diia City in first three days
Over 600,000 Ukrainians are late for second dose of Covid-19 vaccine
Over 66,000 men return to Ukraine amid Russia’s war.
Over 80,000 civilians evacuated from Sumy, Kyiv oblasts in two days.
Overbreeding is the first act of war Overview : http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/deep-learning-overview.html Overview - Stephen Grossberg"s 2021 "Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain". Gail Carpenter worked with his concepts from the Spiking Neural Network perspective. Theresa Ludemuir (???), Jose Principe (Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces), and others have also done interesting work with SNNs, but not tied to Grossberg"s framework.
Overview - Synfig Animation Studio OWID Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - Statistics and Research OWID - Daily confirmed COVID-19 cases per million, 3-day rolling average OWID - Daily confirmed COVID-19 deaths p001 Chapter 1 Overview - From Complementary Computing and Adaptive Resonance to conscious awareness p003fig01 ice core records [Greenland, Antarctica] last 20ky.png

p00I PrefacePreface - Biological intelligence in sickness, health, and technology p050 Chapter 2 How a brain makes a mind - Physics and psychology split as brain theories were born p086 Chapter 3 How a brain sees: Constructing reality - Visual reality as illusions that explain how we see art p122 Chapter 4 How a brain sees: Neural mechanisms - From boundary completion and surface flling-in to figure-ground perception p184 Chapter 5 Learning to attend, recognize, and predict the world - p250 Chapter 6 Conscious seeing and invariant recognition - Complementary cortical streams coordinate attention for seeing and recognition p280 Chapter 7 How do we see a changing world? - How vision regulates object and scene persistence p289 Chapter 8 How we see and recognize object motion - Visual form and motion perception obey complementary laws p337 Chapter 9 Target tracking, navigation, and decision-making - Visual tracking and navigation obey complementary laws p353 Chapter 10 Laminar computing by cerebral cortex - Towards a unified theory of biologucal and artificial intelligence p370 Chapter 11 How we see the world in depth - From 3D vision to how 2D pictures induce 3D percepts p404 Chapter 12From seeing and reaching to hearing and speaking - Circular reaction, streaming, working memory, chunking, and number p480 Chapter 13 From knowing to feeling - How emotion regulates motivation, attention, decision, and action p517 Chapter 14 How prefrontal cortex works - Cognitive working memory, planning, and emotion conjointly achieved valued goals p539 Chapter 15 Adaptively timed learning - How timed motivation regulates conscious learning and memory consolidation p572 Chapter 16 Learning maps to navigate space - From grid, place, and time cells to autonomous mobile agents p618 Chapter 17 A universal development code - Mental measurements embody universal laws of cell biology and physics PACE President again calls on Putin to immediately stop aggression against Ukraine
Pacific Asia Pacific hurricanes
Pacific Northwest Pacific typhoon
Pacific typhoon season Pamela Pamela Panasonic suspends transactions with Russia.
Pandemic in a Box: The Specific Steps Used to Create the Covid Pandemic. Pandemics, health, and the sun" (menu above). Pandemics, health, and the sun - overall webPaag on pandemics Panel head blocks appointment of anti-graft prosecutor, wants SBU to check winner
Panels

Panic spreading among personnel of Russian troops due to huge losses - General Staff
paper Paradogma - can we talk? | Friends of Science Calgary Parenting Parliament approves general mobilization of reservists, passes ‘military package’ laws.
Parliamentary tax committee chair proposes significant income tax reduction.
Parliament passes ‘anti-Akhmetov’ tax law that raises iron ore rents, triples carbon tax
Parliament proposes new duty on energy, fuel imports from Russia
Parliament ratifies Open Skies Treaty with EU.
Part 10 Reverse Engineering the Earth, Thunderblog and video 28Jan2021 Part 1 Arches National Monument, Thunderblog 12Feb2018 Part 1 Easter Egg Hunt, video 22May2021 Part 1 Thunderblog 10Dec2017 Part 1 Thunderblog 11May2016 Part 1 Thunderblog 20Jan2016 Part 1 Thunderblog 31Mar2019 Part 2 Colorado Plateau, Thunderblog 12Feb2018 Part 2 The Cross from the Laramie Mountains, video 29May2021 Part 2 The Electric Winds of Jupiter, Thunderblog 05May2019 Part 2 Thunderblog 16Feb2017 Part 2 Thunderblog 17Dec2017 Part 2 Thunderblog 21May2016 Part 3 Secondary effects from electrical deposition, Thunderblog 31Mar2018 Part 3 Some storms suck and others blow, Thunderblog 05May2019 Part 3 Thunderblog 28May216 Part 4 Wind Map, Thunderblog 20Jun2019 Part 5 Large Scale Wind Structures, Thunderblog 19Mar2020 Part 6 Jupiter"s The Great Red Spot, Thunderblog 04Apr2020 Part 7, 1 of 2 Electric Earth & the Cosmic Dragon, Thunderblog and video 24Sep2020 Part 7, 2 of 2 Electric Earth & the Cosmic Dragon, Thunderblog and video 24Sep2020 Part 8 Proving the Passage of the Dragon, Thunderblog and video 31Oct2020 Part 9, 1 of 2 San Andreas Fault - A Dragon in Action? Thunderblog and video 18Dec2020 Part 9, 2 of 2 Ground Currents and Subsurface Birkeland Currents - How the Earth Thinks? Thunderblog and video 25Dec2020 Part II Directionality and source).
Part III. Function Reference Past and Future Worlds directory. Perhaps these may be of interest, help] to others putting together a film from Linux-based free software.
Patreon deleted the page of Ukraine-based Come Back Alive charity.
Patsy Pavel Felgenhauer: Russia and NATO locked in high-risk standoff in Mediterranean and Black Seas
Pavel Felgenhauer: Russian troops deploy to Belarus with fanfare
Pavlo Lodyn: Putin’s aggression and the threat of environmental catastrophe in Europe
Payoneer, Paypal, Adobe suspend operations in Russia.
PayPal to block Russians’ e-wallets from March 18

Collision on Highway 10 East outside of Rosedale

PDF. PDF. PDF. PDF. PDF. PDF.) PDF. Like [FWP0-2]. PDF. Very similar to [FWP0-2], in both motivation [FWP2] and execution. PDF. Extending TR FKI-129-90, TUM, 1990. PDF. (More on PDFtk - The PDF Toolkit pdftotext pdftotext - popular Linux utility to transform pdf documents to text-only format Peace talks between Ukraine, Russia continue via video conference.
Peach fuzz Pentagon: 2,000-4,000 Russian soldiers killed in Ukraine.
Pentagon: 90% of Russian combat power pre-staged at Ukraine’s borders have already entered Ukraine.
Pentagon believes Russia now recruiting Syrian fighters for war in Ukraine.
Pentagon questions Poland"s proposal to transfer MIG-29 jets to US.
Pentagon: Russia has brought almost 100% of offensive formations in Ukraine
Pentagon: Russia has fired more than 500 missiles in the week since its full-scale invasion of Ukraine began.
Pentagon: Russian troops ready for an imminent attack.
Pentagon: Russia stocks up on blood, moves troops closer to Ukraine.
Pentagon says no evidence of Russian withdrawal from Ukrainian border.
People being evacuated from five satellite towns of Kyiv
People plunge into icy water in Kyiv to mark Epiphany (PHOTOS)
Perl, Python, AWK,sed differences - Stack Overflow Perl...Why I Use and Will Continue to Do So | Dr Dobb"s Perplexity - OpenAI API for conversational AI Personals
Perth Peskov makes veiled threat: Sanctions will lead to invasion of Ukraine
Peskov: Russia ready to send delegation to Minsk to negotiate with Ukraine.
Peskov sees Putin, Zelensky summit "conceptually possible"
Peter Daszak, who had received an NIH grant, through his organisation EcoHealth Alliance had been engaged in ‘gain of function’ research for years in the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China. Daszak has himself admitted on numerous occasions that they are running breakthrough research into coronaviruses.
Peter Dickinson: Putin escalates his Ukraine war with recognition of separatist republics
Peter Doshi, May2008 - The overall decline in influenza-attributed mortality over the 20th century cannot be the result of influenza vaccination? Petition appears online demanding Putin"s impeachment.
[PG1-3] Phanfone Philae - Universe Philippines, Hong Kong Philippines, Japan Philippines, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan Philippines, Taiwan, Japan Philippines photos Russian invaders fire upon multi-apartment buildings in Kramatorsk, killing at least two people
photos, video Pro-Ukrainian rallies held in temporarily occupied Henichesk, Kalanchak and Kakhovka
Phyllis Physics Evaluation of Alternative Uranium-based Oxy-Carbide Annular Fuel Concepts for Potential Use in Compact High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors
Pictures (German). Pierre-Marie Robitaille: Kirchhoff’s Claims | EU2015 Pin Bar Trading Strategy | PriceAction.com PineScript: language/index Pine Script program that super-imposes fractal [time, price] grids : Pine Script program that super-imposes fractal [time, price] grids on their charts. I don"t recommend that you do this UNLESS your [are, want to be] familiar with PineScript programming. The reason that I say that is because for every market symbol being tracked, you must provide a formula for the semi-log price [trend, relative standard deviation]. Preferably get as long a series as you can get, eg download from TradingView. If you don"t have 20+ years of data (eg the young crypto market), it may be a waste of your time. Here are the statements that you need to adapt to your symbol"s data :
PineScript: TradingView home Pioneering Philae completes main mission before hibernation / Rosetta / Space Science / Our Activities / ESA Pivdennyi mayor in Kharkiv Oblast detained on suspicion of high treason.
[PLAN3] [PLAN4-5] [PLAN]) Planet openSUSE planning and reinforcement learning with recurrent neural world models Plants, Fractals, and Formal Languages - Alvy Ray Smith plasma discharge, radio emission double layers | SAFIRE project Play with the [time, mind]-bending perspective yourself plunged.


PM Shmyhal: 20,000 tonnes of aid arrive in Ukraine from abroad over six days
PM Shmyhal: 95% of Ukrainian goods won"t be subject to import duties in Turkey.
PM Shmyhal says coal shortage is resolved
PM Shmyhal: Ukraine has earned the right to become EU member
PM Shmyhal: Ukraine to buy out reserve of food in scope of its annual consumption
PM Shmyhal: Underground storage facilities contain about 9.5 bcm of gas
"(.*)/(.*).png".*> [PO87-90] [PO90]). Podcasting Podcasts/RSS Podoliak on Ukraine-Russia talks: There are positive results on humanitarian corridors
Podoliak: Russian high-ranking officials really think they are at war Nazis
Poland and Baltic countries trigger consultations under NATO article 4.
Poland asks Ukraine’s new fleet Noosphere to service its Antarctic station.
Poland: EU should speed up Ukraine"s path to membership.
Poland has not yet made decision on transfer of fighter jets to Ukraine
Poland pledges support to Ukraine in face of Russian threat
Poland’s lower house of parliament approves law to increase military.
Poland to provide Ukraine with defensive weapons
Poland to supply US with stockpile of MIG-29 jets, free of charge.
polar aurora-to-filaments similiar to Stonehenge. Other petroglyphs and their plasma equivalents. Police officer, medical worker suspected ofCovid-19 vaccination forgery
Police shut down fraudulent Covid-19 documents operation in Zakarpattia Oblast
Police suspect arson after journalist’s cars found burned
Police: US citizen ordered killing of agriculture minister over business grudge
Polish government prepared to host up to a million Ukrainian refugees.
Polish Interior Minister: Poland ready for wave of Ukrainian refugees.
Polish PM: Hungary supports ejecting Russia from SWIFT.
Polish PM: Sanctions should be immediately imposed against Russia.
Polish Senate unanimously adopts resolution on Ukraine’s membership in EU under fast-track procedure.
Polish senate unanimously passes resolution providing Ukraine with political, military support.
Politico: Ukraine asks EU to send in cyber forces.
Politico: UK to ban Russian oil imports.
Poll: 45% of Ukrainians think Russian escalation risk is low or non-existent.
Poll: 62% of Ukrainians support joining NATO.
Poll: 71% of Germans are against sending weapons to Ukraine.
Poll: 82% of Ukrainians believe in victory against Russia.
Poll: Around 74% of Americans - including Republicans and Democrats - said the United States and its NATO allies should impose a no-fly zone in Ukraine,
Poll: Majority of Ukrainians will actively resist further Russian invasion.
Poll: Most Europeans believe Russia will invade, want NATO, EU to defend Ukraine if it does.
Poll: Over half of Ukrainians will actively resist Russian invasion
Poll: Ukrainians say they need at least $890 per month to live "comfortably" in big cities.
Poll: Ukrainians" support for NATO, EU integration reaches unprecedented level.
Pope Francis appeals for peace in Ukraine, guaranteed humanitarian corridors
Pope Francis issues toughest condemnation yet of Russia"s war.
Poroshenko arrest hearing: Prosecution asks for $37 million bail, court deliberates for 11 hours without result
Poroshenko demands Zelensky convene national security meeting to discuss threat of Russian invasion.
Poroshenko family’s companies fined Hr 283 million by Anti-Monopoly Committee
Poroshenko returns to Ukraine, faces possible arrest
Portugal to provide military assistance to Ukraine
[POS] [POS] (1936). Possible escalation in Ukraine may undermine global food security, provoke sky-high food prices
Post Homes Magazine
Post-mortem of a presentation Post Movies
Post Movies
"Post-Wutip damages to FSM cost at least $2M". Pacific News Center. Retrieved April 22, 2019. Power supply restored at Chornobyl.
Power supply to Chornobyl NPP restored
[PP-PP2] "... Precursor of Shunting network model (Rail 1962) ..."). Pregnant woman prevented by Russians from going to a hospital, forced to have birth monitored online.
"Preliminary cost estimate of Wutip: More than $1.3 million". Guam Pacific Daily News. March 1, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019. Premarket Stock Trading - CNNMoney Premium Content & Description - Suspicious0bservers - Climate Change | Space Weather | Astronomy Preparations begin to cut Russia off SWIFT.
Preprint arXiv:1402.3511 [cs.NE]. President’s office denies Macron transition period bill claims.
President Biden warns US citizens to leave Ukraine as "things could go crazy quickly."
Presidential advisor: Russia trying to put Ukraine into an "unacceptable ultimatum."
President of Colombia ready to provide assistance to Ukraine
President: Pause in closure of sky over Ukraine has already become deadly
President replaces head of Chernihiv district state administration
President signs application for Ukraine's membership in EU
President’s Office publishes decrees on appointment of three ambassadors
President"s office: Russia"s goal is to occupy territories, remove Ukrainian authorities.
President"s Office: Sumy fully returned to Ukrainian control.
President"s Office: Ukraine is winning.
President: Ukraine closely integrated into EU, able to gain membership quickly
President Volodymyr Zelensky is personally heading the defense of Kyiv.
President Zelensky leads by 10% in new poll
President Zelensky orders to temporarily lift visas for foreigners wishing to join the International Legion and fight for Ukraine against Russia.
President Zelensky signs decree recalling Ukrainian peacekeeping forces to defend Ukraine.
President Zelensky visits wounded Ukrainian defenders at military hospital
pressed the emergency button concerning incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis and also admitting underreporting.
pre-training of deep NNs previous section. Pribram 1993 quantum fields and consciousness proceedings provides references back to 1960, and Jibu, Yasue comment that : Prime Minister Shmyhal addresses nation, says army is strong, will defend Ukraine.
Principia Scientific, John O"Sullivan - "Priority model of consciousness".
Privacy policy Privacy Policy privatization of the Bilshovyk plant in Kyiv. Sennychenko said the two events weren’t connected.


Producers of Finlandia, Jack Daniel"s, Lindt chocolate suspend business in Russia.
Production Services Profile]  Programming code directory listing, and will be handy for anyone interested in the details of how I produced the video. I like to describe the QNial programming language of Queen"s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada as "... the beautiful child of a marriage between LISP and APL ...". It is not commonly used today, and even though it is an interpreted language, I always get frustrated with other languages that I also use, it"s conceptual power always brings me back home to it. Bug hunting can be problematic if you don"t build in bug taps and [structured, object oriented] capabiities, but for much of what I do I keep those chains to a minimum so I can use the full power of the language. Program Websites Projects/DevilsPie - GNOME Wiki! Pro-Kremlin lawmaker pays bail for Odesa mayor Trukhanov
Pro-Kremlin TV channel Nash fined, may be stripped of broadcast license.
Proposed US aid package to Ukraine increases to $12 billion.
Prosecutor general vows to step up 200 criminal cases against top oligarch over his media attacks
Prosecutors block accounts of steel giant ArcelorMittal in tax evasion probe
Prosecutor"s Office launches proceedings over Russia’s seizure of Chornobyl, Zaporizhzhia NPPs
Prosecutors reportedly seek to arrest ex-president Poroshenko with $37 million bail
Protesters around the world planning rallies in support of Ukraine (UPDATING)
Protesters demand dismissal of Zelensky’s chief of staff Yermak
Prototype resilient, self-modeling robots. Correspondence, Science, 316, no. 5825 p 688, May 2007. proved to be correct over time, beating the best of mainstream scientists. Even his strongest advocates couldn"t accept one concept in particular: that Venus sprouted from Saturn in historical times. But given his track record, perhaps this too will show some relevance, perhaps in some different way. ???
PRP Special Issue | Tallbloke"s Talkshop

Russian invasion update: Russia amassing occupation troops in Belarus – General Staff
Psaki: U.S. ready to accept Ukrainian refugees.
PSI, downthechupacabrahole.com: 14Mar2022 Sudden Adult Death Syndrome: Programming the Population
PSI: German Professor: "Thousands Of Hidden Deaths Daily”
PSI International 30Dec2021 "Columbia study: True U.S. COVID vaxx death count around 400,000"
- As [proper,basic] follow-up has been suppressed, this report is necessarily speculative. But "experts" have NO basis fcontention, and their deceitful proclamations have even less support than the renegades (as often is the case in science). publication page and my Publicity Guide published Puetz, Borchardt 150925 Quasi-periodic fractal patterns in geomagnetic reversals, geological activity, and astronomical events.pdf Puetz"s fractal series and a bunch of other stuff ...It"s not like "666: pay attention, this is important". You"re saying 6 is associated with man, will be some dangers with that.
Puetz - Universal Waves Series.ods Puetz - Universal Waves Series, spreadset of wave data.ods Puetz - Universal Waves Series tabTable, from 2014.txt, although keep in mind that the periodicities are adjusted slightly as more and more data is analysed in Puetz"s journal publications since Puetz"s 2009 book on the subject. Puetz does thorough statistical analysis of results, maintaining strict quality standards for decig if j=know data fits into the sies. Many of the key mathematics for the statistical assessments were developed by Puets, although he does [refer to, discuss] standard methods as well.
pulseaudio Putin asks parliament to use army abroad.
PUTIN DECLARES WAR ON UKRAINE
Putin demands quick guarantees Ukraine won’t join NATO.
Putin instructs to officially send troops to the occupied parts of Donbas ‘to maintain peace.’
Putin, Lukashenko oversee nuclear-capable missiles drills.
Putin, Macron agree to work on ceasefire in Ukraine.
Putin: Minsk Agreements don"t exist.
Putin plotting terror attack at Chornobyl NPP - intelligence
Putin says Russia-backed illegitimate ‘states’ in eastern Ukraine have claim to entire regions of Donetsk, Luhansk
Putin says Russia recognizes whole Donbas region in eastern Ukraine as belonging to illegitimate "independent states."
Putin says Ukraine could "lose its statehood."
Putin says Ukraine "must fulfil" Minsk protocol.
Putin says West ‘ignored’ Russian security concerns in rare public remarks
Putin sends troops to Kremlin-occupied Donbas
Putin"s friend Medvedchuk flees house arrest in Kyiv.
Putin signs decree restricting export, import of goods.
Putin"s party gag orders for Russian MPs released
Putin’s plans fail so he must stop war against Ukraine - Borrell
Putin’s press conference statements about Ukraine, debunked
Putin"s Security Council meeting could be pre-recorded.
Putin, Xi sign joint statement condemning NATO enlargement.
Python Q&A with Brian Bonner, ex-chief editor of Kyiv Post
Q&A with US Chargé d’Affaires Kristina Kvien: ‘From now on, Russia will be a pariah state’
QLD QNial-bash hybridization above, my QNial programming is hybridized integrally with my bash libraries, so when downloading QNial, users must also download by bash (bin) directory. Here is a quick overview of the bash side.
QNial dictionary QNial directory. A [random, rare] selection of interesting ndf [dir, fil]s includes : QNial language definition QNial language description QNial library - directory listing, QNial manuals and information, including : QNial programming language provides the overall scture of the programs, acts as a wrapper for the Unix stuff, but also does some key processing. QNial she was the centerfold-of-the-month in Computer Language magazine in ?~Mar1994?. I fell in love, have left her several times, but always found my way back. QNial programming language - Queen"s University of Kingston, Ontario, Canada, "Q"Nial Nested Interactive Array Language" is my top prefered programming language for modestly complex to insane programming challenges, along with perhaps 3 other people in the world (if they are still alive). QNial setup.ndf - "QNial setup.ndf"
QNial userWkspSymbol header.ndf, which is greatly out-of-date as of 23Mar2024. No doubt, a great deal of [use, memorisation] will be need to others who may use my libraries, so that they can understand what is being done by operators.
QNial userWkspSymbol.ndf, which is again way-out-of-date.
QNial userWkspSymbol [philos, grammar, design].txt
QNial version 7 library QNial workspace, QNial versus Howell [variable, operator, etc]s, for which QNial tables were automatically converted to html format by tblQNial_put_tblHtmOut in the file "$d_Qndfs""arrays atomic.ndf".
Quake Watch QuakeWatch.net, 27May2018 update.

@quantguy One of the more consistent and solid day-by-day analysis. He combines price Fibonaccis and his own signal-processing based (?) momentum indicators. (or phase change - I forget) "Quantum consciousness" (last update 07Nov2022, viewed 16Jul2023)
Quantum mechanics in fractal geometry (<Sierpinski triangle>), Physics Today
Quantum Mechanics is a fool"s paradise
Quantum Mechanics is a fools paradise.html Questions Questions about Russia’s war against Ukraine with defense reporter Illia Ponomarenko
Questions: Grossberg"s c-ART, Transformer NNs, and consciousness?. Questions, not answers Questions, Successes, Failures Questions, Successes, Failures QuetzcoatlAztec, also Tlaloc (ally and the god of rain), Xolotl (psychopomp and its twin) Quick tour of Nial Quizzes & Games Quizzes & Tools "Are we ready for global cooling?" - A short presentation to Toastmasters – Dows Lake, Ottawa, 14Mar06. Needs corrections and comments! (some time later...)

Quoted text from (Grossberg 2021)).
"Ring [R11] [R12] [R1] [R1] [R1-R12] (the largest machine learning forum with back then over 800k subscribers), [R2] (also containing wrong claims about [R2] which he did not cite; [R2-R4] [R2-R5] (see Sec. [R2-R5, R7-R8] [R2-R5,R7,R8,R11] [R2-R6] [R2-R8] [R3] [R4].
[R4] [R4]). [R4] for my related priority dispute on attention with Hinton. [R4] Remarkably, three of them [R58] [R58] [R5] [R5] [R5]). [R5] is now the 20th century [R5] is now the most frequently cited [R5] It follows our earlier work on supervised [R61] [R61,R62] [R62] (1962), [R62] although he did not yet have [R62] but did not yet have [R62] [R6] [R6] [R6]
[R6] long before the similar system of Hinton"s student. [R7] [R7] [R7]) [R7-R8] [R7-R8] See Sec. [R8] [R8] [R8] Five years later, modern [R8] LBH failed to cite this. [RA21] Ra Ra M (?our Sun, or other green Sun?) Radio Radio Radio Australia Radio National Rai Ralph Nelson Elliott developed the Elliott Wave Theory in the 1930s. Elliott believed that stock markets, generally thought to behave in a somewhat random and chaotic manner, in fact, traded in repetitive patterns.[1] In this article, we"ll take a look at the history behind Elliott Wave Theory and how it is applied to trading.
Rammasun Ramp Up Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Starter Pack - Includes a Raspberry Pi 3 ID: 3058 - $99.95 : Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Raspberry Pi-powered Fuzebox allows kids to code all the sensors | TheINQUIRER Raspberry Pi Swag Raspberry Pi — Teach, Learn, and Make with Raspberry Pi Ratio of actual to semi-log detrended data : [advantages, disadvantages] [RAU1] by Heron of Alexandria [RAW] Raw Computing Power. [RCNN1-3] "Reactor Physics Assessment of Annular Plutonium-Thorium Fuels for Use in Prismatic Fuel Blocks in a HTGR-SMR with a Hydrogen-Based Moderator 7LiH"
Read base64 source code (requires reader Howell notes).p044 Howell: grepStr "conscious" means a comment by reader Howell, extracted using the grep string shown, referring to page 44 in (Grossberg 2021) reader Howell notes).p044 Howell: grepStr "conscious" means a comment by reader Howell, extracted using the grep string shown, referring to page 44 in (Grossberg 2021) reader Howell notes).p044 Howell: grepStr "conscious" means a comment by reader Howell, extracted using the grep string shown, referring to page 44 in (Wickson 2023) reading the script and following its links. --> reading the script and following its links, once I write it... Real History and what Great People thought of the Jews Real-time Schuman Resonance - GreatArcana real world advanced [science, engineering] applications? real world advanced [science, engineering] applications?
real world advanced [science, engineering] applications (non-[bio, psycho]logical) Rebel - home Rebel - Shows Rebel - The Latest Recent work recurrent NNs (RNNs) Red Cross, Coca-Cola HBC deepen partnership to boost corporate volunteering, support youth development in Ukraine
Red Cross prohibits use of its emblem on humanitarian vehicles - Zelensky
Referencesbelow).
references can be found under the relevant section links I-XXI references - only articles related to the mis-class of flu as covid are listed. This "articles webPage has a fantastic list of references for many other covid issues!! References - unfortunately, the list is very incomplete, but does provide some links Reform Watch: Judicial reform moves forward but corruption still reigns supreme
Reform watch: Rule of law reforms blocked by corrupt actors
Regina
11°
Partly cloudy Register]   Registration of electric cars continues to grow in Ukraine
Regular [1,6] month market views Regular Kyivans get ready to help repel Russian attack
Reincarnation : A Riddle by, for, of, on, and with the Mind related test files relationship between China and the U.S. has frayed, raising concerns about the decoupling of the two countries, especially in areas like technology.
Religion & Ethics [RELU1-2] [RELU1] [RELU1] They are now widely used in CNNs and other NNs. Remittances to Ukraine from migrant workers reach all-time high.
remote (online) $d_web Renew Subscription
Rens Van Der Sluijs "Theories on the Rocks - In a Flash (Part Two)" 27Aug2021 reported that the leaders were cautious about fast tracking the country’s ascension to the union.


Reports of explosions on the outskirts also appeared in the media.


Reports suggest Belarus prepares to send its troops to Ukraine, joining Putin in war
Republican senior senator calls for no-fly zone over Ukraine.
Resource Sales responded, saying, “This is a flat out lie. Russia’s special military operation is instigating a war in Ukraine. Ukraine does not want a war.”


Reuters: 1 Ukrainian dead, 7 injured in a bus crash in Italy.
Reuters: EU is eyeing disconnecting Belarus from SWIFT.
Reuters: EU may gradually decrease energy dependence on Russia.
Reuters: Facebook to temporarily allow posts calling for violence against Russians, calls for Putin"s death.
Reuters: Kadyrov confirms deployment of Chechen forces to Ukraine.
Reuters: Russian mercenaries with spy links increasing presence in Ukraine.
Reuters: Russian threat to Ukraine to remain critical in February, senior Western intelligence official says.
Reuters: Ukraine still has a "significant majority" of its military aircraft available nine days after Russian forces started their full-scale invasion of the country,
Reuters: Ukrainian government seeks hackers to counter cyber warfare.
Reuters: U.S. does not see imminent Russian amphibious assault of Odesa, according to U.S. official.
Reuters: US may ban Russian oil imports without Europe.
Reuters: White House asks Congress for $6.4 billion for Ukraine crisis.
Reuters: WHO says it advised Ukraine to destroy stored pathogens in health labs to prevent disease leaks.
revealed via leaked emails that Anthony Fauci’s NIAID funded institute trained researchers at Wuhan lab housed fatal aerosol-borne viruses.
Reznikov: 140,000 Russian troops now on Ukraine"s borders.
Reznikov: After failure, Russia changing tactics.
Reznikov: Number of civilians killed by aggressors exceeds number of military fallen in fighting
Reznikov: Russian forces killed more civilians than Ukrainian service personnel.
Reznikov says main target of Russia’s shellings on Feb. 17 were civilians, calls it “a war crime.”
Reznikov: Ukraine receives Stinger missile systems from Lithuania.
RFC 1341 and successors) RFC 1341 RFE/RL: 5 intelligence agents involved with Wagnergate had their passports revoked
RFE/RL: Morgues in Belarus fill up with the bodies of Russian soldiers, locals say.
RFE/RL: Tanks, armored vehicles begin arriving in Russian-occupied Donetsk.
RicardoSantos, Function Polynomial Regression.txt Rick Merritt, Google 25Mar2022 What Is a Transformer Model? Riga renames street housing Russian Embassy the Independent Ukraine Street.
Rio Tinto PLC, the world’s second-largest miner by market value, to withdraw from Russia.
Rise and fall of civilisations over the last 7,500 years RL (e.g., Sec. C) and RNNs that program themselves RNNs that program themselves. RNNs that program themselves. [RO98] [RO98] was Howard Aiken"s decimal MARK I (US, 1944). Robert A. McConnell: Talk won’t deter Putin. Here’s what West can do
Robert Hecht-Nielson, Confabulation Theory versus Bayes Theorem Robert Prechter - Socionomics, the first quantitative sociology? Robert William Buss (4 August 1804 – 26 February 1875) was a Victorian artist, etcher and illustrator perhaps best known for his painting Dickens" Dream. He was the father of Frances Buss, a pioneer of girls" education. Robot dogs join US Air Force exercise giving glimpse at potential battlefield of the future - CNN ROBOTS: Your Guide to the World of Robotics Rocket with Ukrainian engine launches French military satellites into orbit
Roman Romania supports Ukraine's membership in EU
RONA Strathmore in Strathmore | Home Improvement Store Rootkit Hunter - Malware detection for Unix/Linux systems Rosalind Rose 11Oct2021 "World Council for Health, presentation of VAERS data"
Rose Rosetta | rendezvous with a comet Roskomnadzor, Russia’s state communications regulator is blocking sites that write about Russia’s invasion into Ukraine.
[RPG] have become standard, in particular, our RSS Feeds Ruby Rugby League Rugby Union Rules and restrictions | City of Ottawa [RUM] [RUM] adding citations [RUM] with the "invention" of backpropagation. Rural Rural Rural Blog Rural News Rural Reporter Russia's attack on Kyiv kills 14 military and 6 civilians, including a child - Klitschko
Russia's audacity shows sanctions “not enough” - Zelensky
Russia’s war cost Ukraine $280 billion
Russia’s war on Ukraine jeopardizes global food security, increasing famine risk
Russia’s war on Ukraine: Where fighting is on now (Feb. 26 live updates)
Russia’s war on Ukraine: Where fighting is on now (Feb. 27 live updates)
Russia below). My guess is that they still have this long-term historical capability to influence strategic decisions from within the democracies, and they will use it to success and get the best risk-balanced gains they can from the current situation. Russia accuses 85 Ukrainians of "war crimes" in Donbas.
Russia already lost 353 tanks, 57 aircraft, 83 helicopters, over 12,000 soldiers
Russia already lost around 800 men, Ukraine"s Defense Ministry reports.
Russia already lost nearly 100,000 jobs due to sanctions
“Russia and Ukraine account for 29% of global wheat exports, 19% of world maize (corn) exports, and 80% of world sunflower oil exports. ” Due to European sanctions on Russia, this will not be exported to Europe and other western countries, but to China instead. Russia announces resuming fighting in Mariupol and Volnovakha.
Russia asks China for military, economic aid for Ukraine war - U.S. sources
Russia assembles 70% of combat power needed for all-out invasion of Ukraine.
Russia Russia attacks border guard strongpoints in Kyiv Oblast.
Russia attacks, captures Europe’s largest nuclear power plant in Ukraine
Russia attacks wide range of targets in Ukraine (LIVE UPDATES)
Russia bans Facebook, Twitter.
Russia bans leading opposition media "TV Rain" and "Echo of Moscow."
Russia barred from Eurovision.
Russia becomes world’s most-sanctioned country over past 70 years
Russia begins mobilizing troops in Donbas and Crimea.
Russia blocks Instagram.
Russia blocks UN Security Council resolution condemning invasion of Ukraine.
Russia bombs Kharkiv institute, home to experimental nuclear reactor.
Russia bombs Kyiv neighborhoods, Vyshneve city outside of the capital,
Russia brings 11 engineers to Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant.
Russia brings more tanks, artillery to contact line in Donbas
Russia claims it captured Ukrainian soldier.
Russia claims it killed 180 "foreign mercenaries" in missile strike on military training center in western Ukraine.
Russia claims it will stop war ‘in a moment’ if Ukraine agrees to its demands.
Russia concentrates military power for Kyiv assault
Russia conducts military exercises near Ukraine’s borders as NATO allies meet in Riga
Russia considers openly supplying weapons to its proxies occupying eastern Ukraine
Russia considers withdrawing non-essential embassy staff from Ukraine.
Russia could freeze war at some stage rather than end it – Bellingcat reporter
Russia counts on sanctions help from China.
Russia declares mobilization in CADLR and Crimea – intelligence data
Russia demands Telegram remove bots that search the platform for evidence of Russian servicemen captured or killed in Ukraine.
Russia denies concrete plans for Biden-Putin meeting.
Russia deployed 10,000 troops in occupied Crimea over past 2 weeks.
Russia deploys 134 units of heavy military equipment in occupied Donbas.
Russia destroys 61 Ukrainian hospitals.
Russia detains over 1,700 protesters in 58 cities during anti-war demonstrations.
Russia etc Russia expels deputy U.S. Ambassador Bartle Gorman from Moscow.
Russia faces heavy losses as it attacks Ukraine on all fronts
Russia fires cluster munitions on residential quarters of Mykolayiv
Russia fires rockets, debris hits near train station.
Russia gathered almost entire navy in Black, Azov seas.
Russia gives Ukraine a deadline of 3 p.m. on Feb. 27 to decide whether to meet for talks in Belarus.
Russia has 122,000 troops close to Ukraine’s border
Russia has already fired 600 missiles since invasion of Ukraine – Pentagon official
Russia has caused $119B in damage to Ukraine"s infrastructure
Russia has fired 600 missiles and deployed 95% of its amassed troops into Ukraine,
Russia has fired 710 missiles against Ukraine since the start of its full-scale war on Feb. 24
Russia hits oil depot of KLO gas station network in Vasylkiv
Russia intensifies barrage of flimsy yet dangerous disinformation
Russia involving private security companies in war with Ukraine - SBU
Russia killed more than 2,000 civilian Ukrainians.
Russia kills 27 civilians in Kharkiv within 24 hours.
Russia launched 6 missile strikes, 4 air strikes on Feb. 27,
Russia launching air strike on International Center for Peacekeeping and Security in Lviv Region
Russia loses 3,500 troops, nearly 200 kept hostage.
Russia loses 56 planes, 82 helicopters in 2 weeks of fighting.
Russia loses rights of representation in the Council of Europe"s Committee of Ministers and in the Parliamentary Assembly.
Russia lost over 12,000 troops, 362 tanks, 58 aircraft – Ukraine"s General Staff
Russia may be preparing to shell its own territory in order to accuse Ukraine - FM
Russia may intensify terrorist methods of warfare - General Staff
Russia may recognize occupied territories of eastern Ukraine as independent states today.
Russia moves troops to Belarus ahead of February joint military drills
Russian aggressor already lost almost 12,000 personnel
Russian aggressor has already lost more than 12,000 troops – Ukraine"s General Staff
Russian aggressors" death toll already over 12,000 – Ukraine’s General Staff
Russian aircraft bomb Okhtyrka and the village of Bytytsya in Sumy Oblast.
Russian aircraft flies over Konotop, Sumy Oblast, Suspilne media"s local branch reports.
Russian aircraft launch air strike on Belarus from Ukrainian airspace
Russian airstrike destroys maternity, children"s hospital in Mariupol.
Russian airstrike hit residential building in Chernihiv.
Russian air strike hits town near Kyiv amid evacuation of civilians
Russian airstrike kills six people outside Kyiv.
Russian air strikes hit Dnipro, Lutsk, Ivano-Frankivsk early on March 11.
Russian air strikes kill 22 people in Sumy overnight on March 8.
Russia narrowly beats Ukraine, advances to UEFA Futsal Euro finals.
Russian artillery fire has struck Kyiv"s children"s cancer hospital Okhmadyt,
Russian artillery fires on Malyshev plant in Kharkiv
Russian artillery pounds the southern Ukrainian city of Mykolaiv overnight on March 7.
Russia, NATO remain divided on key issues
Russian authorities arrest 31 Crimean Tatars in occupied peninsula
Russian-backed militants threaten OSCE observers with imprisonment.
Russian-backed proxies killed two Ukrainian soldiers on Feb. 21.
Russian ballistic missile attack destroys three residential buildings in Kyiv Oblast.
Russian, Belarusian officials denied entry to New Zealand over invasion of Ukraine
Russian, Belarusian troops to continue exercises along Ukrainian border.
Russian billionaires lose $38 billion due to Kremlin"s aggression against Ukraine.
Russian bombardment kills 18 people in Odesa Oblast.
Russian bombardment kills a child in Chuhuiv city, Kharkiv Oblast.
Russian bombs kill dozens of people in Sumy region in one day
Russian Central Bank raises borrowing rates from 9.5% to 20%.
Russian court accidentally documents Moscow’s military presence in Donbas
Russian defense ministry acknowledges strikes on airfields in Lutsk and Ivano-Frankivsk
Russian defense ministry: Some troops near Ukraine border returning to base.
Russian delegation arrived in Belarus for talks with Ukraine.
Russian disinformation targets Western support of Ukraine
Russian drone, used to adjust artillery fire, shot down in Zhytomyr region
Russian Far East Russian fighter-bomber shot down near Chernihiv
Russian firms to be blocked from trading in pounds, dollars in case of escalation.
Russian forces are firing at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station in Enerhodar,
Russian forces are not letting the Red Cross enter Schastia,
Russian forces attack civilian vehicle, killing woman.
Russian forces bomb power plants, residential buildings in Kharkiv region
Russian forces burn museum with paintings of Maria Prymachenko.
Russian forces capture Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant.
Russian forces carried out missile strikes across Ukraine overnight.
Russian forces completely destroy 7 hospitals, damage additional 104.
Russian forces continue shelling Mariupol
Russian forces damage Sviatohirsk Lavra church in Donetsk Oblast.
Russian forces fire at bus, kill 5 and injure 6 in Kharkiv Oblast.
Russian forces fired at radioactive waste disposal site in Kyiv.
Russian forces have pushed into the Chornobyl exclusion zone,
Russian forces have struck Freedom Square in central Kharkiv with a powerful explosion.
Russian forces hit Ivano-Frankivsk airbase early on March 13.
Russian forces hold Konotop under siege, moving to Kyiv.
Russian forces in occupied Donetsk are handing out gas masks to its troops and local militants,
Russian forces kill Hero of Ukraine, captain Chybineiev.
Russian forces launch missile strike on Malyn
Russian forces might enter Vorzel and surrounding villages
Russian forces restrict access to external communication at Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant,
Russian forces seize control of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Russian forces seize the southern Ukrainian city of Kherson after taking control of the local council building, Kherson’s mayor, Igor Kolykhaiev, said in a Facebook post on March 2.
Russian forces shell International Center for Peacekeeping and Security in Lviv Oblast.
Russian forces shell more than 280 schools since the start of the war.
Russian forces shell rehabilitation center of the Ministry of Veterans Affairs of Ukraine in the village of Borodyanka near Kyiv.
Russian forces shell Sumy Oblast overnight, kill 2 civilians.
Russian forces strike at a school in Mykolaiv Oblast.
Russian forces strike at military unit in Mykolaiv.
Russian forces strike at residential buildings in central Chernihiv.
Russian forces take control over Antonov International Airport in Hostomel, roughly 10 kilometers away from Kyiv,
Russian Foreign Minister says Ukraine has no right to sovereignty.
Russian government refuses to participate in ICJ hearings on Ukraine.
Russian hackers are conducting a massive cyber-attack on government sites.
Russian-installed authorities in eastern Ukraine shut schools, colleges.
Russian invaders abandon armoured vehicles, flee from Okhtyrka, Sumy oblast.
Russian invaders again launch airstrike on Mariupol, killing one
Russian invaders already killed 2,187 residents of Mariupol
Russian invaders attempt to land in Vasylkiv, Kyiv Oblast.
Russian invaders begin to shell Mykolaiv with Grad and Uragan systems
Russian invaders could blow up ammonia depots in Kharkiv region
Russian invaders damaged 61 hospitals in Ukraine
Russian invaders destroy 19th-century wooden church in Zhytomyr Region
Russian invaders destroy and damage more than 1,500 residential houses
Russian invaders fired on people who were trying to leave Chernihiv
Russian invaders have already shelled 63 hospitals, killing five health workers
Russian invaders kill former secretary at Brovary City Council - mayor
Russian invaders kill Hostomel Mayor
Russian invaders kill Ukrainian military chaplain in Volnovakha
Russian invaders launch eight missiles on airfield in Vasylkiv
Russian invaders launch over 50 attacks on Kharkiv over past day
Russian invaders let firefighters into Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), which is on fire following a Russian attack. Ukraine’s Energoatom wrote on Telegram, Ukrinform reports.
Russian invaders seize TV tower in Kherson – Ministry of Internal Affairs
Russian invaders shell humanitarian convoy delivering aid for Mariupol with Grad systems
Russian invaders shelling Ukrainian positions in Mykolaiv – regional administration
Russian invaders shell Mykolaiv with heavy artillery
Russian invaders shell Olvia sea port
Russian invaders shell psychoneurological boarding school near Kyiv
Russian invaders slowed pace of assault – Ukraine"s General Staff
Russian invaders throw bomb on residential houses in Sumy, killing children
russian-invasion-update-at-least-11-people-killed-in-shelling-in-kharkiv
Russian journalist: I came to Ukraine to protect it from my homeland
Russian lawmakers of the Gagarinsky municipal district in Moscow
Russian-led forces damage 9 civilian homes in Donetsk Oblast
Russian-led militants release toxic ammonia in Donbas, provoking false-flag fears
Russian-led militants shell 2 Ukrainian villages
Russian-led militants shell more than 20 spots in eastern Ukraine on Feb. 17.
Russian-led militants shell Shchastia, force power plant to shut down.
Russian-led militants shell village in Donbas, injure three daycare workers.
Russian-led military bloc could send peacekeepers to Donbas.
Russian losses today in its war against Ukraine:
Russian losses update: Over 12,000 soldiers, 374 tanks, 74 aircraft
Russian media claim exploded shells found near Ukrainian border.
Russian media: Committee approves recognizing Russia’s Donbas proxies as independent states.
Russian media: Over 61,000 refugees evacuated from Russian-occupied Donbas.
Russian media report alleged major explosion in downtown Donetsk.
Russian military buildup near Ukraine, explained
Russian military cause $10B worth of damages to Ukraine’s transport infrastructure
Russian military establish road checkpoints on Kyiv-Sumy highway.
Russian military kidnap Melitopol mayor
Russian military launched air strike on area near Tuzla village in Odesa region
Russian military launches drones in Odesa.
Russian military runs combat readiness tests in Far East
Russian missile hit school stadium in Dnipropetrovsk region
Russian missiles hit central Kharkiv again.
Russian multiple rocket launchers firing upon Mykolaiv
Russian navy blocks off part of Black Sea.
Russian navy hits foreign ship docked in Mykolaiv Oblast.
Russian occupiers kill New York Times contributor in Irpin.
Russian oligarch Deripaska: "We need peace."
Russian oligarch Fridman: "I can only join those whose ardent desire is to end the bloodshed."
Russian paratroopers landed in Kharkiv and attacked one of the city’s military medical centers,
Russian parliament grants Putin the right to use army abroad.
Russian parliament proposes imprisonment for spreading "fake news" about war.
Russian parliament ratifies agreements on cooperation with occupied territories in Donbas.
Russian parliament"s upper and lower house to convene meetings on Feb. 22.
Russian parliament to consider recognizing Donbas proxies as independent states
Russian parliament to discuss military escalation in Donbas on Feb. 22.
Russian parliament votes to recognize Donbas militant ‘republics’
Russian pilot captured near Chernihiv.
Russian police arrest Crimean Tatars in Ukraine’s annexed Crimea.
Russian power engineers claim Zaporizhzhia NPP under Rosatom’s control
Russian prisoners will work on restoring Ukraine"s economy – Yenin
Russian propaganda prepares video with fake Ukrainian drones.
Russian propaganda"s latest invention: Ukraine is "developing biological weapons" and using birds to deliver viruses.
Russian propagandists will be brought to justice for complicity in war crimes – Zelensky
Russian proxies continue shelling in Donbas.
Russian proxies kill infantry driver, intelligence officer in Donbas
Russian proxies shell Ukrainian checkpoint, UN convoy.
Russian proxies violated ceasefire 136 times on Feb. 19.
Russian proxy leader calls on Ukraine to withdraw forces from all of Donetsk Oblast.
Russian rockets hit a military academy in Kharkiv, according to the Hromadske news website.
Russian rockets hit shelter, kindergarten in Okhtyrka, Ukraine’s northeastern Sumy Oblast.
Russian rocket strikes the territory of Rivne airport,
Russian ruble hits record low,
Russian ruble plummets to record low against the dollar as Putin declares war on Ukraine.
Russian saboteurs disguised as the National Police drove up to a checkpoint near Vasylkiv south of Kyiv
Russian saboteurs have entered Kyiv, Zelensky warned.
Russians blow up a gas pipeline in Kharkiv.
Russian security services could stage terror attacks in Russia to blame ethnic Ukrainians
Russians fire on hospital in Izium. Patients working their way out of rubble
Russians fire on oncological hospital in Mykolayiv
Russians fire Uragan systems on Nizhyn, killing at least two people
Russians have already killed 85 children in Ukraine
Russian shell hits a house, kills 3 people in Kyiv Oblast.
Russian shell hits apartment building in Bucha, Kyiv region
Russian shelling damaged or destroyed 202 schools, 34 hospitals, more than 1,500 residential buildings
Russian shelling hits maternity hospital near Kyiv,
Russian shells hit a radioactive waste disposal site at the Radon Association branch in Kyiv.
Russian ships capture two Ukrainian vessels
Russians kill 10 Greek nationals near Mariupol – PM
Russian soldiers fire at ambulance, kill 2, injure 1 near Kherson.
Russian soldiers kill two people who came to feed animals in Kharkiv ecopark
Russian soldiers massively refusing to be “deployed to Ukraine" - General Staff
Russian soldiers murder volunteers helping starving animals near Kyiv
Russian soldiers offered 5 million rubles in cryptocurrency for surrendering to Ukrainian army.
Russians reportedly promise Russian passports to citizens of occupied Berdiansk.
Russians shelling Sievierodonetsk, Rubizhne, Popasna and Lysychansk
Russians shoot at a bus with civilians in Okhtyrka district of Sumy Oblast
Russians strike psychoneurological asylum in Kharkiv.
Russian stock market plunges 12-15%.
Russian stock markets have collapsed with the start of the war.
Russian submarine enters Black Sea.
Russian tanks pass Makariv, trying to advance toward Kyiv - eyewitnesses
Russian troops abduct mayor of Dniprorudne, Zaporizhzhia region
Russian troops attack evacuation from Mariupol for third time.
Russian troops blast gas pipeline in Kharkiv
Russian troops continue missile, artillery strikes on cities, villages in Ukraine - General Staff
Russian troops destroy central hospital in Izyum, Kharkiv Oblast.
Russian troops disrupt evacuation from Sumy Oblast.
Russian troops entered Kherson.
Russian troops enter Skadovsk, call on mayor not to hold rallies
Russian troops failed to make significant advances in past 24 hrs - Arestovych
Russian troops fired on and flooded the Panamanian-flagged ship HELT
Russian troops fire on column of women and children in Kyiv region. Casualties reported
Russian troops fire on psychoneurological institution in Kharkiv region
Russian troops have entered Kharkiv.
Russian troops have minimum gains on ground over weekend – British intel
Russian troops hide behind backs of civilians in Mykolayiv region
Russian troops in Crimea refuse to take part in Ukraine invasion.
Russian troops kill 1,582 residents of Mariupol during 12 days of blockade
Russian troops kill three kindergarten teachers in Mykolayiv Oblast.
Russian troops launch a missile strike near the village of Tuzla in Odesa Oblast.
Russian troops may jam communications in near-front zone – intelligence data
Russian troops no longer in Ukraine’s port city of Skadovsk.
Russian troops seized the river port and railway station in Kherson,
Russian troops shell Mykolayiv, 9 people killed.
Russian troops shell school in Kharkiv
Russian troops suffer losses and retreat near Mykolaiv
Russian troops take control of TV and radio towers in Melitopol
Russian TV offers not to stop at Ukrainian borders but ‘strike’ the world
Russian war criminals use phosphorus munitions in Popasna (video)
Russian warships retreat from Odesa to Crimea
Russia occupies Trostyanets, Sumy Oblast.
Russia offers foreign mercenaries $300 per month for participation in Ukraine war
Russia plans a blockade in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea.
Russia preparing provocation at Zaporizhia NPP - Galushchenko
Russia preparing to shell its own cities to accuse Ukraine and declare general mobilization
Russia prevents evacuation from Izyum.
Russia promises ‘strong response’ to US sanctions.
Russia pulls diplomatic staff from Ukraine.
Russia puts forth new requirements for humanitarian corridors.
Russia recognizes sending conscripts to fight against Ukraine.
Russia reports 498 killed, 1,597 wounded in first report of military casualties.
Russia restricts regular seaways to Ukrainian ports.
Russia’s air strike kills nine people in Sumy
Russia’s airstrike on Malyn kills five people, including two children
Russia’s air strike on Piskivka kills 20-year-old girl, two more people wounded
Russia says gas prices for European consumers can reach $2,000 per thousand cubic meters.
Russia says it could seize assets of Western companies that have left the country.
Russia says it "optimized" diplomatic staff numbers in Ukraine.
Russia says it will launch offensive on all fronts in Ukraine.
Russia’s casualties as of Feb. 28: 5,300 troops (to be confirmed).
Russia’s defense ministry, diplomacy fail to speak in one voice when lying about bombing Mariupol maternity hospital
Russia"s destructive war against civilians, major Ukrainians cities continues – President’s Office
Russia sends prisoners, mercenaries, ‘conscripts’ from CADLR to fight in Ukraine
Russia sent conscripts to Ukrainian border ahead of Feb. 24 invasion.
Russia sentences Ukrainian journalist to 6 years in jail.
Russia set to send Middle East mercenaries to fight against Ukraine
Russia"s Finance Minister: Nearly half of Russia"s reserves frozen by sanctions.
Russia’s forces have entered the Obolon district in Kyiv.
Russia’s Gazprom increases gas transit through Ukraine.
Russia shell Mykolayiv, several buildings on fire.
Russia’s military launch artillery attack on Sumy: man killed, woman wounded
Russia"s Ministry of Enlightenment announced
Russia’s plan to seize Kyiv, according to Ukrainska Pravda intelligence sources:
Russia’s proxies announce civilian evacuation ahead of war.
Russia’s proxies announce mobilization.
Russia’s proxies declare mobilization amid heightened tensions in Donbas
Russia"s proxies in Donbas ask Kremlin to help repel "Ukraine"s aggression."
Russia"s Sberbank and Prominvestbank will both have their banking licenses revoked.
Russia"s Security Council asks Putin to recognize occupied territories of eastern Ukraine as independent states.
Russia"s telecom regulator bans 10 media outlets from calling Russian invasion of Ukraine "war".
Russia strikes at TV tower in Kyiv.
Russia’s troops land near Mykolayiv, residents urged to remain indoors.
Russia suspends sale of foreign currency.
Russia"s war in Ukraine will have negative effect on entire global economy - IMF
Russia"s war kills 79 Ukrainian children.
Russia’s war kills 85 Ukrainian children.
Russia threatens to raze Konotop to the ground if it doesn’t surrender.
Russia threatens to target foreign military aid convoys to Ukraine.
Russia threatens US with military action.
Russia threatens Western companies with arrests, asset seizures.
Russia Times Russia to allocate funding for evacuees from Donbas.
Russia to bear responsibility for exposing world to nuclear danger – Kuleba
Russia to be held responsible for attack on maternity hospital, other crimes in Ukraine
Russia Today announces that it will cease production in US.
Russia to engage about 1,500 marines from Pacific Fleet
Russia to investigate "Ukrainian attacks" on its proxies in Donbas.
Russia transfers patrol boats to Azov Sea.
Russia vague on whether militants will try to claim entirety of Donetsk, Luhansk oblasts
Russia violates ceasefire agreement, kills police officer.
Russia will meet with US to discuss Ukraine on Jan. 11
Russia will not use conscript soldiers in Ukraine,
Ruth Ryanair removes Kharkiv and Kherson airports from flight booking.
Ryukyu Islands, Japan Ryukyu Islands [S59] [S80] See also [S93]) [SA17] [SA17] Saakashvili ends 50-day hunger strike as health deteriorates
Saakashvili in intensive care after passing out in jail
Saakashvili’s hunger strike in Georgia, explained
SA Sacha Dobler 2018 - 1917-18 "Spanish flu deaths" may have been largely due to secondary infections? Sacha Dobler :
Sacha Dobler postings - While Sacha tends to be bit strident ("the world is going to end.."), his previous books on history, human behaviour, etc are far beyound anything that essentially any [[government, academic] scientist can do, partly because the latter are constrained more strict requirements of [political correctness, proof], but mostly because they are [cognitively, creatively] incapable of matching him. Sacha Dobler"s 2016 "Solar history" book is the best description of solar influence over the great lines of history over the last 1000 years or so. He also speculates on changes in [human, species] behaviour in anticipation of the Grand Solar Minima (GSMs).
Sacha Dobler"s Abrupt Earth Changes Sacha Dobler"s website - While Sacha tends to be bit strident ("the world is going to end.."), his previous books on history, human behaviour, etc are far beyound anything that essentially any [[government, academic] scientist can do, partly because the latter are constrained more strict requirements of [political correctness, proof], but mostly because they are cognitively incapable of matching him. My general assumptions is that <1:10,000 scientists are strong thinkers, and <<1:1M are creative, revolutionary,breakthrough] thinkers on any subject. Note that I do not take these criteria as being "properties of individuals", and I do not believe that genius exists (i.e. relibly good across their own field of expertise). Sacha Dobler can think beyond [mythologic, theologic, scientific] "religious belief systems", and that is rare. I expect him to publish a book on this within two years, and I have huge expectations of him - far beyond any [government, academic] work. Sacred Geometry International - The World Is Our Classroom Safe path for shipping plotted through Black Sea during Russian naval exercises.
SAFIRE project, in addition to the rapidly-declining Earth"s geomagnetic field and possibly oncoming reversal in the "near" future [years,decades], and possible [health,industry,Climate, Earthquake-Volcano, etc] impacts, for which he has posted many insightful comments and videos over the last years-to-decade. The main points that Ben emphasizes are that the new F4 Van Allen belt observed by the Brazilians may reflect : 1) New technology allows the F4 discovery; 2) Increased radiation lead to an enhanced F4 signature; and 3) Increased radiation has created the F4 layer (rather like the SAFIRE project). He favours points 2 & 3.

said on Feb. 10.
said on Feb. 15 that it had only observed movements towards, not away from, Ukraine.


said on Twitter that Russia’s decision to continue Belarusian drills beyond their final date on Feb. 20 meant preparation for an attack on Kyiv.


Sally @samitrading - very creative and insightful, but I haven"t seen him post since 20Dec2021. Still, past posts are still available. Samsung Electronics said on March 5 that shipments to Russia have been suspended "due to current geopolitical developments."
Samsung Presents Groundbreaking All-Solid-State Battery Technology to ‘Nature Energy’ – Samsung Global Newsroom Samsung subsidiary Harman International has acquired Ukrainian startup Apostera.
SAM webPage :
Sanba Sanctions likely to seriously hurt Russia. But they may not stop the war
Saola Sarah Sarah Kalvin"s Planetary Dynamics - "Eileen McKusick - Mastering the Human Biofield with Tuning Forks", 24Mar2017. Her work is definitely out of my comfort zone, but as I keep telling myself : "shut up and listen, one day it may come back". Besides, many people believe in astrology, and while that doesn"t include me, the persistance of the subject amazes me. Before 300 years ago, apparently almost all astronomers were astrologists because the subjects were practically inseparable. If nothing else, it has huge historical significance.
SAS, Austrian Airlines and SWISS cancel flights to Ukraine.
Satellite C650-034 - Toshiba - Notebook Adapter - Batteries and Battery Chargers - Laptop Batteries, Digital Camera Batteries, Camcorder Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries, Notebook Adapter, Li-ion Batteries, Smart Phone Batteries at BattDepot Canada Satellite imagery collected by Maxar Technologies suggests
Satellite images show new deployments of Russian troops and equipment on three sides of Ukraine.
Saturn Saturnus SBU busts anti-vax group, says it plotted violence under Russia’s oversight
SBU busts Islamic State cell in Kyiv that could be led by top IS commander
SBU busts Russia-backed bot farm in Zhytomyr Oblast.
SBU detains on border with Poland fleeing MP, who defiantly met with Lukashenko last year
SBU officers capture Wagner mercenary
SBU: Russia considers blowing up ammonia warehouses in Kharkiv Oblast.
SBU: Russian army instructed to shoot civilians in Ukraine
SBU: Russian troops were ordered to shoot at civilians in Kharkiv.
SBU: Russia planned to create "republic" in western Ukraine.
SBU says it prevented terrorist attack in Kyiv.
SBU stopped 121 cyberattacks in January.
SBU thanks Ukrainian women for helping defend Ukraine
SBU uncovers international criminal group that helped smuggle migrants to Europe
SBU uncovers largest operation selling fraudulent Covid-19 certification
[SCAN] Scandanavia Scherer, Veizer, Shaviv et.al. 2006 "Interstellar-Terrestrial relations" : "Schmidhuber 26Mar2022 Neural nets learn to program neural nets with with fast weights (1991)_files/highway-networks466x288.png" alt="Highway Networks: "Schmidhuber 29Dec2022 Annotated history of modern AI and deep neural networks_files/highway-networks754x288.png" alt="Highway Networks: @SchmidhuberAI Schmidhuber: Critique of Honda Prize for Dr. Hinton Schmidhuber"s publications on exactly this topic Scholz, Macron urge Putin to call immediate ceasefire in Ukraine.
Scholz: Renewed Russian invasion will trigger ‘united and decisive response.’
Scholz says current German, Russian leadership won"t have to deal with NATO enlargement.
Scholz to meet with Putin in January to address military buildup, Nord Stream 2
Scholz warns Moscow of ‘wide-reaching’ consequences, stays silent on Nord Stream 2
Schools TV Schumann
atmosphere Schumann Resonance Today - ✨⚡️ Power 37 📈 40 📈 68 - Disclosure News Italia Science Science Science Careers Science Videos – nealadams.com [scientiapress.com] Scientific Integrity and the History of Deep Learning: The 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018 Turing Award. Technical Report IDSIA-77-21, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland, 2022. Scientific Integrity and the History of Deep Learning: The 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018 Turing Award. Technical Report IDSIA-77-21, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland, 2022. SciLab Scott, Don - Electric Cosmos Sec. 0) Sec. 10: 1980s-90s: Graph NNs / Stochastic Delta Rule (Dropout) / More RNNs / Etc
Sec. 10) Sec. 11: Feb 1990: Generative Adversarial Networks / Artificial Curiosity / NN Online Planners
Sec. 11) Same for my linear transformer-like Sec. 12: April 1990: NNs Learn to Generate Subgoals / Work on Command
Sec. 13: March 1991: NNs Learn to Program NNs. Transformers with Linearized Self-Attention
Sec. 14: April 1991: Deep Learning by Self-Supervised Pre-Training. Distilling NNs
Sec. 15: June 1991: Fundamental Deep Learning Problem: Vanishing/Exploding Gradients
Sec. 16: June 1991: Roots of Long Short-Term Memory / Highway Nets / ResNets
Sec. 17: 1980s-: NNs for Learning to Act Without a Teacher
Sec. 17) Sec. 18: It"s the Hardware, Stupid!
Sec. 19: But Don"t Neglect the Theory of AI (Since 1931) and Computer Science
Sec. 19) Sec. 1), Sec. 1). Sec. 1) are recurrent and identical. Sec. 1 has a slow net unit for each fast weight. Sec. 1: Introduction
Sec. 1) Sec. 20: The Broader Historic Context from Big Bang to Far Future
Sec. 21: Acknowledgments
Sec. 21) Sec. 2 Sec. 2). Sec. 2: 1676: The Chain Rule For Backward Credit Assignment
Sec. 2 is that the slow net needs many output units if the fast net is large. Sec. 2) Sec. 2) to manipulate Sec. 2 were feedforward NNs (FNNs), Sec. 3 Sec. 3). Sec. 3: Circa 1800: First Neural Net (NN) / Linear Regression / Shallow Learning
Sec. 4) Sec. 4). Sec. 4: 1920-1925: First Recurrent NN (RNN) Architecture. ~1972: First Learning RNNs
Sec. 4), and Sec. 4 on attention terminology since 1993). Sec. 4) Sec. 5) Sec. 5). Sec. 5: 1958: Multilayer Feedforward NN (without Deep Learning)
Sec. 5) Sec. 6). Sec. 6. Sec. 6: 1965: First Deep Learning
Sec. 7), Sec. 7: 1967-68: Deep Learning by Stochastic Gradient Descent
Sec. 7) Sec. 8). Sec. 8: 1970: Backpropagation. 1982: For NNs. 1960: Precursor.
Sec. 8) Sec. 9: 1979: First Deep Convolutional NN (1969: Rectified Linear Units)
Sec. 9) Sec. A), Sec. A, Sec. A. Sec. A-C), Sec. B). Sec. B). Sec. B. Sec. D Sec. D). Sec. D). Sec. D. Sec. D above. Back then, the only really Sec. I), ACM lauds Sec. I for additional related issues of credit assignment. Sec. I) Sec. I) Sec. I)) Sec. I) but still Sec. II Sec. II) "Second death reported as a result of Super Typhoon Yutu". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 2021-03-18. Second evacuation column from Sumy reaches Poltava region
Second evacuation column leaves Sumy for Poltava
Second round of talks between Ukrainian, Russian delegations begin
Second shipment of coal arrives in Ukraine to meet demand

Second Ukrainian soldier killed in Donbas today.
Section Scan
Security Council chief: Russia moved 600,000 people to Crimea since occupation
Security Council head: PS752 shootdown was premeditated terror attack
Security Council Secretary Danilov:
Security Service arrests 13 Russian planes for flying to Crimea illegally
Security Service arrests Russian artillery observers in Severodonetsk.
Security Service busts Russia-backed bot farm in Kherson Oblast
Security Service shuts down 2 Russian-backed ‘bot farms’ in Lviv.
Sec. XIII) Sec. XVI above). Sec. XVI above). Sec. XVII. Sec. XVII. Sec. XVII, item H3) Sec. XVII) sed - I probably do at least 2 orders of magnitude more editing with sed than with all [text editors, word processors, spreadsheets, etc, etc] combined. see above) see above), see above), essential ingredient of deep learning and modern AI. see above). More sophisticated ways of learning to think in abstract ways were published in see above), while see below) built Segfault Sejnowski 2022)
Sekhmet (Sachmis) Sekhmet, Venus Goddess of Ancient Egypt, webPage starts with Velikovsky and seems aware of the Electric Universe (EU) context. Selection panel fails to appoint anti-graft prosecutor, undermines ties with West
Selection panel launches judicial reform
SelenianBoonDocks - Modeling COVID-19: When will the peak occur in the US? | Selenian Boondocks SENATOR JAMES INHOFE OF OKLAHOMA 2003 - THE COLLECTED SENATE SPEECHES ON CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE.pdf sendMail email program, stackoverflow.com Send us a news tip
Seneff, Nigh 31Mar2021 Worse Than the Disease? Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences of the mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 Senior Pentagon official: Nearly 100% of Russia’s combat power already in Ukraine.
Senior Ukrainian official: Russian troops will enter Kyiv outskirts today.
Sentsov’s crime drama ‘Rhino’ wins at Stockholm Film Festival
separated storage and control like in traditional computers, sequence-processing recurrent NNs (RNNs) Serbia reverses course, won"t increase flights to Russia.
SERC - secure content Sergey Fursa: These sanctions need to be imposed against Russia immediately
series of paintings about the "Legend of the ?Quenishe?" of the Comox tribe on Vancouver Island. Which was in the Courtenay museum for several decades (?), until ~2010. series of video scenes for school-children gives a larger perspective of this hypothesis. In the images above, the diameter of the Earth is not to scale, but it supposedly doubles (8 times the mass) since 200 MyBP. Seafloor ages are critical, but you must watch the Neal Adams video to see that.
Serious details beyond my [yap, arm wav]ing above. But no approach is a guarantee of security.
"serious Identity Theft" starting mostly 11Nov2024 (apart for several incidents dating back at least to Dec2023). Hackers still own all of my online accounts. Google and almost all others (except Amazon) are unreachable (even by paper letter to their head office), and therefore they are incapable of fixing the situation.
serious IDtheft cases. Their experts don"t seem to understand this situation, in spite of understanding "kindergarden IDtheft cases". Their organisations" systems are also entirely inadequate for this.
Services Seven killed, 24 injured in central Kharkiv rocket strike.
Several explosions heard in Lutsk city
Several fires in Kyiv Oblast after Russian attacks overnight.
several graphs of Tesla options.
Several nations condemn Russia at UN Security Council meeting.
Several thousand foreigners applied to fight for Ukraine.
Severe Cyclonic Storms Severe tropical storms Severe Tropical Storms sftp notes.txt [SHA37] Shandong Province SHCOMP - Shanghai Composite Index, TradingView Shelling of a military unit in Okhtyrka, killing at least 70 Ukrainian soldiers,
Shellshock: How to protect your Unix, Linux and Mac servers | ZDNet Shell stops buying Russian crude oil, shuts down its service stations, aviation fuel operations in Russia.
Shell to divest from Gazprom, Nord Stream 2 amid Russia"s war.
Shine On You Crazy Diamond
Shirley Shmyhal: Ukraine switching to war economy
Shmyhal: Сoal reserves twice as high as last year.
Shop sickojacko maximum [,relative] drawdown calculating functions.txt Sierpinski tetrahedron VI, beaded art Sievierodonetsk under constant shelling from Grad systems
siliconANGLE, Sep 2016 SILSO | World Data Center for the production, preservation and dissemination of the international sunspot number simple grepStr search results : "ART|cART|pART|ARTMAP|ARTSTREAM|ARTPHONE|ARTSCAN|dARTSCAN|pARTSCAN|ARTSCENE|ARTSTREAM|ARTWORD|cARTWORD|LAMINART|PARSE|SMART|START|nSTART" "simple" IDtheft webPage may be of [interest, help] to some, I can"t help feeling that it isn"t "real". To me, "real" stuff related to Identity Theft is in functional code, given the [speed, complexity] of how events unfold. I was nowhere close to being able to keep up, hence the importance of [presumed, online, massive] fraud detection algorithms as the real line of defense. My own efforts were paltry and not-so-effective, but it was important to me to have a felling that I should do "something" as my life savings, including pension and registered savings, were flowing out the door.
simple listing of viruses found 26Dec2024.
Since mid-February, Ukrainian resources suffered about 2,800 cyber attacks
Since war began, 133 civilians, including 5 children, killed in Kharkiv region
Since war began, 58 civilians killed, 288 injured in Donetsk region
Singapore sanctions Russia in response to its all-out war against Ukraine.
Singer Alina Pash, who won Ukraine"s Eurovision nomination, backs out of contest.
Site Site Feedback
Sites that profile scientific fraud: new one that had Ben Davidon book, Journal of irreproducible results, etc Sitrep No.18 Preparedness Measures and effects of the Southwest Monsoon (PDF) (Report). NDRRMC. August 16, 2019. Retrieved 2021-03-16. Situation in Chornobyl very dangerous for both Europe and Russia - Podoliak
Situation in Luhansk region: Enemy shelling everywhere, dozens of killed and wounded
Six adults and two children were killed in a residential building
Six cities in Zaporizhzhia region temporarily occupied – administration
Six people, including a seven-year-old girl, killed in Russian shelling of Okhtyrka, in Sumy Oblast in northeastern Ukraine, the Governor Dmitry Zhivitsky said.
Skidi Pawnee Sky Scholar - YouTube SkyUp flight to Kyiv forced to divert to Moldova over war fears.
Slide show - open source presentation file format .odp. Microsoft PowerPoint will probably complain, but should be able to load. Slovakia sends emergency electricity to Ukraine over unit shutdown at DTEK plant
Small Caps | ASX Stock Market News | Australian Shares Smaller Banks Doled Out Bulk of PPP Loans, Fed Data Show - Barron"s SMM hub damaged due to shelling, two vehicles set on fire in Mariupol
[SMO13]) Snake Island defenders who told Russian navy ‘go f*ck yourself’ may still be alive.
[SNT] [SNT] whose basic concepts were Socionomics Institute – The Study of Social Mood and Social Action SocMed IJCNN Facebook SocMed IJCNN Twitter software). As usual, many pdf files had to be iteratively corrected with the authors" feedback. software). As usual, many pdf files had to be iteratively corrected with the authors" feedback. Nobdy can be expected to get all of the formats right, and they don"t have some of the required material (eg copyrights, etc).
Software - Raspberry Pi Swag SOHO Movie Theater Solar Cycle Prediction Solar Cycle Progression | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center solar flares in multiple colors, impressionist painting | DALL·E SOLAR FORCING | Long Term
SOLAR FORCING | Short Term
solar history
Solar History: The Connection of Solar Activity, War, Peace and the Human Mind in the 2nd Millennium" ISBN: 1730722873 solarkillshot.org: community for solar micronova prepare SOLAR STORMS | Earth Vulnerability & Impact
"Some hard numbers on science"s leadership problems A Nature survey of 3,200 scientists reveals the tensions bubbling in research groups around the world." https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05143-8
Some problem to rotate a spline | SOLIDWORKS Forums Songda Songs of Praise, and Hymns of Glory soon used for several billions of SO podcast #23 Electric Human Health, Dunning (fertilisers, vitamins, antioxidants) Soudelor Sound Off! Sources: Belarus to join Russia’s war on Ukraine within hours
Sources: Germany, France ask Zelensky to comply with Russia’s spin of Minsk Agreements
South Asia South China South China Sea Southern Europe South Korea South Korea South Korea issues travel ban to areas in Russia and Belarus near Ukraine,
South Pacific tropical cyclone
South-West Indian Ocean
tropical cyclones
[SP16] SP1! Charts and Quotes — TradingView SP500 1872-2020 TradingView, 1928-2020 yahoo finance.ods. Actually, it"s in several different spreadsheets, hence the possibility of glitches as [update, change]s are made...
S&P 500 Earnings Growth Rate S&P 500 Earnings Growth Rate by Year S&P 500 Index Chart — SPX Quote — TradingView S&P 500 Index Futures Chart - SPX Quote — TradingView SP500 index, variable [dividends, internal investment & stock buybacks, earnings] - I won"t be looking at these any time soon .... SP500 time-section transparencies. For more details, see the section above "Play with the [time, mind]-bending perspective yourself". SP500 time-section transparencies. If you are new to gimp, be prepared to lose a lot of hair and gain a lot of wrinkles - it"s not the the easiest learning curve, but it is powerful (and cheap!).
Space & Astronomy SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids Space Weather News webPage with links to great data sources, and many more resources. Ben Davidson has produced many great video series, has beat the world"s best earthquake scientists and their own game (with the help of some of them) in spite of their attacks. He has a big focus on the possible oncoming of a solar micronova catastrophe, possibly related to the Milky Way current sheet and Earth"s weakening magnetic field. It seems to me that everybody loves to have at least one (preferably more) "the world is going to end tomorrow" scenarios, so they can tell us what do do and be the heros that save us. At least Ben does his homework, can think with the best, and can smell scientific rats. SpaceX’s mission commander delivers aid for Ukrainian army from United States
ABC3 Games Arts: Audio Arts: Blog Arts: Events Arts: Have Your Say Arts: Reviews Arts: TV & Radio Arts: Video [11] [14] [18] [20] [25] [30] [32] [41] [42] [44] [47] [6] [7] [8] [note 1] Subscriber Exclusive edit]
Education Topics Indigenous News Spanish pop star Rosalia shoots music video in Kyiv.
News Audio News Video Rural Features Rural Programs Science Audio Science Photos Science Video TV: Have Your Say Speaking Out Special comments Specialized epiDNA-NNs for MindCode Specials (speech recognition, language translation, etc.) on billions of devices (also healthcare applications) SpikeNet - real problems SpiNNaker UfoManchester hardware SNN Sport Sport Sport Sports
Sports Briefs
Spotify closes its office in Russia in response to its full-scale war in Ukraine.
spreadsheet - I had to upgrade my TradingView subscription to Pro+ to download the data for years prior to 1928, as I couldn"t find another source. Note that the S&P500 index started in 1926, so I assume that proxy [data, index memberships] were used for prior years. I used the spreadsheet to [gather, view, process] data, and copied the resulting tables to text files for use by gnuplot (see "Software" below). spreadsheet to correct the erors?
Spreadsheet for generating the charts SpykeTorch sSMTP description, techrepublic.com Stanislav Aseyev: Russia’s bluff of the century. Will there be a war?
Stan Tenen Talks about Codes & Patterns, 1994 - YouTube Starlink satellite internet terminals installed in Odesa
started in 1965 starter - setup of my [workspace, file&apps]s Start Page - Linux Mint [ST] State Ecological Inspectorate: Dnipro River might dry up in 300 years
State Emergency Service: 6 people injured in central Kharkiv rocket strike, including one child.
State Emergency Service: 9 killed, 6 injured in attack on Vinnytsia airport.
State Emergency Service: At least 13 civilians killed in air strike on bread factory in Kyiv Oblast.
State Emergency Service: at least 8 killed in Kharkiv over 24 hours.
State Guard Administration denies firing servicemen for not shooting down journalist’s drone
State Investigation Bureau opens probe into famous journalist days after he argues with Zelensky on TV
Statement: 28 Ukrainian NGOs call for action against Russia’s closure of Memorial human rights group
State mine workers block roads in Lviv Oblast over unpaid wages
State of New York orders state entities to stop doing business with Russia,
State-owned wine producer Odesavynprom privatized for $8.7 million
State Property Fund head resigns, says it has nothing to do with controversial Bilshovyk sale
State Telecommunications Service: Kremlin website down.
Static epiDNA-NN Statistics Statistics – Quake Watch "stellar velocity profiles" provides yet another explanation of what is observed. So my speculations here are just one of many that have been proposed.

Stephan Grossberg"s publications.
Stephanie Seneff’s paper, “Worse Than the Disease: Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19,” published in the International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice and Research in collaboration with Dr. Greg Nigh, is still one of the best, most comprehensive descriptions of the many possible unintended consequences of the mRNA gene transfer technologies incorrectly referred to as “COVID vaccines.”
Stephen "". From the start of relativity theory with [Poincare, Lorenz] (at least that"s the earliest that I am aware of, although I suspect that it goes back farther) many other [scientist, amateur]s have come up with a wide variety of analysis coming to the same conclusion, plus there is a great deal of data analysis as well. These alternate analysis cannot are "right", nor are any necessarily "right", but I think many make very strong points.
Stephen Grossberg"s book "Conscious mind, resonant brain" is the best reference that I know of that really brings out a solid basis for [cooperative-competetive, top down - bottom up, resonant resolving of a likely reality from very messy basic perceptions, Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART), laminar computing, consciousness, etc]. This is a whole new world for me. Stephen Howell conversations
Stephen J. Puetz"s "Universal Wave Series". Puetz and co-author Glenn Borchardt struggled to explain the amazing power of their factor-of-three powers series actross, well, almost all well-known cycles. I haven"t done the check yet, but it seems to me that their OR[half, double] series is just due to frequency-beating of their primary factor-of-3 series. Stephen Puetz 2011 "Universal Wave Series" Stephen Puetz for the investment side of the UWS. Stephen Puetz - the second universal wave series after the Mayans? Stephen Puetz"s "Universal Wave Series" amazing "factor-of-three" series, combined with his half series. For example, with roughly a factor-of-three [1, 3, 7, 23, ...], or maybe factor-of-two or just all primes.
Stephen Puetz"s "Universal Waves Series" (UWS) is the most [powerful, fantastic] meta-level model for [natual, human] cycles that I have ever seen, by far. It even has an awesome probablistic-ranked list of expected timings of events at different timescales. However, perhaps more remains to be done on subtleshifts in real time series? I don"t know - I"m just guessing. Stephen Puetz - Universal Cycle Theory - Puetz has developed a majestic "Universal Wave Series" that covers a huge number of [natural, human] well-established periodicities, and best illustrates the ensemble of astronomical influences. His work is reminiscent of the system of 20+ Mayan calendars, but goes vastly beyond it! You"ll have to buy one of his books to get the full view, but Puetz has a number of great published scientific papers as well. Stephen Puetz - Universal Cycle Theory - You"ll have to buy one of his books to get the full view, but Puetz has a great many published scientific papers as well.
Stephen Puetz - Universal Wave Series stunning results across a huge swath of subject areas!! eminds me of the system of 20+ Mayan calendars. Stephen Puetz "Universal Wave Series" (UWS): [time, length, theme] multifractals, often [inspired by, from] the Electric Universe community. Weird and wonderful - the same fractal basis covers a very broad range of themes like: Stephen Puetz - UWS Theory Overview STEREO Steve Kirsch
Steve Kirsch, the executive director of the Vaccine Safety Research Foundation (VSRF) Steven Puetz"s http://www.uct-news.com/ for the investment side of the UWS.
Steven Puetzs"s "Univeral Wave Series" has remarkable similarities to the Fibonacci series, although there are important differences. [STI81] Sting dedicates song to Ukrainians fighting against tyranny
[STO51-52] [STO51-52] [STO51-52]). Stock Footage Stock Market Indexes | S&P 500, DJIA, NASDAQ Stock Market Performance by President | MacroTrends Stoltenberg: No evidence yet of Russia pulling back troops.
Stoltenberg: Russia may try to "stage a pretext" to attack Ukraine.
Stoltenberg to meet Kuleba before Russia security talks
Stoltenberg warns Russia against attacks on arms supply to Ukraine.
Stop worrying about where the stock market goes from here and read this post - MarketWatch strings.ndf - strings.ndf : strings TblOfContents.txt Strong Call for Sponsor and Exhibits:
"Structured Atom Model" Students demand resignations over university election scandal.
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Subtropical cyclones Subtropical depressions Subvariant of Omicron discovered in Ukraine.
Sucharit Bhakdi, M.D. and Arne Burkhardt, M.D "On COVID vaccines: why they cannot work, and irrefutable evidence of their causative role in deaths after vaccination" - This comes from Veronika Kyrylenko 2Dec2021 "Study: Most of Vaccinated Die Because of Vax-induced Autoimmune Attacks on Their Own Organs". "... A recently published study suggests that nearly every COVID vaccine recipient who died within seven days to six months after inoculation likely died because of vaccine-induced autoimmune damage." I still have to go back to read the report and check background [references, data]. Suicides from a pandemic context Sullivan: China to face consequences if it helps Russia evade sanctions.
Summary - my commentary as part of Perry Kincaid"s winar, 31Mar2022. Sumy Oblast Governor: Russian tanks move in with white flags, shoot at civilians.
Sumy region preparing three humanitarian corridors for March 10
Sun Sunday Nights sun flares in multiple colors, impressionist painting | DALL·E SunSeriesSupplement-4.pdf Sunspot activity and influenza pandemics: a statistical assessment of the purported association Sunspot prediction NOAA - they redo predictions regularly, can"t see BS failures!! Super Cyclonic Storms superhuman performance superior computer vision in 2011, "Super Typhoon ROSALIND (1947279N23145)". IBTRACS. supervised LSTM. supervised NNs and Supporting documents, spreadsheets etc
Supreme Court rejects Anti-Monopoly Committee lawsuit against Ukrnafta for alleged anti-competitive behavior.
Supreme Court rejects prosecutor general’s libel suit against newspaper, anti-graft watchdog
Supreme Court rules deputy NBU head reprimand illegal.
Surface Conductive Faults 11Mar2016 Surface Conductive Faults | thunderbolts.info Surigae Survey: Majority of Ukrainians support joining EU, NATO
Survey: Over 80% of Americans see Ukraine as "friendly" or an ally, 70% consider Russia "unfriendly" or an enemy.
survey petroglyph sites around the world for the next ~10 years, I think. (I have at least couple of his papers in the same directory (I hope)). Sounds weird, but not if you know high-energy plasmas. His papers, along with Talbot [book, video]s from decades before, are just too much fun. Who cares if they are [true, false, right, wrong]? Sci-Fi can"t make this stuff up!
Surya (Sanskrit) =[Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra, Bhaskara, Prabhakara, Kathiravan, Vivasvan] Suspicious0bservers - Daily News Suspicious0bservers – Earthquakes | Space Weather | Cosmology – Your Mind is Your Weapon Suspicious0bservers.org) Suspicious0bservers - Space Weather | Solar Activity | Weather | Earthquakes Suspicious0bservers - Videos Suspicious Observers also covers other fascinating science issue. He is a lawyer by training, and reminiscent of judge Fermat"s last theorem and several other lawyers with brilliant break-through science thinking. These lawyers often had a better eye to science than essentially all scientists, in my opinion (like with Climate). He has tracked many potential [mechanism, event]s for ~15 years: catastrophe table, multiple conflicting underway 05Jun2025 Davidson.png
Suspicious Observers posted 3 brilliant videos on nearby stellar flaring, as further support for a potential "micro-flare" or other solar disruption to explain the 12,000 year [mythological observations, paleontology, geology, planetary] quasi-periodicity of disruptive events on Earth, which by appearances may be "imminent". I like Ben"s <=50 to >=200 year uncertainty - and even though that is still a bit of guess, he is meticulous in pointing out the uncertainties.
Suspicious Observers posted 3 brilliant videos on nearby stellar flaring, as further support for a potential "micro-flare" or other solar disruption to explain the 12,000 year [mythological observations, paleontology, geology, planetary] quasi-periodicity of disruptive events on Earth, which by appearances may be "imminent". I like Ben"s <=50 to >=200 year uncertainty - and even though that is still a bit of guess, he is meticulous in pointing out the uncertainties.

Suspicious Observers" YouTube website. I don"t agree with everything he says, and he does tend to launch on crusade, but he is far beyond the [capabilities, thinking] of essentially all [government, academic] scientists, and is a far more reliable source (he constantly references "official" scientists and their results). Yes, there are powerful "stong" thinkers in [government, academic] science ("strong" in that they can chanllenge the science "fashions -> cults -> religions" of the overwhelming mainstream), but less than 1 in 10 thousand, so you really have to pick through the herd in an extremely selective manner (pins in a haystack). Suspicious Observers" YouTube website. I don"t agree with everything he says, and he does tend to launch on crusade, but he is far beyond the [capabilities, thinking] of essentially all [government, academic] scientists, and is a far more reliable source (he constantly references "official" scientists and their results). Yes, there are powerful "strong thinkers" in [government, academic] science ("strong" in that they can chanllenge the science "fashions -> cults -> religions" of the overwhelming mainstream), but less than 1 in 10 thousand, so you really have to pick through the herd in an extremely selective manner (pins in a haystack).
Suspicious Observers - YouTube Suspilne: Belarusian troops have entered Ukraine.
[SV20] [SV20] as is already the standard in other scientific fields. SVS: Monitoring Hurricane Matthew Switch account
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What Switzerland adopts EU sanctions, freezes Putin"s assets.
SWS - The Sun and Solar Activity - Graphs of Historical Solar Cycles Sydney Sydney Sidetracks Symptoms within a month or so after getting the vaccine Symptoms within one week or so after getting the vaccine Symptoms within two weeks or so after getting the vaccine Synfig Project Forum - Index page Synfig Studio 0.62.01 User Manual SYNFIG STUDIO Synfig Studio vs Synfig - Synfig Animation Studio SZSE Component Index 399001 Shenzhen (mainland across from Hong Kong) - TradingView [T19] is split into 21 parts [T19] [T19] [T19] [T19] of the [T20a] [T21v1] [T22]. [T22] debunks this justification. [T22]. [T22]. [T22] It settles into an equilibrium state in response to input conditions, and is the foundation of the first learning RNNs (see below). [T22] [T22] [T22]) [T22] although the true history is well-known. [T22] and is widely used today. [T22] (but have nothing to do with the NN-programming NNs discussed below). [T22]). [T22] [T22] were "Table: Gods are Planets, Planets are Gods", based on Dwardu Cardona and his books inluding "Red Star". I continue to add to the table of [God, Planet]s slowly over time as I find more. Here : Table of Contents : Table of Contents : Tags Tainted top judicial officials resign ahead of reform
Taiwan Taiwan, China, Taiwan Taiwan joins other countries in blocking some Russian banks from SWIFT.
Talking Health Talk:Timetrack Panel - Synfig Animation Studio Tallbloke"s Talkshop | Cutting edge science you can dice with Tapping, Mathias, Surkan - Pandemics & solar activity TAS [TD1-3] Regina
11°
Partly cloudy Teaching Science Tech in 2021: Ukrainian startups go public, partner with Elon Musk, raise millions
Technical Report IDSIA-77-21 (v1), IDSIA, 24 Sep 2021. Technology & Games Ted Berger New Startup Aims to Commercialize a Brain Prosthetic to Improve Memory - IEEE Spectrum Temperature - 1998-present annual data for Calgary (2022 very low high, high low!?) Temporary ceasefire begins in Enerhodar to evacuate civilians.
Temporary ceasefire begins in Mariupol and Volnovakha to set up humanitarian corridors.
Ten houses catch fire, one civilian killed, two wounded in enemy shelling in Chernihiv region
Tennis TensorFlow Territorial defense eliminates 3 Russian tanks, self-propelled gun in Sumy region
‘Terrorist attack near EU-NATO border’: Reznikov urges to close sky after attack in Lviv region
Tesla options pricing is an example of a gnuplot script. I won"t be doing that for this project un[less, til] I complete the "Calculus of Words" work. Tess Tess Testing Electric Vehicles in the Real World | Edmunds text extractions of simple searches or "themes" is greatly facilitated, so the reader can download the files, copy the bash scripts (or use another text extraction program), and set up their own "themes". Tezcatlipoca Thailand The 1997 LSTM paper by Hochreiter & Schmidhuber has become the most cited deep learning research paper of the 20th century. the 2010s by The 2010s: Our Decade of Deep Learning / Outlook on the 2020s. The The 20 Best Funds for Investing in Japan - MarketWatch The Ark The Average American"s Investment Returns -- and How You Can Do Better The Basis for Democracy The Best Mutual Funds May Soon Come in ETF Form - MarketWatch The Big Cycles Over The Last 500 Years | LinkedIn The Big Diary The Big Short
"The Big Short". Hedge fund manager Mark Baum (based on Steve Eisman) and his analysts at "FrontPoint Partners" (part of Morgan-Stanley, New York), couldn"t believe the dishonesty of Wall Street firms as the housing market crashed. Jared Vennett (Vinney), (based on Greg Lippmann - the executive in charge of global asset-backed securities trading at Deutsche Bank), chastised them for still believing that the system worked.
"The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine" The calculus of words The city of Trostyanets in Sumy Oblast, was occupied by Russian forces, journalists report.
The Coming Economic Collapse of 2006 - Sunspot Cycles & Their Impact On Human History by MW Mandeville The Control Center of the Russian Space Agency Roskosmos has no more control over its spy-sattelites.
The Coronavirus Crisis Could Wipe Out Entire Industries. These Are the Ones at Risk. - MarketWatch The debate mann-titley-moore-curry: Judith Curry presentation | Climate Etc. "The Deniers : The world-renowned scientists who stood up against global warming hysteria, political persecution, and fraud."
The destruction of a convoy of Chechen special forces near Hostomel on Feb. 26 officially confirmed by the President"s Office.
The Dow just tumbled into a bear market — here’s how long those downturns last on average - MarketWatch The Drum "The Earth in an Electric Solar System" Energy & Environment v20 n1 The Economist: Ukraine inflicted more casualties in 24 hours than Russia suffered over eight years of engagements in Syria.
The Economy Recovery Rests on Getting Consumers to Spend. It Won’t Be Easy. - Barron"s The Electric Universe Theory 2016 - YouTube The Embassy of Ukraine in Washington is in daily contact with the U.S. Department of Defense for identifying and providing specific defense assistance to our country.
The EU is introducing an amendment banning shipping euro banknotes into Russia.
The European Parliament received Ukraine"s application to join the European Union.
the final section the first machine learning the first NNs shown to solve very deep problems the first NNs shown to solve very deep problems. the first NN to win a medical imaging contest through deep learning The first version of the present critique. The Flow Protocols - Catherine Howell The fractional order calculus of words - Harken back to the Great War between Gottfried Liebniz and Isaac Newton over who invented calculus, and proceed from there. Finally, >300 years later, things are starting to happen! The Freedom of a robot, the wisdom of Methuseleh The Future of Biotech: How to Invest in Tomorrow’s Winners - Barron"s the GAN principle The general staff of Ukraine’s armed forces says Russia suffers significant losses.
The Great Fire of Chicago 1871 - descriptions and comments Here is a fascinating collection of eyewitness accounts and comments about the fire, taken from : Charles Ginenthal 1990 "Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky" Ivy Press Books, New York 359pp (Amazon shows 1995 paperback)
"The influence of solar activities on occurance of the forest fires in Southern Europe" The International Atomic Energy Agency reports that the Ukraine regulator has not detected a change in radiation levels at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant site,
The Kremlin: Russia’s recognition of occupied Donbas "republics" would not correlate with Minsk accords.
The Last Gasps of the Central Bank Experiment (w/ Brent Johnson and William White) - YouTube The Last generation to die... The last inventor of the telephone. Letter, Science, 319, no. 5871, p. 1759, March 2008. Thelma The Maars of Pinacate, Part Two – The Thunderbolts Project ™ The Market Timing Report | By Andrew Pancholi "The Matrix"...
The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection theme on scientists very well.
themes webPage
"themes webPage" that collects themes by keyword from the captions. This could use a lot of improvement, but I will stop here for a few months while I catch up on other priorities. Theme webPage generation by bash script
The Mobile Observatory Project The Monocline Thunderblog 06Oct016 "The nature of the atom" www.Curtis-Press.com, 268pp ISBN 978-1-8381280-2-9 https://StructuredAtom.org/ the original on 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2021-03-16. the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2021-03-15. the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2021-03-16. the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2021-03-16. the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved August 12, 2019. the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2013. the original (PDF) on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2021-03-16. the original (PDF) on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2021-03-15. the original (PDF) on 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2021-03-19. the original (PDF) on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2021-03-18. the original (PDF) on 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2021-03-15. the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 2021-03-16. Theory of Universal Learning Machines & Universal AI. the other The Pandemics Begin The Past, Present and Future of Artificial Intelligence. The planets today.com The population in general The Power of the Fed (full documentary) | FRONTLINE - YouTube The Pulse There are seven coronavirus vaccine candidates being tested in the U.S. — here’s where they stand - MarketWatch There could be threat of radiation leak at Chornobyl NPP in 48 hours - Kuleba
The Religion Report The Rhythm Divine The Russian government has decided to “partially restrict” access to Facebook
The Russian military seized a TV broadcasting tower in Kherson.
The Russian military seized two vehicles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine,
The SAFIRE Project and JMP®: What Makes Our Sun... | JMP User These are best restaurants, bars in Kyiv, according to Salt awards
These money and investing tips can help you figure out if the stock market’s rally can last - MarketWatch These Ukrainian soldiers were killed in Donbas in 2021
The Shocking Truth, Thunderblog and video 20Aug2021 The situation in Kyiv is under Ukrainian control, according to Ukraine’s Armed Forces.
The Sphinx Stargate The Spirit of Things The staff of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant remain trapped 10 days after it was captured by Russian forces.
The Starburst Foundation | Science for Survival The stock market has been on a roller coaster for 2 months — but the S&P 500 is down only 2% over 12 months. Here are the big winners. - MarketWatch The Summer Thermopile Thunderblog 21May2017 The sun triggers large earthquakes.
The Sun Triggers Large Earthquakes – Space Weather News The Suppressed Electrodynamics Of Ampère-Gauss-Weber The Times: Russian mercenaries tasked to kill Zelensky.
The Times: Volodymyr Zelensky survives 3 assassination attempts in days.
The Turing Test. The U.N. Security Council meets over Ukraine.
The U.S. ambassador to the U.N. confirms Russia"s readiness on the border.
The U.S. dollar’s sharp decline is driving this investment manager — reluctantly — into gold - MarketWatch The U.S. Embassy did not send a message saying that there "will be strong shelling tonight," and that Russians will target all civil activists after capturing the city and imposing martial law.
The U.S. government and American families have been swimming in debt — and will soon be drowning - MarketWatch The View From Space: China Hasn’t Started to Rebound - MarketWatch The Walkthrough: "The water planet" video : "The water planet" video, time ???
"The Wave Principle," Pages 3-4. Lula Press, 2019 The Weather Network: Current Weather - Canadian, U.S., and International cities THEY LIED, PEOPLE DIED. - Home Third round of Ukraine-Russia negotiations to begin at 4 p.m.
Third round of Ukraine-Russia peace talks ends with no results.
Third round of Ukraine-Russia talks to begin today at 16:00 - Podoliak
Third round of Ukraine-Russia talks to be held on March 7.
Third strike on Ivano-Frankivsk airport almost destroys its infrastructure
Third Ukrainian graduates with distinction from top UK military academy
Thirty-nine people killed in Zhytomyr region since onset of war
Thirty-one Russian BTGs lost their combat capability over two weeks – Budanov
Thirty-three railway workers killed since Russian invasion started
this Directory"s listing. Hopefully this will help those who want to do something different, as the programs etc mayhelp with [learning, debugging].
This isn’t your ordinary recession — the U.S. is now experiencing a economic meltdown more typical of a Third World natural disaster - MarketWatch This Multi-Trillion Dollar Disaster Is Coming, And Solar Astronomy Is Our Prime Defense This stock market is full of drunken sailors, and you want to buy what they’re foolishly selling - MarketWatch This stunning chart shows the coronavirus spreading slowly in tropical countries - MarketWatch This table has been MOVED. this tweet). Thomas Brophy: Nabla Playa origin Map Thousands march in Kyiv to show unity against Russian threat.
Thousands of protesters demand Zelensky’s resignation
Thousands of Ukrainians attend Unity March in downtown Kharkiv.
Thousands of Ukrainians use passwords that take seconds to hack
Thousands rally against Russian occupation in Kherson.
Thousands rally in Kherson, standing against Russian invaders
Threat of Belarusian invasion still relevant, Ukraine official believes
Three civilians killed, 14 wounded in shelling of Kharkiv’s residential neighborhoods
‘Three days to capture Kharkiv’: Russian POW confesses he was sent not to ‘exercises’
three ICDAR 2009 Connected Handwriting Competitions (French, Farsi, Arabic). Three large explosions heard near central Kyiv around 1:37 p.m.
Three people killed in artillery shelling in Trostianets
Three touchdowns for Rosetta’s lander / Rosetta / Space Science / Our Activities / ESA Thunderbird email program webSite Thunderblog source article
Thunderbolts), Andrew Hall combines keen [observations, questions, electromagnetism, analysis] to provide a [stunning, brilliant] extension to electric geology concepts. [Right, wrong, true, false] are less important at this stage than to see a very [strong, independent, original] stream of thinking that challenges conventional theories. Even for strong [skeptic, critic]s, his series is well worth viewing. Perhaps only those willing to challenge their own belief systems can appreciate this? As of 29Aug2021, Andrew Hall continues making great contributions in this area. This webPage will therefore be missing his most recent postings.
Thunderbolts Forum • View topic - Alfven and Juergens Circuits, a Reconciliation? 2.0
Thunderbolts Forum • View topic - An Alternative to Plate and Expansion Tectonics Thunderbolts.info Thunderbolts.info - the Electric Universe and Health Thunderbolts.info: the Electric Universe thunderbolts.info | A voice for the Electric Universe Thunderbolts.info was establish in ?date?, and has been an ongoing community allowing [amateur, scientist]s to find an audience willing to listen to ideas that have long been heretical to the mainstream. [SAFIRE, Kaal"s "Structured Atom Model"] are only two of the examples.
“Thunderbolts of the Gods" Mikamar Publishing, Portland OR 2007 edition 122pp
Thunderf00t - YouTube Tilda Timelines 3300 BC - 1899 AD spreadsheet output.txt timeLog of IDtheft, as of 27Feb2025. It is not posted here, as the file can be imported as a spreadsheet csv file, specifying "tabs as separators". Simply adjust the column widths for ease of reading. Time periods of the attack and my recovery, for convenience. Check the original main IDtheft webPage to be more up-to-date, as I will probably forget to update the material below.
Time periods of the attack and my recovery on my main IDtheft webPage.
Timetrack Panel - Synfig Animation Studio time-varying [SP500_growFuture, etc] - there is little chance of growth rates lasting more than a year or two, especially || > 20%. Frankly, they are constantly changing year-to-year in a big way. The time series approach mentioned below is a simple basis for anticipating this in a statistic manner as a start. Other approaches get more into predictions based on some concept or another. Time zone converter – simple, effective? Time Zone Converter – Time Difference Calculator Timothy Ash: Putin is preparing for war
Timothy Ash: Putin the gambler may have gone too far to back down
Timothy Ash: Ukraine has much stronger macro, better able to endure Russian aggression
Timothy Ash: What Kazakhstan’s protests mean for the global economy
Timothy Ash: What Kazakhstan unrest means for Ukraine amid upcoming US-Russia security talks
Timothy Ash: What Russia’s attack means for the world
Timothy Snyder: Putin’s case for invading Ukraine rests on phony grievances and ancient myths
TMXmoney - Stock Indices: Futures, Trading, Charts @tntsunrise To combat Russia, Ukraine invites foreign fighters. Here’s how to apply
Today’s Live Schumann Resonance Charts And Resources : In5D Tok Pisin Tom Cobb, tools for natural language processing Top 100 Stock Blogs & Websites in 2020 For Stock Traders | Stock Market Blogs Top 10 Climate Studies - Great for Sharing [2019/2020] - YouTube Top 10 political scandals of 2021 in Ukraine
Top ally of ex-President Nazarbayev arrested amid Kazakh uprising
Top diplomats of US, Russia meet to discuss Ukraine amid looming invasion
Top general: Ukraine’s military will respond to enemy fire
Topics Topics A-Z Top Kyiv official Panteleyev charged with negligence over environmental damage
Top manager at ArcelorMittal alleged of helping company dodge $82 million in taxes
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Tornado - The Electric Model Thunderblog 13Jun2017 Toronto
Toronto
Toronto, Quantumrun | Exploring future trends Toth Toth To the editor
Town of Volnovakha “no longer exists” as Russians wipe it out of earth’s face
[TR1-2] [TR1-2] [TR1-2] can be viewed as a combination of my [TR1-2] combine this with projections [TR1-2] or [TR1-4] combines this with a projection and softmax (using [TR1-6] [TR1-6]). [TR1-6] are [TR1-6] for [TR3-4] [TR4] [TR5-6] [TR5-6] TradingView TradingView auto fib extension.txt TradingView chart.ot shown are diverse market symbols that I have added, simply by using the normal TradingView capabilities. For the purposes of this discussion, I will focus on the SPX US stock market index symbol. Both the symbol name and the chartline that represents it are colored light blue. For this chart, SPX is the "primary market symbol", so normally volume bars would appear at the bottom of the chart. However, these are not available for SPX (?), whereas SPX500USD does provide them.
TradingView.com, even though a vast array of other trading toolsets are used. It"s still wide-open to interpretation when applied, and not a sure thing at all. I am not entirely comfortable with it, but I guess many professionals work with it. Perhaps it"s more art than science, but not much else works entirely well either.
TradingView Pine language You are probably wondering why I didn"t provide a Pine script, which would make this much more useful to the TradingView community. Laziness is the rule - especially as I am hoping that a Pine Scripter (maybe you?) might do this. TradingView PineScript [description, problem, debug].
TradingView PineScript of priceTimeFractals webPage..
TradingView PineScript of priceTimeFractals. You can do that if you are reasonably comfortable with PineScript (hopefully more comfortable than I).
TradingView traders - starter/start_Markets.sh tragedy training and non-credit courses Trami TranBC Current Road Advisories and Information transistor, transmutation of fission wastes - Howell"s [question, thought, my error]s regarding a series of papers on [Th, transmutation] by Bromely Blair and colleagues, focussed on "Pressure Tube - Heavy Water Reactors" (PT-HWR) Transparency International: Ukraine’s fight against corruption stagnated in 2021
transUnion:
transUnion:
Absolutely useless, Travel
Travel Advice and Advisories - Travel.gc.ca Trendy restaurants in Kyiv switch to cook for army, hospitals, elderly amid war
triple j Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal Tropical depressions Tropical Depressions Tropical disturbances Tropical lows "Tropical Storm Kong-rey Leaves 2 Dead, 1 Missing In South Korea | The Weather Channel". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2021-03-18. Tropical storms Tropical Storms Trudeau: Canada will impose economic sanctions on Russia.
Trump Is Right About One Thing: "The Economy Does Better Under The Democrats" Truss: No talks until Russia withdraws troops from Ukraine.
Truss: Russia could face "tough sanctions" in case of invasion.
Truss visits Kyiv, announces trilateral partnership with Ukraine, Poland
TSLA Stock Price — Tesla Chart — TradingView TSX Index Charts and Quotes — TradingView tuft barrier) [TUR1] and [TUR1],unpublished) [TUR1],unpublished) Why? Because back then such techniques drove many successful AI applications. [TUR21] [TUR21]) "turbic" (not turbid) thinking and behaviour by essentially ALL [government,ademic] research scientists, who up to the present are mostly male. But the small differences in [male, female] flaws are interesting, even though I"m not sure what they are <grin>. As a first guess, motherhood requires strong behaviour [patience (i.e. don"t kill the kids), teach, mentor, emotional intelligence, positive faith, etc], all of which I completely lack. I suspect that all of these differences are very well described [verbal, written]ly by cultures since time immemorial, and that essentially none of modern intellectuals are capable of thinking about this "objectively" (maybe this is a rather meaningless phrase considering its usage by intellectuals). Are CHANGES in the relative portion of these characteristics (male & female) partly responsible for Canada : "turbic thinking" of archaeologists (all of them). It"s one thing to say there"s no evidence, it"s another to say it can"t be, it"s yet another to lie about the evidence there is. But the icing on the cake is that this often ends the same way : once "sort of proven out", the ideas are stolen by academics who often were the critics, who then magically become the inventors. Rare science fiction writers must sometimes feel that this has happened to them.
turbic thinking of essentially all scientists, and especially the most [successful, awarded, famous] scientists.
Turing Turing (1936) and his predecessors Turing Oversold. It"s not Turing"s fault, though. Turing Oversold. It"s not Turing"s fault, though. Turkmenistan’s president said he will resign after 15 years in power.
Tutorials, TV TV TV Guide TV tower attack kills at least 5, injures 5.
tweet1. tweet2.
tweet). Tweet of 2022. tweet of 2022. tweet of 2022 for 30-year anniversary. twisted paurs & braids everywhere Twitter deletes Russian embassy disinformation posts.
Twitter: @SchmidhuberAI Twitter stops registration of new accounts from Russian territory,
Two Big Four accounting firms KPMG International and PricewaterhouseCoopers to suspend operations in Russia and Belarus.
Two Danish journalists shot in Okhtyrka.
Two houses destroyed in enemy air strikes on Ovruch
Two more Ukrainian soldiers found dead under rubble of Lutsk airfield following Russian attack.
Two oil depots are on fire in Zhytomyr region after air strikes
Two oil depots in Zhytomyr Oblast on fire after air strikes.
Two persons killed in Russia’s air strike in Kharkiv Region
Two residential buildings in Kyiv are on fire from intercepted unidentified enemy aircraft.
Two Russian air bombs destroyed in Vinnytsia region
Two Russian soldiers surrender,
Two Ukrainian political prisoners in occupied Donbas in critical condition
Two U.S. planes with ammunition, shoulder-fired grenades land in Kyiv.
Two women, two children killed in shelling in Kharkiv region
Tyler Bryden 02Dec2022, How Do Large Language Models Work?? Typhoon "Typhoon "Connie" hits South Korea and Japan, 2 people die, 1 person is missing, 1 person is dead" (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 2021-03-18. Typhoon Damrey in 2000 Typhoon June in 1975. "Typhoon Lekima causes RM60.2 million in losses in agrofood industry – Sim". Bernama. August 18, 2019. Retrieved 2021-03-16. "Typhoon Songda Floods Strike Japan Disaster Zone". www.earthweek.com. Retrieved 2021-03-16. Tyrrell museum of paleontology Tyrrell Museum speaker series Tyrrell speakers" series UBER Stock Price | Uber Technologies Inc. Stock Quote (U.S.: NYSE) | MarketWatch UCI Machine Learning Repository: Forest Fires Data Set UEFA strips St. Petersburg of Champions League final, moves the flagship match to Paris.
UK-100 and 327 Years of British Equity History - Global Financial Data UK actor Benedict Cumberbatch wants to house Ukrainian refugees.
UK begins to withdraw non-essential embassy staff, EU ‘won’t do the same,’ says Borrell
UK continues to lead effort to suspend Russia from Interpol.
UK Defense Minister: Russian President Vladimir Putin intends "to invade the whole of Ukraine."
UK Defense Ministry: Russia likely wants to resume offensive on Kyiv.
UK delivers humanitarian aid for Ukrainian refugees to Moldova
UK fears Russia may be setting stage to use chemical weapons.
UK Foreign Office advises British citizens against traveling to Ukraine.
UK government orders ports to block Russian vessels.
UK imposes sanctions on Belarus for its role in invasion of Ukraine.
UK injects $100 million into Ukraine’s economy to mitigate financial pressures
U.K introduces further economic sanctions on Russia.
UK introduces legislation to strengthen sanctions on Russia.
UK joins Poland, Estonia, Latvia in a call to cut Russia from SWIFT international payments system.
UK moves embassy from Kyiv to Lviv.
UK opposition suggests housing Ukrainian refugees in London"s Russian oligarchs" mansions.
UK plans to end "golden visas" often used by Russian elites.
UK pop star Ed Sheeran spotted in Kyiv
UK provides Ukraine with $120 million in financial aid
UK provides Ukraine with anti-tank weapons
Ukraine’s military intercepts Russian drone in Donbas
Ukraine’s military succesfully defending the area near Chernihiv.
Ukraine’s soldiers may soon get better, warmer boots
Ukraine acknowledges threat of Russian "provocation."
Ukraine allegedly loses $40 million in taxes due to shady gasoline production
Ukraine allocates additional $793 million for defense.
Ukraine announces general mobilization.
Ukraine approves antigen tests for confirming asymptomatic Covid-19 infection.
Ukraine approves booster doses for healthcare, orphanage employees
Ukraine approves booster shots for adults
Ukraine Army captures third Pantsir-S1 system
Ukraine Army defending in three areas, enemy advancing on Kryvyi Rih, Mykolaiv
Ukraine Army defending Mariupol, destroys enemy tanks, about 40 invaders
Ukraine Army destroyed eight air targets within JFO area over past two days
Ukraine Army destroyed two columns of enemy vehicles and 10 air targets over past day
Ukraine Army destroys column of enemy vehicles in Kharkiv Region
Ukraine Army destroys Russian pontoon bridge near Hostomel
Ukraine Army hits Russian warship in Black Sea
Ukraine Army holds back invaders in all directions, invaders suffering significant losses - General Staff
Ukraine Army regains control of five settlements in Chernihiv region in country’s north
Ukraine Army regains control over Kharkiv Region’s Derhachi
Ukraine Army stops advance of Russian troops near Baryshivka
Ukraine Army uses Bayraktars to stop four enemy columns in Sumy region
Ukraine asks EU to ban Russian TV channels
Ukraine asks Red Cross to organize humanitarian corridors.
Ukraine asks to withdraw over 300 peacekeepers from UN missions.
Ukraine at OSCE: Russia engaged in nuclear terrorism
Ukraine at OSCE: Several diplomatic institutions come under aggressor’s fire
Ukraine authorizes Covid-19 drug Paxlovid for emergency use.
Ukraine awaits UNGA resolution on stopping Russian aggression
Ukraine bans entry of foreign visitors from African countries with Omicron cases
Ukraine bans gender stereotyping, sexism in job listings, advertising
Ukraine battles: liveuamap.com Ukraine begins calling up reservists starting Feb. 23.
Ukraine boasts biggest harvest since independence
Ukraine calls for "harsh sanctions" against Russia for recognizing occupied territories as independent states.
Ukraine calls on highest UN court to apply precautionary measures to Russia ASAP
Ukraine calls on Russia to agree on evacuation corridors for Kyiv, Kharkiv, Volnovakha, Mariupol
Ukraine calls on UN International Court of Justice to order Russia to end war in Ukraine – MFA
Ukraine cancels stand-by lending agreement with the IMF.
Ukraine celebrates Unity Day as threat of Russia continues to loom.
Ukraine closes checkpoints across border with Russia, Belarus
Ukraine closes inland waters to Russian ships
Ukraine closes sea area in north-western part of Black Sea to repel Russian aggression
Ukraine conducts successful test of SpaceX"s Starlink satellite internet system.
Ukraine confirms peace talks with Russia today, on March 3.
Ukraine convenes emergency special session of UN General Assembly
Ukraine creating international territorial defense legion - Zelensky
Ukraine criminalizes anti-Semitism.
Ukraine cuts Covid-19 self-isolation period.
Ukraine Daily: Dec. 28
Ukraine Daily: Dec. 29
Ukraine Daily: Dec. 30
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 10 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 11 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 12 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 13 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 14 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 17 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 18 news wrap-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 2 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 3 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 4 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 5 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 6 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Jan. 7 news round-up
Ukraine Daily: Weekend news round-up
Ukraine dealt biggest blow to Russian army in decades – President Zelensky
Ukraine declares ceasefire regime for evacuation corridor from Sumy to Poltava
Ukraine defeated one third of enemy"s army – Arestovych
Ukraine demands termination of Russia's and Belarus' membership in IMF, all WB organizations
Ukraine demands that Russia open humanitarian corridors
Ukraine denies Kremlin"s accusation of shelling Russian border post.
Ukraine denies Moscow"s allegation that it sent troops into Russia.
Ukraine denies Russia"s claim that it has killed 180 "foreign mercenaries" in Lviv Oblast.
Ukraine denies sending drone to Belarusian territory.
Ukraine destroys Russian column near Mykolaiv.
Ukraine detects 60 Russian disinformation attacks in February.
Ukraine detects Russian military units in occupied Donbas.
Ukraine did not achieve results it expected in talks with Russia - Podoliak
Ukraine did not develop any weapons of mass destruction - president
Ukraine documents 43,778 new Covid-19 cases on Feb. 3, surpassing previous daily record.
Ukraine evacuates 13,000 civilians through humanitarian corridors on March 12, twice as much as the day before.
Ukraine evacuates 48,000 people, many still in dire conditions amid Russian attacks
Ukraine evacuates more than 5,550 civilians on March 13.
Ukraine: Evidence implies Russia behind cyberattack on government websites
Ukraine expected to join EU"s power transmission system within a week.
Ukraine expects good winter crop harvest
Ukraine expects temporary ceasefire to evacuate civilians from 10 cities.
Ukraine expects temporary ceasefire to evacuate civilians from 10 cities on March 9.
Ukraine extends adaptive quarantine until March 31
Ukraine extends deal with Pfizer to secure 25 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine
Ukraine files lawsuit against Russia at the Hague.
Ukraine files lawsuit against Russia in International Court of Justice in The Hague - Zelensky
Ukraine gets more than 40,000 tonnes of humanitarian aid - Shmyhal
Ukraine gets two more patrol boats from US
Ukraine hands out first ever jail sentence for homophobic hate crime
Ukraine has full control over Kharkiv, Governor of Kharkiv Oblast Oleh Synegubov says.
Ukraine holds urban warfare drills in Chornobyl Zone
Ukraine imposes additional taxes on foreign tech: What changes for Google, Facebook users
Ukraine imposes nationwide martial law.
Ukraine imposes sanctions against pro-Kremlin TV channel Nash.
Ukraine imposes travel restrictions to prevent spread of Covid-19 Omicron strain
Ukraine informs IAEA about power loss at Chornobyl NPP
Ukraine initiates process for Russia’s expulsion from EBRD after its recognition of occupied territories in Donbas.
Ukraine intercepts Russian drone in Black Sea.
Ukraine International Airlines starts moving aircraft abroad.
Ukraine International Airlines to resume transatlantic flights in 2022
Ukraine introduces price regulation for basic foodstuffs until end of pandemic
Ukraine joins NATO’s Cyber Defense Center as contributing participant.
Ukraine kills Russian Major General Vitaly Gerasimov near Kharkiv,
Ukraine land sales reach $200 million six months after launch
Ukraine launches its official Spotify account
Ukraine launches operation to stop migrants coming from Belarus
Ukraine launches website of Center for National Resistance
Ukraine launches website to collect data on damages caused by Russians.
Ukraine launches website to help Russian families find their relatives killed in combat.
Ukraine launches website to track human rights violations by Russia.
Ukraine liberates five localities in Chernihiv region from invaders
Ukraine lifts Covid-19 entry restrictions for its nationals.
Ukraine likely to join EU "in a few years," French EU affairs minister says.
Ukraine looks for means to use Russia"s seized reserves as war reparations.
Ukraine loses up to $3 billion monthly amid threat of Russian invasion.
Ukraine may get about 5,000 Starlink stations in coming days - Shmyhal
Ukraine might soon recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital
Ukraine needs military aircraft because we are losing our people - Zelensky
Ukraine negotiating humanitarian corridors for medicine, food.
Ukraine offers booster doses for people 60 and older, eases rules for mixing vaccines
Ukraine officially activates OSCE Risk Management as Russia’s military build-up continues.
Ukraine official says “thousands” Russian military already captured
Ukraine opens 2 more refugee crossings into Poland
Ukraine opens humanitarian corridors: Vereshchuk names seven routes
Ukraine parliament proposes UNGA set up tribunal to investigate Putin's crimes
Ukraine Population (2022) - worldometers.info
Ukraine produced 5% more electricity in 2021 despite coal shortage
Ukraine ranks second at Beijing Paralympics medal tally
Ukraine ratifies deal with UK to boost navy
Ukraine ready to discuss neutral status, President’s Office says
Ukraine ready to negotiate with Russia.
Ukraine received $1.5 billion worth of military aid from allies since the beginning of Russia’s military build-up.
Ukraine receives $450 million in foreign defense aid in 2021
Ukraine receives 80 tons of ammunition from U.S. on Feb. 9.
Ukraine receives military support from U.K.
Ukraine records highest-ever daily number of new Covid-19 cases
Ukraine registers nearly 90,000 deals on farmland sales after the launch of the land market in July.
Ukraine repels Russian forces in Vasylkiv near Kyiv.
Ukraine reports over 1,000 Russian soldiers killed on invasion"s second day.
Ukraine requestes urgent UN Security Council meeting.
Ukraine requests meeting of OSCE participating states within 48 hours.
Ukraine requests UN Security Council consultations for de-escalation, security guarantees.
Ukraine, Russia agree on six "green corridors" for evacuation of civilians
Ukraine, Russia agree to set up humanitarian corridors.
Ukraine, Russia hold first prisoner exchange.
Ukraine: Russians shoot fake video of providing humanitarian aid in Chornobyl exclusion zone.
Ukraine-Russia talks to start in Belovezhskaya Pushcha Monday afternoon
Ukraine, Russia to hold new round of peace talks.
Ukraine’s 101st brigade destroys a column of Russian forces.
Ukraine’s 2022 state budget: Defense among top priorities but still underfunded
Ukraine’s air defense downs a Russian close support aircraft and a helicopter in Donbas.
Ukraine’s air defense downs a Russian transporter carrying paratroopers.
Ukraine’s air defense forces down 52 Russian warplanes, 69 helicopters
Ukraine’s air defense forces shoot down Russian aircraft over Kyiv.
Ukraine"s air defense shoots down a Russian fighter aircraft Sukhoi Su-30 near Kyiv.
Ukraine’s Air Force downs another Russian plane
Ukraine’s Air Force reports aerial battles in several areas
Ukraine’s Air Force shoots down another Russian plane near Kyiv
Ukraine"s ambassador to UN says his country"s borders will remain "unchangeable."
Ukraine’s Armed Forces liberate Chuhuiv town in Kharkiv region – General Staff
Ukraine’s biggest children’s hospital treats people wounded by Russians
Ukraine’s brigade seizes enemy electronic warfare system
Ukraine"s Commander in Chief tells occupied Donbas residents: Ukraine is not planning to invade you.
Ukraine"s defense forces holding back Russia"s advance in all directions – General Staff
Ukraine’s defense intelligence chief: Russia is preparing to attack in late January
Ukraine’s disinfo watchdog helping Russian, Belarusian soldiers, officers defy criminal orders
Ukraine seizes 23 trucks belonging to Russian, Belarusian companies.
Ukraine’s embassy demands apologies after Slovak lawmakers mistreat the Ukrainian flag.
Ukraine sets up a department to treat Russian POWs.
Ukraine’s Eurobonds fell to lowest level since 2015.
Ukraine’s ex-Deputy Prosecutor General asks to collect evidence of Russia’s human right violation during its invasion.
Ukraine"s FM to NATO: Act now before it’s too late.
Ukraine’s foreign ministry urges calm.
Ukraine’s GDP increased by 3.2% in 2021.
Ukraine"s hotline for relatives of Russian soldiers gets hundreds of calls.
Ukraine signs free trade agreement with Turkey.
Ukraine"s intelligence: Russia prepares provocation in Chornobyl.
Ukraine"s intelligence: Russia"s proxies plant explosives in buildings in Donetsk.
Ukraine’s judicial reform, explained
Ukraine"s military: 12,000 Russian troops killed.
Ukraine"s military: As Russian invasion slows down, FSB goes after resistance in Kherson and Mykolaiv regions.
Ukraine’s military destroy enemy vehicles in Pryluky District
Ukraine’s military intelligence: Russia develops two scenarios to threaten world with nuclear explosions.
Ukraine"s military: over 1,000 Russian soldiers killed on invasion"s second day.
Ukraine’s military: Over 12,000 Russian troops have been killed since the beginning of war.
Ukraine"s military push Russian forces from Mykolaiv, fighting continues.
Ukraine’s military: Russia could involve up to 800 servicemen from Transnistria in its war against Ukraine.
Ukraine"s military: Russia exhausted most of its operational reserve in Ukraine.
Ukraine’s military: Russian jets strike at Belarussian territory from Ukrainian air space.
Ukraine’s military: Russian occupiers seize eastern outskirts of Mariupol.
​​Ukraine’s military strive for long service contracts
Ukraine’s military take two Russian prisoners of war in Donbas.
Ukraine’s military: Two columns of advancing Russian forces and ten enemy aircraft were destroyed on March 10.
Ukraine’s military: Ukraine regains control of Derhachi, Kharkiv Oblast.
Ukraine’s Naftogaz will take part in certification of Nord Stream 2
Ukraine spends over $7 billion on road repairs in 2 years, plans to keep tempo going
Ukraine’s population shrinking fast, can drop by 6 million in 30 years
Ukraine"s richest man Akhmetov speaks up about Russia"s war.
Ukraine"s State Emergency Service reports that the fire has been put out at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station in Enerhodar at 6:20 a.m. Kyiv time.
Ukraine starts repairing damaged power lines near Chornobyl power plant.
Ukraine’s top achievements in 2021 from sports victories to reforms
Ukraine’s Twitter meme ridiculing Russia goes viral
Ukraine suggests that OSCE, IAEA missions be located at nuclear power plants
Ukraine’s UN ambassador advises Lavrov to seek mental help
Ukraine supporters rally near White House
Ukraine suspends exports of rye, oats, buckwheat, millet, sugar, salt, meat, and livestock,
Ukraine"s wealthiest man, oligarch Rinat Akhmetov, has given Hr 150 million ($5 million) to Kyiv, according to a spokeswoman for Akhmetov"s company SCM.
Ukraine’s wearable transcribing device raises $111,000 on Kickstarter
Ukraine temporarily abolishes excise tax and reduces VAT on fuel.
Ukraine to accept Russia’s surrender “with understanding” - defense minister
Ukraine to build new airport in Donetsk Oblast.
Ukraine to buy Pfizer pills that reduce risk of Covid-19 hospitalization, death
Ukraine to buy world’s most expensive drugs to treat SMA
Ukraine to consider vaccination of children over 5 years old
Ukraine to fully staff peacetime territorial defense by March.
Ukraine to get $28.5 million loan to make schools, kindergartens energy efficient
Ukraine to get at least 3 Mark VI boats in 2022
Ukraine to hold military exercises in response to Russian maneuvres in Belarus.
Ukraine to impose state of emergency.
Ukraine to impose state of emergency, creating a variety of restrictions
Ukraine to intensify Covid-19 restrictions in ‘yellow’ zones on Dec. 6
Ukraine to introduce booster shots in 2022
Ukraine to issue military bonds, first auction on March 1.
Ukraine to mobilize 36,000 reservists for Armed Forces, 5,000 for National Guard, 5,000 for Border Guard Service.
Ukraine to pay $3,400 (Hr 100,000) per month to military personnel.
Ukraine to purchase Molnupiravir pills to treat Covid-19
Ukraine to receive 70 fighter jets from the EU.
Ukraine to reduce validity of Covid-19 certificates to 9 months
Ukraine to sign deal with Turkey on producing military drones.
Ukraine to suspend certain exports
Ukraine to talk with Russia about cessation of hostilities, withdrawal of troops - Kuleba
Ukraine to work toward “Nuremberg 2" trial for Russia - MFA
Ukraine, UK, Poland announce creation of trilateral partnership.
Ukraine v. Russian Federation: International Court of Justice starts hearings
Ukraine warns airlines against flying over Black Sea.
Ukraine was repeatedly bartered by great powers in the past. Will it happen again?
Ukraine will pay an additional $1,000 monthly to conscripts,
Ukraine wins 7 medals on first day of Paralympics.
Ukraine wins first medal in Winter Olympics in Beijing.
Ukrainian air defense unit shoots down cruise missile over Dnipro
Ukrainian air force destroys at least eight targets in two days.
Ukrainian Air Force shoots down cruise missile fired at Kyiv from Belarus - Zaluzhny
Ukrainian ambassador to the UN urges Russian chair to step down, calls on Security Council to "stop the war."
Ukrainian anti-corruption authorities: No need to declare captured Russian tanks, equipment as income.
Ukrainian Armed Forces destroyed Iskander division in Chernihiv region
Ukrainian Armed Forces destroyed over 11,000 enemy personnel, 290 tanks, 46 aircraft, 68 helicopters – General Staff
Ukrainian Armed Forces destroyed Russian column near Severodonetsk
Ukrainian Armed Forces destroyed Russian military equipment worth over $5B
Ukrainian Armed Forces regain control of Mykolaiv airport
Ukrainian Armed Forces: Russia has lost about 9,000 troops.
Ukrainian armed forces: Russian warship accidentally shoots down Russian military aircraft.
Ukrainian Armed Forces shoot down Iskander missile near Kramatorsk
Ukrainian Armed Forces systematically increasing group defending Kyiv - Maliar
Ukrainian army hits five enemy tanks near Kyiv - Denysenko
Ukrainian army recaptures Antonov International Airport in Hostomel, less than 10 kilometers from Kyiv.
Ukrainian artillery destroys enemy tank, two IFVs
Ukrainian bakery in Toronto vandalized with anti-Ukrainian graffiti
Ukrainian banks’ net profits up by 47% in first 10 months of 2021
Ukrainian becomes world’s top online gamer
Ukrainian bobsledder Lidiia Hunko tests positive for banned substance at Beijing Winter Olympics.
Ukrainian bonds plunge amid Russia’s military buildup
Ukrainian border guard died as a result of a rocket shelling from occupied Crimea.
Ukrainian border guards open 2 more 24-hour crossing points to Hungary.
Ukrainian-Canadians come together in support of their ancestral land
Ukrainian children call on Putin to end war
Ukrainian city starts anonymous Covid-19 vaccination for fake certificate holders
Ukrainian civilians fearlessly prepare for Russia’s offensive
Ukrainian Coast Guard: Russia confirms it will not block Azov Sea traffic for exercises.
Ukrainian Coast Guard: Russia confirms it will not block Azov Sea traffic for exercises
Ukrainian comedian turned politician announces new party.
Ukrainian company creates New Year light show for Burj Khalifa in Dubai
Ukrainian company signs €136.5 million contract with French shipbuilder
Ukrainian defenders detect group of Russian saboteurs in Odesa region
Ukrainian defenders holding back enemy advance in south-eastern direction - General Staff
Ukrainian defenders of Zmiinyi Island in Black Sea, presumed dead in a Russian bombardment, are alive and held captive,
Ukrainian Defense Ministry: Approximately 4,300 Russian troops killed so far.
Ukrainian delegation demands Russia withdraw its troops, including from Crimea, Donbas - Arestovych
Ukrainian delegation has arrived at the border with Belarus for peace talks with Russia.
Ukrainian-developed ORTY named one of world’s top food tech startups in 2021
Ukrainian director detained in Italy at Russia’s request removed from Interpol wanted list
Ukrainian director detained in Italy on Russian extradition request
Ukrainian director wins best video at MTV Europe Music Awards
Ukrainian documentary ‘Home Games’ available on Netflix in Europe
Ukrainian electronic duo Artbat to perform at Coachella
Ukrainian fighter jets intercepted and shot down two Russian planes
Ukrainian film ‘Rhino’ to premiere on Netflix in spring.
Ukrainian forces down enemy Su25 fighter jet
Ukrainian forces down two Russian helicopters in Kherson region
Ukrainian forces have retaken Mykolaiv airport, according to regional governor Vitaliy Kim.
Ukrainian forces take control of Mykolaiv, seize Russian occupiers" equipment.
Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba arrives in Antalya, Turkey
Ukrainian foreign ministry denies Zelensky-Baerbock meeting cancelled over Nord Stream 2.
Ukrainian General Staff: Belarus may be preparing for sending troops to Ukraine.
Ukrainian General Staff: Russia is bringing fighters from Syria, Serbia, Nagorno-Karabakh to replenish troops in Ukraine.
Ukrainian government puts up $590 million in aircraft insurance to keep air traffic going amid war threat
Ukrainian lawmakers approve sanctions on Russian officials involved in recognition of Ukraine’s occupied territories.
Ukrainian lawmakers told to return to Ukraine for parliamentary votes.
Ukrainian literary critic Ivan Dziuba dies at 90.
Ukrainian loses parent to Russian propaganda: ‘I can consider myself an orphan’
Ukrainian Max Polyakov forced to sell majority stake of US company Firefly Aerospace.
Ukrainian military already carry out about 50 precision stri
Ukrainian military blows up 56 Russian tank fuels in Chernihiv Oblast, depriving units of combat capability.
Ukrainian military blow up bridge outside of Kyiv to slow down Russian troops.
Ukrainian military captured thousands of Russian soldiers - adviser to interior minister
Ukrainian military capture Russian tank battalion commander
Ukrainian military destroyed column of enemy equipment in Kharkiv region
Ukrainian military destroy Kadyrov forces unit near Hostomel
Ukrainian military destroys 6th Russian plane.
Ukrainian military destroys Russian Su-30 fighter aircraft in Black Sea.
Ukrainian military fully regain control of Kharkiv
Ukrainian military plane hit, deaths to be confirmed.
Ukrainian MPs, foreign journalists come under fire in eastern Ukraine.
Ukrainian Navy sinks its flagship to keep it out of Russian hands.
Ukrainian oligarchs, businessmen leave country en masse.
Ukrainian Olympic athlete makes first major political statement at Beijing Games, asking for ‘no war.’
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky remains in Kyiv.
Ukrainian rap diva Alina Pash wins EU award for young artists
Ukrainian regional capitals will get new SkyUp air routes to Europe in 2022
Ukrainian, Russian foreign ministers to meet in Turkey on March 10.
Ukrainian, Russian radio enthusiasts battle over alleged Russian military frequency
Ukrainian, Russian, Turkish FMs start trilateral meeting in Antalya
Ukrainians borrowed record $1.8 billion in microloans in 2021
Ukrainian school janitor becomes jiu-jitsu world champion
Ukrainian scientists register heat record in Antarctica.
Ukrainian scientists register Tonga eruption effects in Antarctica (VIDEO)
Ukrainians create charitable NFT collection to raise funds for army
Ukrainians declare assets worth $9.25 million in tax amnesty
Ukrainian servicemen eliminate Russian marine battalion commander
Ukrainians flee war by train, car, on foot
Ukrainians inside occupied Donbas stuck between hope and fear
Ukrainian soldier killed in Donbas.
Ukrainian soldiers clash with Russians in a fierce fight near Sumy, a regional capital located near the border with Russia.
Ukrainian soldiers win back Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant.
Ukrainian special forces will no longer capture Russian artillerymen.
Ukrainian sports tech startup raises $6 million in cryptocurrency offering
Ukrainians show extraordinary courage in fight against Putin"s war – US vice president
Ukrainians spend Hr 1,000 vaccination bounty on cinemas, books, theaters
Ukrainian startup Awesomic attracts $2 million to expand its designer marketplace
Ukrainian startup MySat raises $9,700 on Kickstarter to develop satellite kit
Ukrainian startup Pibox raises $400,000 in Toronto
Ukrainian startup Reface partners with Warner Bros. to promote new films
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 55
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 56
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 57
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 60
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 61
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 62
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 63
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 64
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Issue 65
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Special issue: Top 2021 events
Ukrainian State-Owned Enterprises Weekly – Special issue: Top 2022 events to watch
Ukrainians that can"t work due to war will get Hr 6,500 ($216) in assistance.
Ukrainians transfer $50 million in 3 days to support the army,
Ukrainian studio films music video for French artist Kavinsky
Ukrainian supermarket chains stop selling Coca-Cola products as company continues to operate in Russia.
Ukrainian Tanu Muino directs a music video for Foals in Kyiv.
Ukrainian team NaVi wins $225,000 in Counter-Strike tournament
Ukrainian tennis champion to donate prize money to Ukraine"s military.
Ukrainian tennis player Elina Svitolina said she would not play against her Russian competitor Anastasia Potapova
Ukrainian Territorial Defense forces are still in Russian-occupied Sumy.
Ukrainian troops down enemy helicopter in Kharkiv region
Ukrainian World War II drama wins at two film festivals in Europe
Ukrainska Pravda journalist attacked in Dnipro.
Ukrainska Pravda: Mass cancellation of flights from Feb. 14.
Ukrainska Pravda: Mass cancellation of Ukraine flights from Feb. 14
Ukrgasbank posts record $102 million profit in first 10 months of 2021
ukrinform.net news log Ukrposhta to build fully-automated mail sorting complex in Dnipro
UkrT Germany to supply 2,700 SAMs to Ukraine
UkrT Ukrainian military already carry out about 50 precision strikes with Vilkha missile systems
UK: Russia cut off Ukraine from international maritime trade.
Ukrzaliznytsia: All rail links to Russia destroyed.
Ukrzaliznytsia calls on European, Asian countries to suspend cooperation with Russian Railways
Ukrzaliznytsia evacuated 1.5M people since war started
Ukrzaliznytsia evacuated more than 7,600 people from eastern Ukraine since 1 p.m. Kyiv time.
Ukrzaliznytsia evacuates 3,100 civilians from Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.
Ukrzaliznytsia evacuates over 1 million people from Ukraine’s hot spots since the start of Russia’s invasion.
Ukrzaliznytsia generates $16 million profit in 2021 after pandemic losses
Ukrzaliznytsia ready to evacuate civilians from front-line towns.
Ukrzaliznytsia running evacuation trains from Kyiv.
Ukrzaliznytsia will run an evacuation Intercity+ train to Kharkiv, limit service after.
UK sanctions 7 Russian oligarchs, including Abramovich, Sechin, Miller.
UK scraps ‘golden visa’ used by rich Russian elites.
UK’s defense aid to Ukraine skyrockets amid Russia threat
UK’s Johnson to host Nordic, Baltic leaders’ summit to discuss helping to rebuild Ukraine
UK special forces could shore up Ukraine’s defense amid Russian military buildup
UK to announce new sanctions against Russia on Feb. 22.
UK to phase out Russian oil imports by end of 2022.
UK to provide $100M in aid to Ukraine
UK to provide additional $230 million in aid to Ukraine.
UK to provide additional military support to Ukraine soon.
UK to sanction five Russian banks, three Russian billionaires.
UK to send 350 troops to Poland as Russia escalates aggression.
UK to send more weapons to Ukraine.
UK will grant extra $1.3 billion of export financing for investments in Ukraine
UK will provide $500 million in guaranteed credit to Ukraine.
UK won"t commit to taking refugees from Ukraine in case of large-scale Russian invasion.
UK working on military, economic aid package for Ukraine.
UK: Zelensky believes next 24 hours crucial period for Ukraine.
Ultimate guide to DALL·E 2: how to use it & how to get access – DALL·Ery GALL·Ery Ultimate Guide to OpenAI DALL-E, with demo and examples - HarishGarg.com [UN0-2] [UN0-3] [UN0-3] [UN0-3] [UN0] or UN: 1,207 civilian casualties of Russia’s war in Ukraine, 406 people killed and 801 injured.
[UN1-2] [UN1-2] see Sec. [UN1] [UN1] [UN1] when compute was about 1000 times more expensive than in 2006. [UN2] [UN2] For example, our [UN2] (requiring [UN3] [UN4] [UN4] [UN4] (2006) although [UN4] (2006) appeared long after my earlier [UN4] applies here as well. [UN5] [UN5] and UN: 752 civilian casualties as a result of Russia"s war in Ukraine.
UN approves resolution to condemn Russia"s invasion of Ukraine.
Unarmed Enerhodar residents block city entrance to Russian troops,
[UN] [UN] [UN] not even in his later patent application [UN] which in many ways started what people now call deep learning, going beyond UN: At least 240 civilian casualties in Ukraine since Russia’s invasion began on Thursday.
UN: At least 2.5 million Ukrainians have fled the country since Russia’s full-scale invasion began on Feb. 24.
UN: Civilian casualties reach 1,335 since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began on Feb. 24.
UN denies banning use of word "war" about Russian aggression against Ukraine.
UN Emergency Security Council to meet at 4 a.m. Kyiv time on Feb. 22.
UNESCO calls on Russia to respect Ukraine’s cultural heritage, cessation of attacks on civilian facilities.
UN experts: New Russian media law puts Russians in "total information blackout."
UN has evidence of Russian use of cluster munitions.
[UNI] UNICEF: More than 1 million children have fled Ukraine since start of Russia’s all-out war.
Unicode symbols - Wikipedia Unicode - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Uniqlo’s parent company to donate $10 million and 200,000 clothing items to UNHCR to support people forced to flee Russia"s all-out war on Ukraine.
United States announces ban on Russian oil and gas imports
United States calls Russian disinformation about U.S. biowarfare labs in Ukraine “laughable.”
United States imposes sanctions on Kremlin elites
Universal Music Group to suspend business in Russia.
"Universal Waves Series" (UWS), which is by far the most [broad, deep, stunning, insightful] concept that I am aware of for relating periodicities of phenomena across [physics, astronomy, geology, climate, weather, evolutionary biology, history, crops, financial markets,etc]. A great many of the [known, reported] periodicities are described by the UWS as a "factor of 3" series, where each successive cycle is 3 times [more, less] than it"s predecessor in the series. These extracted periods are the same across phenomena!
Unknown men brutally attack famous Kyiv bar
Unleashed UN nuclear watchdog loses contact with safeguards monitoring systems at Chornobyl.
UN: Number of refugees from Ukraine reaches 2 million.
UN reports over 500 civilians killed in Ukraine.
UN: Roughly 100,000 Ukrainians have left their homes, several thousand flee abroad to escape Russia’s war.
UN Security Council meets over Ukraine.
UN Security Council to meet over Russia’s claims of “military biological activities of the US on the territory of Ukraine."
UN Security Council will hold urgent meeting at 4:30 a.m. Kyiv time.
unsupervised pre-training unsupervised pre-training. unsupervised pre-training (1991), unsupervised pre-training, a methodology introduced unsupervised pre-training (pioneered by myself in 1991) unsupervised pre-training for deep NNs unsupervised pre-training is not necessary unsupervised pre-training of NNs, [UN][UN0-3] [UN][UN0-3] and later [UN-UN2] [UN-UN2] [UN-UN2] or something else. [UN-UN3] which has UN: War in Ukraine could raise food prices by 20%.
UoW IHME hospital resource usage : UPDATE: Crash on Highway 10 East Update Credit Card
(UPDATED) Yermak travels to Paris, meets Normandy Format advisors amid Russian escalation
Update on Yavoriv air strike: 35 dead, 134 wounded
Up to 15,000 people currently hiding from bombs in Kyiv metro.
[URQ10] Usagi U.S. airplane manufacturer Boeing announced it is suspending parts,
US Ambassador to the United Nations Linda Thomas-Greenfield said on March 4 at the UN that Russian forces are now 20 miles, and closing, from Ukraine’s second largest nuclear facility
U.S. and its allies to expel certain Russian banks from SWIFT.
US and UK pull out military trainers from Ukraine.
US approves $600 million aid for Ukraine, including $350 million for military.
U.S. approves evacuation plans for American citizens in Ukraine.
US assisted in repelling a DDoS attack on Ukraine’s Defense Ministry website.
U.S. believes Russia can use chemical weapons in Ukraine
USB MicroSD Card Reader/Writer - microSD / microSDHC / microSDXC ID: 939 - $5.95 : Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits US calls off meetings with Putin, Russian foreign minister Lavrov.
US Center for Disease Control (CDC) - annual flu seasons 2010-2017 : U.S. Commerce Secretary: "There is no expiration date" on export sanctions against Russia.
U.S. condemns Putin’s nuclear order, considers imposing more sanctions.
US confirms authenticity of leaked response to Russia.
US Congress passes $13.6B in emergency aid for Ukraine and its allies
US "considers" ban on Russian oil imports.
USD / BCH - Bitcoin Cash Price Chart — TradingView USD/CAD Rate — TradingView USD / CNY Chinese yuan (remimby in foreign markets) — TradingView USD : DX1! basket of US trade partner currencies — TradingView US defense bill includes $300 million aid for Ukraine
US delivers 300 more Javelins to Ukraine
USD vs [Euro, JPY, GBP, CAD, SEK, CHF] DXY Quotes — TradingView US Embassy warns Americans in Ukraine of possible invasion by Russia
User Help
US, EU, G7 to strip Russia of favored trade status.
US foreign policy heavyweights call for limited no-fly zone over Ukraine.
US foreign policy representatives urge Biden to impose limited no-fly zone over Ukraine
US fund Gramercy sues exiled tycoon Bakhmatyuk over alleged $1 billion fraud
USFusionEnergy.org US giant chipmaker Qualcomm acquires Ukrainian startup Augmented Pixels
U.S. House of Representatives approves $13.6B in Ukraine aid
US House of Representatives passes spending bill with $13.6 billion in aid to Ukraine.
US House passes ban on import of Russian oil, natural gas, and coal.
US imposes new sanctions over Nord Stream 2
US imposes sanctions on 2 Russian banks, sovereign debt, and Russian elites.
US imposes sanctions on Constitutional Court chief, ex-Yanukovych official
Using Deep Learning AI to Predict the Stock Market | by Marco Santos | Towards Data Science US Intelligence director says no-fly zone will not protect Ukraine.
US intelligence paints clearer picture of Russia’s looming Ukraine invasion
US intelligence predicts that invasion of Ukraine may be delayed by 4-5 days.
US, Lithuania say prolonged Russian drills in Belarus indicate imminent attack on Ukraine.
US media: Bridget Brink to become ambassador to Ukraine
US: Moscow compiled a list of Ukrainians ‘to be killed or sent to camps following a military occupation.’
US, NATO, Baltic leaders discuss Russian threat.
US, NATO create air bridge to supply arms to Ukraine.
US, NATO don’t cave in to Russian demands
US offers $1 billion sovereign loan guarantee to Ukraine.
US officially moves Kyiv embassy to Lviv.
USOIL snakes, ladders, Tchaichovsky (I am not sure if non-members can view this?).
US orders departure of non-emergency staff from Kyiv embassy.
US orders diplomats’ families to leave Kyiv, citing ‘threat of Russian military action’
US plane with 85 tons of ammunition for grenade launchers arrives in Kyiv.
US Presbyterian minister’s mission to find a home for every orphan in Ukraine
US prosecutors move to seize $6 million from Kolomoisky in Texas
US rejects Poland’s offer to supply fighter jets to Ukraine, cites “high risks.”
US Republicans draft bill to designate Ukraine a ‘NATO Plus’ state, sanction Russia
US, Russia agree to continue Ukraine talks after Blinken-Lavrov meeting
US, Russia clash at UN Security Council meeting over Ukraine
US: Russia has deployed between 169,000 to 190,000 personnel near Ukraine and in its occupied territories.
US: Russian invasion likely to start with air attack.
US sanctions against Russia-occupied territories are "mockery," says Ukrainian ruling party lawmaker.
U.S. sanctions Russians bankrolling Putin and Russia-backed influence actors
US sanctions target computer chip sales to Russia.
US says closer relations with China will not alleviate economic sanctions imposed on Russia.
US Senate introduces bill to give Ukraine $450 million in military aid in 2022
US Senate passes spending bill that includes $13.6 billion in aid to Ukraine.
US Senators: Russia’s cyberattacks on Ukraine to prompt sanctions even before potential invasion.
US senators visit Kyiv in show of support
US shared response to Russia’s security demands with Ukraine before sending
US State Department spokesperson responds to Russian Embassy tweet, calls it a “flat out lie.”
US State Department warns of Russian false flags.
US think tank: Russia unlikely to invade Ukraine, wants to force concessions
US to give additional $53 million in humanitarian aid to Ukraine.
US to impose ban on investment and trade with Russian-occupied territories.
US to impose sanctions on Nord Stream 2 operator.
U.S. to impose sanctions on Russia’s President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.
US top general in Europe: anti-tank, anti-aircraft weapons more effective for Ukraine than MiG-29s.
US to provide Ukraine $54 million in humanitarian assistance.
U.S. to provide Ukraine additional $350 million of military assistance.
US to provide Ukraine with additional $200 million military aid package
US to send 3,000 additional troops to Poland in upcoming days.
US to send additional troops, military assets to Europe.
US treasury announces new round of sanctions against Russian oligarchs, lawmakers.
US Treasury announces sanctions against 4 pro-Kremlin Ukrainians
US Treasury imposes sanctions on Russian officials, financial institutions.
US troops arrive in Wiesbaden following Pentagon"s push to support NATO allies.
US troops reinforcing NATO allies in eastern Europe land in Poland.
US unleashes further sanctions on Moscow, targets Russia’s central bank.
US urges Japan to consider sanctions on Russia if Kremlin further invades Ukraine.
US warns of enormous human costs if Russia launches full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
US warns of imminent Russian invasion.
US warns that Russia could attack Ukraine at ‘any moment’
US Westinghouse to build 2 reactors at Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant
US will give $20 million to strengthen Ukraine’s border with Russia, Belarus
US will not send Patriot defense systems to Ukraine.
UTM - Integrated information theory)
Utor v1: 24 Sep 2021, v2: 31 Dec 2021) V V, V, V. V & V & Vaccinated over 60s in Ukraine to be offered free smartphone and cheap tariff.
Vaccination : the silent killer. A clear and present danger" Honor Publications
Vaccines: The Biggest Medical Fraud in History History of Vaccination, Book 26, Kindle Edition
Vaccine Types | Vaccines vacuum chamber, electric cosmology | SAFIRE project Valentina Zharkova "Solar magnetic field, solar radiation and their impact on terrestrial temperature" Milankovic-like ephemeris modelling of [past, present, future] climate, very interesting new solar analysis method. She has put out a large number of great [paper, presentation, book]s. The link is to Tom Nelson Pod #278. In 2025, she has suggested that the Earth is already moving into it"s next "Grand Solar Minimum" (mini ice age), but longer term resumption of warming will contine until 700 years from now, based on her solar models. She points out that anthropogenioc CO2 has nothing much to do with climate, in spite of the religious fervor of essentially all scientists since the mid-to-late 1980s. Valentina Zharkova webSite: Grand Solar Minimum [VAN1] [VAN1] [VAN1]) [VAN1] & [VAN1] & [VAN1] which I consider one of the most important documents in the history of machine learning. It also [VAN2] but not the original work. [VAN2] without citing Sepp. [VAN4] that cited only their vanishing gradient vanishing gradient problem vanishing gradients (1991), van Vreeswijk Neuroscience Seminar van Vreeswijk Theoretical Neuroscience Seminar(VVTNS), was World Wide Neuroscience Seminar (WWTNS) @VasilyTrader - very prolific, kind of fun, and has a huge following. Vasily combines Fibonaccis, patterns, etc. Vaswani, Shazeer, Parmar, Uszkoreit, Jones, Gomez, Kaiser, Polosukhin 12Jun2017 Attention Is All You Need.pdf Vasylkiv Air Base remains a hot spot.
Vasylkiv hit with Russian missiles, oil depot nearby on fire
VC-1 License Key - Raspberry Pi Swag Vegetable oils prices hit record high.
Vegetable prices increase by 20% in January.
velikovsky.info, Venue Hire Venus Venus Venus Vera Vera Kurkova received Ph.D. in mathematics from the Charles University, Prague, and DrSc. (Prof.) in theoretical computer science from the Czech Academy of Sciences. She is a senior scientist in the Department of Machine Learning, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences. In 2002-2009 she was the Head of the Department of Theoretical Computer Science. Vereshchuk: More than 5,500 people evacuated under shelling today
Veronika Melkozerova: How looming Russian invasion changed lives of Ukrainians
version 1 of the present report. Versions since 2021 archived in the Internet Archive Very intense tropical cyclones Very Severe Cyclonic Storms Very strong Vesica Piscis is related to Christianity as the "fish symbol". VI) VI). VI, VI. VIC Vice PM calls on partners to strengthen Ukraine"s air defense to secure Europe
Victor Tregubov: Are you a foreigner who wants to help Ukraine? Here’s how
Victor Tregubov: Plunging into icy water on Epiphany isn’t an old Ukrainian tradition. It’s Russian
[VID1] [VID1] who said that "nobody in their right mind would ever suggest" this. Then we [VID2] video
Video Video - Car hits & kills deer near Hussar
Video downloads
Video Handling -- IM v6 Examples video production video text is SUPPOSED to be a literal transcription of the video commentary. The vast bulk of the transcription is done by Google"s "AI machines", as is sometimes the case for some youTube videos. However, the machine output has some [error, omission]s, and it lacks even minimal formatting. Vietnam Vietnam Vietnamese VII, VII. VII: ACM explicitly mentions medicine and VIII, VIII & (VII) medicine, astronomy, materials science. VillageOfHussar.ca Village residents help police capture 29 Russian occupiers in Sumy Oblast.
Violent Violet Virginia Virginia Tech researchers reveal new evidence about space weather | News | Virginia Tech VIX LONG - CHEAPEST BET IN THE MARKETS for CBOE:VIX by MIAM1 — TradingView VIX SP500 volatility index - TradingView Vladimir Kara-Murza: It’s not just the West that opposes Putin’s war on Ukraine. A lot of Russians do, too
Vladimir Lyashenko, Basic Guide to Spiking Neural Networks for Deep Learning Vladimir Putin signs decree to prohibit leaving Russia with more than $10,000
VLC media viewer. "... VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays most multimedia files, and various streaming protocols. ...". VLC media viewer. "... VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays most multimedia files, and various streaming protocols. ..." At present, this full video cannot be moved forward and back within the video, something I will fix when I get the time, as the ability to go back over material and skip sections is particularly important with this video. In the meantime, the separate "Scenes" listed below can be used by moving back and forward. voice comments on how to avoid one trap of self-limiting thinking.
voice musings of [scattered, random] thoughts - This really is just me, "arm waving and yapping", trying to identify [missing, lost] items. Voice narrative - in mp3 audio file format. Voice party leadership investigated for misuse of funds.
Voice script - text file with script for the voice commentary. Also included are notes for some of the slides that were not commented on (marked by "(X)"). Volkswagen, Ikea suspend business in Russia.
Volunteer fighters from 52 countries join International Legion
Volunteers create website to help Ukrainians fleeing the war, settle in western Ukraine.
Von der Leyen: EU ready to host all refugees from Ukraine.
Von der Leyen: Ukraine is “one of us and we want them in.”
Vongfong [W45] [W45]). W5: Life after surviving the ISIS slave markets - YouTube WA Wake Island "wake-up call to the machine learning community." Wallace: British troops to face prosecution if they volunteer to combat Russia in Ukraine.
Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal report on March 6 that Putin was recruiting Syrians skilled in urban combat to fight in Ukraine. Pentagon Spokesman John Kirby said he had no information on the numbers or caliber of the Syrian fighters.


▶ Wal Thornhill: Breaking News | EU Workshop - YouTube Wal Thornhill: JWST – Cosmic Dust Proves Arp Invariably Right | Thunderbolts
Wanda Want to help Ukraine’s military as a foreigner? Here’s what you can do
Want to Invest in Emerging Markets? Here’s How to With European, Japanese Stocks. - MarketWatch war War, crime, teenage angst: Best Ukrainian movies of 2021
Warehouse buildings caught fire in Kyiv region as a result of enemy shelling
[war [forecast, battles], losses, oil, gas pipelines, minerals] - Warning sirens go off in Kyiv,
War Stories: Evacuees risk their lives as they flee to Kyiv
Washington Post: Biden’s confidence about Russian attack came from intel on order given to officials.
Washington Post: U.S prepared to evacuate Zelensky
was posted in February by complete amateurs!! Their model simply adopted models that had been used for the Spanish flu, and (largely because of the simplicity) is far better described than some academic models. YYG claims "Artificial Intelligence" (at very brief glance, looks like very basic machine learning to me, but I would have to go through it in detail). Is this yet another case of the machines clobbering the best human academics? Is is also yet another case of apparently one individual (apparently not directly affiliated with an institution), besting well-[[salary & benefit]ed, established, permanent] experts of government (including academic) institutions?
Was the virus made in a lab in China? Watchdog: Government blocks contest for NABU chief.
Watts Up With That? - The world"s most viewed site on global warming and climate change Wayback Machine accessed March 7, 2006 Waypoint - Synfig Animation Studio Ways sought to transfer to Ukraine nearly $415B in Russian assets seized in Western jurisdictions
wc]) do the lion"s share of the work. The links are to my simple summaries of options an features that I often use, but I provide minimal explanation. More extensive notes provide links to some great blogs on various features, and can be found in the same "bin" directory. We Weather Weather Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight 2019 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2021-03-15. webPage. (ongoing work maybe) webPage menus are probably as far as I will get?
webPage table of contents webSearch how+to+use+openai+dall webSearch how+to+use+openai+dall, newtxt1 webSearch how+to+use+openai+dall, newtxt2 website on Turing Weddings
Wedge Definition Weekend in Kyiv – Dec. 17-19
Weekend in Kyiv – Feb. 11-13
Weekend in Kyiv – Feb. 18-20
Weekend in Kyiv – Feb. 4-6
Weekend in Kyiv – Jan. 14-16
Weekend in Kyiv – Jan. 21-23
Weekend in Kyiv – Jan. 28-30
Weekend news round-up
Weekend news wrap-up
Weekend Post
Weltwoche, Nr. 33.21, 19 August 2021. West 2001 Magical Egypt- a symbolist tour, Howell notes. This provides an easy-to-see collection for any reader, that doesn"t [increase, distract from] the main webPage.
We started this in 1990-93 Western alarmism about Russia’s looming war threat harms Ukraine, says Turkish foreign minister.
"Western North Pacific Ocean Best Track Data". www.metoc.navy.mil. Retrieved 2021-03-15. Western powers to disconnect Russian banks from SWIFT - statement
West promises consequences if Russia invades Ukraine
West urges Ukraine to complete key judicial, anti-corruption reforms quickly
We will win thanks to our ability to unite and always care for our people – Zelensky’s address
Wham! 2009- Last Christmas (Official Video) What Car? Real Range: which electric car can go farthest in the real world? | What Car? What is consciousness: from historical to Grossberg - What is consciousness: from historical to Grossberg, and repeats some of the points in this section above : What is the range of electric cars in 2018? | REAL RANGE TEST | English Version | coches.net - YouTube What’s going on in Ukraine? Watch these films to understand Russia’s ongoing war
What To Do With Space Weather Health Information - much more general information on space weather and health What we know about Biden-Putin call about looming invasion of Ukraine
What we know about British tank killers likely sent to Ukraine
What we know about Polish anti-aircraft weapons sent to Ukraine
What we know about US bunker busters sent to Ukraine
What will the invasion of Ukraine bring for Russia?
When Is the Right Time to Buy Stocks? - The Irrelevant Investor When to buy during an ugly stock market rout? These charts have the answers. - MarketWatch where LeCun participated), Where Russia is attacking Ukraine today (Feb. 25)
which was soon on most smartphones. White House advices ‘to be on lookout’ after Russia’s false claims about ‘chemical weapons’ in Ukraine
White House announces new sanctions on Russian, Belarusian companies.
White House: Russia now has enough forces to invade Ukraine.
White House: Russia was preparing evacuation from Kyiv embassy amid rising tensions
White House: "Strong indications" Russia committing war crimes in Ukraine.
White House: US will not pressure Ukraine to grant autonomy to Donbas
Whitney Houston - I Will Always Love You - YouTube Who can and can’t join Ukraine’s Territorial Defense Force
WHO COVID-19 Dashboard who failed to cite them, even in later Who invented backpropagation? Who Invented the IC? Who is Murayev, the man UK exposes as potential leader of Kremlin’s coup
whole host of [rare, seemingly permanent] mental changes took place at the same time as I received my vaccines. But given my older work (~2005-2009) on flu and other pandemics, it does not surprise me to see major adverse effects, nor is it a big deal if we all die from it. Decisions are made, and we live and die by that.
whom they did not cite whom they did not cite, in contrast to WHO predicts rise in Covid-19 due to Russia’s all-out war in Ukraine.
Why America"s Lead in High-Tech Startups Is Eroding - CityLab Why are European-decended countries particularly hard hit? Why is Ukraine still missing a chief anti-corruption prosecutor?
Why is Ukraine the West’s Fault?
Why Nord Stream 2 is centerpiece of Ukraine crisis with Russia (EXPLAINER)
Why Sweden"s Lax Coronavirus Approach Could Be Backfiring | Time Why this might not be the best time to get a good deal on a used car - MarketWatch [WI48] [WI48] was Wickson 2007 - Galactic Theory of Climate.pdf
[WID62] [WID62] [WID] Wiki2023) Wiki2023) :
Wiki2023):
Wiki2023)
Wiki2023
Wiki2023) Wiki2023 - Consciousness#Neural_correlates)
Wiki2023 - Integrated information theory)
Wiki2023 - Neural_correlates_of_consciousness, also cited by Grossberg 2021)
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. wikipedia) wikipedia
Wikipedia
Wikipedia says: "... The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining how and why we have qualia or phenomenal experiences - how sensations acquire characteristics, such as colors and tastes". David Chalmers, who introduced the term "hard problem" of consciousness, contrasts this with the "easy problems" of explaining the ability to discriminate, integrate information, report mental states, focus attention, etc. As (Chalmer 1995) has noted: "The really hard problem of consciousness is the problem of experience. When we think and perceive, there is a whir of information-processing, but there is also a subjective aspect. As (Nagel 1974) has put it, there is something it is like to be a conscious organism. This subjective aspect is experience. When we see, for example, we experience visual sensations: the felt quality of redness, the experience of dark and light, the quality of depth in a visual field. Other experiences go along with perception in different modalities: the sound of a clarinet, the smell of mothballs. Then there are bodily sensations, from pains to orgasms; mental images that are conjured up internally; the felt qaulity of emotion, and the feeling of a stream of conscious thought. What unites all these states is that there is something it is like to be in them. All of them are states of experience."
Wikipedia: Models of consciousness
Wikipedia: Models of consciousness, retrieved Apr2023 (Wiki2023)
wikipedia: Platonic solids Wilhelm Abel, David Fischer - The Great Pricing Waves 1200-1990 AD Wilhelm Schickard, William J. Broad: Ukraine gave up a giant nuclear arsenal 30 years ago. Today there are regrets
Will New Unemployment Benefits Outlast the Coronavirus Recession? - MarketWatch Will Russia launch large-scale war or limited invasion? Analysis of 3 popular scenarios
Wilma Wilson 1977 Cosmic trigger, Howells review.html (for my daughter)
Windy: Rain, thunder Windy, Windyty. Wind map & weather forecast win four important computer vision competitions 2011-2012 before others won any win international competitions. Winnie winning 4 image recognition contests in a row winning four of them winURL yahoo finance news download.ndf. I used this to extract news itmes from Yahoo financial news to provide a basis for analysing markets. It was too much work to maintain, and is probably out of date by now in terms of my changes to all of my libraries since I used it, but it would be easy to [update, extend].
WIRED, Sep 2016, without Wizzair seeks to evacuate planes and staff from Ukraine.
Wojtaszek, Bromley Aug2023 Lattice physics evaluation of 35-element mixed oxide thorium-based fuels for use in pressure tube heavy water reactors
Wojtaszek, Bromley Jul2022 Physics Evaluation of Alternative Uranium-based Oxy-Carbide Annular Fuel Concepts for Potential Use in Compact High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors
Workshops, World
World World Bank approves $723M financial package for Ukraine
World Bank clears $723 million Emergency Financing Package for Ukraine.
World Bank relocates some staff from Ukraine, continues operations.
World Bank study reveals effects of global warming on Ukraine’s agriculture, forests
World Bank to give Ukraine $150 million for Covid-19 vaccination drive
World Bank to lend 300 million euros to back reforms, mitigate pandemic in Ukraine
World Bank to provide Ukraine $300 million for energy efficiency projects in various cities.
World Models. World reacts to Kremlin escalation with sanctions
World’s biggest container lines – Maersk, CMA, and MSC – suspend shipping to and from Russia.
World War II -- oil economics raw materials Germany World wheat prices break 2008 record
WP: Belarus conducted phishing attacks against Ukraine, Poland.
WP: US considers providing more advanced weapons to Ukraine.
WP: White House briefs TikTok influencers about Russia"s war in Ukraine.
WSJ: Iconic Russian car manufacturer Lada halts production.
WSJ: Moscow Stock Exchange to remain closed for third week.
WSJ: Russia drops from global indexes this week.
WSJ: Russian energy companies Gazprom and Rosneft face foreign debt repayments.
WSJ: Russia recruiting Syrians skilled in urban combat to be sent to Ukraine to help take Kyiv, according to U.S. officials.
WSJ: US hedge funds told to freeze Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich’s assets.
Wutip WWII "revisionist" history project of Dad and I was leading into your information. I was also starting to build additional [concept, script]s for the following script sections : www.BillHowell.ca WWW link. WWW link (retrieved 15 May 2020). X, X. X & [XAV] XI). XI, XI. XI: ACM mentions GPU-accelerated NNs XI, and XII) XII, XII, XII. XII & XII & XIII, XIII, XIII. XIII & XIII & XIU Stock Price and Chart — TSX:XIU — TradingView XIV: XIV XIV). XIV, XIV, XIV, XIV. XIV & XIV & XIX, XIX, XIX & XIX & Xobotix robots - John Godowski EU2017 XV) XV). XV, XV. XV: ACM credits Bengio for hybrids of NNs and probabilistic models of sequences. XV): The first superior end-to-end neural speech recognition XVI) XVI). XVI). XVI). XVI): XVI, XVI. XVI: ACM XVI) are formally equivalent to linear Transformers (now popular in NLP). XVI, the first superior end-to-end neural machine translation was also based on LSTM. XVII-1). XVII-2). XVII). XVII, XVII: XVII (5). XVII & XVII & XVIII) XVIII), XVIII). XVIII, XVIII. XVIII: XVIII & XX) XX): XX, XX, XX. XX: ACM credits LeCun for work on XX & XXI, XXI. XXI: ACM credits LeCun for work on XXI: Modern Yagi Yahoo finance data (23Feb2023 the text file has been lost, but the data is in the linked spreadsheet with TradingView data). I was happy to have another "somewhat independent" data source, even if they are both from the same S&P or other source. This really helps as a check on my data treatment (see the section above "Comparison of [TradingView, Yahoo finance] data"). Yahoo finance - Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News Yama Yanukovych addresses Zelensky, urges him to stop fighting.
Yap [YB20] [YB20] that in [YB20] that in 1995 [YB20] that in 2018 he Year of musical introspection: Ukraine’s best albums of 2021
Yellow quarantine zone restrictions will be tightened as of Dec. 6
Yelverton"s stuff - Mr2Tuff2 - YouTube Yermak: Russia hits Babyn Yar, holocaust memorial site.
Yermak: Ukraine proposes trilateral talks with US, Russia
yes, extensive Yet another Russian Il-76 transporter downed.
Yevhen Fedchenko: Western sanctions must target Putin’s propagandists
Your Strathmore Dentist at The Ranch Dental Centre Your Voice "You sign your sentence": Zelensky appeals to those who cooperate with invaders
YouTube YouTube)
YouTube blocks account of main Donetsk militant TV station.
YouTube blocks channels associated with Medvedchuk.
YouTube blocks RT, other Russian channels from monetizing.
YouTubes), built initially from very ancient mythology, then married to insightful physics, is full of great [idea, result, inspiration]s. Like everyone else, they are not always [right, wrong, true, false]. Unlike conformist concepts, they do require suspension of disbelief, but do require critical thinking. This community links to the mainstream science "Plasma Universe" community (which is not comfortable with the EU community), and others. Many [scientist, amateur]s have found [an audience, helpful critics] within the EU. Sometimes just finding someone to talk to is a huge issue for independent thinkers.
Youtube video, 2018. YouTube video, 2022. Youtube video [see 28:16]. Yuri Polakiwsky: A lend-lease agreement as a way forward for Ukraine
Yutu YYG - About covid19-projections.com YYG comparison of several model projections : YYG - COVID-19 Projections Using Machine Learning YYG infections, YYG - Model Details Zaha Hadid Architects reveals design of 3 metro stations to be opened in Dnipro.
Zaluzhnyi: Russia used Iskander missile systems to attack Zhytomyr.
Zaluzhnyi: Ukraine’s air defense shot down cruise missile launched at Kyiv.
Zaluzhny: Russia has lost tactical initiative, offensive has slowed.
Zaluzhny shows Bayraktar destroying Russian multiple rocket launcher
Zaluzhny shows Bayraktar drone destroying enemy column in Kherson region
Zaluzhny: Ukraine destroys myth about ‘invincibility’ of Russian army
Zaporizhzhia defenders restrain massive offensive of Russian troops
Zaporizhzhia NPP declares nuclear threat due to shelling by Russia’s heavy weapons
Zaporizhzhia NPP on fire due to shelling by Russian invaders
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has been captured by Kadyrov’s people ZCH Charts and Quotes — TradingView Z Depth Parameter - Synfig Animation Studio Zelenska calls on global media to keep showing truth about war in Ukraine
Zelenska: Entire Britain, from ordinary citizens to Royal Family, supports Ukraine
Zelenska: We ask NATO to close our sky on behalf of entire Ukraine
Zelensky: 1,300 Ukrainian soldiers killed by Russia.
Zelensky: 137 Ukrainians killed, 316 injured since Russia declared war.
Zelensky: 500-600 Russian soldiers are POW.
Zelensky’s full speech at Munich Security Conference
Zelensky’s party lawmaker buys nationwide television channel
Zelensky: Actions of Russian invaders to be equated with actions of ISIS terrorists
Zelensky addressed Russian soldiers: “Leave."
Zelensky addresses nation as Russia officially moves troops into occupied Donbas
Zelensky addresses Ukrainians in the streets of Kyiv.
Zelensky: After our victory, we will rebuild everything destroyed by enemy
Zelensky: All lines of our defense preserved.
Zelensky: Almost all Russian troops amassed for invasion have entered Ukraine
Zelensky announces ‘economic patriotism’ program, meets with top 50 businesses
Zelensky announces trilateral partnership between Ukraine, Poland, UK
Zelensky appoints General Zhernov as head of Kyiv military administration.
Zelensky arrives in Munich for security conference.
Zelensky asks Israeli PM to help release Melitopol mayor
Zelensky asks oligarchs, MPs to come back to Ukraine in the next 24 hours.
Zelensky asks Switzerland to hold ceasefire talks in Geneva on Feb. 28, Ukrainska Pravda reported.
Zelensky asks world to stop buying Russian petroleum.
Zelensky awards Hero of Ukraine title to eight service members
Zelensky: Ban on imports to US to weaken Russia economically, politically, ideologically
Zelensky, Biden agree on further steps to support Ukrainian defense
Zelensky, Biden discuss security, diplomacy, aid to Ukraine
Zelensky, Biden hold talks on potential Russian invasion
Zelensky, Biden speak on the phone.
Zelensky: Both sides will suffer if Belarus halts trade.
Zelensky calls for assistance in protecting Ukrainian sky through Global Citizen
Zelensky calls on British Parliament to recognize Russia as terrorist state
Zelensky calls on EU to give Ukraine membership.
Zelensky calls on EU to suspend Russia from SWIFT, stop trade in oil and gas.
Zelensky calls on OSCE to remain in Ukraine, record ceasefire violations.
Zelensky calls on other countries, media to not cause fear about Russian escalation
Zelensky calls on Russian people to prevent war against Ukraine in new address.
Zelensky calls on West to close sky over Ukraine or send weapons
Zelensky: Close the sky or give us aircraft.
Zelensky condemns NATO"s decision to not close the sky over Ukraine.
Zelensky: Current sanctions not enough.
Zelensky delivered a televised speech to the people of Europe, asked for support.
Zelensky delivers video address, says he called Putin, received no reply.
Zelensky demands tougher international sanctions against Russia
Zelensky doesn"t believe in positive outcome of negotiations with Russia.
Zelensky: "Dropping a bomb on a maternity hospital — it’s the ultimate proof that what is happening is genocide of Ukrainians."
Zelensky established commander-in-chief wartime headquarters.
Zelensky, European Council President discuss increasing sanctions against Russia
Zelensky, European Council president discuss threat to nuclear facilities in Ukraine
Zelensky: "Europe has enough strength to stop this aggression."
Zelensky gives emotional speech at European Parliament, talks about shelling, accuses Russia of killing children.
Zelensky held phone conversation with Scholz, Macron
Zelensky holds 5-hour press marathon with handpicked media
Zelensky holds talks with leaders of Slovakia, Romania, UK, Czech Republic
Zelensky: If there were enough sanctions, invasion would have stopped
Zelensky: "I"m ready for dialogue, but not for surrender."
Zelensky: "I"m sure that soon we will tell our people – come back, it"s safe now."
Zelensky: In 13 days in Ukraine, Russia loses more aircraft than in past 30 years
Zelensky indignant at Russia"s intentions to send Syrian mercenaries to Ukraine
Zelensky informs Johnson, Macron about Russia"s new crimes against Ukraine
Zelensky in Munich demands security guarantees, calls for preemptive sanctions against Russia
Zelensky: "International Committee of the Red Cross is forbidding us to use their emblem on the humanitarian mission vehicles."
Zelensky issues decree to bolster Ukraine’s military
Zelensky: It"s impossible to predict when but Ukraine will win.
Zelensky, Johnson discuss increasing sanctions pressure on Russia
Zelensky: Launching a rocket at the central square of Kharkiv is an outright, undisguised terror.
Zelensky leads presidential poll with 23.5%, Poroshenko polls second
Zelensky leads presidential poll with 24.6%, Poroshenko polls second.
Zelensky lists his action plan following Russia"s recognition of occupied territories as states.
Zelensky, Macron discuss humanitarian corridors for Ukrainians suffered from Russian aggression
Zelensky, Macron evoke unblocking Normandy Format amid security crisis
Zelensky, Macron hold second phone call in two days.
Zelensky made multiple attempts to contact Putin, without success.
Zelensky meets Macron, Scholz on sidelines of Eastern Partnership summit in Brussels
Zelensky, Michel discuss European Council sanctions against Russia, Ukraine"s membership in EU
Zelensky mobilizes reserve personnel, schedules Territorial Defense drills.
Zelensky: More than 7,000 people rescued from besieged towns on Friday
Zelensky: No evidence of Russia pulling back troops.
Zelensky: No signs of de-escalation by Russia.
Zelensky: "Only after direct talks between the two presidents can we end this war."
Zelensky on Putin"s nuclear threats: "This is a bluff."
Zelensky on the chronology of war: Entire Ukraine has not been sleeping since then
Zelensky party’s lawmaker reportedly caught taking bribe
Zelensky party’s MP detained for allegedly accepting $20,000 bribe.
Zelensky proclaims Feb. 16, stipulated date of Russian invasion, ‘unity day.’
Zelensky proposes meeting Putin in Jerusalem.
Zelensky: Putin"s "denazification" is pure Nazism
Zelensky: Putin should start talking
Zelensky ready for compromises, not betrayal of Ukraine
Zelensky recalling peacekeepers to strengthen Army in repelling Russian aggression
Zelensky responds to Biden: ‘There are no minor incursions’
Zelensky: Russia could invade Kharkiv
Zelensky: Russian invaders killed 52 children over 13 days of war in Ukraine
Zelensky: Russian murderers now threatening our NPPs, while world just keeps on waiting
Zelensky: Russian troops can enter Kyiv only if they defeat all of us
Zelensky: Russian troops have a clear order to hold Mariupol hostage
Zelensky: "Russia"s friends- North Korea, Eritrea, Syria, Belarus and no one else."
Zelensky’s address to parliament: What you need to know
Zelensky says he"s ready for peace talks with Russia to save lives.
Zelensky says Ukraine is ready for talks with Russia, but only in a country "from which missiles aren"t flying," rejecting the idea of meeting in Belarus.
Zelensky says weapons en route to Ukraine after Macron call.
Zelensky scheduled to talk to Biden by phone today.
Zelensky’s Chief of Staff: We didn’t believe Russia would launch full-scale invasion.
Zelensky, Scholz discuss assistance to Ukraine, sanctions against Russia
Zelensky sees Ukraine"s membership in EU as final exam for Europe
Zelensky: Sergeant Inna Derusova first woman to be awarded the Hero of Ukraine title posthumously.
Zelensky’s head of administration has Covid-19.
Zelensky signs Diia City bill that changes taxation for tech firms
Zelensky signs law allowing seizure of Russian property in Ukraine.
Zelensky signs law on confiscation of Russian property in Ukraine
Zelensky signs Ukraine"s application for EU membership.
Zelensky’s MP expelled from party after video showed him try to bribe police
Zelensky speaks at European Parliament, asks for support.
Zelensky speaks with Biden following Russia"s recognition of occupied territories in Ukraine.
Zelensky: Such sanctions are needed for Russia to have no money to ruin lives
Zelensky talks to Lukashenko
Zelensky tells Putin to leave Ukraine or meet him for talks.
Zelensky: There are several ways to close sky over Ukraine
Zelensky: This is the biggest blow to Russian army in decades.
Zelensky: "This night will be very difficult. Ukraine"s fate is being decided."
Zelensky: Those who chanted "one nation" mantra never expected such strong rebuff
Zelensky: Thousands of Ukrainians already died in war against Russia
Zelensky to address Canadian parliament
Zelensky to consider severing diplomatic relations with Russia.
Zelensky to meet with business owners to move past disagreements, establish support.
Zelensky to Russia: Learn the word "reparation."
Zelensky to Russian troops: Give up while you still can.
Zelensky: To seize Kyiv, they will have to destroy it.
Zelensky: Ukraine qualifies Russia"s move as a violation of our territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Zelensky: Ukraine to release prisoners with combat experience.
Zelensky: Ukraine to send humanitarian aid every day
Zelensky: "Ukrainians won"t get into coffins and wait for Russian soldiers to come."
Zelensky urges Poland, US to decide on logistics of sending fighter jets to Ukraine immediately.
Zelensky urges the West to solve ‘technical issue’ of providing Ukraine with combat aircraft
Zelensky visits frontline, amid Russian shelling.
Zelensky wants Budapest Memorandum signatories to give new security guarantees for Ukraine.
Zelensky: War must end through honest and substantive negotiations
Zelensky: We are already forming special funds to rebuild Ukraine after war
Zelensky: "We are dedicated to the peaceful and diplomatic path."
Zelensky: We are neither afraid of Russia nor talking with Kremlin.
Zelensky: "We’re going to protect our country with or without the help of our partners."
Zelensky: We will fight as long as it takes to rid our country of Zelensky: "We will not give up and we will not lose."
Zelensky: World preparing to support Ukraine’s reconstruction after war
Zelensky: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Plant disaster would be 6 times worse than Chornobyl.
Zeus? Zhytomyr under Russian bombardment, residential area destroyed.
ZN.UA: Russian army imposes curfew, banns protests, arms in occupied cities.
Zone of Disturbed Weather Zoo Calgary Zoom Help Center Zoom Video Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Webinars, Screen Sharing - Zoom Z-Pinch Aurora) [ZU48] [ZUS21] Шумановские резонансы | Space Observing System "自然災害保険金、過去最高の1.6兆円支払い 値上げへ" [Natural disaster insurance money, record high 1.6 trillion yen payment price increase]. Asashi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-19. "農作物の台風被害拡大 沖縄、24号と25号で20億円" (in Japanese). Ryūkyū Shimpō. October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018. "農林水産被害120億円 台風24、25号で県確定" (in Japanese). Miyazaki Nichinichi Shinbun. November 16, 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-18.