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Deactivation: Edo Kaal's Structured Atom Model vs Quantum Mechanics

Table of Contents


External [reference, link]s :

Introduction

blah, blah, blah


Deactivate: compare QM vs SAM

QM and fission power plants SAM and [fission power, geology residues] comments
reactants U[233,235,238]
Pu[239, ??]
not currently allowed: spent fuel 		same as QM, plus:
  • spent fuel?
  • active components of residues
  • oil-well fraccing
  • geology
  • other
first pass: consider only common actives
???
reactant separations? [plutonium, other] are problematic, but can be recycled as non-weapons-capable material?
many actives can be reduced in special "fuel rod" bundles
eg [Am, Cm, etc]:Bromerly papers 		IFF ALL products are non-active materials, will pre-processing be acceptable?
Will still have the challenge of in-process inventories and proliferation?
OR, can SAM be applied to a diverse mix of many elements to avoid separate streams? 		Pre-separation of reactants is currently banned to reduce risks of proliferation?
"bullets" neutrons and fission byproducts (eg beta (helium4 nucleus)) same as QM, plus: comments
catalysis ??? I don't know these yet ??? see SAFIRE & Aureon.ca for actual experimental results comments
states solid (conventional fission reactors are solid state) solid, liquid, gas, plasma
experimental results for : low vacuum [gas, plasma], liquid state some results? 		see below "*SAM states"
control
  • temperature, pressure
  • water [coolant, moderator, steam generation]
  • moderator rods [cadmium?, graphite, ???]
same as QM fission reactors, plus :
  • electromagnetic [current, voltage]
  • plasma [Langmuir isotherm, Birkeland current, Marklund convection, ???]
  • gas state : from high vaccum to ?? pressure
comments
end product targets Bromerly etal : target ?? after 10 years stockpiled, then exposure in PT-HWR Pb, but why not look at Au for fun? (see below) comments

*SAM states = ancient phases (not elements!?) [earth, water, air, fire] probably known even before humans:

Deactivate [U,Pu, etc] -> [Pb, Au], is alchemy back?



???



Nomenclature, acronyms

active radioactive nuclear fuel, spent fuel, other with [environment, safety] implications
Birkeland
current 		Quantum Mechanics, standard in physics
deactivate transmutation of actives
fissile atoms that can be split by neutrons in a self-sustaining chain-reaction to release enormous amounts of energy
HEU Highly Enriched Uranium, contains [Pu239, U235]
see above: "Nuclear [material, process, deactivate]s"
Langmuir
double-layer 		plasma charge-separate double-layer that "insulates" different plasma environments
example: Langmuir probes are required to get useful voltage reading in plasma environments
LEU Lowly Enriched Uranium, cannot be used for weapons
Marklund
convection 		electric field that causes convection of ions and electrons inward towards a central twisting filamentary axis
named after Swedish physicist Göran Marklund
may explain elemental composition of planets going outward from Sun?
PT-HWR Pressure Tube - Heavy Water Reactor (eg CANDU)
QM Quantum Mechanics, standard concept in physics
SAM Stuctured Atom Model of Edo Kaal, speculative replacement for QM
Z-pinch Lorentz force on a current-carrying [conductor, plasma] in a magnetic field (see also [Birkeland, Marklund] above)


Definitions: nuclear [material, process, deactivate]s

+-----+
Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (viewed 05Jan2024) "Fissile Material Basics" https://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/fissile-material-basics/
For a safer, healthier environment and the democratization of science

What are fissile materials?

Fissile materials are composed of atoms that can be split by neutrons in a self-sustaining chain-reaction to release enormous amounts of energy. In nuclear reactors, the fission process is controlled and the energy is harnessed to produce electricity. In nuclear weapons, the fission energy is released all at once to produce a violent explosion. The most important fissile materials for nuclear energy and nuclear weapons are an isotope of plutonium, plutonium-239, and an isotope of uranium, uranium-235. Uranium-235 occurs in nature. For all practical purposes, plutonium-239 does not.
What is plutonium-239?

Plutonium-239 (hereafter referred to as “plutonium”) is a heavy element consisting of 94 protons and 145 neutrons. It can have a number of chemical forms. Nuclear weapons use plutonium metal. Plutonium dioxide is used as a component of some nuclear fuels. Plutonium has a half-life of over 24,000 years (a half-life is the time it takes for half of a given amount of radioactive material to decay into other elements).

What is highly enriched uranium?

The other important fissile material that has been used for nuclear weapons is highly enriched uranium (HEU), usually defined as uranium whose proportion of uranium-235, the fissile isotope of uranium, has been increased to over 90%. The natural uranium mined from the earth consists of about 0.7% uranium-235 (U-235), and about 99.3% uranium-238 (U-238),, and enrichment is the process of increasing the ratio of U-235 to U-238. The half life of uranium-235 is 704 million years, while the half life of U-238 is about 4.5 billion years.

It is important to note that most nuclear reactors run on low-enriched uranium (LEU), which is usually 3%-5% uranium-235. LEU cannot be used in nuclear weapons.

What is HEU used for?

HEU was first developed for use in nuclear weapons. It can be combined with plutonium to form the “pit”, or core of a nuclear weapon, or it can be used alone as the nuclear explosive. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima used only HEU. About 15-20 kgs of HEU are sufficient to make a bomb without plutonium.

HEU also has non-weapon uses. It is used as a fuel in research reactors and the nuclear reactors that power some naval vessels.

About 2300 metric tons of HEU have been produced for military purposes worldwide — primarily by the United States and the Soviet Union. About 20 metric tons of HEU have been used in research reactors worldwide.


References