/media/bill/PROJECTS/Icebreaker/Icebreaker - the [Need,Definition,Planning,Action]/Russian Revolution/0_references- Icebreaker.txt www.BillHowell.ca 04Jun2018 initial ******************************* Russian Revolution http://www.thejournal.ie/russian-revolution-five-key-events-3285470-Mar2017/ http://img2.thejournal.ie/inline/3286521/original?width=630&version=3286521 AP Press Association Images- Petrograd (St Petersburg) food riot 23Feb1917 http://www.revolution-1917.org/ http://www.revolution-1917.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pogrom-victims-lg.jpg The results of a pogrom in Ekaterinoslav 1905, Note the dead are mainly children.jpeg Lenin poster - Oxford archives imgID134154083.jpg.gallery.jpg http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/resources/images/7075935/?type=responsive-gallery-fullscreen What the Russian Revolution has given to the Workers and Peasants imgID134154540.jpg.gallery.jpg http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15666695.100_years_after_the_Russian_Revolution__Oxford_show_turns_the_lens_on_Lenin/#gallery9 https://www.trtworld.com/europe/the-russian-revolution-100-years-on-11816 Stalin, Trotsky, Lenin- 21687_RUS-19471106-AP-Russia-RUSSIANREVOLUTION_1509979767142.jpg Major players in the events of 1917 21694_RussianRevolutionLeaders-TRTWORLD_1509455035053.png Collapse of the USSR 21538_RussianRevolution-USSR_1509440303115.jpg http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/red-star-over-russia https://youtu.be/Kd_GHlMkwpQ Tate video, David King 1943-2016, Red Star over Russia - A revolution in visual culture *************************************** Congress of Communists International, Berlin ?Month?1919 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Comintern 1st Congress of the Comintern The 1st Congress of the Comintern was an international gathering of communist, revolutionary socialist, and syndicalist delegates held in Moscow which established the Communist International (Comintern). The gathering, held from March 2 to 6, 1919, was attended by 51 representatives of more than two dozen countries from around Europe, North America, and Asia. Convention call Late in December 1918, the leadership of the Russian Communist Party decided that the time was ripe for the convocation of a new international association of radical political parties to supplant the discredited Second International.[1] On December 24 a radio broadcast was made from Moscow calling upon the "communists of all countries" to "rally around the revolutionary Third International."[2] Lenin sought to invite only those organizations which stood for a break with the more conservative elements in their group and who stood for immediate socialist revolution and the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat and a Soviet-style form of government.[2] Lenin hoped for a gathering to be held beginning February 1, 1919, either openly in Berlin or, if necessary, secretly in the Netherlands.[2] Owing to political difficulties between Soviet Russia and the rather conservative social democratic government of Germany and the eruption of civil war there, Berlin was quickly rejected as inhospitable for a foundation congress.[2] On January 21, 1919, a meeting of about a dozen communists living in Moscow determined to hold a formal gathering in that city, to begin February 15 — little more than 3 weeks hence.[3] The formal convention call was composed by People's Commissar of War Leon Trotsky and listed invited political organizations by name.[3] Invited organizations from the English-speaking world included "the left forces in the British Socialist Party (in particular, representatives of the Maclean current)" (a reference to John Maclean), the British Socialist Labour Party, the Industrial Workers of the World in Britain, the Industrial Workers group in Britain, "revolutionary forces in the shop stewards' movement in Britain, "revolutionary forces in Irish workers organizations," and the Industrial Workers of the World in Australia.[4] In addition to these, from the United States were invited the American Socialist Labor Party, "left forces of the American Socialist Party (especially the current represented by the Socialist Propaganda League)," the Industrial Workers of the World in America, and the SLP-affiliated Workers International Industrial Union.[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International Second International From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Second International (1889–1916), the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. At the Paris meeting delegations from 20 countries participated.[1] It continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and unions, and existed until https://web.archive.org/web/20090124233727/http://fractal-vortex.narod.ru/International/Second_International.htm 1. History of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) a. The sources of information on history of SPD The general rule in gathering information is to use accounts of the people who actually participated in the events described. The higher was the position of the person in the field of action, the more general account of the problem one is likely to obtain. Thus, accounts of the political and military leaders are always of prime importance in the field of human affairs. The same principle is true for natural sciences. Instead of reading school or college textbooks, a student is much better to read accounts of the people who actually made the discoveries in question. In physics, that means reading Newton and Einstein, in mathematics - Godel, etc. It should be noted that both Karl Marx and F. Engels criticized the German Social Democracy. Of principal interest here is "The Critique of the Gotha program", 1875, and a letter by Engels to Bebel in 1875. One source on the history of the SPD is Franz Mehring's “History of the German Social Democracy”. Franz Mehring was one of the leaders of the left wing of the SPD during the World War. However, his books deals mainly with the early years of the SPD. One may call this a "pre-history". To understand "revisionism" in the SPD, it is necessary to read the main revisionist of Marx - Eduard Bernstein. The principal book of the author on this topic is translated in English as "Evolutionary Socialism", 1899 (available at www.marxists.org). Close to Bernstein is Karl Kautsky. To understand this "socialist" theoretician, I recommend reading a collection of articles collected in English under the title "Social Democracy vs. Communism". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319 German Revolution of 1918–19 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the revolutions in 1918–19. For the revolutions in 1848, see German revolutions of 1848–49. For the revolution in East Germany, see Die Wende. For other uses, see German revolution (disambiguation). This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) German Revolution Part of the Revolutions of 1917–23 Spartakusaufstand Barrikaden.jpg Soldiers stand behind a barricade during the Spartacist uprising. The German Revolution or November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption in August 1919 of the Weimar Constitution. The causes of the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the population during the four years of war, the strong impact of the defeat on the German Empire and the social tensions between the general population and the elite of aristocrats and bourgeoisie who held power and had just lost the war. The roots of the revolution lay in the German Empire's defeat in the First World War and the social tensions that came to a head shortly thereafter. The first acts of revolution were triggered by the policies of the German Supreme Command of the Army and its lack of coordination with the Naval Command. In the face of defeat, the Naval Command insisted on trying to precipitate a climactic battle with the British Royal Navy by means of its naval order of 24 October 1918. The battle never took place. Instead of obeying their orders to begin preparations to fight the British, German sailors led a revolt in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven on 29 October 1918, followed by the Kiel mutiny in the first days of November. These disturbances spread the spirit of civil unrest across Germany and ultimately led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated his throne and fled the country. The revolutionaries, inspired by socialist ideas, did not hand over power to Soviet-style councils as the Bolsheviks had done in Russia, because the leadership of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) opposed their creation. The SPD opted instead for a national assembly that would form the basis for a parliamentary system of government.[1] Fearing an all-out civil war in Germany between militant workers and reactionary conservatives, the SPD did not plan to strip the old German upper classes completely of their power and privileges. Instead, it sought to integrate them into the new social democratic system. In this endeavour, SPD leftists sought an alliance with the German Supreme Command. This allowed the army and the Freikorps (nationalist militias) to quell the communist Spartacist uprising of 4–15 January 1919 by force. The same alliance of political forces succeeded in suppressing uprisings of the left in other parts of Germany, with the result that the country was completely pacified by late 1919. Elections for the new Weimar National Assembly were held on 19 January 1919. The revolution ended on 11 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution was adopted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319 .... After the murders of 15 January [Howell 1919], the political differences between the SPD and KPD grew even more irreconcilable. In the following years, both parties were unable to agree on joint action against the Nazi Party, which dramatically grew in strength as of 1930. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spartakusaufstand_Barrikaden.jpg Verlag JJ Weber in Leipzig- Barricade during the Spartacus uprising 12Jan1919.jpg ***************************** Search for a German Leader Attributes - Brilliant, [persuasive,decisive,action] leader, preferably a profound socialist, profoundly anti-capitalist (but smart enough to use them, like Stalin), Tough enough to survive socialist attacks, probably helps to be anti-semitic Frankly, only a few leaders really stand out. Karl Liebknecht- co-founder with Rosa Luxemburg of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany both were shot by the Freikorps in 1919 Trade unionist thugs Promising slate of candidates - but many key people joined Hitler. Army Wilhelm Henning ?Ernst Rhom? - German army officer, grat organiser In the early 1920s, it becomes obvious that Hitler is THE key candidate taht can be used by the Russians to provoke the Europeans to fight against themselves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Karl_Liebknecht.jpg Karl Liebknecht- co-founder with Rosa Luxemburg of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany.jpg Karl Liebknecht (German: [ˈliːpknɛçt] (About this sound listen); 13 August 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German socialist and a co-founder with Rosa Luxemburg of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany. He is best known for his opposition to World War I in the Reichstag and his role in the Spartacist uprising of 1919. The uprising was crushed by the social democrat government and the Freikorps (paramilitary units formed of World War I veterans). Liebknecht and Luxemburg were summarily executed. After their deaths, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg became martyrs for Socialists. According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, commemoration of Liebknecht and Luxemburg continues to play an important role among the German far-left.[1] (shot by Friedkorps) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg Rosa Luxemburg- co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League, which eventually became the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).jpg Rosa Luxemburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːza ˈlʊksəmbʊʁk] (About this sound listen); Polish: Róża Luksemburg; also Rozalia Luxenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, and revolutionary socialist who became a naturalized German citizen at the age of 28. She was, successively, a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In 1915, after the SPD supported German involvement in World War I, she and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League (Spartakusbund), which eventually became the KPD. During the November Revolution she co-founded the newspaper Die Rote Fahne ("The Red Flag"), the central organ of the Spartacist movement. She considered the Spartacist uprising of January 1919 a blunder,[1] but supported it as events unfolded. Friedrich Ebert's majority Social Democratic government crushed the revolt and the Spartakusbund by sending in the Freikorps (government-sponsored paramilitary groups consisting mostly of World War I veterans). Freikorps troops captured and summarily executed Luxemburg and Liebknecht during the rebellion. Luxemburg's body was thrown in the Landwehr Canal in Berlin. Due to her pointed criticism of both the Leninist and the more moderate social democratic schools of socialism, Luxemburg has had a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left.[2] Nonetheless, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were extensively idolized as communist martyrs by the East German communist regime.[3] The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution notes that idolization of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht is an important tradition of German far-left extremism.[3] (shot by Friedkorps) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Mehrheitssozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, MSPD) was the name officially used by the Social Democratic Party of Germany during the period 1917-1922. This differentiated it from the more left wing Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD). Nevertheless they were often simply called the SPD.[1] The split Prior to the war there had been much discussion about opposing the impending war amongst the SPD, but once the war started the SPD agreed on a political truce or Burgfriedenspolitik whereby despite their disagreements none of the MPs voted against war credits.[2] Originally even Karl Liebknecht only abstained, although in 1914 he voted against war credits. Then on December 1915 20 MPs from the SPD issued a statement in the Reichstag against the truce, twenty MPs from the SPD opposed the war loans in parliament. Reunification On September 24 1922, the parties officially merged again after a joint party convention in Nürnberg, adopting the name Vereinigte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (VSPD, "United Social Democratic Party of Germany"), which was shortened again to SPD in 1924. +-----+ Political parties in Germany until the end of World War I Socialist General German Workers' Association (ADAV) Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) Liberal Social liberal German Progress Party (DFP) Democratic People's Party (DVP) German People's Party (DtVP) Liberal Union (LV) German Free-minded Party (DFsP) Free-minded People's Party (FVP) Free-minded Union (FV) National-Social Association (NSV) Democratic Union (DV) Progressive People's Party (FVP) National liberal National Liberal Party (NLP) Imperial Liberal Party (LRP) Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum) Conservative Free Conservative Party (FKP) German Conservative Party (DkP) Christian Social Party (CSP) German Fatherland Party Antisemitic German Reform Party (DRP) German Social Party (DSP) German Social Reform Party (DSRP) Regionalist Saxon People's Party German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) Bavarian Peasants' League (BB) +-----+ Political parties in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933) Communist Communist Party of Germany (KPD) Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD) Communist Party Opposition (KPO) Socialist Social Democratic Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD) Völkische and Nazi German Workers' Party (DAP) German Social Party (DSP) German Socialist Party (DSP) National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)-Nazi Party German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP) National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB) Liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) German People's Party (DVP) German State Party (DStP) Catholic Bavarian People's Party (BVP) Centre Party (Zentrum) Christian People's Party (CVP) Agrarian Bavarian Peasants' League (BB) Agricultural League Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD) Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL) German Farmers' Party (DBP) Conservative German National People's Party (DNVP) People's Right Party (VRP) Christian Social People's Service (CSVD) Conservative People's Party (KVP) Miscellaneous German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) Economic Party (WP) +-----+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kunze German Social Party In 1921 Kunze established his own anti-Semitic party in north Germany known as the German Social Party, an early rival to the Nazi Party on the far right.[6] The new party rejected the monarchism of the DNVP, arguing that Jewish influence had been just as pronounced in the German empire as in the new Weimar Republic.[5] The party became noted for provocative street activities, with Kunze himself becoming a well-known demagogue.[7] However support was lost as Kunze also gained a reputation for using the party as a way to make money for himself, diverting funds into his own pockets and after a number of defections he wound the party up in 1929.[8] Nazism In 1930 Kunze joined his old rivals as a member of the Nazi Party.[9] Kunze was elected to the Preußischer Landtag as a Nazi delegate in 1932 and in the November 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag, serving in what by then had become a perfunctory institution until 1945.[8] Kunze was arrested after the Battle of Berlin but went missing in May 1945 and was presumed dead.[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party German Workers' Party For the German Workers' Party in Austria-Hungary, see German Workers' Party (Austria-Hungary). German Workers' Party Deutsche Arbeiterpartei Party Chairman Anton Drexler Deputy Chairman Karl Harrer Founded January 5, 1919 Dissolved February 24, 1920 Preceded by None (de jure) German Fatherland Party (de facto) Succeeded by National Socialist German Workers' Party Headquarters Munich, Germany Ideology German nationalism Pan-Germanism Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Antisemitism Political position Far-right Politics of Germany Political parties Elections The German Workers' Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP) was a short-lived political party established in Weimar Germany after World War I. It was the precursor of the Nazi Party, which was officially known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP). The DAP only lasted from January 1919 until February 1920. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party Nazi Party This article is about the German Nazi Party that existed from 1920 to 1945. For the ideology, see Nazism. For other Nazi Parties, see Nazi Party (disambiguation). National Socialist German Workers' Party Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei Führer Anton Drexler (1920–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Founder Anton Drexler Founded 24 February 1920 Dissolved 10 October 1945 Preceded by German Workers' Party The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: About this sound Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (help·info), abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party (English: /ˈnɑːtsi, ˈnætsi/),[6] was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. Organizations National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) Hitler Youth (HJ) Deutsches Jungvolk (DJ) League of German Girls (BDM) National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB) National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (NSRL) National Socialist Flyers Corps (NSFK) National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) National Socialist Women's League (NSF) Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists (KGRNS) The Nazi Party emerged from the German nationalist, racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against the communist uprisings in post-World War I Germany.[7] The party was created as a means to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism.[8] Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois and anti-capitalist rhetoric, although such aspects were later downplayed in order to gain the support of industrial entities and in the 1930s the party's focus shifted to anti-Semitic and anti-Marxist themes.[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement National Socialist Freedom Movement The National Socialist Freedom Movement (German: Nationalsozialistische Freiheitsbewegung or NSFB) or National Socialist Freedom Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Freiheitspartei, or NSFP) was a far-right political party in Weimar Germany created in April 1924 during the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch. Adolf Hitler and many National Socialist (Nazi) leaders were jailed after the failed coup attempt and the Nazi Party was outlawed in what came to be known as the "Time of Struggle". The remaining Nazis formed the NSFB as a legal means of carrying on the party and its ideology. Included in this party was the similarly reformed and renamed Frontbann, which was a legal alternative to the SA. Eugene Davidson notes, "The Far Right could not agree on much of anything for long, not even on who was the chief enemy," with NSFP Reichstag deputy Reinhold Wulle believing that the Catholics were a greater danger than the Jews. Wulle told a party gathering in January 1925 that Hitler would never again regain his former authority. Hitler himself had given up his leadership of the party during the duration of his imprisonment, telling people who came to see him that the grounds for his decision were that he was overworked writing a voluminous book. NSFP leaders Albrecht von Graefe and Erich Ludendorff both quit the NSFP in February 1925, only a little more than a year after it was founded.[1] On 27 February 1925 the National Socialist Party was reformed after the ban expired in January and Hitler had been released from prison in December 1924. The NSFB was then reabsorbed into the Nazi Party. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party German Völkisch Freedom Party The German Völkisch Freedom Party (German: Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei, or DVFP) was a National Socialist and anti-Jewish political party of Weimar Germany that took its name from the Völkisch movement, a populist movement focused on folklore and the German Volk. The DVFP was founded on December 16, 1922, when Wilhelm Henning, Reinhold Wulle and Albrecht von Graefe broke from the German National People's Party (DNVP).[1] Leading right-wing figures such as Ernst Graf zu Reventlow, Artur Dinter and Theodor Fritsch joined the party on its foundation.[2] Many members of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund joined the DVFP after the former was banned. After the Nazi Party was banned in 1924, the DVFP merged with many Nazis to form the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a move endorsed by Erich Ludendorff and encouraged by Graefe, who hoped to gain control of the far right as a whole.[3] However this alliance was not a success and thus Graefe and Wulle reformed the DVFP as a rival to the Nazi Party in 1925.[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party German National People's Party The German National People's Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. Before the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) it was the major conservative and nationalist party in Weimar Germany. It was an alliance of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, völkisch, and antisemitic elements, and supported by the Pan-German League.[11] It was formed in late 1918 after Germany's defeat in the First World War and the November Revolution that toppled the German monarchy. It combined remnants of the German Conservative Party, Free Conservative Party, German Fatherland Party and right-wing elements of the National Liberal Party. The party strongly rejected the republican Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles which it viewed as a national disgrace, signed by traitors. Instead it aimed at a restoration of monarchy, a repeal of the dictated peace treaty and reacquisition of all lost territories and colonies. German National People's Party Deutschnationale Volkspartei DNVP logo (basic).svg Founded 1918 Dissolved 1933 Preceded by German Conservative Party Free Conservative Party German Fatherland Party National Liberal Party (Hard-right faction) Succeeded by Single-party-system of NSDAP (1933–1945) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00950%2C_Reinhold_Wulle.jpg Reinhold Wulle- German Völkisch Freedom Party 05Jan1925.jpg Wulle entered party politics in the spring of 1920 when he joined fellow rightists Arnold Ruge and Richard Kunze in creating the Deutschvölkischen Arbeitsring Berlin as a successor to the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund. However this group proved short-lived as it was absorbed into the German National People's Party (DNVP) in June of the same year.[2] Wulle became a leading member of the Völkisch wing of the DNVP, and as such was close to the likes of fellow Reichstag members Albrecht von Graefe and Wilhelm Henning.[3] Wilhelm Henning Born July 26, 1879, in Bruchsal Occupation Army officer Known for Politician Political party German National People's Party, German Völkisch Freedom Party, National Socialist Freedom Movement, Nazi Party Wilhelm Henning (born 26 July 1879 in Bruchsal, Baden - death unknown) was a German military officer and right-wing politician. Contents 1 Military service 2 Politics 2.1 Rathenau controversy 3 Later years 4 References Military service Henning enlisted as an officer in the German Imperial Army in 1879 and remained until 1919 when he retired with the rank of Major.[1] From 1917 he served in the War Ministry and was moved to St Petersburg in 1918.[2] Politics Entering politics, Henning joined the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP) and was elected to the Reichstag in 1920.[1] From the start Henning was on the extreme anti-Semitic and was close to the likes of Albrecht von Graefe, Reinhold Wulle and Richard Kunze, although the latter split from the DNVP in 1921 to form his own Deutschsoziale Partei.[3] ************************* Violent Trade Unionists 05Jan1919 Spartacist Rebellion search "German trade union leaders post World War I" https://www.marxists.org/archive/lozovsky/1924/no.10/ch02.htm interesting commentary, but not usable https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic Great article Spartakusbund (Spartacist League) Uprising On 9 November 1918, the "German Republic" was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the MSPD, who thought that the question of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly. Two hours later, a "Free Socialist Republic" was proclaimed, 2 km (1.2 mi) away, at the Berliner Stadtschloss. The proclamation was issued by Karl Liebknecht, co-leader (with Rosa Luxemburg) of the communist Spartakusbund (Spartacist League), a group of a few hundred supporters of the Russian revolution that had allied itself with the USPD in 1917. In a legally questionable act, Imperial Chancellor (Reichskanzler) Prince Max of Baden transferred his powers to Friedrich Ebert, who, shattered by the monarchy's fall, reluctantly accepted. In view of the mass support for more radical reforms among the workers' councils, a coalition government called "Council of the People's Deputies" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members. Led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD it sought to act as a provisional cabinet of ministers. But the power question was unanswered. Although the new government was confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League. ... ??Jan1919 Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a "Red Army" and took control of the province. The regular army and the Freikorps ended the uprising on their own authority. The rebels were campaigning for an extension of the plans to nationalise major industries and supported the national government, but the SPD leaders did not want to lend support to the growing USPD, who favoured the establishment of a socialist regime. The repression of an uprising of SPD supporters by the reactionary forces in the Freikorps on the instructions of the SPD ministers was to become a major source of conflict within the socialist movement and thus contributed to the weakening of the only group that could have withstood the National Socialist movement. Other rebellions were put down in March 1921 in Saxony and Hamburg. ... The first challenge to the Weimar Republic came when a group of communists and anarchists took over the Bavarian government in Munich and declared the creation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. The uprising was brutally attacked by Freikorps, which consisted mainly of ex-soldiers dismissed from the army and who were well-paid to put down forces of the Far Left. The Freikorps was an army outside the control of the government, but they were in close contact with their allies in the Reichswehr. On 13 March 1920 during the Kapp Putsch, 12,000 Freikorps soldiers occupied Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp, a right-wing journalist, as chancellor. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. The strike meant that no "official" pronouncements could be published, and with the civil service out on strike, the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March. Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a "Red Army" and took control of the province. The regular army and the Freikorps ended the uprising on their own authority. The rebels were campaigning for an extension of the plans to nationalise major industries and supported the national government, but the SPD leaders did not want to lend support to the growing USPD, who favoured the establishment of a socialist regime. The repression of an uprising of SPD supporters by the reactionary forces in the Freikorps on the instructions of the SPD ministers was to become a major source of conflict within the socialist movement and thus contributed to the weakening of the only group that could have withstood the National Socialist movement. Other rebellions were put down in March 1921 in Saxony and Hamburg. In 1922, Germany signed the Treaty of Rapallo with the Soviet Union, which allowed Germany to train military personnel in exchange for giving Russia military technology. This was against the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany to 100,000 soldiers and no conscription, naval forces of 15,000 men, twelve destroyers, six battleships, and six cruisers, no submarines or aircraft. However, Russia had pulled out of World War I against the Germans as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution, and was excluded from the League of Nations. Thus, Germany seized the chance to make an ally. Walther Rathenau, the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty, was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers. Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch, also called the Munich Putsch, staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich. In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi party, and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar. Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921. On 8 November 1923, the Kampfbund, in a pact with Erich Ludendorff, took over a meeting by Bavarian prime minister Gustav von Kahr at a beer hall in Munich. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell, receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924. While in jail, Hitler dictated Mein Kampf, which laid out his ideas and future policies. Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power. ... Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded it formal (de jure) recognition, and the two mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the Treaty of Locarno was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926.[32] Germany signed arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer any future disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Other foreign achievements were the evacuation of foreign troops from the Ruhr in 1925. In 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as a permanent member, improving her international standing and giving the right to vote on League matters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_League ... The Spartacus League (German: Spartakusbund) was a Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during World War I.[1] The League was named after Spartacus, leader of the largest slave rebellion of the Roman Republic. It was founded by Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin, and others. The League subsequently renamed itself the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), joining the Comintern in 1919. Its period of greatest activity was during the German Revolution of 1918, when it sought to incite a revolution by circulating the newspaper Spartacus Letters.[2] ... In December 1918, the Spartakusbund formally renamed itself the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In January 1919, the KPD, along with the Independent Socialists, launched the Spartacist uprising. This included staging massive street demonstrations intended to destabilize the Weimar government, led by the centrists of the SPD under Chancellor Friedrich Ebert. The government accused the opposition of planning a general strike and communist revolution in Berlin. With the aid of the Freikorps (Free corps), Ebert's administration quickly crushed the uprising. Luxemburg and Liebknecht were taken prisoner and killed in custody.[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_uprising ... As in November 1918, a second revolutionary wave developed on 4 January 1919 when the government dismissed the Police Chief of Berlin, Emil Eichhorn, who was a member of the USPD and who had refused to act against the demonstrating workers during the Christmas Crisis. The USPD, the Revolutionary Stewards and KPD took up Eichhorn's call for a demonstration to take place on the following day.[2] To the surprise of the organizers, the demonstration turned into a huge, mass demonstration which also attracted the support of many Socialist Party members. On Sunday 5 January, as on 9 November 1918, hundreds of thousands of people poured into the centre of Berlin, many of them armed. In the afternoon the train stations and the newspaper district with the offices of the middle-class press and the SPD's "Vorwärts", which had been printing articles hostile to the Spartacists since the beginning of September, were occupied. Some of the middle-class papers in the previous days had called not only for the raising of more Freikorps but also for the murder of the Spartacists. ... Haffner, Sebastian (1973). Failure of a revolution: Germany, 1918-19. New York: Library Press. ISBN 9780912050232. Harman, Chris (1997). The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918-23 (Rev. ed.). London: Bookmarks. ISBN 9781898876229. http://weimarandnazigermany.co.uk/1919-spartacist-uprising/#.WxbLGbV6hN8 video : https://youtu.be/idZuVcTTGuU http://weimarandnazigermany.co.uk/1919-spartacist-uprising/#.WxbLGbV6hN8 VIDEO!! # enddoc