*Timeline 17th Century: 1600-1625*

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1600        Feb 4, Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler met for 1st time near
Prague.
    (MC, 2/4/02)

1600        Feb 8, Vatican sentenced scholar Giordano Bruno to death.
    (MC, 2/8/02)

1600        Feb 17, Giordano Bruno (b.1548), Italian philosopher,
occasional alchemist and advocate of Copernican theory, was burned at
stake by the Catholic Church. In 2008 Ingrid D. Rowland authored
?Giordano Bruno: Philosopher / Heretic.?
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno)(WSJ, 8/21/01,
p.A17)(WSJ, 12/19/08, p.A15)

1600        Feb 18, Arequipa, Peru, was destroyed by an earthquake.
Huaynaputina was the site of a monogenetic silicic eruption that ranks
greater than 1883 Krakatau and 1991 Mt. Pinatubo in magnitude. A 26
hour-long plinian eruption devastated the socioeconomic fabric of
southern Peru and neighboring Chile and Bolivia.
    (SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)(http://tinyurl.com/ydmwzba)

1600        Apr 19, The Dutch ship Liefde, piloted by Will Adams,
reached Japan with a crew of 24 men. 6 of the crew soon died. 4 other
ships in the expedition were lost.
    (ON, 11/02, p.8)

1600        Oct 21, Tokugawa leyasu defeated his enemies in the battle
of Sekigahara and affirmed his position as Japan's most powerful
warlord. The win enabled Ieyasu to found a 265-year ruling dynasty.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara)(Econ, 10/31/09,
p.54)

1600        Nov 19, Charles I of England was born. Charles I, ruled
Great Britain from 1625-1649. He was executed by Parliament in 1649.
    (WUD, 1994, p.249)(HN, 11/19/98)

1600        Dec 12, John Craig, Scottish church reformer and James VI's
court vicar, died.
    (MC, 12/12/01)

1600        Dec 31, The British East India Company (d.1874) was
chartered by Queen Elizabeth I in London to carry on trade in the East
Indies in competition with the Dutch, who controlled nutmeg from the
Banda Islands.
    (WUD, 1994, p.449)(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R49)(www.theeastindiacompany.com/history.html)

c1600        Mahmud al-Kati authored the Tarikh al-Fattash, a history of
the Sudan up to the late 16th century.
    (AM, 7/04, p.36)

1600        William Gilbert authored ?On the Loadstone And Magnetic
Bodies.? He pioneered the scientific method of testing hypothesis by
experiment.
    (WSJ, 4/14/07, p.P10)

1600        Dona Maria, a Timucua Indian woman, was chief of Nombre de
Dios, a Spanish Franciscan mission town in Florida. 6 years later she
inherited the position of chief of San Pedro de Mocama on Cumberland
Island, Georgia.
    (AM, 7/01, p.22)

1600        Hartheim Castle was built at Alkoven in Upper Austria.
During WWII it became one of several notorious institutions that Adolf
Hitler and his regime turned into the main venues for what they called
"euthanasia" and where individuals who did not meet their ideals were
gassed or given lethal injections.
    (AP, 11/5/10)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Hartheim)

1600        A clock was built in Augsburg, Germany, that shows a king
riding in an elephant pulled chariot. His huge belly has a tiny clock
placed where his navel would be. When the clock strikes, the king rolls
his eyes, licks his lips and drinks from a tankard, while elephants pull
the chariot along a table and other figures built around the chariot
dance. On exhibit at the Time Museum in Rockford, Ill.
    (SF E&C, 1/15/1995, T-10)

1600        A sculptor, later known as Furienmeister (master of the
furies), worked in Florence, Vienna and perhaps Dresden about this time.
In 2006 only about 25 works were attributed to the artist who carved in
ivory.
    (Econ, 5/13/06, p.96)

1600        Caravaggio signed a contract with Tibor Cerasi, Pope Clement
VIII?s treasurer-general, to decorate the Cerasi Chapel of Rome?s Church
of Santa Maria Del Popolo with 2 paintings. One would depict the
?Martyrdom of St. Peter? and the other the conversion of Paul.
    (WSJ, 10/15/05, p.P11)

c1600        The Tairona civilization, coerced by the Spaniards to
convert to Christianity, fled from their coastal settlements and moved
to the mountains. They were skilled masons, farmers, weavers and
goldsmiths. They had established the city now known as Ciudad Perdida
(lost city) east of Santa Maria in the 5th century BCE, whose ruins were
only rediscovered in 1975. The indigenous Arhuaco, Assario, and Kogi
Indians are thought to be their descendants.
    (WSJ, 7/28/97, p.A16)(AM, 11/04, p.19)

c1600        French fishermen and their families settled the islands of
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland. The 9-island
was later made a French territory.
    (WSJ, 6/30/00, p.B4)

c1600        Spanish explorers Alvaro de Mendana and Pedro Fernandez de
Quiros visited the Cook Islands but overlooked Rarotonga, the largest one.
    (SFEC, 1/5/97, p.T5)

c1600        Christian missionaries arrived in India with the first
European traders.
    (SFC, 11/6/99, p.A14)

1600        Rudolph II, King of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled from Prague
and lured the astronomer, Tycho Brahe, from Denmark as well as his
student Johannes Kepler.
    (WSJ, 9/24/96, p.A18)
1600        Cardinal Filippo Spinelli, Pope Clement VIII?s ambassador in
Prague, wrote to the Pope that Emperor Rudolf II was bewitched by the devil.
    (WSJ, 9/9/06, p.P9)

1600s        The Kongo kingdom broke apart as a result of the Portuguese
induced revolts and slave trade.
    (ATC, p.153)

1600s        In France the contractor Jean-Christophe Marie built
bridges on the Seine to the Ile St.-Louis and laid out lots on straight
streets for sale.
    (SFEC, 6/22/97, p.T8)

1600s        In Japan the ancient art of Sumo wrestling became a
professional sport.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1600s        Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read plundered the Caribbean
region.
    (SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T4)

1600s        Portuguese traders brought the cassava root to Africa from
Brazil to feed their slaves.
    (NH, 7/96, p.13)

1600-1603    Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) governed Jersey, a British
Channel Island.
    (Econ, 5/23/09, p.59)

1600-1681    Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish baroque master
dramatist. His work included: "Life Is a Dream." "Cuando amor no es
locura, no es amor." (When love is not madness, it is not love).
    (WSJ, 10/20/95, p. A-12)(WSJ, 4/5/96, p.A-6)(AP, 10/30/98)

1600-1700    In late 2007 Timothy Brook authored ?Vermeer?s Hat: The
Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World.?
    (SFC, 2/14/08, p.E3)
c1600-1700    In Early America, fire buckets were typically made out of
leather.  Because the man at the top of the bucket brigade had to toss
empty buckets back down to be refilled, the buckets had to be
unbreakable and soft enough so they wouldn?t injure anyone standing below.
    (HNQ, 1/13/00)
1600-1700    Brazil?s Ouro Preto which means Black Gold in Portuguese,
was founded in the 17th century after huge gold deposits were discovered
under its steep hills.
    (AP, 4/19/03)
1600-1700    Cognac 1st appeared when Dutch sea merchants found that
they could better preserve white wine shipped from France to northern
Europe by distilling it. They then learned the wine got better as it
aged in wooden barrels.
    (WSJ, 7/14/03, p.A1)
1600-1700    Shabettai Zvi [Sabbatai Zevi], a Kabbalist from the Ottoman
Empire, became the central figure in a widespread Messianic craze. He
declared himself the Messiah and caused an uproar throughout the Jewish
world.
    (WSJ, 5/22/98, p.W11)(SFEC, 3/12/00, BR p.2)(Econ, 10/16/04, p.80)
1600-1700    Grass mats called kunaa were made on the island of Gadu and
sent by the Maldivian sultan as part of an annual tribute to the kingdom
of Sri Lanka. "The Fine Mat Industry of the Suvadiva Atoll" by Andrew
Forbes was publ. by the British Museum.
    (WSJ, 7/22/96, p.A12)
1600-1700    The Windsor chair originated in Windsor, England.
    (WSJ, 8/15/97, p.A1)
1600-1700    Britain waged wars against the Dutch. The English fleet
sailed in three segments, the 3rd of which was commanded by a Rear Admiral.
    (SFEC, 8/3/97, Z1 p.3)
1600-1700    In England the Roundheads were members or adherents of the
Parliamentarians or Puritan party during the civil wars of the 17th
century. They were called roundheads by the Cavaliers in derision
because they wore their hair cut short.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1248)
1600-1700    In Colombia legend held that U?wa Indians led by Chief
Guaiticu committed mass suicide to protest Spanish colonialism. A
historical record was lacking.
    (SFC, 4/25/97, p.A3)
1600-1700    A Jesuit priest wrote in Latin the first recorded
description of the magic lantern, a forerunner of later movie and slide
projectors: "Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae."
    (SFC, 10/28/96, p.A24)
c1600-1700    Marin Mersenne, French monk and mathematician. Mersenne
numbers, which come from multiplying 2 over and over and subtracting
one, are named after him. A small percentage of mersenne numbers are
also prime numbers.
    (SFC, 11/23/98, p.A3)
c1600-1700    In Naples Giovan Battista Basile wrote his classic
collection of folktales known as the "Pentamerone." It included "La
Gatta Cennerentola," or "Cinderella the Cat."
    (SFC,11/4/97, p.B3)
c1600-1700    In Norway a local commander in Varda burned over 70 women
alive as witches.
    (WSJ, 6/6/00, p.A1)
1600-1700    Ladakh was a West Tibetan kingdom of this time with lands
that extended into what is now Nepal.
    (SFEC,12/14/97, p.T4)
1600-1700    In the 17th century the Geluk sect of Buddhism cultivated
the Mongols under Altyn Khan. The Khan named the Geluk Lama Sonam
Gyatso, "dalai," in reference to his oceanic wisdom. The 4th Dalai Lama
was discovered in the great-grandson of Altyn Khan. The Gelukpa school
gained power over the Kagyud (Black Hat) school of Tibetan Buddhism.
    (SFEM, 12/20/98, p.19)(Econ, 12/24/05, p.56)

1600-1750    The Baroque Era in music, as practiced by its greatest
figures, has pronounced mannerist qualities: mysticism, exuberance,
complexity, decoration, allegory, distortion, the exploitation of the
supernatural or grandiose, all commingled. The baroque saw the rise of
four-part harmony and the figured bass, in which numerals indicated the
harmonies to be used. In 1968 Claude Palisca authored "Baroque Music."
The Baroque style (1620-1680) extended to art, architecture and theater,
represented by a spirit of opulence, drama and sensuality.
    (LGC-HCS, p.24-25)(SFC, 1/23/01, p.C2)(Econ, 4/11/09, p.86)

c1600-1800    The period of the enlightenment, a philosophical movement
characterized by the power of human reason and by innovations in
political, religious and educational doctrine. Peter Gay later wrote a
2-volume history of the Enlightenment.
    (WUD, 1994, p.474)(SFEC, 1/11/98, BR p.9)
1600-1800    About two-thirds of the Albanians converted to Islam.
    (www, Albania, 1998)
1600-1800    In the Southern American colonies, large land accumulation
was fostered by headrights, a program where generally 50-acres per head
was awarded to each person who transported an emigrant to America at his
own expense. The systems fostered land accumulation and speculation in
land warrants, often raising the price of land beyond the means of
servants who had worked out their time.
    (HNQ, 1/25/99)
1600-1800    A mass migration of nearly 1 million people from Holland in
the 17th and 18th century led to the decline of this small nation.
    (SFC, 3/31/98, p.F4)

1600-1867     The Tokugawa (or Edo) Period in Japan.
    (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)
1600-1868    The cosmopolitan Edo period, the heyday of the woodblock print.
    (WSJ, 4/24/96, A-12)
1600-1681    Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramatist: "Cuando amor
no es locura, no es amor." (When love is not madness, it is not love.)
    (AP, 10/30/98)
1600-1900    In Benin a succession of 12 kings ruled from Abomey and
each one built a lavish palace.
    (SFEC, 8/28/98, p.T4)
1600-1972    This period was covered by R.F. Foster in "Modern Ireland
1600-1972" (1989).
    (WSJ, 11/13/96, p.A22)

1601        Jan 7, Robert, Earl of Essex led a revolt in London against
Queen Elizabeth.
    (MC, 1/7/02)

1601        Jan 17, The Treaty of Lyons ended a short war between France
and Savoy.
    (HN, 1/17/99)

1601        Feb 8, The armies of Earl Robert Devereux of Essex drew into
London.
    (MC, 2/8/02)

1601        Feb 13, John Lancaster led the 1st East India Company voyage
from London.
    (MC, 2/13/02)

1601        Feb 25, Robert Devereux (b.1566), 2nd earl of Essex, was
beheaded following a conviction of treason. His plan to capture London
and the Tower had failed.
   
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex)(HN,
2/25/99)

1601        Mar 19, Alonzo Cano, Spanish painter, sculptor (Cathedral
Granada), was born.
    (MC, 3/19/02)

1601        May 2, Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit, inventor (magic
lantern), was born.
    (MC, 5/2/02)

1601        Aug 17, Pierre de Fermat (d.1665), French mathematician, was
born. [There is some dispute as to his exact birthdate.]
    (WSJ, 11/25/96, p.A16)(SFEC,12/797, BR p.5)(SC, 8/17/02)

1601        Aug 22, Georges de Scudery, French writer (Observations sur
le Cid), was born.
    (MC, 8/22/02)

1601        Sep 27, Maria de Medicis (1575-1642), the 2nd wife of King
Henry IV of France, gave birth to Louis XIII, who later became king of
France (1610-43). Henry IV, in honor of the birth, revived a tapestry
scheme by poet Nicholas Houel and artist Antoine Caron, that had been
conceived in honor of Caterina de Medici (1519-1589). Louis ascended to
the throne at the age of nine following the assassination of his father.
At 17, he seized control of the empire from his mother Marie de' Medici.
Louis XIII proved to be a strongly pro-Catholic ruler.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici)(Econ, 11/1/08, p.98)

1601        Oct 13, Tycho Brahe, astronomer, died in Prague.
    (MC, 10/13/01)

1601        Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor, supplied Augsburg,
Germany, the cast the "Man Pouring Water From a Conch Shell."
    (WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)

1601        Caravaggio painted "Supper at Emmaus."
    (WSJ, 8/4/04, p.D8)

1601        Dutch artist Joachim Wtewael painted "Mars and Venus
Discovered by Vulcan."
    (SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)

1601        A British measure, funded by taxes, provided jobs for the
able-bodied poor and apprentice programs for children.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1601        Large portions of  Russia received heavy rains in the summer
of 1601, and by the end of the growing season it was clear that most
crops would fail. This was later related to a major earthquake in Peru
in 1600.
    (http://faculty.arec.umd.edu/hleathers/August%202008.htm)

1601        Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III issued an order for the seizure of
able youths aged 10-20 to be trained as janissaries, his special forces.
"The infidel parents or anybody else who resists are to be hanged at
once in front of their house gate, their blood being considered of no
importance whatsoever."
    (WSJ, 9/17/01, p.A20)

1601-1658    Baltasar Gracian, Spanish philosopher: "You should avoid
making yourself too clear even in your explanations."
    (AP, 8/13/00)

1602        Jan 2, Battle at Kinsale, Ireland: English army beat the
Spanish.
    (MC, 1/2/02)

1602        Feb 9, Franciscus van de Enden, Flemish Jesuit, free
thinker, tutor of Spinoza, was born.
    (MC, 2/9/02)

1602        Feb 14, Pier Francesco Cavalli, Italian opera composer, was
born.
    (MC, 2/14/02)

1602        Mar 20, The Dutch East India Company was chartered to carry
on trade in the East Indies. The company traded to 1798 whereupon its
possessions were dissolved into the Dutch empire. In 2010 a student
found a share in the company issued to an official named Pieter Harmenz
dating to Sep 9, 1606.
    (WUD, 1994, p.449)(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(HNQ, 7/23/00)(SFC,
9/10/10, p.A2)

1602        Apr 2, Maria de Jesus de Agreda (Maria Coronel), Spanish
Franciscan, was born.
    (MC, 4/2/02)

1602        Apr 11, Johann Neukrantz, composer, was born.
    (MC, 4/11/02)

1602        Apr 30, William Lilly, astrologer, author, almanac compiler,
was born in England.
    (MC, 4/30/02)

1602        May 15, Bartholomew Gosnold, English navigator, discovered
Cape Cod.
    (AP, 5/15/97)(HN, 5/15/98)

1602        May 21, Martha's Vineyard was first sighted by Captain
Bartholomew Gosnold.
    (HN, 5/21/98)

1602        May, Sebastian Vizcaino, a Basque merchant, led 4 small
ships north from Acapulco, Mexico, to chart the coast of California.
    (SFC, 11/13/02, p.A8)

1602        Jul 14, Jules Mazarin, French cardinal, French 1st Minister
(1642-61), was born.
    (MC, 7/14/02)

1602        Jul 29, The Duke of Biron was executed in Paris for
conspiring with Spain and Savoy against King Henry IV of France.
    (HN, 7/29/98)

1602        Nov 12, The Vizcaino expedition held Mass on the feast day
of San Diego de Alcala. He named the California landing port after the
saint.
    (SFC, 11/13/02, p.A8)

1602        Nov 20, Otto von Guericke, inventor (air pump), was born.
    (MC, 11/20/01)

1602        Dec 5, Giulio Caccini's "Euridice," premiered in Florence.
    (MC, 12/5/01)

1602        Dec 16-Jan 3, The Vizcaino expedition stopped at Monterey,
Ca., and grizzly bears were seen feeding on a whale carcass. Sebastian
Vizcaino, Spanish Explorer, discovered an island off the coast of
California that he named San Nicolas. It is the outermost of the eight
Channel Islands about 75 miles southwest of Los Angeles. It was later
used as the site for Scott O'Dell?s novel: "Island of the Blue
Dolphins." [see 1835-1853] Santa Barbara was named by the Vizcaino
expedition.
    (Pac. Disc., summer, ?96, p.12)(IBD, 1960, p.183)(Via, 3-4/99, p.38)

1602        Caravaggio painted "The Taking of Christ." In 2005 Jonathan
Harr authored ?The Lost Painting: The Quest for a Caravaggio Masterpiece.?
    (WSJ, 5/13/99, p.A28)(SSFC, 12/11/05, p.M6)

1602        An atlas made by the Flemish mapmaker Abraham Ortelius,
bound in vellum with text in Spanish, was one of dozens issued between
1570 and 1612. It is available in 1995 for $160,000 from New York dealer
W.G. Arader III.
    (WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)
1602        Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary from Italy, created the
first Chinese map to show the Americas, at the request of Emperor Wanli.
The map identified Florida as "the Land of Flowers" and put China at the
center of the world. Ricci was among the first Westerners to live in
what is now Beijing in the early 1600s. He became known for introducing
Western science to China. In October, 2009, one such Ricci maps, one of
only two in good condition, was purchased by the James Ford Bell Trust
for $1 million, making it the 2nd most expensive rare map ever sold.
    (AP, 1/12/10)

1602        Bartholomew Gosnold camped for a few months in a party of 24
gentlemen and 8 sailors on Cuttyhunk Island, Mass.
    (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1602        Denmark imposed a strict trade monopoly and cut off
Iceland's products from lucrative markets.
    (SFEC, 9/19/99, p.A18)

1602        Japan?s Shogun Ieyasu seized the Dutch ship Liefde and
granted its crew allowances to live in Japan.
    (ON, 11/02, p.9)

1602-1603    In Russia agricultural failure in 1601 led to widespread
starvation in both 1602 and 1603. It claimed the lives of an estimated 2
million people, or about one-third of the population, and more than
100,000 died in  Moscow alone. Government inability to alleviate both
the calamity and the subsequent unrest eventually led to the overthrow
of Czar Boris Godunov, a defining event in Russian history.
    (http://faculty.arec.umd.edu/hleathers/August%202008.htm)

1602-1674    Phillipe de Champaigne, painter. His work included the
"Portrait of Arnauld D?Andilly."
    (AAP, 1964)

1602-1686    Otto von Guericke helped to overthrow the guesswork physics
of Aristotle through experiments with air pressure.
    (SFC, 10/2/97, p.E5)

1603        Jan 1, The Spanish party of Sebastion Vizcaino sighted a
point off the Central California coast that they named Ano Nuevo.
    (SFEC, 2/27/00, p.T8)

1603        Mar 24, Tudor Queen Elizabeth I (69), the "Virgin Queen,"
died. She had reigned from 1558-1603. Scottish King James VI, son of
Mary, became King James I of England in the union of the crowns. In 2006
Leanda de Lisle authored ?After Elizabeth.?
    (WSJ, 4/16/97, p.A13)(HN, 3/24/99)(WSJ, 2/4/06, p.P9)

1603        Mar 30, Battle at Mellifont: English army under Lord
Mountjoy beat the Irish.
    (MC, 3/30/02)

1603        Apr 3, William Smith, composer, was born.
    (MC, 4/3/02)

1603        Apr 5, New English king James I departed Edinburgh for London.
    (MC, 4/5/02)

1603        Jul 17, Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was arrested. He was
prosecuted by Sir Edward Coke. James I suspended his death sentence and
had him incarcerated in the Tower of London for 13 years during which
time he wrote his "History of the World."
    (www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUDrayleigh.htm)(WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)

1603        Jul 29, Bartholomew Gilbert was killed in the colony of
Virginia by Indians, during a search for the missing Roanoke colonists.
    (HN, 7/29/98)

1603        Oct 20, A Chinese uprising in the Philippines failed after
23,000 killed.
    (MC, 10/20/01)

1603        Nov 5, Irini Fedorovna, Russian daughter of Czar Boris
Godunov, died.
    (MC, 11/5/01)

1603        Dec 27, Thomas Cartwright (~68), English Presbyterian
publicist, died.
    (MC, 12/27/01)

1603        Roger Williams (d.1683) was born in London. After a brief
period as a Baptist, the founder of the Rhode Island Colony and colonial
religious leader, became a Seeker?one who adhered to the basic tenets of
Christianity but refused to recognize any creed. Williams was the first
champion of complete religious toleration in America.
    (HNQ, 5/1/99)(WSJ, 6/21/05, p.D10)
1603        King James I of England allowed the public limited access to
Hyde Park.
    (SFEM, 3/21/99, p.8)
1603        Following the London plague in this year weekly Bills of
Mortality began to be published.
    (Econ, 12/22/07, p.97)

1603        Galileo invented the thermometer.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1603        In Prague Adriaen de Vries made a bust of Emperor Rudolf.
    (WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)

1603        Kabuki theater started in Japan when a shrine maiden named
Okuni traveled to Kyoto and performed a dance of ecstasy dressed in
men?s clothing while chanting Buddha?s name. [see 1586]
    (SFC, 7/12/01, p.A23)
1603        In Japan the wooden Nihonbashi bridge, half way between Edo
Bay and Edo Castle, was built. In 1911 it was replaced by a stone version.
    (Econ, 10/7/06, p.52)
1603        The Nijo Castle was built in Kyoto, Japan, as a residence
for the Shogun. The castle's Ninomaru Palace is famous for its
"nightingale" (creaking) floors that warn of intruders.
    (Hem., 2/96, p.60)
1603        Tokyo replaced Kyoto as the administrative center of Japan.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R51)

1603-1617    Ahmed I succeeded Mehmed III in the Ottoman House of Osman.
Ahmet I had the Blue Mosque constructed to show that Muslim architects
could rival the Byzantine glories of the Haghia Sophia. Construction was
completed in 1616, a year before Ahmet I died at age 27.
    (Ot, 1993, xvii)(AP, 11/30/06)

1603-1868    The founding and era of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
    (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.34)

1604        Apr 4, Thomas Churchyard, poet, pamphleteer, died.
    (MC, 4/4/02)

1604        May 4, Claudio Merulo (71), Italian organist, composer, died.
    (MC, 5/4/02)

1604        May 18, (OS)England and Spain agreed signed the Treaty of
London ending the 19 year Anglo-Spanish war.
    (AH, 6/07,
p.31)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_%281604%29)

1604        Jun 26, French explorer Samuel de Champlain, Pierre Dugua
and 77 others landed on the island of St. Croix and made friends with
the native Passamaquoddy Indians. It later became part of Maine on the
US-Canadian border.
    (PacDis, Spring/'94, p. 43)(SSFC, 6/20/04, p.D10)

1604        Sep 20, After a two-year siege, the Spanish retook Ostend
[NW Belgium], the Netherlands, from the Dutch.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1019)(HN, 9/20/98)

1604        Oct 9, "Kepler's Nova" was 1st sighted. Kepler saw the
supernova on Oct 17.
    (www.seds.org/~spider/spider/Vars/sn1604.html)

1604        Nov 1, William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello" was first
presented at Whitehall Palace in London.
    (AP, 11/1/99)

1604        Claude Lorrain (b.1682), French painter (also known as
Claude Gelée), was born.
    (WSJ, 11/6/02, p.D8)

1604        Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) published the first
part of "The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha." Don Quixote
and his friend Sancho Panza seek what a modern poet has called an
impossible dream, a dream of justice in an earthly paradise, a
contradiction in terms, as practical men have always known... Cervantes
was the first to see that the new world coming into being needed such
heroes; otherwise it would go mad." In 2006 Manuel Duran and Fay R. Rogg
authored ?Fighting Windmills.?
    (V.D.-H.K.p.150)(HN, 9/29/02)(WSJ, 6/10/06, p.P8)

1604        The ?Moor of Venis? (Othello) by Shaxberd (Shakespeare) was
performed in London.
    (http://ise.uvic.ca/Library/SLTnoframes/plays/othsubj.html)(WSJ,
10/22/05, p.P13)

1604        Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, observed a supernova
with his naked eye. He also worked out an elliptical orbit for Mars.
    (NG, 5/88, p.619)(SFC, 11/29/96, p.A16)

1604        Christopher Marlowe, English writer, published his version
of the "Tragical History of Dr. Faustus."
    (V.D.-H.K.p.238)

1604        The first official condemnation of tobacco was made by King
James I, who cited the health hazards of smoking in his Counterblaste to
Tobacco.
    (HNQ, 11/10/98)

1604        Juan de Onate, Spanish colonizer of New Mexico, explored
along the Colorado.
    (NG, 5.1988, Mem For)

1604        Samuel de Champlain sailed into the river estuary at what
later became the seaport of St. John in New Brunswick, Canada.
    (SFEC, 7/30/00, p.T5)

c1604        Arjun, the 5th Sikh guru, compiled the sacred book "Granth
Sahib," a compilation of over 6,000 hymns meant to be sung to classical
Indian ragas. Arjun was responsible for the Harimandir (temple of God)
in the city of Amritsar. Arjun was later executed by Muslim rulers in
Lahore. In 2004 Sikhs marked the 400th anniversary of the book?s arrival
to Amritsar.
    (WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)(AP, 9/1/04)

1604-1605    Caravaggio painted "St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness."
    (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1604-1606    Caravaggio painted "Madonna di Loreto."
    (WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1604-1634    Ligdan Khan (reigned 1604-34), the last great Mongol
leader, ruled. He united many Mongol tribes to defend their homeland
against the rising power of the Manchu.
    (www.gobiexpeditions.com)

1604-1690    Reverend John Eliot was an English missionary in
Massachusetts called the "Apostle to the Indians." The Puritan Eliot
learned the Algonquian language and preached to the Indians. He
translated the Bible into Algonquian and published it in 1663 in
Cambridge, Mass.
    (HNQ, 6/7/98)(WSJ, 8/7/98, p.W13)

1605        Apr 8, Philip IV king of Spain and Portugal (1621-65) ), was
born.
    (HN, 4/8/98)
1605        Apr 8, Louis de Vadder, Flemish painter, was born.
    (MC, 4/8/02)

1605        Apr 12, Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia (1598-1605), died.
    (MC, 4/12/02)

1605        Apr 16, New Mexico?s Gov. Don Juan de Onate passed by the
sandstone bluff of El Morro where he left his mark in the stone. He was
returning from an expedition to the Gulf of California, which he called
the South Sea.
    (SSFC, 4/10/05, p.F9)

1605        Apr 18, Giacomo Carissimi, composer, was born.
    (MC, 4/18/02)

1605        Jun 10, False Dimitri was crowned Russian tsar for 1st time.
    (MC, 6/10/02)

1605        Jun 15, Thomas Randolph, English poet and playwright, was born.
    (HT, 6/15/00)

1605        Jun, Pierre Dugua moved the French settlement at St. Croix,
Maine, to Nova Scotia at a site named Port Royal.
    (SSFC, 6/27/04, p.A2)

1605        Sep 27, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (1560-1621), Lithuanian Hetman
(Jonas Karolis Katkevi?ius-Katkus), led Lithuanian and Polish forces to
victory against a Swedish army at Kircholm, Latvia. Chodkiewicz carried
the day in a victory that, taking into account the disparity of power
and strategic result, was huge. It is estimated that 6000 Swedes died.
Sweden?s King Charles IX was wounded.
    (www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/kircholm_27_sept.htm)

1605        Oct 19, Thomas Browne, British writer (Garden of Cyrus), was
born.
    (MC, 10/19/01)

1605        Nov 5, The Gunpowder Plot was planned in response to strict
enforcement of anti-Catholic laws by King James I. Several prominent
English Catholics plotted to blow up Parliament when the King was to
address the House of Lords. Robert Catesby gathered a dozen young men to
smuggle barrels of gunpowder into the basement of the House of
Parliament. 36 barrels of gunpowder were placed in the cellar. The plot
was discovered and one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, was arrested as
he entered the cellar before the planned explosion. Fawkes was supposed
to light the fuse but was caught and horribly tortured. Fawkes, after
persuasion on the rack in the White Tower of London, confessed to trying
to blow up Parliament. Fawkes and other conspirators were tried,
convicted and executed. November 5 is known as Guy Fawkes Day in England
and is celebrated by shooting firecrackers and burning effigies of
Fawkes. The story is told in the 1996 book "Faith and Treason: The Story
of the Gunpowder Plot" by Antonia Fraser. In 2005 Alice Hogge authored
?God?s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth?s Forbidden Priests and the
Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot.?
    (NG, V184, No. 4, 10/1993, p. 54)(AP, 11/5/97)(HNQ, 3/15/00)(Econ,
11/5/05, p.92)

1605        Dec 1, Juan de Padilla, composer, was born.
    (MC, 12/1/01)

1605        Dec 27, English sea captain John Davis was killed by
Japanese pirates whose ship he had captured off the coast of Sumatra. In
1889 Clements Markham authored ?A Life of John Davis, the Navigator,
1550-1605, Discoverer of Davis Straits.?
    (ON, 11/05, p.9)

1605        The painting "Death of Samson," attributed to Peter Paul
Rubens, may have been done by a student and completed as late as 1650.
The work was later purchased by the Getty Museum for $6 million through
Italian art dealers from the Corsini family and contested whether or not
it was a national treasure.
    (WSJ, 4/2/99, p.W12)

1605        Bacon published his "Advancement of Learning."
    (V.D.-H.K.p.139)

1605        Pope Paul V (d.1621) was elected following Clement VIII.
After 2 months he elevated his young law-student nephew, Scipione
Borghese, to the office of cardinal.
    (WSJ, 9/15/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1605        The American Indian Tisquantum, aka Squanto, was picked up
by seafarer George Weymouth and taken to England. He spent 9 years there
and returned to the New World as the interpreter for John Smith.
    (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.28)

1605        The first scientific description of the dodo bird was made
by the Dutch botanist Carolus Clusius from an observation of a dodo at
the home of the anatomist Peter Paauw.
    (NH, 11/96, p.24)

1605        In France Henry IV and his minister, Duc de Sully, decided
to build a square over the former site of the Hotel Royal des
Tournelles. The new square was named the Place Royale until the
Revolution when it was renamed the Place des Vosges after the first
administrative department, Les Vosges, that paid taxes.
    (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.16)

1605        Henry IV established a building code that set architectural
themes and specified that pavilions had to owned by a single family.
    (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.35)

1605        In India Akbar the Great died. He was succeeded by Juhangir
the ineffectual and his "evil queen" Nur Jahan.
    (HT, 4/97, p.23)

1605        Japan?s Shogun Ieyasu allowed some of the Dutch crew of the
ship Liefde to return home, but kept Will Adams in Japan. Adams soon
married Magoma Oyuki, a young noblewoman.
    (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1605-1612    Don Pedro de Zuniga served as the Spanish ambassador to
England. Zuniga actively engaged in espionage while serving as
ambassador to England, sending various reports and maps concerning the
English colony in Virginia to the Spanish court.
    (AH, 6/07, p.31)(www.she-philosopher.com/ib/bios/zuniga.html)

1605-1704    Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer. His work
included "Antiennes "O" de l?Avent."
    (WSJ, 11/27/01, p.A20)    

1606        Jan 31, Guy Fawkes, convicted for his part in the "Gunpowder
Plot" against the English Parliament and King James I, was hanged, drawn
and quartered.
    (AP, 1/31/98)(HN, 1/31/99)

1606        Apr 12, England's King James I decreed the design of the
original Union Flag (also referred to as the Union Jack), which combined
the flags of England and Scotland.
    (HN, 4/12/98)(AP, 4/12/06)

1606        May 6, Lorenzo Lippi, [Perlone Zipoli], poet, painter, was born.
    (MC, 5/6/02)

1606        Jun 6, Pierre Corneille (d.1684), French dramatist, poet and
writer of Le Cid, was born: "Guess, if you can, and choose, if you dare."
    (AP, 3/28/98)(HN, 6/6/98)

1606        Jul 15, The painter Rembrandt (d.1669) Harmenszoom van Rizn
(Rijn), was born in Leiden, Netherlands. His paintings included "Old
Woman Cutting Her Nails," "Night Watch," "Self Portrait Leaning Forward"
(1628), "Two Studies of Saskia Asleep" (1635-1637), "Jupiter and
Antiope" (1659) and "Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer." He
started making etchings in the 1620s when the medium was barely a 100
years old.
(WSJ, 10/1/96, p.A20)(SFC, 10/12/96, p.E3)(SFC, 5/17/97, p.E1)(AP, 7/15/97)

1606        Dec 20, Virginia Company settlers left London to establish
Jamestown.
    (HFA, '96, p.44)(MC, 12/20/01)

c1606        Caravaggio painted "St. John the Baptist."
    (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1606        Caravaggio fled Rome after he accidentally killed a man.
    (Econ, 2/26/05, p.82)

c1606        Peter Paul Rubens painted "The Massacre of the Innocents."
In 2002 it sold for $76.7 million at auction.
    (WSJ, 7/11/02, p.B8)

1606        Shakespeare wrote the tragedy "King Lear." William
Shakespeare wrote "Antony and Cleopatra." He also wrote "The Tragedy of
Macbeth." A shorter version was made in 1623 Folio.
    (WUD, 1994, p.788)(WSJ, 3/13/97, p.A12)(WSJ, 10/27/97, p.A1)

1606        Dona Maria, a Timucua Indian woman, inherited the position
of chief of San Pedro de Mocama on Cumberland Island, Georgia. She had
been chief of Nombre de Dios, a Spanish Franciscan mission town in Florida.
    (AM, 7/01, p.22)

1606        The order of the Sisters of Ursula was founded in France.
Like their Jesuit brethren they try to fuse contemplative withdrawal
with worldly engagement.
    (WSJ, 12/3/98, p.W17)

1606        Venice expelled the Jesuits as part of a larger
jurisdictional dispute with the Vatican.
    (WSJ, 5/5/07, p.P10)

1606-1612    A drought in the American southeast was the worst in 770
years and caused the deaths of many Jamestown colonists in 1910.
    (SFC, 4/24/98, p.A3)

1607        Jan 30, A sudden flood around the Bristol Channel in
southwest Britain killed at least 2,000 people. It was the worst natural
disaster ever recorded in Britain.
    (Econ, 5/5/07, p.101)

1607        Feb 24, Claudio Monteverdi's opera "Orfeo," premiered at the
Court Theater in Mantua.
    (WSJ, 6/19/97, p.A16)(AP, 2/24/07)

1607        Mar 8, Johann Rist, composer, was born.
    (MC, 3/8/02)

1607        Apr 26, Ships under the command of Capt. Christopher Newport
sought shelter in Chesapeake Bay. The forced landing led to the founding
of Jamestown on the James River, the first English settlement. An
expedition of English colonists, including Capt. John Smith, went ashore
at Cape Henry, Va., to establish the first permanent English settlement
in the Western Hemisphere.
    (NG, Sept. 1939, p.356)(AP, 4/26/98)(HN, 4/26/98)

1607        May 13, English colonists landed near the James River in
Virginia. They went shore the next day and founded a colony named
Jamestown. In 1996 archeologist discovered the original Jamestown Fort
and the remains of one settler, a young white male who died a violent
death. In 2003 David A. Price authored "Love and Hate in Jamestown."
    (SFC, 9/13/96, p.A2)(AP, 5/13/97)(HN, 5/24/98)(WSJ, 11/25/03,
p.D8)(AP, 5/13/07)

1607        May 14, Some 104 men and boys filed ashore from the small
sailing ships Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery, onto what English
adventurers came to call Jamestown Island in Virginia. Capt. John Smith
(27) was among the Englishmen who founded Jamestown.
    (HN, 10/3/00)(AP, 5/14/97)(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T12)(ON, 2/07, p.7)

1607        May 24, Captain Christopher Newport and 105 followers
founded Jamestown on the mouth of the James River in Virginia. They had
left England with 144 members, 39 died on the way over. The colony was
near the large Indian village of Werowocomoco, home of Pocahontas, the
daughter Powhatan, an Algonquin chief. In 2003 archeologists believed
that they had found the site of Werowocomoco, where Powhatan resided
from 1607-1609.
    (HN, 5/24/99)(SFC, 5/7/03, p.A2)(Arch, 1/06, p.27)

1607        May 26, Some 200 Indian warriors stormed the unfinished
stockade at Jamestown, Va. 2 settlers were killed and 10 seriously
wounded before they were repulsed by cannon fire from the colonists? 3
moored ships.
    (ON, 2/07, p.7)

1607        Jun 15, Colonists in North America completed James Fort in
Jamestown. Hostilities with the Indians ended as ambassadors said their
emperor, Powhatan, had commanded local chiefs to live in peace with the
English.
    (HN, 6/15/98)(ON, 2/07, p.7)

1607        Jun 21, The Church of England Episcopal Church, the 1st
Protestant Episcopal parish in America, was established at Jamestown,
Va. The 39 articles of the Episcopal Faith included the statement:
"There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts,
or passions; of infinite power, wisdom and goodness; the Maker, and
Preserver of all things both visible and invisible."
    (SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)(MC, 6/21/02)(WSJ, 6/20/03, p.W15)

1607        Jul 7, "God Save the King" was 1st sung.
    (MC, 7/7/02)

1607        Aug 14, The Popham expedition reached the Sagadahoc River in
the northeastern North America (Maine), and settled there.
    (HN, 8/14/98)

1607        Sep 28, Samuel de Champlain and his colonists returned to
France from Port Royal Nova Scotia.
    (HN, 9/28/98)

1607        Nov 26, This day is believed to be the birth date of
London-born clergyman John Harvard, the principal benefactor of the
original Harvard College in Cambridge, Mass.
    (AP, 11/26/07)

1607        ?The Knight of the Burning Pestle,? a play by Francis
Beaumont (1584-1616), was first performed. It was first published in a
quarto in 1613.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knight_of_the_Burning_Pestle)

1607        In Aceh Sultan Iskandar Muda fielded the largest fighting
force of the region with an army that had Persian horses an elephant
corps and 800-man galleys to control the seas.
    (SFC, 1/20/00, p.A12)

1607        In China the Great Wall?s largest stone tower, Zhenbeitai,
was built at Yulin, near the border of Inner Mongolia.
    (SSFC, 9/1/02, p.C6)

1607        Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla (d.c1660), Spanish dramatist,
was born at Toledo. He became a knight of Santiago in 1644. The exact
date of his death is unknown.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Rojas_Zorrilla)

1607-1677    Wenceslaus Hollar, Bohemian artist. He made an engraving of
old St. Paul?s Cathedral in London.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)

1608        Jan 7, An accidental fire devastated the Jamestown
settlement in the Virginia Colony.
    (AP, 1/7/08)

1608        Jan 28, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, mathematician, astronomer,
was born in Naples.
    (MC, 1/28/02)

1608        Jan, John Smith met with the Indian emperor Powhatan at
Werocomoco on the Pamunkey River. He studied the Powhattan language and
culture. The Powhattans were an aggressive tribe and under Chief
Powhatan?s leadership, they had conquered and subjugated more than 20
other tribes. Pocahontas was a Powhattan Indian girl of 10-11 years when
she new Smith in Virginia. Records of the colony were kept by William
Strachey, its official historian. The Powhattans were an aggressive
tribe and under Chief Powhattan?s leadership, they conquered and
subjugated more than 20 other tribes. Before coming to Virginia, John
Smith had served as a mercenary in Hungary and was wounded, captured and
sold into slavery by his Turkish adversaries; he escaped by killing his
owner.
    (WSJ, 6/13/95, p.A-18)(ON, 2/07, p.8)

1608        May 19, The Protestant states formed the Evangelical Union
of Lutherans and Calvinists under the direction of the elector of
Brandenburg.
    (HN, 5/19/99)

1608        May 28, Claudio Monteverdi's "Arianna," premiered in Mantua.
    (MC, 5/28/02)

1608        Jun 4, Francesco Caracciolo (44), Italian religious founder,
saint, died.
    (MC, 6/4/02)

1608        Jul 3, The city of Quebec was founded as a trading post by
Samuel de Champlain. The French adventurer Etienne Brule accompanied
Champlain to North America and was reportedly eaten by the Huron Indians.
    (AP, 7/3/97)(www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1608champlain.html)

1608        Aug 13, John Smith's story of Jamestown's 1st days was
submitted for  publication.
    (MC, 8/13/02)

1608        Sep 1, Giacomo Torelli, composer, was born.
    (MC, 9/1/02)

1608        Sep 10, John Smith was elected president of the Jamestown
colony council in Virginia. Records of the colony were kept by William
Strachey, its official historian.
    (WSJ, 6/13/95, p.A-18)(AP, 9/10/97)

1608        Sep 25, Hans Lipperhey applied to the government of Zeeland
for a patent for the telescope. In 2005 Fred Watson authored ?Stargazer:
The Life and Times of the Telescope.?
    (SSFC, 8/14/05, p.F2)(http://tinyurl.com/93lb6)

1608        Oct 1, Some 200 new settlers arrived at the Jamestown
colony, including Dutch and Polish glass-makers, artisans and the first
European women in the colony.
    (http://spuscizna.org/spuscizna/1608.html)(AH, 6/07, p.27)

1608        Oct 2, Jan Lippershey, spectacle maker, formally offered to
the Estates of Holland his new spyglass for warfare. He was the 1st to
file a patent claim for a spyglass.
    (www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9048449)(CW, Spring ?99, p.33)

1608        Dec 6, George Monck (Monk), English general and gov. of
Scotland, was born.
    (MC, 12/6/01)

1608        Dec 9, English blind poet and polemical pamphleteer John
Milton (1608-1674) was born in London. His work included "Paradise
Lost," Paradise Regained," and "Samson Agonistes." Milton lost one eye
at 36 and the other when he was 44. In 1996 Paul West wrote a novel:
"Sporting with Amaryllis," that begins in 1626 and gives a fictional
account of his life. In 1997 Peter Levy wrote a biography of Milton
titled: "Eden Renewed."
    (WUD, '94, p.911)(WSJ, 5/6/97, p.A20)(AP, 12/9/97)

1608        Rubens painted "Adoration of the Shepherds."
    (WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1608        Shakespeare wrote his play "Pericles." It was about a prince
who journeys through evil kingdoms until he meets his bride and then
loses her at sea.
    (WSJ, 11/11/98, p.A21)

1608        Monteverdi wrote his opera "Arianna." It was based on a
libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini. Only fragments survived into the 20th
century when Alexander Goehr composed a contemporary version that
premiered in 1998 in St. Louis.
    (WSJ, 7/2/98, p.A20)

1608        Bowling in Jamestown was banned after workers were found
bowling instead of building the fort.
    (SFC, 7/28/97, p.A3)
1608        Capt. John Smith seeking passage to the Pacific and the
South Seas sailed through a Chesapeake Bay tributary and was amazed at
Indian skill in building log canoes.
    (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.357)
1608        Settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, shipped distilled tar back
to its sponsors in England, the first manufactured item exported from
the US.
    (SFEC, 7/6/97, Z1 p.6)
1608        Robert Hunt (b.1568), the 1st chaplain at Jamestown, Va., died.
    (http://tinyurl.com/2jv6qq)

1608        Bushmills Distillery in Northern Ireland acquired a license
for whiskey production. They had been producing whiskey since the 1100s.
    (SFEC, 1/10/99, p.T8)

1608        Shakespeare?s theater group, The King?s Men, incorporated
technical changes in their plays with the acquisition of the indoor
Blackfriars theater.
    (WSJ, 5/1/97, p.A16)

1608        Inigo Jones built an oak-paneled hall for Queen Elizabeth?s
ambassador to France. The room was later bought intact by William
Randolph Hearst and shipped to New York. It was later purchased by the
developer of the SF Cannery and shipped to SF. It was set up as the
interior of Jack?s.
    (SFEC, 7/12/98, DB p.32)

1608        In England Bess of Hardwick died at age 80. Know as the
Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury, she built the Hardwick Hall in
Derbyshire. Bess had married and disposed of four husbands, each leaving
her richer than the last. She had been a moneylender, property dealer,
exploiter of iron works, coal mines, and glass works, and ended up the
richest woman in England after the Queen. She only had children by her
second husband, Sir William Cavendish. Her fortune was divided between
two sons, William and Charles.
    (NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.662,671)(SFEM, 10/11/98, p.20)

1608        Shogun Ieyasu ordered Will Adams to go to the Philippines to
invite the Spanish Gov. Don Diego Vevero y Velasco to compete with the
Portuguese for trade with Japan.
    (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1609        Feb 7, Ferdinand I, cardinal, ruler of Tuscany, died.
    (MC, 2/7/02)

1609        Feb 10, John Suckling, English Cavalier poet, dramatist,
courtier, was born.
    (MC, 2/10/02)

1609        Feb 28, Paul Sartorius (39), composer, died.
    (MC, 2/28/02)

1609        Mar 21, Jan II Kazimierz, cardinal, King of Poland
(1648-68), was born.
    (MC, 3/21/02)

1609        Mar 25, Henry Hudson embarked on an exploration for Dutch
East India Co.
    (MC, 3/25/02)

1609        Jul, Emperor Rudolf II granted Bohemia freedom of religion
with his Letter of Majesty (Majestatsbrief).
    (www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Bohemia_30YW.htm)

1609        Jul 10, The Catholic states in Germany set up a league under
the leadership of Maximillian of Bavaria.
    (HN, 7/10/98)

1609        Jul 15, Annibale Carracci (b.1560), Italian Baroque painter,
died.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Carracci)

1609        Jul 25, Admiral William Somers, head of a 7-ship fleet
enroute to Virginia, spied land after being blown off course and soon
drove his ship, the Sea Venture, onto the reefs of Bermuda. William
Strachey (1572-1621), was also aboard the Sea Venture and later sent a
letter to England that described the event. The letter is thought by
many to have been the inspiration for Shakespeare?s "Tempest." Strachey
became secretary of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, after his arrival
there on May 23, 1610. In 2009 Hobson Woodward authored: A Brave Vessel:
The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired
Shakespeare?s ?The Tempest.?
    (AM, May/Jun 97 p.29)(SFC, 8/18/09,
p.E2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Venture)

1609        Aug 25, Galileo demonstrated his 1st telescope to Venetian
lawmakers. Galileo Galilei had improved the newly invented telescope and
pointed it at the moon.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.200)(Econ, 8/15/09, p.12)   

1609        Aug 28, Henry Hudson discovered Delaware Bay.
    (AP, 8/28/97)

1609        Sep 3-4, Henry Hudson discovered the island of Manhattan.
The exact date is not known.
    (MC, 9/3/01)(www.hudsonriver.com)

1609         Sep 12, English explorer Henry Hudson sailed his ship, the
Half Moon, into the river that later took his name. Hudson sailed for
the Dutch East India Company in search of the Northwest Passage, a water
route linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
    (AP, 9/12/97)(Econ, 7/4/09, p.28)

1609        Oct 12, The song "Three Blind Mice" was published in London,
believed to be the earliest printed secular song.
    (HN, 10/12/00)

1609        Nov 30, Galileo began observing the moon with his
perspicullum from Padua, Italy.
    (CW, Spring ?99, p.34)

1609        Caravaggio (1571-1610) completed his "Adoration of the
Shepherds," during a brief stay in Messina, Sicily.
    (AP, 10/7/09)
c1609        Peter Paul Rubens painted ?Samson and Delilah.?
    (SFC, 3/5/05, p.E1)
c1609        Rubens painted "The Head of St. John the Baptist." In 1998
it sold for $5.5 mil to Alfred Bader.
    (SFC, 2/3/98, p.E3)

1609        Ben Johnson wrote his play "The Silent Woman."
    (WSJ, 2/7/03, p.W2)
1609        Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), German astronomer and
mathematician, authored ?Astronomia Nova.? Written in 1605, but not
published until 1609, it discussed how Mars moves in an elliptical orbit.
    (SFC, 10/25/99, p.A4)(Econ, 8/15/09,
p.75)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler)
1609        Shakespeare wrote his play "Cymbeline." It was based on the
story of Cymbeline, king of Britain during the reign of Augustus Caesar
in Rome.
    (WSJ, 6/10/98, p.A16)(WSJ, 8/19/98, p.A16)
1609        The original text of Shakespeare's 154 sonnets was
published. In 1997 a poem-by-poem commentary was published by Helen
Vendler: "The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets." A new Arden edition:
"Shakespeare?s Sonnets" to elucidate the context of the poems was also
published in 1997.
    (WSJ, 11/12/97, p.A20)
1609        The song "Three Blind Mice" was published in London.
    (SFC,12/5/97, p.C3)
1609        The British attempted to settle Grenada.
    (http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/gd.htm)

1609        Henry Hudson gave brandy to the local Indians and their
chief passed out. The place was renamed "Manahachtanienk," meaning
"where everybody got drunk." Authorities say that "Manhattan" came form
an Indian word meaning "high island."
    (SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)

1609        Capt. John Smith returned to England from Jamestown
(Virginia) after being wounded in an accidental explosion of gunpowder.
    (ON, 2/07, p.9)

1609        The 1st newspaper was published in Germany.
    (SFC, 7/26/04, p.F4)

1609        Forces from the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma invaded
the Ryukyu Islands and took the king hostage. Heavy tribute was soon
demanded.
    (NH, 9/01, p.56)

1609        Rabbi Loew (b.1525), also known as the Maharal of Prague,
died. He became well-remembered for a legend about him creating a clay
figure known as Golem, which he is said to have brought to life to
protect Prague's Jewish community from attacks.
    (AP, 8/5/09)

1609        Sultan Ahmet commissioned the Blue Mosque to rival the other
mosques of Istanbul, Turkey.
    (CAM, Nov. Dec. '95, p.29)

1609        Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno, the Duke of Medina
Sedonia and head of the failed Spanish Armada, died.
    (ON, 3/02, p.6)

1609-1610    A dry spell that began in 1606 was responsible for "the
starving time" at the Jamestown colony. Nearly half of the 350 colonists
alive in June, 1610, were dead by the end of the summer.
    (SFC, 4/24/98, p.A17)

1609-1611    The painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" was attributed
to Peter Paul Rubens in 2002 and expected to sell for $5.7-8.5 million.
    (SFC, 3/7/02, p.D12)

1610        Jan 7, The astronomer Galileo Galilei sighted four of
Jupiter's moons. Galileo discovered the 1st 3 Jupiter satellites, Io,
Europa & Ganymede. He discovered mountains and valleys on the moon, that
Jupiter has a moon of its own, and that the sun has spots which change.
Galileo discovered multiple moons around Jupiter. He also observed Mars.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.200)(SFC, 11/5/96, p.A4)(SFC, 11/29/96, p.A16)(AP,
1/7/98)(MC, 1/7/02)

1610        Feb 14, Polish king Sigismund III forced Dimitri #2 and the
Romanov family to sign covenant against Czar Vasili Shuishki (sequel to
story of "Boris Godunov").
    (MC, 2/14/02)

1610        Feb 28, Thomas West, Baron de La Mar, was appointed governor
of Virginia.
    (HN, 2/28/98)(MC, 2/28/02)

1610        Mar 13, Galileo published his observations of the night sky
under the title ?Siderius Nuncius? (Starry Messenger).
    (CW, Spring ?99, p.36)

1610        Mar 21, King James I addressed the English House of Commons.
    (MC, 3/21/02)

1610        Apr 18, Robert Parsons (63), English Jesuit leader, plotter,
died.
    (MC, 4/18/02)

1610        Apr 22, Alexander VIII, [Pietro Ottoboni], Italian lawyer,
Pope (1689-91), was born.
    (MC, 4/22/02)

1610        May 11, Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary (China), died.
    (MC, 5/11/02)

1610        May 14, King Henri IV, Henri de Navarre (56), Bourbon King
of France (1572, 89-1610) was assassinated by a fanatical monk, François
Ravillac. Henri IV was succeeded by 11-year-old Louis XIII, under the
eye of Cardinal Richelieu. Henry?s legacy included straight roads
flanked by arbres d?alignement on both sides.
    (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.17)(HN, 5/14/99)(MC, 5/14/02)(Econ, 2/14/04, p.48)

1610        May 15, Parliament of Paris appointed Louis XIII (8) as
French king.
    (MC, 5/15/02)

1610        May 24, Sir Thomas Gates instituted "laws divine moral and
marshal, " a harsh civil code for Jamestown, Va.
    (HN, 5/24/99)

1610        Jun 3, Jacob Neefs, Flemish engraver, publisher, was baptized.
    (MC, 6/3/02)

1610        Jun 10, The 1st Dutch settlers arrived from NJ to colonize
Manhattan Island.
    (MC, 6/10/02)
1610        Jun 10, English Lord De La Ware and his supply ships arrived
at Jamestown allowing the colony to recover and survive.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr)

1610        Jul 4, Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II [III] of Poland
beat Russia & Sweden.
    (Maggio)

1610        Jul 18, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (b.1571), Italian
artist, died in Porto Ercole at age 38. His paintings included ?David
With the Head of Goliath,? in which he used his own image for Goliath.
In 1999 Helen Langdon authored the biography: "Caravaggio: A Life." In
2000 Peter Robb authored the biography: "M: The Man Who Became
Caravaggio." In 2010 Andrew Graham-Dixon authored ?Caravaggio: A Life
Sacred and Profane.?
    (Econ, 2/26/05, p.82)(WSJ, 5/4/05,
p.D8)(http://tinyurl.com/8jjs6)(SFC, 7/22/10, p.79)

1610        Aug 3, Henry Hudson of England discovered a great bay on the
east coast of Canada and named it for himself.
    (HN, 8/3/98)(HNQ, 7/23/00)

1610        Aug 27, Polish King Wladyslaw was crowned king of Russia.
    (MC, 8/27/01)

1610        Ben Jonson wrote his satirical play: "The Alchemist." It was
about 3 creative crooks in London bilking everyone in sight.
    (SFC, 4/26/97, p.E3)
1610        Shakespeare?s play ?The Winter?s Tale? was first performed.
    (www.william-shakespeare.info/shakespeare-play-the-winters-tale.htm)

1610        Spanish colonists founded Santa Fe. They built the block
long adobe El Palacio as a seat for the governor-general.
    (SFEC, 7/6/97, p.T7)(SSFC, 6/10/01, p.T9)

1610        Galileo observed Saturn and noted that it appeared to be
triple-bodied.
    (NH, 10/1/04, p.28)

1610        In France Henri IV was killed by an assassin. He was
succeeded by 11-year-old Louis XIII, under the eye of Cardinal Richelieu.
    (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.17)

1610        In Ireland the settlement at Derry was colonized by the
English, who built a fortress surrounded by stone walls and renamed it
Londonderry.
    (SFC, 12/1/97, p.A14)

1610        Retired-Japanese Samurai Hachirobei Mitsui pawned a couple
of his swords and started a ribbon and kimono shop. It grew to become
the world?s oldest department store, Tokyo?s Mitsukoshi.
    (SFC, 7/7/96, zone 1 p.5)

1610        The Dutch ousted the Portuguese from Indonesia by this time,
but the Portuguese retained the eastern half of Timor.
    (SFC, 9/8/99, p.A17)

1610        The first cargo of Asian tea arrived in Amsterdam
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1610        Leon, Nicaragua, was buried by the Mombotombo volcano.
    (SSFC, 4/10/05, p.F5)

1610        In Cracow (Krakow), Poland, bagels were listed in the
community regulations as a suitable gift for pregnant women.
    (SFC, 10/16/96, zz1 p.6)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1610        Sigismund III ruled Poland.
    (AM, Jul/Aug ?97 p.29)

c1610-1615    Orazio Gentileschi, the father of Artemisia (one of the
most gifted women painters of all time), painted "Judith and her
Maidservant With the head of Holofernes." The 1998 film "Artemisia" was
based on the life of Artemisia.
    (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)(SFEC, 5/10/98, DB p.48)

1610-1643    Louis XIII (1601-1643) was King of France. He was the son
of Henry IV of Navarre. He started the fashion of men?s wigs do to loss
of hair.
    (WUD, 1994, p.524)(SFC, 12/29/96, zone 1 p.2)

1610-1650    In the Netherlands painters from Utrecht worked in the
style of Caravaggio.
    (WSJ, 10/20/97, p.A19)

1610-1664    The Chinese painter Hong Ren. His work included "Peaks and
Ravines at Jiuqi."
    (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1610-1680    Baldassare Ferri, the first of the famous Castrato
vocalists. Some of them had ranges of four octaves, up to A or even B
above high C in full voice. Some of them could sustain a note for well
over a minute.
    (LGC-HCS, p.42)

1611        Mar 4, George Abbot was appointed archbishop of Canterbury.
    (SC, 3/4/02)

1611        Apr 1, Gillis van Valkenborch (~72), Flemish painter, was
buried.
    (MC, 4/1/02)

1611        Apr 14, Word "telescope" was 1st used by Prince Federico Cesi.
    (MC, 4/14/02)

1611        May 23, Matthias von Habsburg was chosen king of Bohemia.
    (MC, 5/23/02)

1611        Jun 22, English explorer Henry Hudson, his son and several
other people were set adrift in present-day Hudson Bay by mutineers. The
starving crew of the Discovery, which had spent the  winter trapped by
ice in Hudson Bay, mutinied against Hudson, who was never seen again.
    (AP, 6/22/97)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)(MC, 6/23/02)

1611        Nov 1, Shakespeare's romantic comedy "The Tempest" was first
presented at Whitehall.
    (AP, 11/1/99)

1611        Nov 3, Henry Ireton, English general and MP (Edgehill), was
born.
    (MC, 11/3/01)

1611        Dutch artist Joachim Wtewael painted "Andromeda." He and
Bloemaert helped transmit the Italian mannerist influence and a
preference for figure painting over landscape
    (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8) 

1611        The Aqua Paola aqueduct was built in Rome.
    (SFEC, 7/2/00, p.T5)

1611        The Jamestown settlement in Virginia pushed west with the
establishment of Henricus (later Henrico) on the James River.
    (AH, 6/07, p.27)
1611        Don Diego de Molina, a Spanish spy, was taken prisoner in
Jamestown. Molina managed to send reports about the colony to agents in
London. When he eventually returned to Spain, Molina urged King Philip
to eliminate the English presence in Virginia, but Philip again demurred.
    (AH, 6/07, p.31)

1611        Galileo went to Rome to describe his observations to the
pontifical court.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.200)

1611        The authorized version of the King James Bible was published
and it incorporated the translation of William Tyndale. In 2001 Alister
McGrath authored "In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible
and How It Changed a Nation, a Language and a Culture." In 2003 Adam
Nicolson authored "God's Secretaries," which covered the tumult behind
the creation of the King James Bible.
    (WSJ, 12/22/94, A-20)(SSFC, 6/3/01, DB p.71)(WSJ, 5/9/03, p.W10)

1611        Matthias, brother of Rudolf II, occupied Prague and captured
Rudolf II.
    (WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)

1611-1670    Antonio de Pareda, Spanish allegorist painter. His work
included "El Sueño del Caballero" (The Gentleman?s Dream).
    (WSJ, 1/09/00, p.A20)

1612        Jan 20, Rudolf II von Habsburg (59), emperor of Germany
(1576-1612), died in Prague and Matthias became Holy Roman Emperor. In
1912 an enigmatic manuscript, once owned by Rudolf II, was acquired by
Wilfrid Voynich and came to be known as the Voynich manuscript. In 2006
Peter Marshall authored ?The Magic Circle of Rudolf II.?
    (WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)(www.historylearningsite.co)(Econ, 1/10/04,
p.71)(WSJ, 9/9/06, p.P9)

1612        Feb 7, Thomas Killigrew, English humorist, playwright,
leader (King's Men), was born.
    (MC, 2/7/02)

1612        Feb 8, Samuel Butler (d.1680), England, poet, satirist
(Hudibras) was baptized.
    (MC, 2/8/02)

1612        Feb 17, Ernst of Bayern (57), prince, bishop of Luik,
archbishop of Cologne, died.
    (MC, 2/17/02)

1612        Aug 12, Giovanni Gabrieli (60), Italian composer
(Madrigals), died.
    (MC, 8/12/02)

1612        Sep 12, Russia?s Tsar Vasili IV (b.1552) died.
    (www.etoile.co.uk/Romanov/Timeline.html)

1612        Oct 22, Russian forces, inspired by a vision of the captive
Greek Archbishop Arsenios, won a sweeping victory and took the Chinese
quarter, and two days later, the Kremlin itself.
    (www.oca.org)

1612        Oct 27, A Polish army which invaded Russia capitulated to
Prince Dimitri Pojarski and his Cossacks.
    (HN, 10/27/98)

1612        Nov 4, Russia drove Catholic Poles and Lithuanians out of
Moscow. This marked the end of the "Time of Troubles," a period of
popular uprisings and fighting between noblemen and pretenders to the
throne. Russian Orthodox Church celebrated this day as the victory of
the forces of Eastern Orthodoxy over the forces of Western Catholicism.
In 2005 Russia chose this day for the new ?People?s Unity Day? holiday.
    (http://bildt.blogspot.com/2005/11/meaning-of-1612.html)(Econ,
11/12/05, p.56)(Econ, 3/17/07, p.65)

1612        John Webster, English playwright, wrote his play "The White
Devil." It was a tale of treachery, revenge, sexual corruption and murder.
    (WSJ, 1/09/00, p.A20)

1612        "Le Carrousel du Roi," an equestrian ballet, was
choreographed by Antoine de Pluvinel and scored by Robert Ballard. It
was performed as part of an engagement ceremony for Louis XIII of France
to Anne of Austria, princess of Spain. An estimated 200,000 people
viewed the performance in Paris? Place Royale (later the Place des Vosges).
    (SFEC, 6/4/00, DB p.38)(SFEC, 6/11/00, p.D9)

1612        Shakespeare was commissioned to write a serious play about
Henry VIII. The commission was probably made to celebrate the marriage
of one of King James? daughters.
    (WSJ, 6/27/97, p.A13)

1612        Shakespeare handed over the role of scriptwriter for the
King?s Men to John Fletcher and retired to his hometown of
Stratford-upon-Avon.
    (WSJ, 5/1/97, p.A16)

1612        The French explorer Etienne Brule (1592-1632) is believed to
be the first European to see the Great Lakes. Brule journeyed to North
America with Samuel de Champlain in 1608 and helped found Quebec. Brule
explored Lake Huron in 1612 and is believed to have also explored Lakes
Ontario, Erie and Superior after 1615. Brule is the first European to
live among the Indians and was probably the first European to set foot
in what is now Pennsylvania.
    (HNQ, 6/29/98)

1612        In France the Pavillon du Roi, begun under Henri IV, was
completed. It was occupied by the king?s court and then the Duc de
Sully, after which it was called the Hotel de Sully.
    (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.17)

1612        The square of Esfanan, Persia, was built.
    (SSFC, 1/14/07, p.G5)

1612-1626     Johannes Kepler, the Imperial Court Mathematician of the
Habsburgs, taught at the provincial academy of Linz. Here he published
his famous work Harmonices Mundi.
    (StuAus, April '95, p.79)

1612-1656    Harmen Van Steenwijck, Dutch painter, included skulls in
his paintings of objects of everyday life.
    (NH, 10/96, p.38)

1612-1672    Anne Bradstreet, American poet: "Authority without wisdom
is like a heavy ax without an edge, fitter to bruise than polish."
    (AP, 2/22/99)

1612-1759    The French dominated the interior of America.
    (SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.7)

1613        Jan 28, Thomas Bodley (b.1545), English diplomatist and
scholar, died in London. He founded the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
    (www.nndb.com/people/859/000094577/)   
1613        Jan 28, Galileo may have unknowingly viewed the undiscovered
planet Neptune.
    (MC, 1/28/02)

1613        Feb 21, Mikhail Romanov (17), son of Patriarch of Moscow,
was elected czar of Russia. He was crowned Jun 22. The Romanovs began to
rule over Russia and lasted until 1917.
    (PCh, 1992, p.220)(SFC, 4/19/97, p.A3)(http://eefy.editme.com/L18b)

1613        Apr 7, Gerard Dou, Dutch painter (Night School), was born.
    (MC, 4/7/02)

1613        Jun 29, Shakespeare's Globe Theater burned down in London.
    (USAT, 8/16/96, p.8D)(MC, 6/29/02)

1613        Jun, Susanna Hall, Shakespeare?s daughter, married Stratford
doctor and herbalist John Hall.
    (WSJ, 12/5/00, p.A24)

1613        Sep 8, Carlo Gesualdo (b.~1566), prince of Venosa, died. He
was an Italian music composer, lutenist and nobleman of the late
Renaissance and became famous for his intensely expressive madrigals. In
1590 he murdered his bride and her lover after catching them in
flagrante delicto. In 2010 Glenn Watkins authored ?The Gesualdo Hex:
Music, Myth, and Memory.?
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo)(Econ, 1/23/10, p.79)

1613        Sep 15, Francois, duc de la Rochefoucauld (d.1680), writer
(Memoires), was born in Paris, France. "When we cannot find contentment
in ourselves it is useless to seek it elsewhere."
    (AP, 12/2/98)(www.bookrags.com)
1613        Sep 15, Thomas Overbury (b.1581), Elizabethan poet, died in
London. He was murdered by his wife, Florence Maybrick, who used an
enema of arsenic. The murder was arranged by Frances Howard, Lady Essex,
who felt attacked by Overbury?s poem ?A Wife.?
    (WSJ, 6/24/05, p.W9)(http://search.eb.com/shakespeare/micro/445/8.html)

1613        Jan Breughel (1568-1625), the Elder, a son of Pieter
Breughel, painted the "A Village Street with Carts, Villagers and
Gentlefolk."
    (WSJ, 2/18/00, p.W12)

1613        The colonists at Jamestown kidnapped Pocahontas and held her
for ransom to force her father to free some English hostages and to
return some stolen tools.
    (ON, 2/07, p.9)(AH, 6/07, p.27)

1613        The American Indian Tisquantum, aka Squanto, returned to the
New World from England as the interpreter for John Smith. He was freed
by Smith but then kidnapped with 19 fellow Indians by an Englishman and
carried off to Milaga, Spain. He managed to escape to England.
    (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.28)

1613        A fleet of 3 English ships arrived in Japan in response to
letters from Will Adams to the English East India Company.
    (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1613        Giovanni Gabrielli (b.1558), Italian composer, died. Some
sources place his birth in 1554 and his death in 1612.
    (http://tinyurl.com/gbznj)(WSJ, 9/21/06, p.D6)

1613-1675    Gerrit Dou, Dutch artist. He was a student of Rembrandt.
    (SFC, 5/25/00, p.A24)

1613         Khushhal Khan Khattak (d.1690), Afghan warrior-poet, was
born. He initiated a national uprising against the foreign Moghul
government.
    (www.afghan-network.net/biographies/khattak.html)

1613-1700    Andre Le Notre, French architect and landscape designer. He
shaped the gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte, Versailles, Marly, Chantilly,
Saint Germain-en-Laye, Les Tuileries, saint cloud, Sceaux and Courances.
    (WUD, 1994, p.820)(SFEM, 5/18/97, p.26)

1614        Apr 5, American Indian princess Pocahontas (d.1617) married
English Jamestown colonist John Rolfe in Virginia. Their marriage
brought a temporary peace between the English settlers and the Algonquians.
    (AP, 4/5/97)(HN, 5/5/97)(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T12)
1614        Apr 5, 2nd parliament of King James I began session (no
enactments).
    (MC, 4/5/02)

1614        Apr 7, El Greco (b.1541), Cretan born Spanish painter (View
of Toledo), died in Toledo. His paintings included "The Resurrection"
(1597).
    (WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)(MC, 4/7/02)

1614        May 15, An aristocratic uprising in France ended with the
treaty of St. Menehould.
    (HN, 5/15/98)

1614        Jun 7, The 2nd parliament of King James I dissolved passing
no legislation.
    (SC, 6/7/02)

1614        Jul 14, Camillus de Lellis (64), Italian soldier, monastery
founder, saint, died.
    (MC, 7/14/02)

1614        Aug 22, Trades people under Vincent Fettmilch chased and
plunder Jews out of ghetto in Frankfurt.
    (MC, 8/22/02)

1614        Sep 1, Vincent Fettmich expelled Jews from
Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany.
    (SC, 9/1/02)

1614        Crispijn de Passe the Younger published "Hortus Floridus" in
Holland.
    (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1614        John Webster, English playwright, wrote his play "The
Duchess of Malfi." It is a "Jacobean melodrama set in an Italy that was
viewed as a hotbed of sexual and political depravity."
    (WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A-12)

1614        Portuguese writer Diego do Couto wrote of a king in Cambodia
who discovered an abandoned city during an elephant hunt in the middle
of the 16th century. The report did not get published until 1958.
    (SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T6)

1614        Inigo Jones (1573-1652), British architect, traveled to
Italy and bought a trunk full of Palladio?s architectural drawings. In
1894 they ended up at the Royal Institute of British Architects.
    (Econ, 9/27/08, p.100)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inigo_Jones)

1614        King Louis XIII (13) gave Christophe Marie and his partners
the go-ahead to build the Pont Marie linking Paris? Right Bank to the
Ile Saint Louis.
    (SFCM, 10/14/01, p.33)

1614        English Jamestown colonist John Rolfe successfully
cultivated tobacco for export to England. This guaranteed the colony?s
economic survival.
    (AH, 6/07, p.27)

1614        Father Tommaso Caccini denounced the opinions of Galileo on
the motion of the Earth from the pulpit of Santa Maria Novella, judging
them to be erroneous. Galileo went to Rome and defended himself against
charges that had been made against him. In 1616, he was admonished by
Cardinal Bellarmino and told that he could not defend Copernican
astronomy because it went against the doctrine of the Church. Later, in
1632 he was summoned by the Holy Office to Rome. The tribunal passed a
sentence condemning him and compelled Galileo to solemnly abjure his
theory. He was sent to exile in Siena.
    (MC, 1/8/02)

1614        Sulayman Pasha, a Turkish general, named the Tehran (later
Tirana) as the capital of Albania after the capital of Iran.
    (SSFC, 12/17/06, p.G5)

1614        Shogun Ieyasu ordered all Christian missionaries to leave
Japan. All Christian churches were closed and Japanese people were
forbidden to practice Christianity on pain of death.
    (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1614        The Don Cossacks made a pact with the Russian Czar and
gained self-government in exchange for military service.
    (SFC,10/28/97, p.A8)

1615        Feb 23, The Estates-General in Paris was dissolved, having
been in session since October 1614.
    (HN, 2/23/99)

1615        Mar 13, Innocent XII, Roman Catholic Pope, was born.
    (HN, 3/13/98)

1615        Jun 4, The Tokugawa Shogun captured Osaka Castle and
eliminated Hide-yoshi's heirs. The fortress of Osaka, Japan, fell to
shogun Leyasu after a six month siege.
    (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(HN, 6/4/98)

1615        Jul 28, French explorer Samuel de Champlain discovered Lake
Huron on his seventh voyage to the New World.
    (HN, 7/28/98)

c1615        Artemisia Gentileschi created her painting "Female Martyr."
In 1989 Mary D. Garrard authored a book on her life and art. In 2002
Susan Vreeland authored "The Passion of Artemisia," a novel based on the
artist?s life.
    (SSFC, 1/13/02, p.M3)

1615        Dutch artist Joachim Wtewael painted the "Judgement of Paris."
    (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1615        In India prince Shah Jahan, son of Jehangir, returned home
after a successful military campaign.
    (WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A16)

1615        In Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu granted land to Hon?ami
Koetsu, a calligraphy artist. The property was named Takagamine and
became a colony for artists united by their adherence to Buddhism.
    (SFC, 8/21/00, p.D3)

1615        The Persians sacked the monastic complex of David Gareja in
Georgia.
    (Econ, 8/28/10, p.50)

1615-1680    Nicolas Fouquet, treasurer to Louis XIV of France. He used
embezzled funds to build his chateau Vaux le Vicomte. [see 1661]
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1616        Jan 20, The French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived to
winter in a Huron Indian village after being wounded in a battle with
Iroquois in New France.
    (HN, 1/20/99)

1616        Feb 24, Qualifiers of the Holy Office concluded that a
sun-centered theory was ?foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally
heretical, inasmuch as it expressly contradicts the teachings of many
passages of Holy scriptures.?
    (SSFC, 10/31/04, p.B6)

1616        Feb 26, Spanish Inquisition delivered an injunction to Galileo.
    (SC, 2/26/02)

1616        Mar 5, The Catholic Church?s Congregation of the Index
banned Catholics from reading ?On the Revolution of the Heavenly
Spheres? (1543) by Nicholas Copernicus. ?De Revolutionibus? was not
formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending
"corrections." The prohibition was officially lifted in 1835.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium)

1616        Mar 6, Francis Beaumont (b.1584), Elizabethan playwright, died.
    (WUD, 1994 p.131)(MC, 3/6/02)

1616        Mar 20, Walter Raleigh was released from Tower of London to
seek gold in Guiana. He took along his son Wat (22), who was killed
during an attack on a Spanish outpost.
    (MC, 3/20/02)(WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)

1616        Apr 23, Miguel de Cervantes (b.1547), Spanish poet and
novelist, died in Madrid.
    (AP, 4/23/97)
1616        Apr 23, William Shakespeare (b.1564), poet and playwright,
died in Stratford-on-Avon, England. In 2004 Stephen Greenblatt authored
?Will In the World.? In 2006 Colin McGinn authored ?Discovering the
Meaning Behind the Plays.?
    (AP, 4/23/97)(WSJ, 9/24/04, p.W7)(SSFC, 12/24/06, p.M1)

1616        Jul 25, Andreas Libavius, German alchemist, died.
    (SC, 7/25/02)

1616        Nov 20, Bishop Richelieu became French minister of Foreign
affairs and War.
    (MC, 11/20/01)

1616        Dec 25, Nathaniel Courthope, a British merchant-adventurer
under direct orders from James I, landed his ship Swan at the Banda
Island of Run. He persuaded the islanders to enter an alliance with the
British for nutmeg. He fortified the 1 by 2 mile island and with 30 men
proceeded to hold off a Dutch siege for 1,540 days.
    (WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)

1616        John Smith authored ?A Description of New England.? It
described his exploration of new England following his departure from
Virginia in 1614.
    (WSJ, 11/22/08, p.W11)

1616        The collection, "Poems," by William Drummond (b.1585),
Scottish laird of Hawthornden, appeared.
    (HN, 12/13/99)

1616        London?s Phoenix Theater in Drury Lane was converted from a
cockpit.
    (Econ, 5/21/05, p.88)

1616        The Scornful Lady, a play by Beaumont and Fletcher that
features a serving maid named Abigail.
    (AHD, 1971, p.3)

1616        Capt. Samuel Argall, deputy governor of Jamestown and known
as the kidnapper of Pocahontas, was appointed to run the colony. Within
2 years the public estate was gone, though his own plantation thrived.
The Earl of Warwick sent a ship and Argall loaded his plunder and
absconded to England. Argall was knighted 2 years after his return to
England and later served as an adviser on the governance of Jamestown.
    (SSFC, 7/14/02, p.G2)
1616        In a letter to Queen Anne, Capt. John Smith recalled that
Pocahontas had saved the colony at Jamestown from "death, famine, and
utter confusion."
    (WSJ, 6/13/95, p.A-18)
1616        American Indian princess Pocahontas and her husband,
Jamestown colonist John Rolfe, sailed to England with their infant son.
    (ON, 2/07, p.9)

1616        The Fuerte de San Diego was built to protect the port of
Acapulco, Mexico, from Dutch and English pirates.
    (SSFC, 11/2/03, p.C6)

1616        Galileo was forbidden from continuing his scientific work by
the Roman Catholic Church.
    (NG, March 1990, p. 117)

1616        Shogun Ieyasu (b.1642), Japanese general and statesman, died.
    (WUD, 1994 p.759)(ON, 11/02, p.10)

1616        The Dutch became the first to establish colonies in Guyana
with Essequibo. Berbice followed in 1627, and then Demerara  in 1752.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana)

1616-1619    An epidemic, possibly viral hepatitis from contact with
Europeans, ravaged the Wampanoag confederacy in Massachusetts. This
helped to make possible the Pilgrim settlement in 1620.
    (Econ, 8/11/07, p.49)

1617        Jan 6, Pocahontas, American Indian princess, attended a
court masque with King James I and Queen Anne.
    (ON, 2/07, p.9)

1617        Feb 4, Louis Elsevier (~76), Dutch publisher, died.
    (MC, 2/4/02)

1617        Feb 9, Hans Christoph Haiden (44), composer, died.
    (MC, 2/9/02)

1617        Mar 9, The Treaty of Stolbovo ended the occupation of
Northern Russia by Swedish troops.
    (HN, 3/9/99)

1617        Mar 21, Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe) was buried at the parish
church of St. George in Gravesend, England. As Pocahontas and John Rolfe
prepared to sail back to Virginia, she died reportedly of either small
pox or pneumonia. In 2003 Paula Gunn Allen authored "Pocahontas
"Medicine Woman, Spy, entrepreneur, Diplomat."
    (AP, 4/5/97)(HN, 5/5/97)(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T12)(HN, 3/21/01)(SSFC,
10/19/03, p.M5)

1617        Apr 4, John Napier, Scottish mathematician, inventor
(logarithms), died.
    (MC, 4/4/02)

1617        May 7, David Fabricius (53), German astronomer, died.
    (MC, 5/7/02)

1617        Aug 23, The 1st one-way streets opened in London.
    (MC, 8/23/02)

1617        Aug 30, Rosa de Lima of Peru became the first American saint
to be canonized.
    (HN, 8/30/98)

1617        Simon Vouet painted "The Fortune Teller."
    (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1617        Fort San Diego was built to protect Acapulco, a major port
for Spanish galleons, against buccaneers.
    (Hem, Dec. 94, p.25)

1617        The Pilgrims decided to leave the Netherlands. They formed a
partnership in a joint-stock company with a group of London merchants in
a company called John Pierce & Assoc. They received a grant for a
plantation in the Virginia colony but ended up landing in Massachusetts.
Each adult was to receive a share in the company but earnings would not
be divided for 7 years.
    (WSJ, 11/26/97, p.A14)

1617        James VI of Scotland, aka James I of England, made a
homecoming to Edinburgh Castle.
    (SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T3)

1617-1618    Mustafa I succeeded Ahmed I in the Ottoman House of Osman.
    (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1618        Jan 7, Francis Bacon became English lord chancellor.
    (MC, 1/7/02)

1618        Mar 8, Johannes Kepler came up with his Third Law of
Planetary Motion.
    (SFC, 6/16/96, PM p.5)(HN, 3/8/98)

1618        Apr 2, Francesco M. Grimaldi, mathematician, physicist
(light diffraction), was born.
    (MC, 4/2/02)

1618        May 15, Johannes Kepler discovered his harmonics law.
    (HN, 5/15/98)

1618        May 23, The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) ravaged Germany. It
began when three opponents of the Reformation were thrown through a
window. The "official" Defenestration of Prague was the "official"
trigger for the Thirty Year?s War. Local Protestants became enraged when
Catholic King Ferdinand reneged on promises of religious freedom and
stormed Hradcany Castle and threw 3 Catholic councilors out of the
window and into the moat. The conflict spread across Europe with most of
the fighting taking place in Germany. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648
brought the war to an end and ended the emperor?s authority over Germany
outside the Hapsburg domain. The 1939 play "Mother Courage and Her
Children" by Bertolt Brecht was set in this period (1624).
    (V.D.-H.K.p.90)(NH, 9/96, p.18,22)(HN, 5/23/98)(HNQ, 2/28/00)(WSJ,
10/23/01, p.A24)

1618        Aug, Hugo Grotius, attorney general of Holland, was arrested
on the orders of Prince Maurice of Nassau, ruler of the United Provinces
of the Netherlands, for conspiring to undermine the authority of the
government.
    (ON, 10/04, p.1)

1618        Oct 29, Sir Walter Raleigh, English scholar, poet and
historian, was executed for treason. After the death of Queen Elizabeth,
Raleigh's enemies had spread rumors that he opposed the accession of
King James. In 2003 Raleigh Trevelyan authored "Sir Walter Raleigh," and
Anna Beer authored "My Just Desire," a biography of Raleigh's wife,
Elizabeth Throckmorton.
    (HN, 10/29/98)(MC, 10/29/01)(WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)
   
1618        Diego Velazquez painted "Old Woman Cooking," a still life on
frying eggs.
    (WSJ, 7/27/95, p.A-10)

1618        Pietro da Cortona, artist, made an atlas of human anatomy:
"Tabulae Anatomicae."
    (NH, 10/96, p.37)

1618        In London the play "Swetnam the Woman-Hater" introduced the
term "misogynist" into the English language.
    (SFEC, 7/25/99, p.A2)

1618        In France one of the first manuals of conversation was
published: ?Maximes de la Bienséance en la Conversation.?
    (Econ, 12/23/06, p.80)

1618        In Merida, Mexico, the Iglesia de Jesus was built by Jesuits.
    (SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)

1618        Michael Sweerts (d.1664), artist, was born in Brussels. He
did much of his important work in Rome, moved to the Netherlands,
traveled in Asia with a band of missionaries and died in Goa.
    (SSFC, 12/24/00, DB p.39)(WSJ, 7/2/02, p.D7)

1618        Hendrick Goltzius (b.1558), Dutch Master painter, died. His
work included "Danaë."
    (WSJ, 8/14/03, p.D8)

1618        Kana Takanobu (b.1571), Japanese artist, died.
    (NYT, 10/8/04, p.B35)

1618-1622    Osman II took rule in the Ottoman House of Osman.
    (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1618-1680    Sir Peter Lely, English court painter.
    (Ind, 12/26/98, p.5A)

1618-1689    The Chinese painter Gong Xian. His work included "Summer
Mountains After Rain."
    (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1618-1707    Aurangzeb, Moghul ruler of India. His wealth was said to be
10 times that of Louis XIV. The empire reached its greatest size during
his rule but his persecution of Hindu subjects weakened Muslim Moghul
control.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
       
1618-1945    The Dutch ruled Indonesia. They were drawn to Jakarta, a
fishing village which they called Batavia, for the spice trade.
    (SFEC, 4/27/97, p.T7)

1619        Feb 24, Charles Le Brun, painter, designer, was born in Paris.
    (MC, 2/24/02)

1619        Mar 1, Thomas Campion (53), English physician, composer,
poet (Poemata), died.
    (SC, 3/1/02)

1619        Mar 6, Cyrano de Bergerac (d.1655), French poet, playwright
(Voyage to the Moon), swordsman, was born. His radical writings
prefigured Voltaire and Diderot. His noted nose was an invention of the
poet Theophile Gautier introduced in an 1844 book. Edmond Rostand?s play
on Cyrano was unveiled in 1897.
    (SFEC, 4/27/97, DB p.3)(MC, 3/6/02)

1619        Apr 16, Denijs Calvaert (Caluwaert), [Dionisio Fiamingo],
Flemish painter, died.
    (MC, 4/16/02)

1619        May 13, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (b.1547), Dutch lands
advocate, was beheaded.
    (MC, 5/13/02)

1619        May 18, Hugo the Great (1582-1645), Hugo de Groot or
Grotius, Dutch scholar, the "Father of Int?l. Law" and author of the 1st
treatise on the law of the sea, Mare liberum," was sentenced to life in
prison.
    (SC, 5/18/02)(Internet)

1619        Jul 30, The first representative assembly in America the
House of Burgesses, became the first legislative assembly in America
when it convened at Jamestown, Va.
    (AP, 7/30/97)(HN, 7/30/98)

1619        Aug 20, The 1st African slaves arrived to North America
aboard a Dutch privateer. It docked in Jamestown, Virginia, with twenty
human captives among its cargo.
    (SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)(HN, 8/20/98)(PC, 1992, p.224)

1619        Dec 4, A group of settlers from Bristol, England, arrived at
Berkeley Hundred in present-day Charles City County, Va., where they
held a service thanking God for their safe arrival. Some suggest this
was the true first Thanksgiving in America, ahead of the Pilgrims'
arrival in Massachusetts.
    (AP, 12/4/08)

1619        The first election in America was held to elect the members
of the Virginia assembly.
    (BD emp. letter, 9/27/96)
1619        The Virginia Company of London, sponsor of the Jamestown
settlement, built a blast furnace for working iron. Ruins of the furnace
were found in 2007 along Falling Creek in Chesterfield County, Va.
    (AH, 6/07, p.16)

1619        In England Tisquantum joined a new exploratory mission to
the New England coast and returned to find that his tribe had been wiped
out by the plague. It was he who later communicated with the first
Pilgrims at Plymouth.
    (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.29)

1619        Amsterdam opened a stock exchange.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1619        Catholic Hapsburg Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor as
Ferdinand II. [see 1620]
    (HNQ, 2/28/00)

1620        Jan 31, Virginia colony leaders wrote to the Virginia
Company in England, asking for more orphaned apprentices for employment.
    (HN, 1/31/99)

1620        Feb 10, Supporters of Marie de Medici, the queen mother, who
had been exiled to Blois, were defeated by the king?s troops at Ponts de
Ce, France.
    (AP, 2/10/99)

1620        Feb 15, Francois Charpentier, French scholar, archaeologist,
was born.
    (MC, 2/15/02)

1620        Feb 16, Frederick William, founder of Brandenburg-Prussia,
was born.
    (HN, 2/16/98)

1620        Mar 9, Aegidius Albertinus (59), German writer (Lucifer's
Kingdom), died.
    (MC, 3/9/02)

1620        Apr 24, John Graunt, statistician, founder of science of
demography, was born.
    (HN, 4/24/98)

1620        May 17, The 1st merry-go-round was seen at a fair in
Philippapolis, Turkey.
    (MC, 5/17/02)

1620        Jul 21, Jean Picard, French astronomer, was born.
    (MC, 7/21/02)

1620        Jul 22, The Pilgrims set out from Holland destined for the
New World. The Speedwell sailed to England from the Netherlands with
members of the English Separatist congregation that had been living in
Leiden, Holland. Joining the larger Mayflower at Southampton, the two
ships set sail together in August, but the Speedwell soon proved
unseaworthy and was abandoned at Plymouth, England. The entire company
then crowded aboard the Mayflower, setting sail for North America on
September 16, 1620.
    (HNQ, 3/4/00)(MC, 7/22/02)

1620        Jul 29, New Mexico?s Gov. Don Juan de Eulate passed by the
sandstone bluff of El Morro on return from the pueblos of Zuni. He left
his mark in the stone.
    (SSFC, 4/10/05, p.F9)

1620        Aug 7, Kepler's mother was arrested for witchcraft.
    (MC, 8/7/02)
1620        Aug 7, French king Louis XIII beat his mother Marie de
Medici at the Battle at Ponts-the-Ca, Poitou.
    (MC, 8/7/02)

1620        Sep 16, The Pilgrims sailed from England on the Mayflower,
finally settling at Plymouth, Mass. The Pilgrims were actually
Separatists because they had left the Church of England. The 4 children
of William Brewster, who arrived on the Mayflower, were named: Love,
Wrestling, Patience, and Fear. In 2006 Nathaniel Philbrick authored
?Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War.?
    (HN, 9/16/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)(SFC, 3/20/99, p.B4)(SFC,
7/26/06, p.E2)

1620        Oct 31, John Evelyn (d.1706), British diarist (Life of Mrs.
Godolphin), was born. He was a meditative and sententious English diarist.
    (WSJ, 6/2/99, p.A24)(MC, 10/31/01)

1620        Nov 8, The King of Bohemia was defeated at the Battle of
White Mountain, Prague. With Hapsburg support in Bohemia the Catholics
defeated the Protestants at the Battle of the White Mountain. Weeks of
plunder and pillage followed in Prague and after a few months the
victors tortured and executed 27 nobles and other citizens and hung 12
heads on iron hooks from the Bridge Tower.
    (NH, 9/96, p.24)(HN, 11/6/98)(MC, 11/8/01)

1620        Nov 11, Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, anchored off
Massachusetts, signed a compact calling for a "body politick." 102
Pilgrims stepped ashore. 41 men signed the compact calling themselves
Saints and others Strangers. One passenger died enroute and 2 were born
during the passage. Their military commander was Miles Standish. In 2006
Nathaniel Philbrick authored ?Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community
and War.?
    (AP, 11/11/97)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.8,23)(Econ, 5/6/06, p.82)

1620        Nov 19, The Pilgrims reached Cape Cod.
    (HN, 11/19/98)

1620        Nov 20, Peregrine White was born aboard the Mayflower in
Massachusetts Bay -- the first child born of English parents in
present-day New England.
    (AP, 11/20/97)

1620        Nov 21, Leaders of the Mayflower expedition framed the
"Mayflower Compact," designed to bolster unity among the settlers. The
Pilgrims reached Provincetown Harbor, Mass.
    (HN, 11/21/98)(MC, 11/21/01)

1620        Dec 2, An English newspaper headline read: ?The new tidings
out of Italie are not yet come.? In 2006 this was reported to be the
world?s oldest headline.
    (Econ, 12/23/06, p.103)

1620        Dec 6, A group of passengers and crew left the Mayflower in
a shallop to search for a suitable harbor and place to settle.
    (AM, 11/00, p.18)

1620        Dec 11, 103 Mayflower pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock.
    (MC, 12/11/01)

1620        Dec 16, The Mayflower dropped anchor in Plymouth Harbor.
    (AM, 11/00, p.18)

1620        Dec 18, The Captain of the Mayflower 1st went on land at
Plymouth Harbor with 3 to 4 sailors.
    (AM, 11/00, p.18)

1620        Dec 21, The Mayflower reached Plymouth, Mass. after a 63-day
voyage. Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower went ashore for the first time at
present-day Plymouth, Mass. The crew of the ship did not have enough
beer to get to Virginia and back to England so they dropped the Pilgrims
at Plymouth Rock to preserve their beer stock.
    (HFA, '96, p.44)(AP, 12/20/97)(Hem., 8/96, p.115)(MC, 12/21/01)

1620        Dec 23, French Huguenots declared war on King Louis XIII.
    (MC, 12/23/01)

1620        Georges de La Tour began his painting "The Hurdy Gurdy
Player With a Dog." It was completed about 1622.
    (WSJ, 11/13/96, p.A20)

1620        "The chronicle of the Pilgrims voyage to and settlement in
America was begun by Nathanial Morton, keeper of the records of Plymouth
Colony, based on the account of William Bradford, sometime governor
thereof..." From the two editorials titled: "The Desolate Wilderness"
and "And the Fair Land," published annually in the WSJ since 1961.
    (WSJ, 11/22/95, p.A-10)

1620        Bacon published his "Novum Organon." Francis Bacon was said
to have noted the striking fit of the opposing coastlines of South
America and western Africa.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.139)(DD-EVTT, p.192)
1620        Thomas Tompkins (1572-1656), English royal composer, wrote
his madrigal ?When David Heard.?
    (SFC, 6/4/10, p.F4)

1620        The Wampanoag Confederacy of some 50 Algonquin bands
stretched across southeastern Massachusetts.
    (AH, 6/02, p.44)   

1620        Ferdinand II became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire after
the death of Rudolf II and moved the Imperial Court back to Vienna. He
sold dozens of paintings collected by Rudolf II that he found "lewd."
    (WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)(WUD, 1994, p.524)

c1620        In Canada a settlement was established at Cupers Cove (now
Cupids) in Newfoundland.
    (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1620        In England Dutch-born Cornelius Drebbel tested a submarine
which cruised 15 feet under the Thames. Cornelis Drebbel also attempted
to air-condition Westminster Abbey.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)(WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W12)

1620        In India Jehangir, successor of Akbar, visited the gardens
of Kashmir and adopted the "flower style" as opposed to the previous
bestiaries.
    (WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A16)

1620        Will Adams, English-Dutch-Japanese ship pilot, died in Japan.
    (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1620        In Spain the Plaza Mayor, a grand, arcaded square in Madrid,
dates to this time.
    (SFEC, 5/31/98, p.T9)

1620-1621    Van Dyck made a portrait of "Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel."
    (WSJ, 3/9/98, p.A16)

c1620-1630    Marquisa de Rambouillet began inviting acquaintances to
her Paris townhouse for weekly conversations giving birth to the Paris
salon culture. In 2002 Benedetta Craveri authored ?The Age of
Conversation.? An English translation came out in 2005.
    (WSJ, 5/13/05, p.W6)

1620-1637    Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia and Hungary, ruled as the
Holy Roman emperor.
    (WUD, 1994, p.524)

1621         Jan 3, William Tucker was born. He is believed to be first
American born African-American. [1624 date also given]
    (HN, 1/3/99)(MC, 1/3/02)

1621        Feb 17, Miles Standish was appointed 1st commander of
Plymouth colony.
    (MC, 2/17/02)

1621        Mar 4, Jakarta, Java, was renamed Batavia.
    (SC, 3/4/02)

1621        Mar 16 The first Indian appeared in Plymouth, Mass. Samoset,
an English speaking Indian, and his friend Tisquantum of the Wampanoag
tribe, became friends with the Pilgrims.
    (HN, 3/16/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1621        Mar 31, Andrew Marvell, English poet and politician, was born.
    (HN, 3/31/01)

1621        Apr 1, The Plymouth, Massachusetts colonists created the
first treaty with Native Americans.
    (OTD)

1621        Apr 5, The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, Mass., on a
return trip to England. By this time 44 of the landing party had died
and 54 people, mostly children, were left to build the colony.
    (AP, 4/5/97)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1621        May 3, Francis Bacon was accused of bribery.
    (MC, 5/3/02)

1621        May 31, Sir Francis Bacon was thrown into Tower of London
for overnight.
    (MC, 5/31/02)

1621        Jun 3, The Dutch West India Company received a charter for
New Netherlands, now known as New York. The Dutch West India Co. was
formed to trade with America and West Africa.
    (AP, 6/3/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1621        Jul 8, Jean La Fontaine, poet and author of Fables, was born.
    (HN, 7/8/98)

1621        Sep 8, Louis II Conde, [Great Conde], duke of Bourbon
(Rocroi), was born.
    (MC, 9/8/01)

1621        Sep 21, King James of England gave Canada to Sir Alexander
Sterling.
    (MC, 9/21/01)

1621        Oct 16, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, organist and composer,
died at about 59.
    (MC, 10/16/01)

1621        Oct 25, Gov. Bradford of US Plymouth colony disallowed sport
on Christmas Day.
    (MC, 10/25/01)

1621        Oct, The first American Thanksgiving was held in
Massachusetts' Plymouth colony in 1621 to give thanks for a bountiful
harvest. 51 Pilgrims served codfish, sea bass and turkeys while their 90
Wampanoag guests contributed venison to the feast. After the survival of
their first colony through a bitter winter and the subsequent gathering
of the harvest in the autumn, Plymouth Colony Governor William Bradford
issued a thanksgiving proclamation. During the three-day October
thanksgiving the Pilgrims feasted on wild turkey and venison with their
Native American guests. American Indians introduced cranberries to the
white settlers. In 2006 Godfrey Hodgson, British historian, authored ?A
Great and Godly Adventure: The Pilgrims and the Myth of the First
Thanksgiving.? American scholars quickly defied Hodgson?s allegation
that there were no turkeys in the region.
    (Econ, 12/18/04, p.122)(SSFC, 11/12/06, p.M1)(SFC, 11/22/06, p.A1)

1621        Dec 3, Galileo invented the telescope. [see Aug 25, 1609]
    (MC, 12/3/01)

1621        Dec 13, Emperor Ferdinand II delegated the 1st
anti-Reformation decree.
    (MC, 12/13/01)

1621        Dec 18, English parliament unanimously accepted Protestation.
    (MC, 12/18/01)

1621        Dec 25, The governor William Bradford of New Plymouth
prevented newcomers from playing cards. The queens later depicted on
playing cards were said to be: spades (Pallas), hearts (Judith),
diamonds (Rachel), clubs (Elizabeth).
    (HN, 12/25/98)(SFC, 3/20/99, p.B4)(MC, 12/25/01)

1621        Georges de La Tour painted "The Fortune Teller," which
showed a young aristocrat getting fleeced while having his palm read.
    (SFC, 10/16/99, p.D3)

1621        Robert Burton authored "Anatomy of Melancholy." In 2001
Andrew Solomon authored "The Doomday Demon: An Atlas of Depression."
    (NW, 6/11/01, p.56)

1621        A letter from the English office of the Virginia Company
reports that European honeybees (Apis mellifera) were shipped to America.
    (NH, 5/97, p.32)

1621        In England Bacon was accused of taking bribes in his office
of lord chancellor. He was convicted, sentenced to a large fine and
imprisoned for a short time in the Tower of London.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.139)

1621        In Germany potatoes, native to the Andes, were first planted.
    (SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)

1621        In Mexico Agustina Ruiz of Quertaro was tried for claiming
sexual intercourse with saints. She was sent to a convent by the
Inquisition for 3 years of fasting and penance.
    (SFC, 9/18/96, p.A11)

1621        Spices bought in the West Indies for $227 sold for $2
million in Europe.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1621-1623    Orazio Gentileschi painted "Danaë."
    (WSJ, 3/12/02, p.A24)

1621-1623    Gregory XV served as Pope.
    (WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1621-1622    Dutch artist Dirck van Baburen painted "The Mocking of Christ."
    (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1622        Jan 15, Moliere (d.1673) [Jean Baptiste Poquelin], French
actor and comic dramatist, was born. He was the author of "Tartuffe" and
"The Misanthrope" (1666). He also did the bilingual experiment
"L?Impromptu du Versailles." His last play was "The Imaginary Invalid."
"It is a stupidity second to none, to busy oneself with the correction
of the world."
    (WUD, 1994, p.923)(WSJ, 4/5/96, p.A-6)(LSA, Spg/97, p.14)(WSJ,
4/2/98, p.A20)(AP, 11/10/98)(HN, 1/15/99)

1622        Jan 23, William Baffin (~38), British explorer, died.
    (MC, 1/23/02)

1622        Feb 8, King James I disbanded the English parliament.
    (MC, 2/8/02)

1622        Feb 27, Rembrandt Carel Fabritius (d.1654), Dutch painter,
was born.
    (SFC, 4/4/01, p.C1)(MC, 2/27/02)

1622        Mar 12, Ignatius of Loyola (founder of the Jesuits) was
declared a saint.
    (MC, 3/12/02)

1622        Mar 22, The Powhattan Confederacy massacred 347-350
colonists in Virginia, a quarter of the population. On Good Friday over
300 colonists in and around Jamestown, Virginia, were massacred by the
Powhatan Indians. The massacre was led by the Powhatan chief
Opechancanough and began a costly 22-year war against the English.
Opechancanough hoped that killing one quarter of Virginia?s colonists
would put an end to the European threat. The result of the massacre was
just the opposite, however, as English survivors regrouped and pushed
the Powhattans far into the interior. Opechancanough launched his final
campaign in 1644, when he was nearly 100 years old and almost totally
blind. He was then captured and executed.
    (WSJ, 10/19/98, p.A24)(HNPD, 10/23/98)(AP, 3/22/99)
   
1622        Apr 17, Henry Vaughan (d.1695), English poet and mystic, was
born.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1582)(HN, 4/17/98)

1622        Jun 24, The Dutch defeated Macao.
    (HFA, '96, p.32)

1622        Sep 6, A Spanish silver fleet disappeared off Florida Keys;
thousands died. The Santa Margarita, discovered off of Key West in 1980
by pioneering shipwreck salvor Mel Fisher, was bound for Spain when it
sank in a hurricane in 1622.
    (MC, 9/6/01)(AP, 6/18/07)

1622        Oct 18, French King Louis XIII and the Huguenots signed the
treaty of Montpellier.
    (MC, 10/18/01)

1622        Dec 28, Francois de Sales (55), French bishop of Geneva,
writer and saint, died.
    (MC, 12/28/01)

1622        Dutch artist Dirck van Baburen painted: "The Procuress."
    (SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)

1622        William Bradford and Edward Winslow authored ?Mourt?s
Relation.? It was published in London and provided an account of the
Plymouth colony?s first year.
    (WSJ, 11/22/08, p.W11)(AM, 11/00, p.18)

1622        Thomas Middleton and William Rowley wrote the Jacobean
tragedy "The Changeling."
    (WSJ, 3/6/97, p.A12)

1622        Paris Lodron, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, founded the
Univ. of Salzburg.
    (StuAus, April '95, p.87)

1622        Powhattan Indians attacked the outlying settlements of
Jamestown and destroyed the Henricus settlement.
    (www.history.org/foundation/journal/Winter04-05/henricus.cfm)

1622        The Spaten's company name comes from Munich brewing family
Spaeth, which bought a 225 year-old brewery in 1622 and ran the firm for
seven generations.
    (http://spatenusa.com/timeline.html)

1622        In Aklmaar [Netherlands] the cheese market officially
opened. [see 1366]
    (SFEC, 6/7/98, p.T10)

1622        Safavid Persia ruled Kandahar [aka Afghanistan].
    (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1622         Queen Nzinga of Matamba visited Portuguese officials to
plead for peace.
    (ATC, p.153)

1622-1623     Mustafa I took back the rule in the Ottoman House of Osman.
    (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1622-1623    Nicolas Poussin, French painter, made his ink and wash
drawing "The Death of Chione."
    (WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)

1623        Mar 5, The 1st American temperance law was enacted in Virginia.
    (MC, 3/5/02)

1623        Apr 27, Johann Adam Reincken, composer, was born.
    (MC, 4/27/02)

1623        Apr 29, 11 Dutch ships departed for the conquest of Peru.
    (MC, 4/29/02)

1623        Jun 19, Blaise Pascal (d.1662), French mathematician,
physicist, religious writer, was born. He affirmed that the heart has
its reasons, that reason does not comprehend. The French mathematician
invented the roulette wheel in an effort to create a perpetual motion
machine. He formulated the first laws of atmospheric pressure,
equilibrium of liquids and probability." All the troubles of man come
from his not knowing how to sit still."
    (V.D.-H.K.p.123)(SFEC, 3/23/97, z1 p.7)(AP, 6/19/98)(AP,
5/28/99)(HN, 6/19/99)

1623        Jul 4, William Byrd (80), English composer (Ave verum
corpus), died.
    (MC, 7/4/02)

1623        Aug 6, Anne Hathaway, wife of William Shakespeare, died.
    (MC, 8/6/02)

1623        Sep 10, Lumber and furs were the first cargo to leave New
Plymouth in North America for England.
    (HN, 9/10/98)

1623        Nov 9, William Camden (72), English historian: Brittania
Annales, died.
    (MC, 11/9/01)

1623        In Prague Adriaen de Vries created his sculpture, "Laocoon
and His Sons." It was the first reinterpretation of the Greek
masterpiece unearthed in Rome in 1506.
    (WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)

1623        Dutch artist Dirck van Baburen painted "Prometheus Chained."
    (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C1)

1623        Velazquez painted the portrait: "Gaspar de Guzman,
Count-Duke of Olivares."
    (WSJ, 12/29/99, p.A12)

1623        Ben Jonson, playwright, wrote his poem Shakespeare "Sweet
Swan of Avon."
    (SFC, 4/26/97, p.E3)

1623        The 1st folio edition of Shakespeare?s plays was published.
    (SSFC, 6/3/01, DB p.71)

1623        A volume entitled ?Necessary and Useful Rules for Hunting
and the Care of Grazing Animals? was published.
    (Econ, 1/20/07, p.93)

1623        In Massachusetts Gov. William Bradford instituted private
property so that the pilgrims could cultivate food at a profit. He
assigned every family a parcel of land.
    (WSJ, 11/26/97, p.A12)

1623        Avedis Zildjian, alchemist, noted that a particular
combination of tin and copper rang very nicely and began making musical
cymbals in Constantinople. In 1929 the firm moved to Massachusetts.
    (WSJ, 5/31/96, p.B1)

1623        The young male caretaker of cattle was first called a "cowboy."
    (SFC, 6/16/96, Zone 1 p.2)

1623        In London the Coopers Arm pub, now known as The Lamb and
Flag at 33 Rose St., went into business.
    (SFC, 8/11/96, p.T7)

1623        The 1st case of smallpox in Russia was reported.
    (SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17)

1623-1640    Murad IV succeeded Mustafa I in the Ottoman House of Osman.
    (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1624        Jan 15, The people of Mexico rioted upon hearing that their
churches were to be closed.
    (HN, 1/15/99)

1624        Mar 5, Class-based legislation was passed in the colony of
Virginia, exempting the upper class from punishment by whipping.
    (HN, 3/5/99)

1624        Apr 29, Louis XIII appointed Cardinal Richelieu chief
minister of the Royal Council.
    (HN, 4/29/98)

1624        May 24, James I revoked Virginia's charter after years of
unprofitable operation and it became a royal colony.
    (HN, 5/24/99)(AH, 6/07, p.27)

1624        Aug 13, French King Louis XIII named Cardinal Richelieu his
first minister.
    (AP, 8/13/97)

1624        Sep 12, The 1st submarine was tested in London.
    (MC, 9/12/01)

1624        May 3, Spanish silver fleet sailed to Panama.
    (MC, 5/3/02)

1624        George Fox (d.1691), founder of the Religious Society of
Friends (Quakers), was born in England.
    (SSFC, 8/5/01, p.C10)

1624        In Italy Giovanni Lanfranco painted the "Council of the
Gods" on the ceiling of the Galleria Borghese.
    (WSJ, 9/15/98, p.A20)

1624        Nicolas Poussin, French painter, left France and went to Rome.
    (WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)

1624        Velasquez painted a portrait of King Philip IV.
    (WSJ, 12/16/04, p.D8)

1624        Poet John Donne wrote: "Any man?s death diminishes me,
because I am involved in Mankind; and therefore never send to know for
whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee?"
    (SFC, 7/15/00, p.B3)

1624        Capt. John Smith published his General Historie of Virginia.
His exciting adventures are pictured in the book?s engravings.
    (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.359)

1624        Artisans of Louis XIII completed the 1st generation of the
Louvre.
    (SFC, 7/15/00, p.B3)

1624        Cafe Chris opened in Amsterdam and served the construction
workers of the nearby Westerkerk.
    (SFEC, 3/2/97, p.T5)

1624        The Dutch conquered Salvador, Brazil.
    (SFEC, 8/8/99, p.T8)

1624        Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel encased a wooden frame in a
greased leather sheath and pushed it underwater to create what?s claimed
to be the world?s 1st submarine.
    (SFC, 7/15/00, p.B3)

1625        Mar 5, James I (VI), Stuart king of Scotland (1567), England
(1603-25), died.
    (MC, 3/5/02)(PCh, 1992, p.228)

1625        Mar 27, Charles I (d.1649) became the English king. He was
King of England, Ireland and Scotland until he was beheaded.
    (AP, 3/27/97)(WSJ, 6/13/96, p.A12)(MC, 3/27/02)

1625        Apr 7, Albrecht von Wallenstein was appointed German supreme
commander.
    (MC, 4/7/02)

1625        May 15, In Upper Austria 16 rebellious farmers were hanged
in Varcklamarkt.
    (MC, 5/15/02)

1625        May 18, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Spanish marquis
of Denia, died.
    (SC, 5/18/02)

1625        Jun 5, Orlando Gibbons (41), English organist, composer
(Silver Swan), died.
    (MC, 6/5/02)

1625        Jun 8, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, discoverer of four
satellites of Saturn, was born in Perinaldo, Italy. Gian Domenico
Cassini was an astrologer and then became an astronomer and was known in
France as Jean-Dominique Cassini. At the Paris observatory he discovered
the wide gap in the rings of Saturn now called the Cassini division, as
well as four of the planet?s moons.
    (SFEC, 10/5/97, Z1 p.4)(HN, 6/8/98)(SFCM, 3/17/02, p.29)

1625        Jul 2, The Spanish army took Breda, Spain, after nearly a
year of siege.
    (HN, 7/2/98)

1625        Aug 20, Thomas Corneille, French playwright, was born.
    (MC, 8/20/02)

1625        Sep 13, 16 Rabbis (including Isiah Horowitz) were imprisoned
in Jerusalem.
    (MC, 9/13/01)

1625        Sep 24, Dutch Gen?l. Bowdoin Hendrik and his fleet of 17
ships sailed into San Juan, Puerto Rico, and attacked El Morro. He held
the garrison under siege for 3 weeks and then set the town to flames.
This infuriated the Spanish who attacked and sent the Dutch fleeing.
    (HT, 4/97, p.31-33)(MC, 9/24/01)

1625        Nov 14, Giulio C. Procaccini, Italian sculptor and painter,
died.
    (MC, 11/14/01)

1625        Dutch artist Hendrick ter Brugghen painted "Saint Sebastian
Attended by Saint Irene."
    (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1625        Rutilio Manetti painted "Lot and His Daughters."
    (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1625        Rembrandt depicted himself as a bit player in his painting
"The Stoning of St. Stephen."
    (WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)

1625        John Donne, English poet, wrote his "Westmoreland Manuscript"
    (WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-16)

1625        Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) of Holland published his
influential work "On the Law of War and Peace." Huig de Groot (Latinized
as Hugo Grotius), Dutch jurist and statesman, is generally regarded as
the founder of international law. "It is lawful to kill who is preparing
to kill."
    (HN, 4/10/98)(HNQ, 3/15/00)(Econ, 11/22/03, p.25)

1625        The first apple orchard in the US was planted on Boston?s
Beacon Hill.
    (T&L, 10/1980, p.40)

1625        An English colonizing group founded the Mount Wollaston
settlement, 25 miles north of Plymouth. It later became Quincy, Mass.
Thomas Morton, a London lawyer, was part of the group.
    (ON, 3/00, p.11)

1625        St. Croix island in the West Indies was settled by the Dutch
and English.
    (NG, Jan, 1968, C. Mitchell, p. 83)

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