*Timeline The Sixteenth Century: 1500-1524* Return to home ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1500 Jan 26, Spanish explorer Vicente Yanez Pinzon reached the northeastern coast of Brazil during a voyage under his command. Pinzon had commanded the Nina during Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New World. (MC, 1/26/02) 1500 Feb 24, Charles V, king of Spain (1516-1556), was born in Ghent, Belgium. He was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope. (HN, 2/24/99)(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC, 2/24/02) 1500 Mar 9, Pedro Cabral (~1460-1520), Portuguese navigator, departed to India. He left Lisbon with 13 ships headed for India and was blown off course. (WUD, 1994 p.206)(SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm) 1500 Apr 8, Battle at Novara: King Louis XII beat duke Ludovico Sforza (Il Sforza del Destino). (MC, 4/8/02) 1500 Apr 10, France captured duke Ludovico Sforza ("Il Sforza del Destino") of Milan. (MC, 4/10/02) 1500 Apr 11, Michael T. Marullus, Greeks poet, drowned. (MC, 4/11/02) 1500 Apr 22, Pedro Alvares Cabral (c1460-c1526), Portuguese explorer, discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. He anchored for 10 days in a bay he called "Porto Seguro" and continued on to India. [see Apr 23] (WUD,1994, p.206)(AHD, p.185)(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(HN, 4/22/98)(SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14) 1500 Apr 23, Pedro Cabal landed at Terra da Vera Cruz and claimed Brazil for Portugal. The native population was later estimated to have been from 1 to 11 million people. [see Apr 22] (AP, 4/23/98)(SFC, 7/6/98, p.A10)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm) 1500 May 29, Bartholomeu Diaz de Narvaez (Novaez), Portuguese sea explorer, drowned. (SC, 5/29/02) 1500 Aug 10, Diego Diaz discovered Madagascar. (MC, 8/10/02) 1500 Oct, Governor De Bobadilla of Santo Domingo captured Christopher Columbus and returned him in shackles to Spain. Columbus, during his third sojourn to the new world, engaged in a dispute with the ambassador plenipotentiary to Santo Domingo, Hispaniola (later shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Columbus was later released and forgiven by the Queen. (V.D.-H.K.p.143)(SFEC, 3/15/98, Z1 p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v2.htm) 1500 Nov 1, Benvunuto Cellini (d.1571), Italian goldsmith and sculptor, was born. His 1545 autobiography greatly influenced the Renaissance. (HN, 11/1/00)(WSJ, 2/14/00, p.A20) 1500 Pietro Torrigiani created his sculpture "Virgin and Child." (WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18) 1500 Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) of Nuremburg painted a self-portrait later described as the most gorgeous portrait ever painted. (WSJ, 3/15/08, p.W16) 1500 Giovanni Bellini painted "The Pieta" and "Portrait of a Young Man." (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17) 1500 Herri met de Bles, Flemish oil painter, created "Landscape With Burning City." (WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W8) 1500 Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter, painted his "Mystic Nativity," but he was out of key with public taste. His reputation was only restored in the 19th century. He also did the circular painting "Adoration of the Christ Child." (TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 12/30/97, p.A8) 1500 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch humanist scholar, published his "Adagia." (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 During the first half century of printing 1450-1500, the majority of printed books were renderings of Greek and Latin works, previously available only in manuscripts... From this point on, published works in the national languages... were in the majority. (V.D.-H.K.p.143) 1500 Antwerp Cathedral was completed after 148 years of construction. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 Pope Alexander VI proclaimed a Year of Jubilee with a call for a crusade against the Turks. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 Aldus Manutius, Italian printer, founded the Venice Academy for the study of Greek classics and he invented Italic type. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 Valencia University was founded. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 The Diet of Augsburg established a Council of Regency to administer the Holy Roman Empire. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 King Louis XII of France captured Milan in the Italian Wars. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1500 Haast's eagle, which lived in the mountains of New Zealand, became extinct about this time, most likely due to habitat destruction and the extinction of its prey species at the hands of early Polynesian settlers. Researchers in 2009 determined that the 40 pound bird was a predator and not a mere scavenger as many had thought. (AP, 9/11/09) 1500 The Vatican established a permanent nunciature (diplomatic service) in Venice. (Econ, 7/21/07, p.59) 1500 Nueva Cadiz was established on Isla de Cubagua off the coast of Venezuela after Columbus discovered rich pearl oyster beds nearby. (SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8) 1500 Geologists in 2009 said an earthquake of magnitude 6.5-7, dated to about this time, tore a deep gash into a 35-mile fault sergment along the Wasatch front of Utah state. (SFC, 9/25/09, p.A8) 1500 The population of the world at about 400 million was distributed as follows: China, Japan, and Korea 130 million Europe and Russia 100 million India subcontinent 70 million Southeast Asia and Indonesia 40 million Central and western Asia 25 million Africa 20 million The Americas 15 million (V.D.-H.K.p.168) c1500 In northern Argentina 3 Inca children were sacrificed. In 1999 a team of archeologists discovered their frozen mummies on Mount Llullaillaco. (SFC, 4/7/99, p.A11) c1500 At the end of the 15th century Azerbaijan became the power base of a native dynasty, the Safavids. They established an empire that dominated Iran in the 16th and 17th centuries.. (CO, Grolier?s Amer. Acad. Enc./ Azerbaijan) c1500 Lake Cauhilla in southern California, the predecessor to the Salton Sea, measured 50 by 100 miles and began evaporating. (SFC, 11/30/98, p.A22) 1500s The Aztecs played ollamalitzli. The game placed a rubber ball through a stone ring and the loser was often beheaded. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34) 1500s The Navajo began settling on Hopi land. They have farmed in the southwest since this time. (SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26) 1500s Europe began to restrict the practice of medicine to qualified doctors. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25) 1500s Holland and Saxony began to protect the rights of inventors to their creations. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14) 1500s Juan de Bermudez of Spain first reported on the island of Bermuda. (SFC, 5/2/98, p.E4) 1500s The popularity of surströmming, a Swedish fermented herring with a noxious stench, surged in the early 1500s and again in the early 1700s. (WSJ, 8/13/02, p.A1) 1500s Monomutapa (Zimbabwe) was split in two with the northern half remaining Monomutapa, and a southern half under the rival dynasty of Changamire. (ATC, p.148) 1500s Portugal settled the island of Sao Tome, 250 miles off the coast of Kongo. Most of the settlers were criminals deported from Portugal. Sugar began to be grown on Sao Tome and slaves were purchased from King Affonso. The Portuguese and Africans did not see slavery the same way. To the Portuguese the slaves were beasts of burden and worked so hard that many died. They then bought more. (ATC, p.152) 1500s Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May and were still smelling pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Baths equaled a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was so dirty you could actually loose someone in it. Hence the saying, "Don?t throw the baby out with the bath water". Houses had thatched roofs. Thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the pets... dogs, cats and other small animals, mice, rats, bugs lived in the roof. When it rained it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof. Hence the saying, "It?s raining cats and dogs," There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess up your nice clean bed. So, they found if they made beds with big posts and hung a sheet over the top, it addressed that problem. Hence those beautiful big 4 poster beds with canopies. The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt. Hence the saying "dirt poor". The wealthy had slate floors which would get slippery in the winter when wet. So they spread thresh on the floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on they kept adding more thresh until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed at the entry way, hence a "thresh hold". They cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They mostly ate vegetables and didn?t get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes the stew had food in it that had been in there for a month. Hence the rhyme: peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old." Sometimes they could obtain pork and would feel really special when that happened. When company came over, they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off. It was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the bacon." They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat." Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food. This happened most often with tomatoes, so they stopped eating tomatoes... for 400 years. Most people didn?t have pewter plates, but had trenchers - a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like a bowl. Trencher were never washed and a lot of times worms got into the wood. After eating off wormy trenchers, they would get "trench mouth." Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or the "upper crust". Lead cups were used to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a "wake". England is old and small and they started running out of places to bury people. So, they would dig up coffins and would take their bones to a house and re-use the grave. In reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on their wrist and lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night to listen for the bell. Hence on the "graveyard shift" they would know that someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a "dead ringer". (e-mail, Riddiough, 5/14/99) 1500-1600 "Hsi Yu Chi" was a 16th century Chinese novel based on the account of a 7th century monk, Tripitaka, who traveled to India for 16 years for Buddhist scriptures. (SFC, 12/7/96, p.D1) 1500-1600 "The Boke of Hawkynge and Huntynge and Fysshynge" was produced. A copy sold for $88,000 in 2000. (SFC, 6/2/00, p.A21) c1500-1600 George Pencz, 16th century German artist. His work included "Holy Trinity, Seat of Mercy." (SFC, 9/29/01, p.B1) 1500-1600 Weimar became the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar. (SSFC, 8/1/04, p.D10) 1500-1600 Yi Am, 16th cent. Korean artist. The artist?s work included: "Puppies, Birds and Blossoms." (WSJ, 8/10/98, p.A12) c1500-1600 The 16th century French text "The Rules of Civility" was published. (SFC, 7/4/02, p.D1) 1500-1600 The first Russian book printed was the 15th century "Apostle." (SFC, 12/27/96, p.C16) 1500-1600 The Kalmyk people, descendants from the Golden Horde of Genghis Khan, settled in the lowlands between the Volga and Don rivers with their livestock. (SFC, 9/24/97, p.A12) c1500-1600 In Honduras the Lenca Indian chieftain Lempira withdrew to the high mountains to lead resistance against the Spaniards. According to legend he plunged to his death from a rocky outcrop near the summit of the highest peak. The Indians developed the Quezungal method of farming, where crops were planted under trees that kept hillsides from eroding. (SFC, 11/18/98, p.A14) c1500-1600 Giulio Cesare Aranzi, Italian anatomist, name the hippocampus formation of the brain because of its resemblance to Hippocampus, the seahorse. (NH, 9/97, p.56) c1500-1600 Scotsman Rob Roy was forced to become a highland fugitive. (SFC, 8/19/96, p.D7) c1500-1600 The Predjama Castle was built at the mouth of a huge cave at Postojna, Slovenia. It was later used by the highway robber Erasmus Luegger. (SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C7) c1500-1600 A Muslim pilgrim stole coffee beans from Yemen and raised them in India. Yemen was the first great coffee exporter and in order to protect its trade had decreed that no living plant could leave the country. (WSJ, 6/4/99, p.W9) 1500-1650 Period of late Renaissance. (V.D.-H.K.p.143) c1500-1800 In Nepal the Malla dynasty created an architectural frenzy in Patan between the 16th and 18th centuries. (WSJ, 1/22/98, p.A17) 1500-1800 Ottoman Turk rule extended over Libya. (SSFC, 6/27/04, p.D12) c1500s-1800s Millions of Africans were torn from their homelands, herded into ships and sold in the New World for more than 300 years. Perhaps the cruelest part of the Atlantic slave trade was the weeks-long sea crossing, or the so-called Middle Passage--that leg of the Triangular Trade that brought the human cargo from West Africa to New World ports. Rather than provide healthful conditions on the sea crossing, slave traders sought to maximize profits with "tight packing"--cramming so many slaves onto the lower decks that those that survived would compensate for the certain losses. The British slave ship Brookes' deck plan shows the ship carrying 454 slaves with 6'x 1'4" of space allowed for each adult male, 5'10" x 11" for each woman and 5' x 1'2" for each boy. This clinical representation of human suffering during the Middle Passage was widely circulated by abolitionist groups. (HNPD, 12/14/98) 1500-1820 The proto-capitalist epoch. The world GDP grew by .07% per year. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R54) 1501 Mar 1, Lithuania and Livonia established a 10-year union for protection against Russia. (LHC, 3/1/03) 1501 Mar 20, Jean Carondelet (72), lawyer, chancellor of Burgundy (1480-96), died. (MC, 3/20/02) 1501 May 20, Portuguese explorer Joao da Nova Castelia (1460-1509) discovered the Ascension Islands on Ascension Day. (www.eoearth.org/article/Ascension_scrub_and_grasslands) 1501 Jul 27, Copernicus was formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral. (MC, 7/27/02) 1501 Sep 24, Gerolamo Cardano, mathematician, was born. He authored "Games of Chance," the first systematic computation of probabilities. (HN, 9/24/00) 1501 Oct 15, English crown prince Arthur married Catharina of Aragon. [see Nov 14] (MC, 10/15/01) 1501 Nov 14, Arthur Tudor married Katherine of Aragon. [see Oct 15] (HN, 11/14/98) 1501 Michelangelo was commissioned by Florence, his native home, to carve the colossal statue "David." The work had been by Agostino di Duccio around 1465. Michelangelo finished it in 1504. It was placed at the front of the Palazzo Signoria. In 1873 it was cleaned and moved indoors. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 4/29/03, D5) 1501 Books printed before 1501 are called incunabula or incunables, after the Latin word for cradle. The 15th century was the cradle of printing. (WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24) 1501 France and Spain occupied Naples, and French troops entered Rome. Louis XII was declared King of Naples by the Pope. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1501 Cesare Borgia captured Romagna (north-central Italy) and appointed Remirro de Orco, his cruelest lieutenant, to pacify the region. After the job was done Borgia had Orco cut in two to gain the gratitude of the people. (WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20) 1501 Maximilian I, German emperor, recognized the French conquests of northern Italy in the Peace of Trent. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1501 A worn Roman torso was unearthed in Rome. It later acquired the nickname "Pasquino" and served as a station for posting complaints and opinions that came to be known as Pasquinades. (WSJ, 12/31/01, p.A6) 1501 The Turks took Durazzo from Venice. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1501 Ivan III, Czar of Russia, invaded Lithuania. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1501 Gaspar de Corte-Real, Portuguese navigator, made the first authenticated European landing on the northern continent of the Western Hemisphere since c1000AD. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1501 Amerigo Vespucci, Florentine navigator, explored the coast of Brazil on his second voyage to the New World. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1501 The Anglo-Portuguese Syndicate completed the first of five voyages to Newfoundland. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Jan 1, Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral and Amerigo Vespucci sailed the into the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. Portuguese explorers sailed into Guanabra Bay and mistook it for the mouth of a river which they named Rio de Janeiro. (Hem., Dec. '95, p.129)(MC, 1/1/02) 1502 Feb 12, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer, departed on a second trip to India with 20 well-armed ships. (www.indhistory.com/vasco-da-gama.html) 1502 Feb 12, Isabella issued a royal order giving all remaining Moors in the realms of Castile the choice between baptism and expulsion. (www.cyberistan.org/islamic/beyond1492.html) 1502 Apr 2, Arthur, English crown prince, husband of Catharina of Aragon, died. (MC, 4/2/02) 1502 May 9, Christopher Columbus left Cadiz, Spain, on his fourth and final trip to the Western Hemisphere. He explored Central America, and discovered St. Lucia, the Isthmus of Panama, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Columbus left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica. [see May 11] (TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(AP, 5/9/97)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1) 1502 May 11, Columbus embarked on his 4th voyage with 150 men in 4 caravels. Among those in the fleet were Columbus's brother Bartholomew, and Columbus' younger son Fernando, then just 13 years old. They reached the coast of Honduras after 8 months and passed south to Panama (1503). The ships included the Capitana, which served as the flagship, and the Vizcaina. In 2006 Klaus Brinkbaumer authored ?The Voyage of the Vizcaina.? (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)(WSJ, 5/26/06, p.W5) 1502 Jun 6, Jofo III, King of Portugal (1521-57), was born. (MC, 6/6/02) 1502 Jun 7, Pope Gregory XIII was born. He introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582. [see 1552] (HN, 6/7/98)(SFEC, 2/20/00, Par p.7) 1502 Jun 29, Christopher Columbus arrived at Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, on his 4th voyage to the new world. He requested harbor and advised Gov. Nicolas de Ovando of an approaching hurricane. Ovando denied the request and dispatched a treasure fleet to Spain. 20 ships sank in the storm, 9 returned to port and one made it to Spain. (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1502 Jul, Columbus reached the coast of Honduras during his 4th voyage and passed south to Panama. (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1502 Sep 18, Christopher Columbus landed at Costa Rica during his 4th and last voyage. Columbus left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica. (MC, 9/18/01)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1) 1502 Dec 31, Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) occupied Urbino. (MC, 12/31/01) 1502 Donato Bramante began the Tempietto of S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Vittore Carpaccio began the fresco cycle "Scenes from the Lives of SS George and Jerome." Full of light and detail, it is typical of the Venetian manner. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Lucas Cranch, German painter, began his career in Vienna. In 1521 he painted the famous portrait of Martin Luther. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Leonardo da Vinci drew plans for a 720-foot stone span across the Golden Horn at the mouth of the Bosporus. In 2001 Vebjorn Sand, Norwegian artist, completed a 330-foot, laminated timber bridge linking Norway and Sweden at Aas, 16 miles south of Oslo based on the da Vinci plans. (SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C2) 1502 Vasco da Gama founded the Portuguese colony at Cochin, China. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Ahuizotl, ruler of the Aztecs, died and was cremated on a funeral pyre about this time at the foot of the Templo Mayor pyramid. In 2007 Mexican archeologists found underground chambers in Mexico City they believed to contain his remains. (AP, 8/4/07)(AP, 6/17/10) 1502 Moctezuma Xocoyotl (Montezuma II), an Aztec prince, inherited the Aztec throne becoming the 9th ruler of the Aztecs. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(ON, 10/00, p.1)(Econ, 9/26/09, p.99) 1502 In Germany Peter Henlein of Nuremberg used iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14) 1502 In Germany Wittenberg University was founded. (Voruta #27-28, Jul 1996, p.10)(TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Shah Ismail founded the Safavid Dynasty in Persia. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Amerigo Vespucci declared that South America is a separate continent after his second voyage. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 A hurricane nearly destroyed La Nueva Isabela and it was abandoned. The city was rebuilt on the other side of the river as Santo Domingo by the new governor, Nicholas de Ovando. (AM, 7/97, p.59) 1502 Vasco da Gama returned to Calicut, India. He bombarded the town, burned a ship full of Arab men, women, and children because its captain had offended him, and demanded that the Muslims turn over the trade to the Portuguese. Within a generation his demands were met. (V.D.-H.K.p.174) 1502 Portuguese traders took peanuts from Brazil and Peru to Africa. (SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8) 1502 Jaoa de Nova, Portuguese explorer, discovered St. Helena Island. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1502 Spain legalized slave shipments to the Americas. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49) 1502-1533 Atahualpa, emperor of the Incas. He had a fortune in gold and silver and tried to purchase his freedom from Pizarro for a chamber filled with gold. Pizarro took 124 tons of gold in ransom and then re-arrested Atahualpa for treason to the Spanish crown and had him decapitated. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8) 1503 Jan 9, Christopher Columbus returned to the mouth of Rio Belen (western Panama), where he built a garrison. (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1503 Feb 11, Elizabeth of York (b.1466), consort of King Henry VII, died on 38th birthday. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York) 1503 Mar 10, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1558-1564), was born. He was King of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526-1564. (HN, 3/10/01)(WUD, 1994 p.523) 1503 Mar 28, The 2nd Lithuanian war with Russia (1500-1503) ended with a treaty. Lithuania lost a fourth of its territory. (LHC, 3/28/03) 1503 Apr 6, Christopher Columbus fended off an Indian attack at his garrison at Rio Belen (Panama). (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1503 Apr 16, Christopher Columbus abandoned the garrison at Rio Belen (Panama) and sailed for home (Hispaniola) with 3 ships. On the way he was shipwrecked in Jamaica. (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1503 May 10, Columbus stumbled across the Cayman Islands and dubbed them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles. (SFEC, 2/16/97, p.T8)(HN, 5/10/98) 1503 Jun 25, Christopher Columbus beached his sinking ships in St. Anne?s Bay, Jamaica, and spent a year shipwrecked and marooned there before returning to Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1503 Aug 18, Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), born in Spain as Rodrigo di Borgia (1431), died. He had recently authorized the building of a prison in the cellars of Castel Sant?Angelo in Rome. (PTA, p.424)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI)(SSFC, 7/22/07, p.G2) 1503 Nov 28, Giuliano della Rovere (1443-1513) was crowned as Pope Julius II. (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm) 1503 Oct 30, Queen Isabella of Spain banned violence against Indians. (MC, 10/30/01) 1503 Nov 17, Il Bronzino, Florentine painter (Eleanor de Toledo & her Son), was born. (MC, 11/17/01) 1503 Dec 14, Nostradamus [Michel de Nostredame], prophet, was born in St. Remy, Provence, France. He predicted correctly French king Henri II's manner of death. Nostradamus was the author of a book of prophecies that many still believe foretold the future. He was also physician, an astrologer and a clairvoyant. He wrote in rhyming quatrains, accurately predicting the Great London Fire in 1666, Spain?s Civil War, and a Hitler that would lead Germany into war. He even correctly predicted his own death on July 2, 1566. (HN, 12/14/99)(MC, 12/14/01) 1503 Lucas Cranach (1472-1553) the Elder, German artist ( Saxony), completed his painting ?The Crucifixion.? (www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026747/Lucas-Cranach-the-Elder) 1503 Parmigianino (d.1540), Italian painter and master draftsman, was born. His paintings included "Madonna of the Long Neck." (WSJ, 2/12/00, p.A25) 1503 Leonardo Da Vinci began painting the "Mona Lisa." The husband of Lisa del Giocondo commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint the "Mona Lisa," The model was Lisa Gheradini whose relatives had emigrated to Ireland in the 12th century and translated their surname to Fitzgerald, an ancestral name of later US president John F. Kennedy. Lisa Gherardini (b.1479) was originally identified as the subject of the world's most famous painting by Leonardo's first biographer, the 16th-century Italian writer Giorgio Vasari. In 2001 Donald Sassoon authored "Becoming Mona Lisa: The Making of a Global Icon." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo)(SFC, 4/26/97, p.E4)(SFC, 3/21/98, p.E3)(WSJ, 12/7/01, p.W16)(AP, 9/13/04) 1503 Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned to decorate a hall in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. For some 18 months he worked on a mural for the 1440 Battle of Anghiari but abandoned the work in 1506. The mural was later lost when Georgio Vasari was hired to remodel the hall. (WSJ, 11/9/07, p.W4) 1503 Thomas a Kempis published his "Imitation of Christ" in an English translation and it had great religious influence. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1503 Canterbury Cathedral was finished after 433 years of construction. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1503 Henry VII?s chapel, the final stage of English gothic art, was begun in Westminster Abbey. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1503 The pocket handkerchief came into general use in polite European society. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1503 The missionary Bartolome de Las Casa described the brutal destruction of a Taino Indian city, La Aleta (later in the Dominican Republic). Captain-Gen?l. Juan de Esquival led a Spanish force that massacred 600-700 Higuey Tainos for rebelling after one of their chiefs was disemboweled by a Spanish attack dog. In 1997 archeologists found evidence of a city at the site called La Aleta. (SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)(AM, 7/97, p.60) 1503 The French in Italy were defeated by the Spaniards in the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano, and Spanish forces entered Naples. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1503 A War of Succession broke out between Albert IV of Bavaria and Rupert of the Palatinate (a state of the Holy Roman Empire). (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1503 Jean Poyet, French Renaissance artist, died. His work included "Vespers: Massacre of the Innocents and Flight Into Egypt." (WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A20) 1503 Seville, Spain, was awarded rights to all trade with the recently discovered New World. (SSFC, 8/15/10, p.M4) 1503 Zanzibar became a Portuguese colony. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1504 Jan 17, Pius V, Pope from 1566-1572, was born. (HN, 1/17/99) 1504 Feb 29, An eclipse occurred and helped Christopher Columbus subdue his rebellious Indian carriers. (SCTS, p.29) 1504 Apr 1, English guilds went under state control. (MC, 4/1/02) 1504 Apr 18, Fra Filippo Lippi (~52), painter, died. (MC, 4/18/02) 1504 Apr 23, King Maximilian I routed troops to Bavaria. (MC, 4/23/02) 1504 May 5, Anton of Burgundy (~82), the Great Bastard, knight, died. (MC, 5/5/02) 1504 Jun 29, Diego Mendez, one of Columbus's captains, returned to Jamaica with a small caravel and rescued the Columbus expedition. Mendez had managed to take a canoe from Jamaica to Hispaniola where he chartered the rescue ship. (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm) 1504 Aug 6, Matthew "Nosey" Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, was born. (MC, 8/6/02) 1504 Nov 7, Columbus returned to Spain following his 4th voyage after suffering a shipwreck at Jamaica. Columbus brought back cocoa beans and chocolate drinks soon became a favorite in the Spanish court. In 2005 Martin Dugard authored ?The Last Voyage of Columbus.? (EWH, 1968, p.390)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(SSFC, 6/26/05, p.C1) 1504 Nov 26, Isabella I (53), Catholic Queen of Castille and Aragon (1474-1504), patron of Columbus died. (MC, 11/26/01) 1504 Raphael painted "The Marriage of the Virgin." It exemplified the major principles of High Renaissance art. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1504 Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) drew his "Adam and Eve." (SFEC, 2/9/97, DB p.6) 1504 The Signoria of Florence commissioned Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio. (OG) 1504 In Florence Leonardo da Vinci and Machiavelli became involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River and thereby cut the water supply to Pisa and force its surrender. Colombino, the project foreman, failed to follow da Vinci?s design, and the project was a spectacular failure. This is covered in the 1998 book "Fortune Is a River" by Roger D. Masters. (WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20) 1504 Louis XII of France ceded Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon in the Treaty of Lyon. Naples remained under Spanish control for the next 200 years. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1504 Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, captured Kabul in Afghanistan and maintained control to 1519. Babur?s mother descended from Genghis Khan and his father from Timur (Tamerlane). (TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(www.afghan, 5/25/98)(WSJ, 10/24/00, p.A12) 1504 Venetian ambassadors proposed to Turkey the construction of a Suez Canal. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1504 Henry Tudor, king of England, had coins minted with an accurate self likeness. (TL-MB, 1988, p.8) 1505 Feb 4, Joan of Valois (40), Queen of France, saint, died. (MC, 2/4/02) 1505 Feb 26, In Brest Polish Chancellor J. Laski invited the Lithuanian government to reconfirm and expand the 1501 Union of Melnik, but the offer was rejected. (LHC, 2/26/03) 1505 Apr 20, Jews were expelled from Orange, Burgundy, by Philibert of Luxembourg. (MC, 4/20/02) 1505 Jul 24, On their way to India, a group of Portuguese explorers sacked the city-state of Kilwa, East Africa, and killed the king for failing to pay tribute. (HN, 7/24/98) 1505 Oct 27, The Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III (also known as "Ivan the Great"), died; he was succeeded by his son, Vasily III (Basil III). Vasily's son, Ivan IV, later became the first czar of Russia, "Ivan the Terrible." (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(AP, 10/27/05) 1505 Dec 18, John IX van Horne, prince-bishop of Lieges, Belgium, was executed. (MC, 12/18/01) 1505 Giovanni Bellini painted "The Virgin and Child with Saints," the most perfect realization of the "holy conversation" theme in all of Western painting. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1505 Hieronymus Bosch began his triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights" and marked the last fling of the Gothic Middle Ages. He also painted "The Temptation of St. Anthony." (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SFC, 8/27/98, p.E3) 1505 Giorgione painted "The Concert." (WSJ, 7/16/02, p.D6) 1505 Pope Julius summoned Michelangelo to Rome to design the pope?s tomb. The contract was revised 5 times and only 3 of 40 large figures were executed. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG) 1505 Leonardo da Vinci painted ?The Battle of Anghiari? on a wall in Florence?s Palazzo Vecchio. It commemorated a victory of Florentine forces over the ruling Medici. In 1563 the Medici, having regained power, hired Giorgio Vasari to cover up Leonardo?s work with a painting celebrating one of their own martial successes. It was later thought that Vasari hid the original behind his new work. (WSJ, 4/10/08, p.D7) 1505 Raphael painted his ?Madonna of the Goldfinch? about this time for the wedding of a friend, Lorenzo Nasi. The painting was shredded in 1548 when Nasi?s palace collapsed. The work was pieced together and modern restoration, which began in 1999, was completed in 2008. (SFC, 10/31/08, p.E7) 1505 Wimpfeling published the first history of Germany, "Epitome Rerum Germanicarum." (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1505 Maximilian I began a reformation of the Holy Roman Empire. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1505 Christ?s College, Cambridge, England, was founded. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1505 Magellan began to serve Portugal when he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida. He continued in Portuguese service on many expeditions, being wounded in a campaign against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor in 1513. The wound caused him to limp for the rest of his life. Magellan petitioned King Manuel of Portugal for an increase in his pension as a titular rise in rank, but the king refused and sent him back to Morocco. Upon his second petition in 1516, Magellan was told he might offer his services elsewhere. (HNQ, 10/9/00) 1505 A well armed Portuguese fleet attacks Kilwa and then Mombasa. The Portuguese then attempt to monopolize the trade in the east African ports but were unable to maintain control. By the late 1500s, Swahili groups regained control of several ports from the Portuguese.. (ATC, p.144) 1505 Portuguese explorers discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and established factories on the east coast of Africa. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1505 Christopher Columbus died in poverty in Spain. Columbus was the author of "Books of Prophecies," later translated by Delno C. West. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 10/8/99, p.W15) 1505-1585 Thomas Tallis, English organist and vocal composer, especially of church music. (WUD, 1994, p.1450) 1506 Jan 22, The Swiss Guard mercenaries, summoned by Pope Julius II to protect the pope and the Vatican, arrived in Rome. (USAT, 5/6/98, p.6A)(AP, 1/22/06) 1506 Apr 7, Francis Xavier, saint, Jesuit missionary to India, Malaya, and Japan, was born. (MC, 4/7/02) 1506 May 19, Columbus selected his son Diego as sole heir. (MC, 5/19/02) 1506 May 20, Christopher Columbus (55) died in poverty in Spain, still believing he discovered the coast of Asia. Columbus died in the Spanish city of Valladolid, and was initially interred in a monastery there. Three years later, his remains were moved to a monastery on La Cartuja. In 1537, Maria de Rojas y Toledo, widow of Columbus' son Diego, was allowed to send the bones of her husband and his father to the cathedral in Santo Domingo for burial. There they lay until 1795, when Spain ceded the island of Hispaniola to France and decided Columbus' remains should not fall into foreigners' hands. A set of remains that the Spaniards thought were Columbus' were then dug up from behind the main altar in the newly built cathedral and shipped to a cathedral in Havana, where they remained until the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898 and Spain brought them to Seville. But in 1877, workers digging inside the Santo Domingo cathedral unearthed a leaden box containing 13 large bone fragments and 28 small ones. It was inscribed "Illustrious and distinguished male, don Cristobal Colon." The Dominicans said these were the real remains of Columbus and that the Spaniards must have taken the wrong remains in 1795. (AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/99)(AP, 10/13/02)(SFC, 1/18/05, p.A8) 1506 Albrecht Durer painted his "Portrait of a Young Woman." (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17) 1506 Giorgione painted ?The Three Philosophers? about this time. (WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5) 1506 The Laocoon sculpture was unearthed in Rome. It served as a peg for Goethe?s aesthetic theories. It later inspired Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 18th century German dramatist and critic, to write one of the greatest essays ever written on a work of ancient art. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 9/7/99, p.A23) 1506 Pope Julius II placed the 1st stone for the new St. Peter?s Basilica. Bramante began to rebuild St. Peter?s Cathedral in Rome, which had been neglected since the 14th century when the popes resided at Avignon. Pope Urban VIII consecrated it in 1626. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SSFC, 2/18/07, p.A2) 1506 The University of Frankfurt-on-the-Oder was founded. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1506 Jacob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imported spices to Europe from the East Indies. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1506 The Spaniards in the West Indies began raising sugar cane. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1506 Machiavelli, Italian diplomat, established the Florentine militia, the first Italian national troops. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1506 Andrea Mantegna (b.1431), Italian painter and engraver, died. His paintings included a dead Christ, ?Christo Morto,? whose bare feet seem to stick out of the picture. He also painted "Virgin and Child in Glory." (WSJ, 6/6/96, p.A12)(SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T11)(WSJ, 11/10/07, p.W14) 1506 King Chungjong (r.1506-1544) began his rule in Korea. He restored Confucian rule with the support of officials who had deposed King Yongsan-gun. (www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm) 1506 Copernicus, Polish-born astronomer, was appointed canon of church properties in the Prussian diocese of Ermland. (ON, 2/11, p.5) 1506 Riots in Lisbon, Portugal, led to the slaughter of 2,000-4,000 converted Jews. This became the setting for a 1998 novel by Richard Zimler, "The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon." (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) (WSJ, 6/8/98, p.A21) 1506 Philip I of Castile died and was succeeded by a Council of Regency because of the insanity of his widow. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1506 Mozambique, Africa, was colonized by the Portuguese. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1506-1510 Leonardo da Vinci divided his time between Florence and Milan, where he serve Charles d?Amboise, the region?s French governor. It was in this period that he compiled his illustrated observations that came to be known as the 72-page Codex Leicester. It consists of 18 loose, double-sided sheets, written in mirror script and illustrated with about 360 sketches. The work was first planned as a treatise on the motion of water. (SFC, 10/29/96, p.F3)(WSJ, 10/31/96, p.A21)(NH, 11/96, p.14,96) 1507 Jan 15, Johann Oporinus [Herbster], Swiss book publisher (Koran), was born. (MC, 1/15/02) 1507 Feb 23, Gentile Bellini, Venetian artist, died. (www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xgentilebellini.html) 1507 Mar 12, Cesare Borgia (31), cardinal, soldier, politician, died while fighting alongside his brother, the king of Navarre, in Spain. (HN, 3/12/99)(MC, 3/12/02) 1507 Apr 25, Martin Waldseemuller, a German geographer working at a small college in Eastern France, labeled the New World "America," for the first time in his book "Cosmographiae Introductio," and gave Amerigo Vespucci (d.1512) credit for discovering it. Letters of 1504-1505 had circulated in Florence claimed that Vespucci had discovered the new World. Vespucci was in fact only a passenger or low officer on one of the ships captioned by others. Vespucci was later believed to have been the brother of Simonetta Vespucci, the model for Venus in the Botticelli painting. In 2000 the US Library of Congress planned to acquire the original map for $14 million from the Prince Johannes Waldburg-wolfegg. A $10 million purchase was completed in 2003. In 2009 Toby Lester authored ?The Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the World, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name.? (SFEC, 8/23/98, p.T10)(SFC, 10/27/00, p.C14)(WSJ, 7/25/03, p.W19)(AP, 4/25/07)(SSFC, 12/27/09, Books p.E5) 1507 Oct 1, Italian architect Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola was born. (AP, 10/1/07) 1507 Giorgione painted his ?Sunset Landscape? about this time. (WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5) 1507 Margaret of Austria was appointed Regent by the States-General (parliament) of the Netherlands until the Archduke Charles came of age. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1507 The Diet of Constance recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial Chamber, the empire?s supreme judicial court. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1507 Genoa was annexed by the French. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1507 Martin Luther was ordained. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1507 Pope Julius II announced an indulgence for the re-building of St. Peter?s. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1507 Johannes Ruysch produced the first printed map of America, as declared by the selling map dealer, R.B. Arkway, Inc. It is dotted with Asian place names. In 1995 it was for sale for $135,000. (WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8) 1507-1650 The shores of Oman were dominated by Portuguese adventurers who were responsible for the forts of Mirani and Jalali. The native Bedouins spoke the Harsusi language. (NG, 5/95, p.121-123) 1508 Feb 4, Proclamation of Trent. (HN, 2/4/99) 1508 Feb 6, King Maximilian I (1459-1519) assumed the title of Emperor (1493-1519) without being crowned. (TL-MB, p.9)(WUD, 1994, p.886)(MC, 2/6/02) 1508 Aug 12, Ponce de Leon arrived and conquered the island of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). Spain had appointed him to colonize Puerto Rico. He explored Puerto Rico and Spanish ships under his command began to capture Bahamanian Tainos to work as slaves on Hispaniola. His settlement at Caparra, 2 miles south of San Juan Bay, was plagued by Taino Indians and cannibalistic Carib Indians. (NH, 10/96, p.23)(SC, 8/12/02)(http://welcome.topuertorico.org/glossary/index.shtml#936) 1508 Nov 30, Andrea Palladio (d.1580), [Andrea di Piero della Gondola], Italian Renaissance architect, was born in Padua. (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio) 1508 Giorgione painted "The Tempesta," a landscape of a stormy setting with a town in the background, a soldier lower left and a woman nursing to the right. It is at the Academia Gallery in Venice. (T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20) 1508 Pope Julius II transferred Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling in Rome. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG) 1508 Raphael at age 26 entered the service of Pope Julius II and was entrusted with the decoration of the new papal apartments. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1508 The League of Cambrai was formed against Venice by Ferdinand of Aragon, Emp. Maximilian, Louis XII of France, and Pope Julius II as part of an ongoing dispute over sovereignty in Italy. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1508 Alfonso d?Albuquerque, Portuguese navigator, conquered Muscat in Oman. (AM, May/Jun 97 p.53) 1508 Sebastian de Ocampo, Spanish navigator, explored Cuba. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1508 In England Althorp was bought by John Spencer, the ancestor of the 9th Earl Spencer, Princess Diana?s brother. The estate in Great Brington was selected as the grave site for Princess Diana in 1997. (SFC, 4/3/98, p.B2) 1509 Jan 25, Giovanni Morone, Italian theologist, diplomat, cardinal, "heretic," was born. (MC, 1/25/02) 1509 Apr 21, Henry VII (b.1457), 1st Tudor king of England (1485-1509), died. In 2011 Allen Lane authored ?Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England.? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England)(Econ, 9/24/11, p.107) 1509 Apr 22, Henry Tudor became King Henry VIII of England following the death of his father, Henry VII. He soon married Catherine of Aragon, his brother?s widow and the aunt of Charles V (the Holy Roman Emperor), and fathered Mary, future Queen of England. (V.D.-H.K.p.161)(AP, 4/22/08) 1509 Apr 27, Pope Julius II excommunicated the republic of Venice. The pope lifted the ban in February 1510. (AP, 4/27/07) 1509 May 14, In the Battle of Agnadello, the French defeat the Venetians in Northern Italy. (HN, 5/14/98) 1509 May 20, Catharina Sforza (45), "La Sforza del Destino", Italian duchess of Forli, died. (MC, 5/20/02) 1509 Jun 11, England's King Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon. (AP, 6/11/97)(HN, 6/11/98) 1509 Jun 11, In Italy troops of Florence took Pisa. (AP, 6/11/03) 1509 Jun 24, Henry VIII was crowned king of England. (AP, 6/24/97)(HN, 6/24/98) 1509 Jul 10, John Calvin, founder of Calvinism, the basis for modern Protestantism, was born. (HN, 7/10/98) 1509 Andrea Calmo (d.1571, Venetian playwright, was born about this time. He became a pioneer in comedia dell?arte. (www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/saggi/commedia_cinquecento/capitoli/lezion17.html) 1509 Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist, painted "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John." It was purchased by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) for close to $4 million. His work "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John," was purchased by the John Paul Getty Museum in Malibu for $22.5 mil. (WUD, 1994, p.123)(SFC, 5/13/96, p.D-5)(WSJ, 10/29/96, p.A21)(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.D7) 1509 Sebastian Brant?s "Ship of Fools," a satire first published in 1494, appeared in an English version by Alexander Barclay. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 Erasmus lectured at Cambridge and dedicated his "In Praise of Folly," a witty satire on church corruption and scholastic philosophy, to Thomas More. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 Johann Pfefferkorn, a converted Jew, led a persecution of the Jews in Germany under Maximilian I. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John?s College, Cambridge, were founded. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 The Egyptian and Gujarat fleets were routed by the Portuguese at the Battle of Diu, which left the latter in control of the Indian seas and the spice trade. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 In Portugal the Madre de Deus convent was established by Queen Leonor. The tile-bedecked church, Igreja de Madre de Deus, was built almost 50 years later. (Econ, 6/12/10, p.96) 1509 Spanish armies invaded North Africa in a crusade against the Muslim rulers of Tripoli, Oran, and Bougie. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 Spanish conquistadores founded a colony at Darien on the Isthmus of Panama. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 The Venetian defeat at Agnadello led to the annexation of Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna by Pope Julius II, and Otranto and Brindisi by Ferdinand of Aragon. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509 Peter Henlein, Nuremberg inventor, invented the watch, nicknamed the Nuremberg egg. (TL-MB, 1988, p.9) 1509-1520 The Spanish colonized the area of Nueva Granada (modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela). (http://homepage20.seed.net.tw/web@3/flags/wfh/pg-am-4.htm) 1509-1564 John Calvin, French theologian. He started the Protestant Reformation in France in 1532. (TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11) 1510 Jan 22, Jews were expelled from Colmar, Germany. (MC, 1/22/02) 1510 May 25, Georges d'Amboise (49), French cardinal, viceroy in North Italy, died. (SC, 5/25/02) 1510 Jun 9, Nicolaas van Nieuwland, corrupt 1st bishop of Harlem, was born. (MC, 6/9/02) 1510 Jul 19, In Berlin 38 Jews were burned at the stake. (MC, 7/19/02) 1510 Oct 28, Francisco Borgia was born. He was the grandson of debauched Pope Alexander VI, and became a theologian and saint. (MC, 10/28/01) 1510 Bernard Pallissy (d.1590), French ceramicist, painter and writer, was born. (www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=867&page=1) 1510 Giovanni Bellini painted ?Virgin With the Blessing Child.? (WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5) 1510 Raphael painted "The Triumph of Galatea," a fresco on the wall of the Farnesina, the villa of Agnostino Chigi. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) c1510 Alexander Barcley wrote his long poetic essay on the "Miseries of Courtiers." It described the psychology of feasting. (MT, 6/96, p.9) 1510 In Spain Garci Ordonez de Montalvo authored "Serges de Esplandian" (The Adventures of Esplandian), a novel that described an island filled with gold named California and ruled by Queen Califia. (SFEC, 4/18/99, BR p.1)(SFC, 2/25/00, p.C14) 1510 Juan de la Cosa, cartographer, made an early map of the New World. (SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T11) 1510 "Everyman," the first English morality play, was performed. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 John Colet, English churchman and humanist, founded St. Paul?s School in London. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 Erasmus became Prof. of Greek at Cambridge Univ. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 Martin Luther became professor of theology at the Univ. of Wittenberg. (V.D.-H.K.p.163) 1510 Sunflowers from America were introduced by the Spaniards into Europe. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 The Florentine banker Bartolomeo di Marchionni lent the King of Spain money for the crown?s first shipment of Africans to Santo Domingo. (SFEC,11/16/97, BR p.4) 1510 Slave trade began with a consignment of African slaves to work on Portuguese sugar plantations in Brazil. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 In China Liu Jin, a eunuch of the Ming dynasty, was executed for abusing his authority. He had grown wealthy from graft. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4) 1510 War broke out between Denmark and the Hanseatic League. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 Goa, India, was captured by the Portuguese. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 The wheel-lock firearm was introduced in Nurnberg, Germany. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 Leonardo da Vinci designed the horizontal water wheel that was the forerunner of the modern water turbine. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1510 Giorgione (b.~1478), Italian painter, died of the plague. He was a top student of Bellini and excelled in the paragone: a competition between painting an poetry, where painters sought to rival poets in conveying beauty. Titian finished Giorgione?s ?Sleeping Venus.? (T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)(Econ, 7/29/06, p.77) 1510-1515 Don Pedro Fajardo y Chacon, commissioned a set of wood friezes for his Velez Blanco castle in Almeria. The friezes were based on engravings by Jacopo da Strasbourg and Zoan Andrea Vavasorri that depicted the triumphs of Caesar and events in the mythical life of Hercules, the "Labors of Hercules." (WSJ, 1/6/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 5/18/00, p.A24) 1510-1550 Spain took in gold shipments from the New World at 3,000 pounds a year. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49) 1510-1572 Frances Clouet, French painter. His work included the dandified "Charles IX of France." (SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4) 1511 Jul 30, Giorgio Vasari (d.1574), Italy, painter, architect and art historian (Vasari's Lives), was born. He wrote "Lives of the Artists." (WUD, 1994, p.1582)(MC, 7/30/02) 1511 Sep 1, Council of Pisa opened. Louis XII of France called the council to oppose the Holy League of Pope Julius II. (PTA, 1980, p.432)(MC, 9/1/02) 1511 Nov 22, Erasmus Reinhold, German mathematician (calculated planetary table), was born. (MC, 11/22/01) 1511 Fra Bartolomeo painted "The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine." He emphasizing his mastery in the display of draperies. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1511 Raphael completed the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican for Pope Julius II. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1511 There were Jews in Thessaloniki, Greece involved in the printing. (WSJ, 4/29/97, p.A20) 1511 Sebastian Virdung, German musician, published the earliest manual for playing musical instruments. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1511 Pope Julius joined the Holy League with Aragon and Venice against the French. Papal forces captured Modena and Mirandola from the French. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1511 In Mecca, Arabia, there was an attempt to ban coffee. (Econ, 12/20/03, p.90) 1511 Portuguese sailors first reached the unsettled Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues). They discovered the dodo bird and killed many for sport. (NH, 11/96, p.24)(SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C9) 1511 Vasily III became the new patriarch of Moscow. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1511 Malacca (Melaka), the center of East Indian spice trade, was captured by the Portuguese. When the Dutch gained influence in Indonesia and Jakarta they took over Melaka and built the fortress A Famosa. (TL-MB, p.10)(SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T8) 1511 Portuguese traders reached the Banda Islands, including Run, and broke the Venetian monopoly over nutmeg. Over the next century the Dutch muscled in an almost cornered the nutmeg market. The history of the nutmeg trade was documented in 1999 by Giles Milton in his: "Nathaniel's Nutmeg." (WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7) 1511 King Ferdinand of Spain said: "Get gold, humanely if possible, but at all hazards ? get gold." (WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A24) 1511 Diego de Velazquez, Spanish commander, occupied Cuba. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Feb 22, Amerigo Vespucci (b.1451), Italian explorer, died in Seville, Spain. (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15384b.htm) 1512 Mar 5, Gerardus Mercator (d.1594), Flemish philosopher and cartographer, was born in Rupelmonde, Flanders (later Belgium). (www.navis.gr/men/mercator.htm) 1512 Apr 10, James V, king of Scotland (1513-42), was born. (PCh, 1992, p.167)(MC, 4/10/02) 1512 Apr 11, The forces of the Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle of Ravenna. France under Gaston de Foix beat the Spanish Army. Gaston de Foix, French pretender to Navarre throne, died in battle. (HN, 4/11/99)(MC, 4/11/02) 1512 Aug 31, Giuliano de Medici became the new governor of Florence. (ON, 11/04, p.3) 1512 Nov 1, Michelangelo's paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were completed and first exhibited to the public. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(AP, 11/1/97)(HN, 11/1/98) 1512 Nov 7, Giuliano de Medici fired Niccolo Machiavelli from civil service in Florence. (ON, 11/04, p.4) 1512 Nov 16, Jemme Herjuwsma, Fries rebel, was beheaded. (MC, 11/16/01) 1512 Nov 17, Kempo Roeper, Frisian rebel, was quartered. (MC, 11/17/01) 1512 Dec 27, The laws of Burgos gave New World natives legal protection against abuse and authorized Negro slavery. (HN, 12/27/98) 1512 Raphael completed the Sistine Madonna, a visual expression of Renaissance humanism. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 "Masque" was used for the first time to describe a poetic drama. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 The English began using double-deck warships. They displaced 1,000 tons and were armed with 70 guns. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Newfoundland cod banks were exploited by fisherman from England, France, Portugal and Holland, who sent the dried catch back to Europe. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Copernicus, Polish-born astronomer, wrote his manuscript ?The Little Commentary,? in which he suggested that the earth?s apparent immobility was due to a ?false appearance? and a sun-centered cosmos would resolve many astronomical inconsistencies. (ON, 2/11, p.5) 1512 French armies defeated the forces of the Holy League at the Battle of Ravenna. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Henry VIII claimed the throne of France and sent troops unsuccessfully into Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Shi?ism became the state religion of Persia. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Portuguese explorers discovered the Celebes and found nutmeg trees in the Moluccas. This began an 84-year monopoly of the nutmeg and mace trades. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 The Portuguese took over control of East Timor. (SFC, 3/3/98, p.A6) 1512 Spain imported black slaves to Hispaniola to replace moribund Indian laborers. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 The Spaniards conquered Navarre and annexed it to Castile. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(Econ, 6/26/04, Survey p.13) 1512 Selim I deposed his father Bayazid II and became Sultan of Turkey. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512 Ponce de Leon stepped ashore on the Turks and Caicos Islands. (SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T4) 1512 Julius II convened the Lateran Council to try for the first time to reform abuses within the Church of Rome. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1512-1520 Selim I followed Beyazid II in the Ottoman House of Osman. (Ot, 1993, xvii) 1513 Feb 20, Pope Julius II died. He was laid in rest in a huge tomb sculptured by Michelangelo. (HN, 2/20/99) 1513 Mar 6, Niccolo Machiavelli was released from jail in Florence. He complained in verse that it was difficult to write poetry there because people kept beating him up. (ON, 11/04, p.4) 1513 Mar 11, Giovanni de' Medici became Pope Leo X. The Medici Pope Leo X led the Catholic Church until 1521. (OG)(MC, 3/12/02) 1513 Mar 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon sighted Florida. (AP, 3/27/97)(HN, 3/27/98) 1513 Apr 2, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish explorer, discovered Florida and planted orange and lemon trees there. [see March 27, 1512 entry] He also discovered the Dry Tortugas, 10 small keys southwest of Key West. The Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Leon, discovered Florida and named it Pascua Florida, "feast of the flowers." His discovery was made during his search for the legendary Fountain of Youth. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(NH, 4/97, p.317)(AP, 4/2/97)(SFEC, 1/2/00, Z1 p.2)(HNQ, 3/9/00) 1513 Apr 8, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and his expedition began exploring the Florida coastline. (AP, 4/8/07) 1513 Jun 6, Battle at Novara: Habsburgers vs. Valois. (MC, 6/6/02) 1513 Aug 16, Henry VIII of England and Emperor Maximilian defeated the French at Guinegatte, France, in the Battle of the Spurs. (HN, 8/16/98) 1513 Sep 9, James IV (40), King of Scotland (1488-1513), was defeated and killed by English at the Battle of Flodden Field. The Scottish navy was sold to France. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01) 1513 Sept 25, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Spanish explorer, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain. He was named governor of Panama and the Pacific by King Ferdinand. In 2004 Hugh Thomas authored ?Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from Columbus to Magellan.? (HFA, '96, p.38)(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)(WSJ, 6/2/04, p.D12) 1513 Sep 29, Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. (HN, 9/29/98) 1513 Michelangelo began to work on his Moses, the awesome central figure of the statues surrounding the tomb of Julius II. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1513 Niccolo Machiavelli wrote "The Prince" in which he gave reasons for the rise and fall of states. He dedicated it to Lorenzo de Medici, the successor to Giuliano. It was not published until 1532. In it he justified the ruthless subjection of religion and morality to politics. A 1998 translation by Prof. Angelo M. Codevilla included 428 footnotes and attempted to maintain the peculiar language of Machiavelli. (WSJ, 2/18/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/27/98, p.A15)(ON, 11/04, p.5) 1513 Chartres Cathedral, near Paris, was completed after almost 400 years of work. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1513 The Palazzo Farnese, a large and magnificent palace in Rome, was designed by Antonio de Sangallo the younger and Michelangelo. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1513 Calusa Indians in catamaran canoes attacked Spanish ships under Ponce de Leon in the southwest Florida and both sides suffered casualties. (AM, 11/04, p.49) 1513 Henry VIII and Maximilian defeated the French forces in Italy and Louis XII gave up Milan. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1513 Christian II became King of Denmark and Norway. He later asserted his right to the Swedish throne by force of arms. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1513 Jorge Alvarez, Portuguese commander, reached Canton, China. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1513 Portugal captured Goa, India. (SSFC, 3/19/06, p.F7) 1513 Magellan, who served for the Portuguese on many expeditions, was wounded in a campaign against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor. The wound caused him to limp for the rest of his life. (HNQ, 10/9/00) 1513 The Swiss completed the acquisition of the southern province of Ticino. (SFEC, 6/14/98, p.T4) 1513 A manuscript map was drawn by Piri Reis (1470-1554) a Turkish captain who later became the Chief Admiral of the Ottoman Navy. It was presented to Ottoman Sultan Selim I in Egypt in 1517. (http://turkeyinmaps.com/piri.html)(www.prep.mcneese.edu/engr/engr321/preis/afet/afet2.htm) 1513-1514 Dosso Dossi painted his portrait of "Saint George." (WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20) 1514 Apr 26, Copernicus made his first observations of Saturn. Nicholas Copernicus later proposed that the sun is stationary and that the earth and the planets move in circular orbits around it. (HN, 4/26/98)(BHT, Hawking, p.4) 1514 Aug 23, Selim I (the Grim), Ottoman Sultan, routed a Persian army in the Battle of Chaldiran. (TL-MB, p.10)(PCh, 1992, p.168) 1514 Sep 15, Selim I entered Tabriz, Persia, and massacred much of the population. (PCh, 1992, p.168) 1514 Sep, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530) was appointed archbishop of York. (TL-MB, p.10) 1514 Dec 4, Richard Hunne, English "heretic", allegedly committed suicide. (MC, 12/4/01) 1514 Dec 31, Andreas Vesalius (d.1564), anatomist, author of "De Humani Corporis Fabrica," was born in Brussels, Belgium (NH, 10/96, p.34)(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(MC, 12/31/01) 1514 Giovanni Bellini painted ?Feast of the Gods.? The painting depicts Ovid?s tale of how Vesta, goddess of virginity is approached while sleeping by Priapus, god of fertility, who begins to twitch up her tunic. At that moment a donkey sneezes and awakens Vesta, who quickly awakes and runs away. It is now on exhibit at the National Gallery of Art in Wa., DC. (T&L, 10/1980, p.66)(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5) 1514 Diego Columbus, son of Christopher, built the first seat of government in the Americas in Santo Domingo. (SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T10) 1514 Hampton Court Palace was begun for Wolsey. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1514 Pope Leo X issued a papal bull against slavery. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1514 England and France declared a truce in their warfare. Mary Tudor, sister of Henry VIII, married Louis XII. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1514 At the Battle of Orsha, Lithuanian forces defeated those of Moscow. (SFC, 9/9/96, p.A12) 1514 Vasily III, ruler of Moscow, captured Smolensk from Poland. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1514 George Dozsa, soldier of fortune, instigated a peasant?s revolt in Hungary. He was later captured and grilled alive. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1514 Spanish soldiers conquered the natives of Cuba. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1514 1,500 Spanish settlers went to Panama. (TL-MB, 1988, p.10) 1515 Jan 1, King Louis XII (b.1462) of France, died. He was succeeded by Francis I (1494-1547). (Econ, 12/12/09, p.93)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France) 1515 Feb 4, Michael Radvila the Black was born in Nesvizh. He later became palatine of Vilnius, chancellor of Lithuania, and supporter of Reformation. (LHC, 2/4/03) 1515 Mar 28, Theresa of Avila (d.1582), Teresa de Jesus (St. Theresa), Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic writer, saint, was born. She initiated reforms in the Order. She co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced (barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man." "To wish to act like angels while we are still in this world is nothing but folly." (CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(AP, 7/5/98)(MC, 3/28/02) 1515 Jul 21, St. Philippus Nerius, [Philippo Neri], Italian merchant, priest, was born. (MC, 7/21/02) 1515 Jul 22, Emperor Maximillian and Vladislav of Bohemia forged an alliance between the Habsburg [Austria] and Jagiello [Polish-Lithuanian] dynasties in Vienna. (HN, 7/22/98) 1515 Jul 26, Santiago, Cuba, was founded. (SFC, 7/22/00, p.A17) 1515 Sep 13, King Francis of France defeated the Swiss army under Cardinal Matthias Schiner at Marignano, northern Italy. Switzerland was last involved in a war. French armies defeated the Swiss and Venetians at the Battle of Marignano and Milan fell to the French. Francis I conquered Lombardy in northern Italy. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFC, 6/7/96, p.A12)(HN, 9/13/98) 1515 Sep 22, Anne of Cleeves, fourth wife of Henry the VIII, was born in Cleeves, Germany. (HN, 9/22/00) 1515 Oct 4, Lucas Cranach (d.1586), the Younger, German painter, was born. (WUD, 1994, p.339)(MC, 10/4/01) 1515 Nov 15, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530), archbishop of York, was made a cardinal. (http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/Wolsey.htm) 1515 Dec 2, Gonzalo de Cordoba, Spanish general, strategist, viceroy of Naples, died. (MC, 12/2/01) 1515 Dec 24, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey was appointed English Lord Chancellor. (MC, 12/24/01) 1515 Giovanni Bellini (b.~1430-1516), Italian artist, painted his masterpiece ?Lady With a Mirror. (Econ, 7/29/06, p.77) 1515 Hans Holbein the Younger arrived in Basel, the European center of book publishing. The city in 1997 owned 340 prints by Holbein. (WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20) 1515 Alexander Barclay began composing his "Eclogues," the earliest pastoral poems in English. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 John Skelton?s "Magnyficense" became one of the best known morality plays. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 Raphael succeeded Bramante as chief architect of St. Peter?s in Rome. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 Matthias Grunewald completed the enormous altarpiece for the Antonites of Isenheim. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 By this year the Taino Indians of what is now the Dominican Republic were practically annihilated in clashes with the Spanish. (SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10) 1515 Petrus Apianus, German mathematician and instrument maker, attempted to explain the universe by crafting an artistic dial that tracked the movement of the stars. (SFC, 7/19/02, p.E3) 1515 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish navigator, reached the Rio de la Plata in South America and discovered Argentina. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 Bartolome de Las Casas, Dominican priest, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians. (NH, 10/96, p.29) 1515 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon first described the Gulf Stream. In 1770 Benjamin Franklin drew a map of the Gulf Stream and in 1786 described it in detail in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. In 2008 Stan Ulanski authored ?The Gulf Stream: Tiny Plankton, Giant Bluefin, and the Amazing Story of the Powerful River in the Atlantic.? (WSJ, 10/4/08, p.W9) 1515 Afonso d?Albuquerque, Viceroy of the Portuguese Indies, captured Hormuz (Ormuz) and forced all other traders to round the Cape of Good Hope. This established Portugal?s supremacy in trade with the Far East. Hormuz is the strait between Iran and Trucial Oman. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WUD, 1994, p.684) 1515 The first nationalized French factories were set up in the manufacture of tapestries and arms. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 Spanish conquistadores founded Havana, Cuba. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1515 Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566), Dominican priest and the first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians. He became known as the ?Apostle to the Indians.? Helen Rand Parish (1912-2005) later authored a number of seminal works on Las Casas. (NH, 10/96, p.29)(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/15/05, p.A19)(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu) 1515 Diego (b.~1450), the younger brother of Christopher Columbus, died. He had accompanied Columbus on his second voyage (1493). Diego was released from chains in Spain in 1500, became a priest and returned to the West Indies in 1509. (AH, 2/03, p.7)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/04140a.htm) 1515-1516 Dosso Dossi, court painter in Ferrara, painted "Melissa" (aka Circe). (WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20) 1515-1519 Coffee from Arabia appeared in Europe. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49) 1515-1520 In Portugal the Belem Tower was built in Lisbon and served as a beacon to sailors. It originally stood well in the water but now the Tagus laps only its base. (SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T7) 1516 Feb 18, Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I of England (1553-1558) and popularly known as "Bloody Mary," was born in Greenwich Palace. (HN, 2/18/98)(AP, 2/18/98) 1516 Feb 23, The Hapsburg Charles I succeeded Ferdinand in Spain. (HN, 2/23/99) 1516 Mar 17, Giuliano de' Medici (37), monarch of Florence, died. (MC, 3/17/02) 1516 Mar 26, Konrad von Gesner, naturalist (Bibliotheca Universalis), was born in Zurich, Switzerland. (SS, 3/26/02) 1516 Apr 10, Jews were compelled to live in a specific area of Venice. (MC, 4/10/02) 1516 Aug 24, At the Battle of Marj Dabik, north of Aleppo, the Turks beat Syria. Suliman I (Selim the Grim), the Ottoman Sultan, routed the Mamelukes (Egypt) with the support of artillery capturing Aleppo and Damascus. This opened the way to 400 years of Ottoman Turkish rule over most of the Arab world. (PC, 1992, p.169)(Econ, 11/14/09, p.101) 1516 Mateo Realdo Colombo (d.1559), Italian anatomist and discoverer of the pulmonary circulation, was born at Cremona. He studied medicine at Padua with Vesalius, became his assistant, and in 1544 succeeded him as lecturer in surgery and anatomy. The best authority for Colombo's work in anatomy is his "De Re Anatomicâ" (Venice, 1559; Paris, 1562). The most complete life is that by Tollin in Pflügers Archiv: XXI-XXII. In English there is a good sketch by Fisher, Annals of Anatomy and Surgery (Brooklyn, 1880). In 1997 Federico Andahazi authored "The Anatomist," a novel that was based on Colombo?s research on the clitoris. (CE, online)(SFEC, 10/29/00, BR p.5) 1516 Hans Holbein in Basel painted a wooden shingle as a sort of advertisement for the schoolmaster Oswald Geishüsler. It marked the beginning of "profane" painting in the West. (WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20) 1516 Titian began "The Assumption of the Virgin," a monumental altarpiece in the Church of the Frari, Venice. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1516 Giovanni Bellini (b.~1430), Italian artist, died in Venice. Giorgione and Titian had graduated from his workshop. (Econ, 7/29/06, p.77)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini) 1516 The first published account of the discovery of North America appeared in "De Rebus Oceanicus et Novo Orbe" by the Italian historian Peter Martyr. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1516 Erasmus published his version of the New Testament. He began by copying manuscripts found in monasteries and given to him by his friend Thomas More. His Latin translation and commentary and an improved Greek text differed in many places from the Vulgate of St. Jerome, and was immediately recognized as the most accurate translation so far. (V.D.-H.K.p.159) 1516 Thomas More published his "Utopia," the "golden little book" that invented a literary-world immune from the evils of Europe, where all citizens were equal and believed in a good and just God. "Your sheep, which are usually so tame and cheaply fed, begin now... to be so greedy and so wild that they devour human beings themselves and devastate and depopulate fields, houses, and towns." From More?s Utopia. The key thought in the work is that poverty, injustice and inequality will never be eliminated from the world until private property is abolished. (V.D.-H.K.p.160)(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)(WSJ, 10/22/98, p.A20) 1516 The German Quedlinburg Manuscript of this date and other church treasures were stolen from a cave where they were being stored in 1945 by Lt. Joe Tom Meador of Whitewright, Texas. The items were then sold by his brother and sister. In 1996 a criminal trial focused on the issue. (WSJ, 12/11/96, p.A20) 1516 Music printed from engraved plates was used for the first time in Italy. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1516 Archduke Charles, later Emp. Charles V, succeeded his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and founded the Hapsburg dynasty. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1516 The Treaty of Noyon brought peace between France and Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1516 In Bavaria, Germany, the Reinheitsgebot (purity law) was enacted. It required that beer be made from malt, hops, yeast, water and nothing else. (WSJ, 5/27/98, p.A1)(SFC, 7/15/04, p.A2)(Econ, 10/9/10, p.76) 1516 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and Seville Univ., Spain, were founded. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1516 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish explorer, was killed on the coast of Argentina. He was eaten by natives. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26) 1517 Jan 20, Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo. The center of power transferred then to Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate) 1517 Mar 26, The famous Flemish composer Heinrich Issac, whose music fused Flemish, Italian and Germanic styles, died. (HN, 3/26/99) 1517 Apr 13, Tuman Bey, the last Mameluke sultan of Egypt, was hanged as Osman?s army occupied Cairo. (MC, 4/13/02) 1517 Jun 11, Sir Thomas Pert reached Hudson Bay. (SC, 6/11/02) 1517 Jul 1, The 1st burning of Protestants at stake in Netherlands. (MC, 7/1/02) 1517 Oct 6, Fra Bartolommeo (b.1472), Florentine Renaissance painter, died. He was a Dominican monk nicknamed Baccio della Porta. His work included a portrait of Savonarola. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Bartolommeo)(SFC, 5/13/96, p.D-5) 1517 Oct 31, Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Thesis to the door of the Wittenberg Palace All Saints? Church. He grew to believe in faith alone as man?s link to the justice of God, and therefore denied the need for the vast infrastructure of the Church. This event signaled the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Protestantism in general, shattering the external structure of the medieval church and at the same time reviving the religious consciousness of Europe.. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was born in Eisleben, Germany. He was a monk in the Catholic Church until 1517, when he founded the Lutheran Church. (V.D.-H.K.p.163)(CU, 6/87)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)(AP, 10/31/97)(AP, 10/31/97) (HN, 10/31/98) 1517 Oct, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Spain and began the first voyage to successfully circumnavigate the world a little less than two years later. He eventually died in the Philippines in 1521. The expedition was completed by others in 1522. (HNQ, 10/9/00) 1517 Seville Cathedral was completed after 115 years of work. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1517 Archduke Charles left the Netherlands for Spain and entered Valladolid in triumph. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1517 Archduke Charles granted a monopoly in the African slave trade to Florentine merchants. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1517 Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, Spanish explorer, sailed from Cuba and discovered the Mayan civilization in the Yucatan, southeast Mexico. (TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6) 1517 Bartolomeo de las Casas, the first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World, pleaded the case of oppressed and enslaved American Indians. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1517 An Aztec chronicler described a comet as a "flaming ear of corn." (NG, 12/97, p.97) 1517 The Mamelukes in Egypt lost power. (WUD, 1994, p.869) 1517 In Germany the Salzbergwerk Berchtesgaden salt mine began operations. (SSFC, 8/6/06, p.G5) 1517 Portuguese sailors named Ilha Formosa (beautiful island), later known as Taiwan. (SFC, 12/11/99, p.B6) 1518 Apr 18, Bona Sforza (1494-1558) was crowned Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania in Wawel Cathedral, Krakow. The Italian niece of Bianca Maria Sforza, who in 1493 married Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, became the 3rd consort of Lithuania?s Grand Duke Sigismund the Old (1467-1548). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Sforza) 1518 Sep 29, Jacopo Tintoretto (d.1588), Italian artist, was born. (Econ, 2/10/07, p.90)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto) 1518 Oct 12, A pontifical ambassador interrogated Rev. Dr. Martin Luther. Luther was summoned to the Diet of Augsburg where he refused to recant. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(MC, 10/12/01) 1518 Raphael painted a portrait of Leo X which showed spectacles with concave lenses for short-sightedness. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Raphael began painting the nude model ?La Fornarina? (the Little Baker Girl). It was completed about 1519. (www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphael58.html) 1518 Titian painted "Offering to Venus." (NH, 6/01, p.47) 1518 Gil Vicente, founder of Portuguese drama, wrote "The Ship of Purgatory." (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss clergyman, supported Martin Luther?s Reformation. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Forks were used at a banquet in Venice (for the first time?). (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Portugal and the Kingdom of Kotte, Ceylon, signed a peace treaty. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Cardinal Wolsey arranged the Peace of London between England, France, the Pope, Maximilian I and Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Algiers and Tunis, Barbary states in North Africa, were founded. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Henry VIII authorized a college of physicians and it was founded by Oxford physician Thomas Linacre. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Porcelain from Asia was imported to Europe (for the first time?) from Asia. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Anthony Blatner, German goldsmith, built the first fire-engine in Augsburg, Germany. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Spanish explorer, was wrongly charged with treason and beheaded. (SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7) 1518 Juan de Grijalva, Spanish explorer, named the area comprising of Mexico, Central America north of Panama, the Spanish West Indies, and south-west North America New Spain. He was also the first European to smoke tobacco, introduced to him by a native chief. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1518 Lorens de Gominot obtained a license to import 4,000 African slaves into the New World colonies. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 Jan 12, Maximilian I of Hapsburg (59), Holy Roman Emperor and German Kaiser, died. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(AP, 1/12/98)(PC, 1992, p.170) 1519 Feb 15, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, explorer (found St. Augustine, Florida), was born. (MC, 2/15/02) 1519 Feb 16, Gaspard de Coligny, Huguenot leader, French admiral, was born. (MC, 2/16/02) 1519 Mar 13, The Spaniards under Cortez landed at Vera Cruz. Cortez landed in Mexico with 10 stallions, 5 mares and a foal. Smallpox was carried to America in the party of Hernando Cortes. (SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)(HN, 3/13/98)(SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6) 1519 Apr 13, Catherine de Medicis (d.1589), the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, was born in Florence. She married at age 14 and became queen in 1547 as Henry II of France acceded to the throne. She was the mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. (www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/women_n2/c_medici.html) 1519 Apr 24, Envoys of Montezuma II attended the first Easter mass in Central America. (HN, 4/24/98) 1519 Apr, Montezuma received a message that white strangers had reappeared and attacked a Mayan coastal village south of the Aztec border. Hundreds of Mayans were killed and the strangers sailed north. (ON, 10/00, p.2) 1519 May 2, Artist Leonardo da Vinci (67) died at Cloux, France. In 1994 A. Richard Turner wrote "Inventing Leonardo," a history of Leonardo legends. In 2004 Bulent Atalay authored ?Math and the Mona Lisa: The Art and Science of Leonardo da Vinci.? In 2004 Charles Nicholl authored ?Leonard da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind.? http://library.thinkquest.org/13681/data/davin2.shtml?tqskip=1 (AP, 5/2/97)(NH, 5/97, p.58)(Econ, 5/15/04, p.80)(Econ, 12/11/04, p.81) 1519 Jun 24, Lucretia Borgia (39), daughter of Pope Alexander VI, died. In 2004 Sarah Bradford authored ?Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy.? (HN, 4/18/98)(WUD, 1994, p.171)(SSFC, 12/19/04, p.E2) 1519 Jul 6, Charles of Spain was elected Holy Roman emperor in Barcelona. The Catholic heir to the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and Germany. He was the grandson of Ferdnand and Isabella of Spain. (V.D.-H.K.p.162)(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 7/6/98) 1519 Jul 16, There was a public debate between Martin Luther and theologian John Eck. (MC, 7/16/02) 1519 Aug 11, Johann Tetzel (~79), Dominican monk, died. (MC, 8/11/02) 1519 Aug 15, Panama City was founded. (MC, 8/15/02) 1519 Aug, Montezuma learned that Cortez was marching toward Tenochtitlan with an army of 300 soldiers and 2000 non-Aztec Indians. Cortez was accompanied by Malinche, his Indian mistress and interpreter. (ON, 10/00, p.2) 1519 Sep 5, In the 2nd Battle of Tehuacingo, Mexico, Hernan Cortes faced the Tlascala Aztecs. (MC, 9/5/01) 1519 Sep 20, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 270 men and 5 ships on a voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands in Indonesia. Magellan was killed en route, but one of his ships eventually circumnavigated the world. He was first European explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic by sailing through the dangerous straits below South America that now bear his name. [see Sep 20, 1520] (V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)(AP, 9/20/97)(HN, 9/20/98) 1519 Sep 21, Hans Backofen (Backoffen), German sculptor, died at about 49. (MC, 9/21/01) 1519 Nov 7, University of Leuven condemned the teachings of Rev. Martin Luther. (MC, 11/7/01) 1519 Nov 8, The Aztec and their leader, Moctezuma, welcomed Hernando Cortez and his 650 explorers to their capital at Tenochtitlan. Spanish adventurer Hernando Cortez and his force of about 300 Spanish soldiers, 18 horses and thousands of Mexico's native inhabitants who had grown resentful of Aztec rule marched unmolested into Tenochtitlán, the capital city of the Aztec empire. The Aztec ruler Montezuma, believing that Cortez could be the white-skinned deity Quetzalcoatl, whose return had been foretold for centuries, greeted the arrival of these strange visitors with courtesy--at least until it became clear that the Spaniards were all too human and bent on conquest. Cortez and his men, dazzled by the Aztec riches and horrified by the human sacrifice central to their religion, began to systematically plunder Tenochtitlán and tear down the bloody temples. Montezuma's warriors attacked the Spaniards but with the aid of Indian allies, Spanish reinforcements, superior weapons and disease, Cortez defeated an empire of approximately 25 million people by August 13, 1521. (ATC, p.16)(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3) (HNPD, 11/8/98) 1519 Dec, Magellan reached the Bay of the Rio de Janeiro. (V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41) 1519 Corregio began painting the ceiling frescoes in the dining room of the abbess of St. Paul?s Convent in Parma. (SFEC, 9/15/96, p.T6) 1519 Gil Vicente, Portuguese dramatist, wrote a second farce, "The Ship of Heaven." (TL-MB, 1988, 1988, p.11) 1519 St. George?s Chapel, Windsor, England, was completed after 46 years of work. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 The Chateau of Chombard was begun in France, and would take 30 years to finish. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 The Italian influenced medieval church at the Moscow Monastery of Peter the Metropolitan was constructed. (AM, Jul/Aug ?97 p.38) 1519 Nanak (1469-1539) founded Sikhism, a combination of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sikhs revere 10 gurus. "Be in the world, but not worldly." (TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17) 1519 Ulrich Zwingli initiated the Swiss Reformation with his preaching in Zurich. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 Martin Luther disputed with Johann Eck in the Leipzig Disputation and questioned the infallibility of the Pope. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 Bohemians minted silver Joachimsthalers, "thalers" for short. This was the basis for the word "dollar." (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42) 1519 A mass-production technique for casting brass objects was used in Italy. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 Prussia experienced a monetary crises. (ON, 2/11, p.6) 1519 Domenico de Pineda, Spanish navigator, explored the Gulf of Mexico. (TL-MB, 1988, p.11) 1519 Francisco de Montejo, a captain under Cortez, set about subjugating the Maya in Mexico. (SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6) 1519 In Mexico Cortes discovered a plot by some Cholulans to assassinate him and ordered some 6,000 Cholulan men executed. (SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T10) 1519 Spanish soldiers in Mexico learned that the shipwrecked sailor Gonzalo Guerrero had drifted there in 1511. Guerrero married a Maya woman and raised the first mestizo children. (Econ, 11/10/07, p.102)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero) 1519-1579 Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant prince. He was a British banker and money-changer and served as the financial agent for Elizabeth I. He ran a news service in the Netherlands to keep informed of finances there and built the Royal Exchange of London modeled on the Antwerp commodities exchange. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8) 1520 Apr 6, Raphael (b.1483), [Sanzio], Italian painter (Sistine Madonna), died on his 37th birthday. His work included "The Veiled Lady" and a set of cartoons that were woven into 10 tapestries titled "The Acts of the Apostles" (1544-1557). (WSJ, 4/11/02, p.D7)(www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphaelbio.html) 1520 May 20, Hernando Cortes defeated Spanish troops sent to punish him in Mexico. (HN, 5/20/98) 1520 Jun 15, Pope Leo the Tenth threatened to excommunicate Martin Luther if he did not recant his religious beliefs. Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther by the bull Exsurge. (AP, 6/15/00)(HT, 6/15/00) 1520 Jun 24, Montezuma, under orders by Cortez to calm his people, was showered with "stones, darts, arrows and sticks" from a jeering crowd. (ON, 10/00, p.5) 1520 Jun 30, Montezuma II was murdered as Spanish conquistadors fled the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan during the night. Montezuma died from wounds inflicted by his people. Conquistadors under Cortez plundered gold from Aztecs. (HN, 6/30/01)(ON, 10/00, p.5)(MC, 6/30/02) 1520 Jul 10, The explorer Cortes was driven from Tenochtitlan, Mexico, by Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc, and retreated to Tlaxcala. (HN, 7/10/98) 1520 Jul 14, Hernando Cortes fought the Aztecs at the Battle of Otumba, Mexico. (MC, 7/14/02) 1520 Sep 20, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships and 265 men, on a voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. (MC, 11/28/01) 1520 Sep 21, Suleiman I (the Magnificent), son of Selim, became the Ottoman sultan in Constantinople. He ruled to 1566. [see Sep 30] (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(HN, 9/21/98)(Ot, 1993, xvii) 1520 Sep 22, Selim I, Sultan of Turkey (1512-20), died at 53. (MC, 9/22/01) 1520 Sep 30, Suleiman I succeeded his father Selim I as sultan of Turkey. [see Sep 21] (MC, 9/30/01) 1520 Oct 7, The 1st public burning of books took place in Louvain, Netherlands. (MC, 10/7/01) 1520 Oct 15, King Henry VIII of England ordered bowling lanes at Whitehall. (MC, 10/15/01) 1520 Oct 21, Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Tierra Del Fuego (Argentina-Chile). (MC, 10/21/01) 1520 Oct 23, King Carlos I (1500-1558) was crowned as German emperor Charles V (1520-1558), a Holy Roman Emperor. (http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20V,%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor) 1520 Nov 4, Danish-Norwegian king Christian II was crowned king of Sweden. (MC, 11/4/01) 1520 Nov 9, Swedish King Christian II executed 600 nobles. (MC, 11/9/01) 1520 Nov 28, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan reached the Pacific Ocean after passing through the South American strait, the straits of Magellan, and entered the ?Sea of the South.? (V.D.-H.K.p.177)(AP, 11/28/97) 1520 Dec 10, Martin Luther publicly burned the papal edict demanding that he recant, or face excommunication. (AP, 12/10/97) 1520 Dec 18, Magellan struck out into the open sea to the northwest (V.D.-H.K.p.177) 1520 A 9-piece tapestry set was created for the Holy Roman Empire coronation of Belgium-born Charles V, King of Spain, titled "Los Honores." The set was restored by Belgium in 2000 for the 500th anniversary of Charles? birth. (WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7) 1520 The funereal monuments of the Medici Chapel were commissioned by Pope Clement VII. They were done primarily by Michelangelo (1475-1564) from 1520 to 1534, being completed by his students after his departure. The four figures?dawn, day, dusk and night?are considered among the sculptor?s most accomplished work. He left Florence in 1534, hoping to return, but spent his last years in Rome. (HNQ, 11/15/00) 1520 Joachim Patenier painted one of the earliest industrial pictures showing a blast-furnace. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 Jacopo Pontormo made his red chalk body sketches. (SFC, 2/15/97, p.D6) 1520 The book "Prester John of the Indies" was written. It was translated in 1810. Later Robert Silverberg wrote: "The Realm of Prester John" and John Buchanon wrote "Prester John." In 1952 the French work "Le Pretre Jean" was written. (SFEC, 12/15/96, p.C5) 1520 In Germany Jacob Fugger ?The Rich? established a Roman Catholic housing settlement for the poor in Augsburg in the name of Augsburg?s local St. Ulrich. In return for cheap rent residents agreed to pray for the Fuggers? souls. (WSJ, 12/26/08, p.A10) 1520 The Jews of Rothenburg, Bavaria, were banished entirely and forevermore. (NH, 9/96, p.24) 1520 The Anabaptists, Protestants who baptized believers only and not infants, grew as a movement in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. Some emigrated to America and established themselves as the Amish of Lancaster, Pa. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFC, 7/2/98, p.A7) 1520 King Francis founded the Royal Library of France at Fontainebleu. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 Chocolate was brought from Mexico to Spain for the first time. [see 1502] (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 "Many small stars congregated... like to two clouds." (Now known as the Large Magellanic Cloud) Thus one of Ferdinand Magellan?s crew, on the first voyage around the earth, described the southern Pacific sky on a clear night in this year. (NG, 5/88, p.619) 1520 King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeated a Swedish army at Lake Asunden and was crowned King of Sweden. He then renounced his offer of amnesty and massacred most of the Swedish leaders. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII met at Dover and agreed to an Anglo-French commercial treaty. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 Magellan sailed around the tip of South America and renamed the South Sea as the Pacific Ocean. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician, solved cubic equations for the first time. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1520 A smallpox epidemic raged in Vera Cruz, Mexico. The 16th century smallpox epidemic in Mexico and Central America killed about half of the Aztecs. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFEC, 1/30/00, Z1 p.2) 1520-1530 The ?Shahnameh? (Persian Book of Kings), completed in 1010AD by Persian poet Firdawsi (Ferdowsi) was commissioned to be illustrated for Shah Tahmasp by more than a dozen artists. 258 miniatures were made with 750 folios of Farsi text. In 1568 it was given to the Ottoman Sultan. In 1981 Stuart Cary Welch and martin Dickinson published ?The Houghton Shahnameh,? a 2-volume study. (www.mazdapublisher.com/BookDetails.aspx?BookID=186)(WSJ, 10/13/94, p. A18,)(Econ, 4/9/11, p.95) 1520-1579 Bayazid Roshan, an Afghan intellectual, lived. He revolted against the power of the Moghul government. (www.afghan, 5/25/98) 1520/24-1579/80 Giovanni Battista Moroni was a Renaissance portraitist. He worked in Trent and Bergamo and then returned to his hometown of Albino. (WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A38) 1520-1598 William Cecil. He later became the Lord Treasurer and chief adviser for Queen Elizabeth I, for which he was made Lord Burghley. He built the Burghley House. (WSJ, 8/24/99, p.A16) 1521 Jan 3, Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther from the Roman Catholic Church. (NH, 9/96, p.18)(AP, 1/3/98) 1521 March 6, Magellan made landfall at the island of Guam in the Marianas. (HN, 3/6/98) (V.D.-H.K.p.177-178) 1521 March 9, Magellan sailed west, southwest towards the Philippines. (V.D.-H.K.p.177-178) 1521 Mar 15, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands, where he was killed by natives the following month. [see Apr 26] (PCh, 1992, p.172)(MC, 3/17/02)(AP, 3/16/97) 1521 Apr 7, Inquisitor-general Adrian Boeyens banned Lutheran books. (MC, 4/7/02) 1521 Apr 7, Ferdinand Magellan landed on Cebu Island, Philippines. Italian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta reported a thriving port with large supplies of rice and gold. In 2003 the island was a booming commercial center with a population of 4 million. (WSJ, 10/15/03, p.B2A) 1521 Apr 16, Martin Luther arrived at Diet of Worms. (MC, 4/16/02) 1521 Apr 17, Under the protection of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, Martin Luther first appeared before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Imperial Diet to face charges stemming from his religious writings. The Roman Catholic Church had already excommunicated him on Jan 3, 1521. He was later declared an outlaw by Charles V. (NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 4/17/98)(AP, 4/17/07) 1521 Apr 18, Martin Luther confronted the emperor Charles V in the Diet of Worms and refused to retract his views which led to his excommunication. Cardinal Alexander questioned the Rev Martin Luther. (HN, 4/18/99)(MC, 4/18/02) 1521 Apr 21, Martin Luther was called before an Imperial Diet in Worms. He was already accused of heresy and excommunicated by the Pope. Here he was absolved of all charges. (V.D.-H.K.p.163) 1521 Apr 22, French king Francois I declared war on Spain. (MC, 4/22/02) 1521 Apr 22, Juan de Padilla, Spanish nobleman, communero-rebel, was beheaded. (MC, 4/22/02) 1521 Apr 23, The Comuneros were crushed by royalist troops in Spain. (HN, 4/23/99) 1521 Apr 26, Magellan was killed in a fight with natives on Mactan Island. Magellan named the Mariana Islands Islas de los Ladrones (Islands of Thieves), and was killed by natives on Cebu. Juan Sebastian Elcano, Magellan?s second in command, returned to Spain with 18 men and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with spices. His coat of arms was augmented in reward with the inscription Primus circumdisti me: "You were the first to encircle me." Some 50,000 Chamorro people populated the islands. [see Apr 27] (V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC,11/10/96,Z1p.2)(TL-MB, p.12)(SFEC, 3/7/99,Z1 p.4) 1521 April 27, Ferdinand Magellan (50), Portuguese explorer, was killed by natives in the Philippines. [see Apr 26] (AP, 4/27/99) 1521 May 8, Peter Canisius, [Pieter de Hondt/Kanijs], Jesuit, saint, was born. (MC, 5/8/02) 1521 May 8, Emperor Charles V and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms. It banned Luther?s work and enjoined his detention, but was not able to be enforced. (NH, 9/96, p.20) 1521 May 20, Ignatius Loyola was seriously wounded by a cannon ball. (MC, 5/20/02) 1521 May 26, Martin Luther was banned by the Edict of Worms of because of his religious beliefs and writings. (AP, 5/26/97) 1521 May 28, Willem van Croij (~62), duke of Soria, died. (MC, 5/28/02) 1521 Aug 13, Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortez conquered the Mexican city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) after an 85-day battle. Cuauhtemoc fought against Cortes in Tlatelolco when Moctezuma surrendered. Cortez had an Indian mistress named La Malinche. (NG, 6/1988, p.763)(AP, 8/13/97)(TL-MB, p.12)(WSJ, 8/13/97, p.A12)(WSJ, 4/24/98, p.A15) 1521 Aug 27, Josquin Des Prez, composer, died. (MC, 8/27/02) 1521 Aug 31, Spanish conqueror Cortez (1485-1547), having captured the city of Tenochtitlan, Mexico, set it on fire. Nearly 100,000 people died in the siege and some 100,000 more died afterwards of smallpox. In 2008 Buddy levy authored ?Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs.? (HN, 8/31/98)(WSJ, 7/10/08, p.A13) 1521 Sep 28, Turkish sultan Suleiman I's troops occupied Belgrade. (MC, 9/28/01) 1521 Oct 11, Pope Leo X titled King Henry VIII of England "Defender of the Faith" in recognition of his writings in support of the Catholic Church. Henry had penned a defense of the seven Catholic Sacraments in response to Martin Luther?s Protestant reform movement. By 1534, Henry had broken completely with the Catholic Church, and the Pope?s authority in England was abolished. (TL-MB, p.12)(HNQ, 8/12/00)(MC, 10/11/01) 1521 Oct 24, Robert Fayrfax, composer, died at 57. (MC, 10/24/01) 1521 Oct 25, Emperor Charles V banned wooden buildings in Amsterdam. (MC, 10/25/01) 1521 Nov 19, Battle at Milan: Emperor Charles V's Spanish, German, and papal troops beat France and occupied Milan. An eight year war between France and the Holy Roman Emp., Charles V, began after the French supported rebels in Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(MC, 11/19/01) 1521 Nov 20, Arabs attributed a shortage of water in Jerusalem to Jews making wine. (MC, 11/20/01) 1521 Lorenzo Lotto, Italian artist, painted the "Christ Bidding Farewell to His Mother." (WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17) 1521 Suleiman I, the Ottoman Sultan, conquered Belgrade and invaded Hungary. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1521 The Chateau de Chenonceaux in the Loire Valley of France was built for the royal tax collector, Thomas Bohier. It took eight years to construct. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1521 The manufacture of silk cloth was introduced to France. It had been made in Sicily since the 1100s. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1521 In Puerto Rico the Caparra colony founded by Spanish conquistadores relocated to a barrier island at the entrance of San Juan Bay. (HT, 4/97, p.28)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1521 The first running of the bulls was held at Pamplona, Spain. [see 1591] (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34) 1521 Francisco de Gordillo, Spanish explorer, sailed up the American Atlantic coast to South Carolina. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1521 Ponce de Leon returned to Key Marco in southwest Florida, where he was again repulsed by the Calusa Indians and died from an arrow wound. (AM, 11/04, p.49) 1521 Clipperton Island was originally discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, but was later named after John Clipperton, an English pirate who led a mutiny against William Dampier in 1704. Mexico occupied the island in 1897 and established a military outpost there. In 1930, the Vatican gave the rights to the King of Italy, Viktor Emanuel II, who declared one year later that Clipperton was a part of France. In 1944 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the navy to occupy the island in one of the most secret US operations of WW II. After the war it was abandoned, and has since only been visited by the French Navy and an occasional scientific or amateur radio expedition. In 1989 Jimmy M. Skaggs authored "Clipperton: A History of the Island the World Forgot." (NH, 12/96, p.70)(www.qsl.net/clipperton2000/history.html) 1522 Feb 7, Treaty of Brussels: Habsburgers split into Spanish and Austrian Branches. (MC, 2/7/02) 1522 Mar 9-16, Marten Luther preached his Invocavit. (MC, 3/9/02) 1522 Apr 29, Emperor Charles V named Frans van Holly inquisitor-gen of Netherlands. (MC, 4/29/02) 1522 May 25, Emperor Karel I returned to Spain. (SC, 5/25/02) 1522 Aug 27, Giovanni A. Amadei (75), Amadeo, Italian sculptor, architect, died. (MC, 8/27/02) 1522 Sep 6, Juan Sebastian Elcano (Del Cano), Magellan?s second in command, returned to Spain with 18 men and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with spices. His coat of arms was augmented in reward with the inscription: Primus circumdisti me: "You were the first to encircle me."18 survivors of the original Magellan expedition completed the circumnavigation of the globe under Sebastian del Cano. Plumes of the bird of paradise from New Guinea were first brought back to Europe. One of the five ships that set out in Ferdinand Magellan's trip around the world made it back to Spain. Only 15 of the original 265 men that set out survived. Magellan was killed by natives in the Philippines. (V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC, 11/10/96, zone 1 p.2)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(NH, 9/96, p.8)(HN, 9/6/98) 1522 Sep 8, Spanish navigator Juan de Elcano returned to Spain. He completed the 1st circumnavigation of globe, expedition begun under Ferdinand Magellan. [see Sep 6] (MC, 9/8/01) 1522 Oct 15, Emperor Charles named Hernan Cortes governor of Mexico. (MC, 10/15/01) 1522 Dosso Dossi painted "Allegory of Music." (WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20) 1522 Martin Luther completed his translation of the New Testament into German and returned to Wittenberg. His supporter, Ulrich Zwingli, condemned Lenten fasting and celibacy. Luther also published his Christmas Postils as preaching models for other pastors. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WSJ, 12/21/01, p.W15) 1522 A Bible was printed in Alcala, Spain, in Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Aramaic. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 Adrian VI was elected Pope. He was the last non-Italian pope until John Paul II. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 In 2007 The book "Beyond Capricorn" said a 16th century maritime map in a Los Angeles library vault, which accurately marks geographical sites along Australia's east coast in Portuguese, proves that Portuguese seafarer Christopher de Mendonca lead a fleet of four ships into Botany Bay in this year. (Reuters, 3/21/07) 1522 England declared war on France and Scotland. Holy Roman Emp. Charles V visited Henry VIII and signed the Treaty of Windsor. Both monarchs agreed to invade France. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 Suleiman I captured Rhodes from the Knights Hospitallers of St. John. The knights surrendered after a 6-month siege. In 1530 the knights were resettled on Malta by Charles V. (WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11) 1522 Albrecht Durer, German artist and engraver, designed a flying machine for use in war. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 Guatemala was conquered by Spanish armies. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 A massive slave rebellion, the first of dozens, was crushed in Hispaniola. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 Martin Cortes (d.1569), son of Hernando Cortes, was born in Mexico to an Amerindian woman named Malinche. Cortes also named a 3rd son Martin, who was born in Spain. Both brothers were arrested in 1566 for purportedly fomenting a rebellion against the Spanish crown. (SSFC, 7/11/04, p.M3) 1522 The Portuguese crown began administering Sao Tome. (AP, 7/18/03) 1522 Pascual de Andagoya, Spanish explorer, became the first European to set foot in Peru. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522 Gustavus Vasa became administrator of Sweden and pledged to free his country from Danish control. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1522-1524 Titian painted "Bacchanal of the Andrians" during this period. (WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5) 1523 Jun 6, [Gustav] Gustavus Vasa was elected Gustavus I of Sweden. (HFA, '96, p.32)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(HN, 6/6/98) 1523 Jul 1, Hendrik Voes, Flemish priest, church reformer, was burned at stake along with John of Esschen, Flemish priest, church reformer. (MC, 7/1/02) 1523 Oct 27, English troops occupied Montalidier, France. (MC, 10/27/01) 1523 Nov 30, Amsterdam banned the assembly of heretics. (MC, 11/30/01) 1523 Titian painted "Bacchus and Ariadne," a heroic mythological composition for Alfonso d?Este, Duke of Ferrara. It is now at the London National Gallery. (TL-MB, p.12)(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8) 1523 Hans Holbein completed the first of several portraits of Erasmus in Basel. He also began the design of 51 plates on the "Dance of Death," which reflected ideas of the Reformation. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20) 1523 Hans Judenkonig published in Vienna the first manual of lute playing. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1523 Anthony Fitzherbert published the "Book of Husbandry," the first English manual of agriculture. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1523 Pope Adrian VI died and was succeeded by Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo de? Medici. Adrian VI was the last non-Italian Pope until 1978 when Cardinal Wojtyla, Archbishop of Cracow, became Pope Paul II. Clement was pope until 1534. (WUD, 1994, p.1691)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WUD, 1994, p.276) 1523 Sugar was grown in Cuba for the first time. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1523 The first turkeys were introduced to Spain and Europe from America by the conquistadors. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFEC, 11/24/96, p.A3) 1523 Christian II was deposed in Denmark after a civil war and was exiled. His uncle became King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1523 The first marine insurance policies were issued in Florence. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1523 The Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent successfully overcame the Knights Hospitaller, Order of St. John, from their position on the island of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, offered the Knights the Isle of Malta. In exchange for a perpetual lease the Knights undertook to send the emperor a falcon (made famous in the mystery novel, The Maltese Falcon, and the movie of the same name) once every year as a token of their fealty. They remained there until the time of Napoleon, and became known as the Knights of Malta. (WSJ, 12/30/94, A-6, Review of The Knights of Malta by H.J.A. Sire) 1523 Portuguese settlers were expelled from China. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1523 Sweden became independent and dropped out of the Kalmar Union, formed in 1397 with Denmark and Norway. (www.emersonkent.com/historic_documents/kalmar_union.htm) 1523-1524 Dosso Dossi painted "Jupiter, Mercury and Virtue." (WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20) 1524 Mar 19, Giovanni de Verrazano of France sighted land around area of Carolinas. (MC, 3/19/02) 1524 Apr 17, Giovanni da Verrazano, Florentine navigator, reached present-day New York Harbor. He explored from Cape Fear to Newfoundland and discovered New York Bay and the Hudson River. He was later eaten by natives. (TL-MB, p.12)(HN, 4/17/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)(AP, 4/17/08) 1524 Apr 19, Pope Clemens VII fired the Netherlands inquisitor-general French Van de Holly. (MC, 4/19/02) 1524 cApr, The Peasant?s War, in which Protestants fought against Catholics and demanded an end to feudal services and oppression by the landed gentry, broke out in Germany. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Jul 26, James I became king of Scotland at age 12. (MC, 7/26/02) 1524 Aug 19, Emperor Charles V's troops besieged Marseille. (MC, 8/19/02) 1524 Nov 14, Pizarro began his 1st great expedition, near Colombia. (MC, 11/14/01) 1524 Dec 11, Henry Van Zutphen, Dutch Protestant martyr, was burned at stake. (MC, 12/11/01) 1524 Dec 24, Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama (~55), who had discovered a sea route around Africa to India, died in Cochin, India. He had served as Viceroy in India. Gama served under the patronage of Dom Manoel and at one time burned alive 380 men, women and children. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(AP, 12/24/97)(MC, 12/24/01)(SSFC, 3/10/02, p.M3) 1524 Albrecht Durer drafted a dozen drawings of the same face on a grid. Each grid was transformed as if it were printed on a rubber graph which was then bent and twisted to distort the normal proportions. Computerized morphing only came c1990. (MT, 10/94, p.9) 1524 Peter Bennewitz, German prof. of mathematics, produced the first textbook on theoretical geography: "Cosmographia." (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Jan Wynken de Worde printed Robert Wakefield?s "Oration" using Italic type for the first time in English typography. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Martin Luther and Johann Walther produced jointly a German hymnal: "Geistliche Lieder." (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Aden became a tributary of Portugal. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Hans Holbein the Elder (b. c1460), German-born artist, died in Eisenheim. (www.abcgallery.com/H/holbein/fholbeinbio.html) 1524 Pedro de Alvarado, a lieutenant of Cortez, marched into the Guatemalan highlands. He played the local Indian tribes against one another and won a major battle fought at a river in western Guatemala against warriors of the Quiche tribe led by Tecun Uman. (NG, 6/1988, p.790) 1524 Chevalier Bayard, commander of French forces in Lombardy, was killed and the French were driven out. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Hernandez de Cordoba founded Granada, Nicaragua. The city, also known as La Gran Sultana (The Grand Sultan), is the oldest city in Central America. (SSFC, 4/10/05, p.F4) 1524 Denmark confirmed Swedish independence under Gustavus Vasa in the Treaty of Malmo. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524 Shah Ismail, ruler of Persia, died. (www.britannica.com/eb/article-230075) 1524 Ulrich Zwingli abolished the Catholic mass in Zurich. (TL-MB, 1988, p.12) 1524-1585 Pierre de Ronsard, established the use of the vernacular in French verse. (V.D.-H.K.p.143) 1524-1608 Giambologna, a sculptor from Florence. (WSJ, 2/1/96, p.A-16) Go to 1525