*Timeline 1300BCE - 500BC*E

Go to home <http://timelines.ws>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3k BC    Late Helladic III. An archeological period of ancient Greece.
    (LSA., Fall 1995, p.6)
c1.3k BC    China introduced books around this time.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R55)
1.3k BC    The oldest know shipwreck dates to about this time, the era
of the fall of Troy and reign of King Tut. It was found off the southern
coast of Turkey at Uluburun (Big Nose/Cape) by Dr. George Bass in 1984.
[see 4431BC]
    (MT, 3/96, p.2)
1.3k BC    A 50-foot boat was discovered in 1992 at Dover, England.
    (AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.13)
1.3k BC    The Lapita people took once again to the open seas about this
time, pushing east past the Solomon Islands to the Bismarck archipelago
and beyond to Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa. Theses Southeast Asian peoples
had headed south from Taiwan to Papua New Guinea and as far as the main
Solomon islands, where they stopped some 40,000 years ago.
    (AFP, 11/9/10)   

1.3k BC - 1.2k     A sprawling Assyrian administrative center was
discovered by Dutch archeologists in 1997 in Rakka, 340 miles north of
Damascus. The site included a 15-foot high 2-story building with 2
bathrooms, 2 toilets and a tiled floor.
    (SFC,12/9/97, p.B3)   

1.3k BC - 1.1k BC     From the late Shang Dynasty (13th to the 11th
century BC), a pair of 33-inch-tall ting tripod vessels, will be part of
the traveling exhibit from the National Palace Museum, Taipei. [see
1600BC-1100]
    (WSJ, 12/29/95, p.A-11)
1.3k BC - 1.1k BC    A 9-foot-tall bronze standing figure from this time
was found in 1986 at a 'sacrificial pit" at Sanxingdui in Sichuan province.
    (SFC, 6/15/00, p.E1)

1.3k BC - 612BC    The Assyrians, a Semitic people, established an
empire that spread out from Assur in northern Mesopotamia.
    (eawc, p.4)

1.3k BC - 300BC    The Omani Iron Age.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 p.49)

1.295k BC - 1.294k BC    Ramesses I ruled during Egypt?s 19th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty18e.html)

1.294k BC - 1.279k BC    Sethi I (Seti I), son of Rammeses I and the
father of Rammeses II, ruled during Egypt?s 19th Dynasty. He restored
the ancient gods of Egypt, such as Amun-Re, Ptah, Seth, and Osiris. At
Abydos he built a splendid temple to Osiris. Sethi claims to have
inflicted a victory against the Hittite king, Mursillis II, the
successor to Suppililiumas, at the towns of Yenoam and Bethshael. Seti
overran Palestine, made peace with the Hittites in Syria, opened mines
and quarries, and enlarged the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. His tomb was
discovered in 1817.
    (NG, 9/98, p.17,19)(AM, 7/01, p.56)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty18e.html)

1.295k BC - 1.272k BC    The Hittite king Muwatalli II signed a treaty
with Alaksandu, ruler of the Arzawa land known as Wilusa (northwest
Turkey), which became Wilios in Bronze Age Greece and then slurred to
Ilios for Homer?s Iliad.
    (Arch, 5/04, p.40)

1.292k BC        Horemheb, the last pharaoh of Egypt?s 18th Dynasty,
died about this time and was buried in the Valley of the Kings.
    (Arch, 9/02, p.61)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horemheb)

1.292k BC    An Egyptian scribe documented that a couple of construction
worker twins went off a beer binge. They left their wives at home to
chase available women and didn't show up for work. Their brother-in-law
was the chief engineer on the job and did not fire them.
    (SFEC, 4/20/97, Z1 p.5)

1.28k BC    Ramesses II, about this time, built a fortress temple named
Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham (the rest house of the mother of vultures).
    (Econ, 12/19/09, p.133)

1.28k BC - 1.2k BC    Moses lived about this time. We cannot be certain
when Moses lived except that it was obviously before the Jews settled in
Palestine, when they were still wanderers. The general opinion seems to
be that it was at some time within the period of Ramesses and his son.
The father-in-law of Moses was a Midianite. Moses reportedly died at
Mount Nebo.
    (L.C.-W.P.p.123)(MT, Spg. '97, p.11)(WSJ, 5/11/00, p.A24)

1.279k BC - 1.213k BC    Ramesses II (the Great) ruled during Egypt?s
19th Dynasty. Seti I named him co-ruler early in his life. His capital
city was Qantir, 75 miles north of Cairo. A detailed map of the city was
created in 1998. His colossal statue, removed from Memphis, now greets
the visitor when he leaves Cairo's main railway station. There are huge
statues of Ramesses in the Luxor temple... and most gigantic of all, the
seated colossi at Abu Simbel. He enlarged the Karnak temple on a scale
which makes human beings... look and feel like ants. The tomb of Queen
Nefertari, wife of Ramses II, Pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, was
discovered in 1904.
    (L.C.-W.P.p.104,113)(V. Sun, 11/3/95,
p.A-20)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty19.html)

1.275k BC    Ptahmes, the mayor of Memphis, served about this time as
army chief, overseer of the treasury and royal scribe under Seti I and
his son and successor, Ramses II. Archeologists in 2010 discovered the
tomb of Ptahmes at Saqqara. Foreign expeditions in 1885 had made off
with pieces of the tomb, whose location was soon after forgotten.
    (AP, 5/30/10)

1.275 - 1.24k BC    The Trojan War is usually dated to this period.
    (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.49)

c1.274k BC     Battle of Kadesh, in the fifth year of his reign Ramesses
moved to meet and destroy the forces of the Hittite king, Muwatallis,
grandson of Suppililiumas. Here some 70,000BC-100,000 armed men clashed
in fury... The battle lasted two days... and was decisive in that the
Hittite advanced no further. The Hittites fought off the invading
Egyptians. This reflected the power gained from trading metals abundant
in Turkey. Ramesses left his mark on a cliff face by the Nahr al Kalb
(Dog River) when he marched north from Egypt to battle the Hittites.
    (L.C.-W.P.p.116-119)(eawc, p.5)(NG, Aug., 1974, p.157)

1.27k BC    At Abu Simbel, Egypt, Ramses II constructed The Great Temple
in his own honor and the Small Temple in honor of his wife Nefertari.
Engulfed by sand over the centuries, the temples lay hidden until
discovered by a Swiss traveler in 1813. The temples are moved under a 4
year UNESCO project when in 1964 the rising waters behind the Aswan High
Dam threaten to drown them.
    (NG, May 1985, p.591)

c1.26k BC    A pottery fragment from this time was found in 2004 near
Natadola in western Fiji. It was believed to have been made by the
Lapita people, who populated Polynesia.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.11)

1.267k BC - 1.237k BC    King Hattusili III ruled the Hittites. He wrote
a letter to the king of Ahhiyawa (thought to be Mycenaean Greeks) and
mentioned that Wilusa was once a bone of contention.
    (Arch, 5/04, p.40)

1.25k BC    By this time the Assyrians committed themselves to
conquering the Kassite Empire to the south.
    (eawc, p.4)
1.25k BC    Some scholars believe that the Mycenaeans waged a successful
war with the Trojans of western Asia Minor.
    (eawc, p.5)

c1.25k BC - 1.2k BC    Under the direction of Moses the Hebrew people
returned to Canaan from Egypt after wandering for several years in the
Sinai desert and began the conquest of Canaan. The conquest took some
hundred years and after victory they parceled the land of Canaan into
tribal territories under a government known as an amphictyony.
    (eawc, p.5)

1.25k BC - 1150BC    This time frame is referred to as the Initial Olmec
Period of southern Mexico.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.42)

1.25k BC - 1k BC    Troy VIIa, another discernible era on the site of
the Trojan War. Evidence shows that Troy V was destroyed by fire and
that Troy VI saw the establishment of an entirely new principality. An
earthquake hit the thriving city of 5-6 thousand people, but after the
crisis, the same people returned and repaired the city. The renovated
Troy VIIa lasted some seventy years and was then destroyed by a
conflagration.
    (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.49-50)

1.225k BC    The Assyrian ruler, Tukulti-Ninurta, captured Babylon and
the region of southern Mesopotamia, but their control did not last long.
    (eawc, p.5)
1.225k BC     Earliest known Illyrian king, Hyllus, died.
    (www, Albania, 1998)

1.225k BC - 1.175k BC    Earthquakes during this period toppled some
city-states and centers of trade and scholarship in the Middle East.
Jericho, Jerusalem, Knossos and Troy were all hit.
    (SFC,12/9/97, p.A8)(SSFC, 12/17/00, p.A19)

1.213k BC    Ramesses II (the Great) Pharaoh during Egypt?s 19th
Dynasty, died. In 1976 his mummy was shipped to Paris, where it was
treated with radiation and chemicals for protection against
bacteriological damage.
    (NG, 9/98, p.16,22,32)(www.ancient-egypt.org/history/18_20/19.html)

1.213k BC - 1.203k BC    Maremptah  (Merenptah), the 13th son of
Rammeses, ruled during Egypt?s 19th Dynasty. He is mainly attested to by
three great inscriptions, including 80 lines on a wall in the Temple of
Amun at Karnak, a large stele with 35 readable lines from Athribis in
the Delta and the great Victory Stele from his ruined mortuary temple at
Thebes, with 28 lines.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty19a.html)

1.203k BC - 1.2k BC    Amenmesse (Ammenemes) about this time led Egypt
as the 5th ruler of the 19th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty19a.html)

1.2k BC    Afghanistan, near Sheberghan at Tillya Tepe, a temple for the
worship of fire was built.
    (NG, March 1990,V.I. Sarainidi p.62)
1.2k BC    The first outbreak of human plague may have been the scourge
that struck the Philistines in the 12th century BC. The Old Testament
account mentions "mice that mar the land."
    (NG, 5/88, p.678)
1.2k BC    The tradition of the Mokaya people at coastal Chiapas and
Guatemala came to a sudden end about this time. This appeared to
coincide with the rise of the Olmec people.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.43)
1.2k BC    The end of Mycenaean civilization.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.73)
1.2k BC    Indian ink became increasingly popular. Other cultures
developed inks from berries, plants and minerals.
    (SFC, 7/26/04, p.F4)

1.2k BC - 1.194k BC    The period of the 19th Dynasty under Seti II.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty19a.html)

1.2k BC - 1.02k BC    The Israelites were ruled by the Judges in a
period of relative stability until a Philistine invasion in 1050.
    (eawc, p.5)

1.2k BC - 1k BC    The archeological evidence later confirmed that a
collection of small settlements appeared in the eastern parts of the
highlands of Palestine later known as the West Bank.
    (AM, 9/01, p.30)

1.2k BC - 400BC    The Olmecs built impressive cities and established
trade routes throughout Mesoamerica, that included settlements at La
Venta and Tres Zapotes.
    (SFEC, 5/17/98, p.T12)

c1.2k BC - 300BC    In Peru a pre-Columbian culture flourished over this
time in the Andes site of Chavin de Huantar.
    (SFC, 12/21/00, p.A20)
1.2k BC - 300BC    The Olmec people ruled southern Mexico and northern
Central America.
    (WSJ, 7/2/96, p.A12)

1.194k BC - 1.188k BC    The period of the 19th Dynasty under Siptah.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty19a.html)

1.187k BC - 1.185k BC    Queen Tawosret (Taweseret) ruled during Egypt?s
19th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty19b.html)

1.186k BC - 1.184k BC    The period of the 20th Dynasty under Sethnakhte
(Setnakht).
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.184k BC - 1.153k BC    The period of the 20th Dynasty under Ramses
III. After Ramessu III ascended the throne of Egypt, he fought back two
major attacks from the northern countries. Ramses III defended his
kingdom from foreign invasion in three separate wars, reorganized
Egyptian society into classes based on occupation and built a funerary
temple based on the Ramesseum. Ramses, son of Setnakht, twice defended
Egypt against invasions from Libyan tribes and in his 8th year from a
coalition of migrants referred to in records as the "Sea Peoples." The
great Battle against the Sea Peoples was captured in a magnificent
picture which Ramesses III caused to be sculpted on the walls of his
great temple at Medinet Habu in Thebes.
   
(L.C.-W.P.p.104,126)(R.M.-P.H.C.p.21)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.184k  BC    Jun 11, Greeks finally captured Troy. This corresponds to
excavation levels VIi or VIIa at the site of Hisarlik, Turkey [see 1150BC].
    (SC, 6/11/02)(Arch, 5/04, p.37)

c1.182k BC    Ramessu III beat back a more formidable attack by northern
countries. An inscription describing this war was engraved on the second
pylon of the temple of Medinet Habu. The inscription describes how the
northerners were disturbed, and proceeded to move eastward and
southward, swamping in turn the land of the Hittites, Carchemish, Arvad,
Cyprus, Syria, and other places of the same region. The Hittites and
North Syrians had been so crippled by them that Ramessu took the
opportunity to extend the frontier of Egyptian territory northward...
the twofold ravaging of Syria left it weakened and opened the door for
the colonization of its coast-lands by the beaten remnant of the
invading army.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.23)

c1.179k BC    Ramessu III beat back a Libyan invasion in his fifth year,
this invasion was accompanied by war galleys from the northern countries.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.22)

1.178k BC    Apr 16, In 2008 researchers suggested that this was the
date that Odysseus struck with arrows, swords and spears, killing those
who sought to replace him, as he returned from the Trojan War.
    (AP, 6/23/08)

c1.176k BC    "Peoples of the sea" arrived to the Lebanese coast
(c1200-1182). They came probably from the Aegean. They toppled the
Hittites, destroyed Ugarit on the Syrian coast and swept south to Egypt
where Ramesses III stopped them.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.174)

1.175k BC    Rameses III built his temple palace at Medinet Habu.
    (eawc, p.5)

1.153k BC    Ramesses III of Egypt died, and was succeeded by a series
of weak ghost-kings.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.153k BC - 1147BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses
IV, son of Ramesses III.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.15k BC    Troy fell about this time. Estimated date for the beginning
of the Aeneid. [see 1275-1240BC] After King Agamemnon, leader of the
Greeks, returned home to Mycenae he was killed by his wife Clytemnestra
and her lover. In 2006 Cathy Gere authored ?The Tomb of Agamemnon.?
    (V.D.-H.K.p.60)(Econ, 3/11/06, p.78)

1.15k BC - 1k BC    This time frame is referred to as the Early Olmec
Period of southern Mexico.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.42)

1.147k BC - 1.143k BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses
V, son of Ramesses IV and Queen Ta-Opet. His mummy indicates that he
died of smallpox at about age 35.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.143k BC - 1.136k BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses VI.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.136k BC - 1.129k BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses
VII.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.129k BC - 1.126k BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses
VIII.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.126k BC - 1.108k BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses IX.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

c1.116k BC    In China an imperial decree stated that it was a
requirement of the heavenly powers that people regularly take a moderate
amount of alcoholic drink.
    (SFEC, 8/9/98, Z1 p.8)

1.114k BC - 1.076k BC    Tiglath-Pileser I ruled the Assyrian empire.
    (eawc, p.5)

1111-255BC    Chou dynasty in China.
    (V.D.-H.K. p.7)

1.108k BC - 1.099k BC    The period of Egypt?s 20th Dynasty under Ramses
X. During his reign workers went on strike for wages not paid.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.1k BC    The Phoenician alphabet containing only consonants was in use.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.25)
1.1k BC    By this time the Mycenaeans were overtaken by Dorian invaders
who used iron weapons. Greek culture then entered unto a "Dark Age"
period characterized by the disappearance of writing and a decline in
architecture that lasted to about 800BC.
    (eawc, p.5)

c1.1k BC - 1k BC    The first Greek tribes settled on Crete around the
11th century BC.
    (WSJ, 3/20/97, p.A17)
c1.1k BC - 1k BC    In Britain Stonehenge Phase IV the path across the
henge ditch was extended into the fields and over the hill to the River
Avon.
    (HT, 3/97, p.22)

1.1k BC - 700BC    The Phoenicians traded around the Mediterranean.
    (WH, 1994, p.13)

1.1k BC - 265BC    The Zhou period in China. [see 1027-771]
    (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1.094k BC - 1.064k BC    The period of Egypt under Ramses XI. He was the
last king of the 20th Dynasty and the New Kingdom. Upon his death Hrihor
and Smendes divided Egypt between themselves. Hrihor, the high priest of
Amon ultimately usurped the sovereignty and become founder of the
Twenty-first Dynasty. In Lower Egypt, the Tanite noble Nesubenebded, in
Greek Smendes controlled the Delta. 
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.29)(Arch, 5/05, p.21)

1.085k BC    After 1085 BC, Egypt split between a northern 21st dynasty
claiming national recognition reigning from Tanis and a line of Theban
generals and high priests of Amun who actually controlled the south from
Thebes. Relations between the two authorities were peaceful. The Tanites
were driven from power by Libyan warriors who established their own 22nd
Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty20.html)

1.08k BC - 945BC    High priests ruled Egypt from the capital of Thebes.
    (www.ancientroute.com/IndexPharCh.htm)

1.075k BC    Wenamun, a priest of Amun, moved from Egypt to Byblos
during the rule of Ramesses XI. This was recorded in the Golenischeff
papyrus found in 1891CE at El Khibeh in Upper Egypt. It is the personal
report of the adventures of an Egyptian messenger to Lebanon. Zakar-Baal
was governor of Byblos.
    (www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Luxor)

1.069k BC - 945BC    This is the period of Egypt?s 21st Dynasty. The
capital moved from Tanis to Libyan, to Nubia, to Thebes, to SAIS, and
then back to Nubia and Thebes.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

1.069k BC - 664BC    A black-bronze statue of the falcon-faced god
Horus, now in the French Louvre, dates to this time.
    (WSJ, 1/29/98, p.A16)

1.064k BC - 1.038k BC    Smendes ruled as the 1st king of Egypt?s 21st
Dynasty.
    (Arch, 5/05, p.21)

1.05k BC    The Philistines invaded Israel from the North. Facing
annihilation the Israelites instituted governmental reform and asked
Samuel, the last of the Judges, to select a king.
    (eawc, p.5)

1.045k BC    The Zhou King Wu subdued the Shang. [see 1027BC]
    (Arch, 9/00, p.37)

1.034k BC - 981BC Psusennes I was the 2nd king of Egypt?s 21st Dynasty.
    (Arch, 5/05, p.21)

1.031k BC    The Centennial Stump, a giant sequoia, started its growth,
and was cut down in 1874CE.
     (K.I.-365D, p.146)

1.027k BC    In China the last Shang ruler, Chou Hsin, was conquered by
Wu-wang, and the Chou Dynasty began. It lasted to 221BC and is typically
divided into three periods.
    (eawc, p.5)

1.02k BC    In Israel Samuel selected Saul to be king and unified the
tribes into a nation. Saul faced many losses against the Philistines and
eventually committed suicide. David in his campaigns against the
Philistines proved victorious.
    (eawc, p.6)

1.027k BC - 771BC    In China this was the Western Chou period.
    (eawc, p.5)

c1.01k BC - 970    King David, the 2nd King of Israel, ruled. He had
succeeded Saul.
    (WUD, 1994, p.369)

1.005k BC    King David's conquest of Jerusalem. In 1995 Israel launched
a 17 month celebration of the event.
    (WSJ, 9/25/95, P. A-1)

1.004k BC    David became the king of Israel. He ruled from Hebron
before moving his capital to Jerusalem. He began to build a centralized
government based in Jerusalem and implemented forced labor, a census and
a mechanism for collecting taxes. In 2000 Jonathan Kirsch authored "King
David: The Real Life of the Man Who ruled Israel." According to the
Bible the census under David was followed by a plague that left some
70,000 Israelites dead.
    (SFC, 9/15/00, p.A4)(SFC, 12/31/00, BR p.8)(Econ, 12/22/07,
p.97)(SFC, 12/4/08, p.A27)
 
c1k BC        Irrigation canals were made in the Tucson basin of the
American Southwest.
    (SFEC, 4/18/99, Z1 p.2)
c1k BC        A Bronze Age salt mine of this time in Hallstatt, Austria,
had a pine and spruce staircase that survived into the 21st century.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.10)
c1k BC        The British Bronze Age site Flag Fen, estimated to  about
this time, was accidentally discovered in 1982 by archaeologist Francis
Pryor. Flag Fen is the site of some of the most recent and unusual
discoveries of ancient British culture. In 1982 archaeologist Francis
Pryor tripped over a piece of wood while walking along a dyke in the
Fenlands near Peterborough. Noticing that the wood showed signs of
deliberate shaping, he poked around in the peaty, wet soil and soon
discovered a series of posts. The wood was set deeper into the ground
than the surface of a nearby Roman road, so Pryor knew the wood had to
have been placed into the ground well before the Roman engineers arrived
on the scene.
    (HNQ, 5/12/01)
c1k BC        An Indo-European group of people moved east to live in
what later became Xinjiang province of western China. They left
well-preserved Caucasian mummies of this age and 1,300 year old texts
written in an unknown Indo European tongue. Some evidence showed that
they had come from the steppes north of the Black and Caspian seas as
the area filled with Iranian immigrants. They settled in the Tarim Basin
on the edges of the Taklimakan Desert. They area has also been named
Inner Asia, Chinese Turkistan and East Turkistan. The Uighers of
Xinjiang sometimes show physical features that reflects Tocharian blood.
    (SFC, 2/27/98, p.A2)
c1k BC         In China's southwest one of the world's great cities
flourished, and then inexplicably vanished, leaving no trace behind in
the historical records. In 2001 excavations at Jinsha village began to
uncover extensive artifacts.
    (AFP, 7/10/05)
1k BC        The Chinese invented kites about this time that could carry
scouts on reconnaissance missions.
    (NPub, 2002, p.2)
c1k BC        The fertile bottom land of the Copan River valley
attracted agriculturists to the region more than 3,000 years ago.
    (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.29)
c1k BC        The Phoenicians and other Semites of Syria and Palestine
began using graphic signs representing letters. Aleph meaning ox was the
sign that represented a sound such as that heard in the pronunciation of
the o in bottle, known as a glottal stop.
    (AHD, 1971, p.1)
1k BC        Ahiram, king of Byblos, had inscribed on his sarcophagus:
"His abode in eternity."
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.154)
1k BC        Chaldians traced their origins to about this time in Babylon.
    (SFC, 9/30/00, p.A12)
c1k BC        A brightly colored papyrus of this time depicting a Theban
housewife's life after death was found by Herbert Winlock at Thebes in 1912.
    (WSJ, 12/27/95, p. A-8)
1k BC        Bone lesions in the mummified body of the priest of Ammon
from a tomb of the Egyptian 21st dynasty, have been recognized as
probably caused by tubercle bacilli.
    (WP, 1951, p.5)
1k BC        About this time Kush became independent from Egypt.
    (Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.167)
1k BC        Israel became a kingdom.
    (WH, 1994, p.13)
c1k BC        Three-thousand-year-old archives were found in Jerusalem
on Mar 13, 1935, confirming biblical history.
    (HN, 3/13/98)
c1k BC        The Samaritans broke away from the mainstream of Judaism
about this time. They believed that God chose Mount Gerizim as the site
for the Jews to build their temple.
    (SFC, 2/14/98, p.A21)
c1k BC        The Garamantes, a tribal people descended from Berbers and
Saharan pastoralists, inhabited the area of the Fazzan in southern Libya.
    (AM, 3/04, p.24)
c1k BC     The first typical Baltic culture of brushed pottery formed at
the turn of the last millennium BC in eastern Lithuania. It was the time
when the first hill forts and barrows appeared and the cremation of the
dead was introduced.
    (DrEE, 10/12/96, p.2)(TB-Com, 10/11/00)
c1k BC        In India the Rig Veda, the first Vedic literature was written.
    (eawc, p.6)
c1000        The original Hindu calendar in India was based on a lunar
cycle and dated back to this time.
    (SFC, 1/1/00, p.A18)
1k BC        The Sushruta Samhita, an early text of Ayurvedic medicine,
was compiled by Sushrut, the primary pupil of Dhanvantri, about this
time. In 2003 India moved to assess the country?s herbs systematically
in a program called the Golden Triangle Partnership.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda)(www.ccras.nic.in/gtp.htm)
1k BC        The Illyrians were Indo-European tribesmen who appeared in
the western part of the Balkan Peninsula about 1000 BC. Albanians derive
their name from an Illyrian tribe called the Arber, or Arbereshė, and
later Albanoi, that lived near Durrės.
    (http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/illyria/)
c1k BC        In Kyrgyzstan the capital city of Bishkek was founded.
    (MT, Spg. '99, p.4)
1k BC        The great Olmec Ceremonial Center, in Tabasco, Mexico, was
built about this time. It continued to be used till about 600BC.
    (RFH-MDHP, p.241)
1k BC        The Olmec kings are thought by some to be responsible for
the invention of the ancient Mayan ballgame that often left the loser dead.
     (Hem, Dec. 94, p.125)
1k BC        The settlement at Canton Corralito on the southern
Mexico-Guatemala border covered at least 60 acres by this time and was
believed to be a colony of the Gulf Olmec people.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.44)
c1k BC        In Pakistan some of the monuments at the Uch Monument
Complex in the Punjab date to this time.
    (SFEC, 8/28/98, p.T4)
1k BC        In Thailand Ban Prasat pottery from the site at Prasat Hin
Phanom Wan dates to this time.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.H)
c1k BC        A major earthquake struck along the Carmel-Gilboa fault
system about this time. The Hebrew city of Har Megiddo, located at the
strategic Nahal Iron Pass - the only route where chariots could speed
between Egypt and Syria, was destroyed in the quake. This event is
likely one described by John of Patmos in the Book of Revelations, where
a great quake takes place at Armageddon.
    (SFC,12/9/97, p.A8)
c1k BC        In Peru the tomb of a Huayakuntur Indian of this time was
found in Ayabaca province in 1999.
    (SFC, 11/13/99, p.A12)
1k BC        The Phoenicians inhabited Sardinia.
    (SFEC, 1/30/00, p.T4)
1k BC        Bronze age nomads erected mysterious megaliths throughout
regions of Mongolia and southern Siberia about this time. Some scholars
believed them to be the work of Iron Age peoples who appeared by 700BC.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.17)
c1k BC        Troy at Hissarlik in northwest Turkey was destroyed by
fire and abandoned.
    (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.50)
1k BC        A cemetery containing the remains of 25 Lapita people in
Teouma, Vanuatu, dated to about this time.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.11)

1k BC - 975BC    In 2008 Israeli archeologists found a Hebrew
inscription in proto-Canaanite script on a pottery fragment at a site
believed to the biblical city of Sha?arayim (Two Gates). The city was
located on a hill above the Valley of Elah, where the bible says David
slew Goliath.
    (SFC, 11/17/08, p.A10)

1k BC - 900BC    The search for the 10 lost tribes of Israel, who were
dispersed in the tenth century BC when the Assyrians conquered part of
the Holy Land, is depicted on a CD titled The Myth of the 10 Lost
Tribes, by Creative Multimedia Corp.   
    (New Media, 2/95, p.84)
1k BC - 900BC    Archeologists in 2005 reported that 2 lines of an
alphabet had been found inscribed in a stone in Israel, offering what
some scholars say is the most solid evidence yet that the ancient
Israelites were literate as early as the 10th century B.C. The stone was
found in July, on the final day of a five-week dig at Tel Zayit, about
30 miles south of Tel Aviv.
    (AP, 11/10/05)

c1k BC - 800    The kingdom of Habushkia was likely centered on the
headwaters of the Great Zap River in western Turkey.
    (AM, 7/00, p.50)

1k BC - 600BC    This was the late Vedic period in India. The Aryans
were integrated into Indian culture and the caste system emerged.
    (eawc, p.6)

1k BC - 500BC    Oct 31, The Celts of Ireland, Great Britain and
northern France celebrated Oct. 31 to Nov 2 as their New Year which they
called Samhain. The Druid harvest event incorporated masks to ward off
evil ones, as dead relatives were believed to visit families on the
first evening. The Catholic holiday of All Hallows' Day (aka All Saints'
Day) was instituted around 700 CE to supplant the pagan event    and
Pope Gregory III made the Nov 1 date official. In the 9th century Nov 2,
the last day of Samhain, became All Souls' Day. Halloween was
transplanted to the US in  the 1840s.
    (WSJ, 10/28/99, p.A24)(WSJ, 10/29/99, p.W17)

1k BC - 300    Middle preclassic period of the Maya.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 suppl. p.B)

1k BC - 1BC    In Thailand a cemetery at the Noen U-Loke site has
revealed jewelry, bronze and iron tools and pottery.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.G)

c1k BC - 1k BE    A civilization in Amazonia, called Patiti or Enin by
archeologists, dug channels for an elaborate crop irrigation system.
    (SFEC, 12/6/98, p.T12)

993BC - 984BC Amenope was the 4th king of Egypt?s 21st Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

984BC - 978BC Osochor was the 5th king of Egypt?s 21st Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

978BC - 959BC Siamun was the 6th king of Egypt?s 21st Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

970BC        King David of Israel died about this time. In 2000 Robert
Alter authored "The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and
2 Samuel." In 2005 Robert Pinsky authored ?The Life of David.?
    (WUD, 1994, p.369)(SFEC, 4/30/00, BR p.10)(SSFC, 10/23/05, p.M1)

965BC        Solomon became king of Israel. He was intent on completing
the plans of David to make Jerusalem stand out and to affirm the
religious commitment of the people. He undertook expensive building
projects that included the building of the temple in Jerusalem and
raised taxes with increased forced labor to his ends.
    (eawc, p.6)

959BC - 945BC Psusennes II was the 7th and last king of Egypt?s 21st
Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

955BC - 587BC    The Ark of the Covenant, the sacred chest built by
Moses containing the Ten Commandments, disappeared from Jerusalem during
this period. Legend in Ethiopia holds that the Ark was stolen by Menelik
I, son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, and taken to Aksum where
Orthodox Christian monks have watched over it ever since.
    (SFC, 1/31/98, p.A18)

950BC        Hiram I, king of Tyre, joined two islands and built an
impregnable city in the sea. He sent to David, king of Israel, and later
to Solomon, the materials to build palaces and the first great temple of
Jerusalem. The building of Solomon's temple is described in the First
Book of Kings in the Bible.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.163)(WH, 1994, p.13)
c950BC    The Queen of Sheba lived about this time. Local legends from
Ethiopia name her Makeda and claim that she was from there.
Archeologists have found inscriptions from the ancient Sabean kingdom
but no mention of Makeda or Bilqis, the local name for Sheba in Yemen.
The Koran claims she ruled from Yemen.
    (WSJ, 5/2/97, p.A1)
c950BC    The Kebra Negast, a 14th cent. Ethiopian text, claims that the
Queen of Sheba came from Ethiopia to see Solomon and that he tricked her
into sleeping with him and bearing him a son.
    (WSJ, 5/2/97, p.A6)
950BC        Peanuts have been traced back to this time in Brazil and Peru.
    (SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)

948BC - 927BC    The Egyptian Pharaoh Shishak (Sheshonq) founded Egypt?s
22nd Dynasty. He destroyed many Israelite cities, including Rehov,
Megiddo and Hazor. Sheshonq I supported Jeroboam against King Solomon's
son, Rehoboam.
    (WSJ, 12/31/97, p.A4)(SFC, 4/11/03, p.A9)(Arch, 5/05, p.21)

945-712BC    Period of Egypt?s twenty-second dynasty. It is often
referred to as the Libyan Bubastite Dynasty. Manetho lists the kings of
this Dynasty as being from Bubastis which is located in the eastern delta
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

c938BC    Israel?s King Solomon died about this time. The northerners,
unwilling to subsidize the financial difficulties of Jerusalem and the
national court, separated from the southern people. This created Israel
to the north with its capital in Samaria, and Judah to the south with
its capital in Jerusalem. Solomon?s son Rehoboam ruled in the south.
Only the tribes of Juda and Benjamin remaining faithful to Rehoboam.
Jeroboam, the son of Nathan an Ephraimite, ruled 10 tribes in the north.
    (eawc, p.6)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/08340a.htm)

930BC        Sheshonq I, ruler of Egypt, campaigned in Palestine about
this time laying tribute upon the king of Judah.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

924BC - 909BC    Osorkon I ruled Egypt as the 2nd king of the 22nd Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

909BC - 894BC    Takelot I ruled Egypt as the 3rd king of the 22nd
Dynasty. His reign saw the beginning of another fragmentation into 2
power bases.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

c900BC    Trade between East Africans and Arabs probably began about
this time.
    (ATC, p.141)
900BC        The Maya site named Blackman Eddy in Belize was occupied
from this time to about 1000CE.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 suppl. p.B)
c900BC    In Honduras archeologists in 1997 discovered burial caves that
date to this time. A cave from the same period was discovered in 1994
near the Talgua River, known as the Cave of the Glowing Skulls. The new
cave was called the Cave of the Spiders.
    (USAT, 2/12/97, p.9D)
c900BC    A group of people in northern Nigeria produced distinct
statuettes in baked clay. Their culture is called the Nok culture after
a village where the first statuette was found in 1931. The culture may
have lasted to about 900CE.
    (Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.168)
c900BC    Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) was founded about this time. It
served as the capital from the 3rd century BC to the 11th century AD.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.D)(Arch, 7/02, p.32)
c900BC    The Fossum panel was carved on a rock outcropping in Sweden
about this time and depicted 2 Bronze Age figures with raised axes.
    (NH, Jul, p.32)

900BC - 840BC    The Assyrians expanded their empire to the west. By 840
they conquered Syria and Turkey, territory that had formerly belonged to
the Hittites.
    (eawc, p.6)

c900BC - 800BC    Ahab was king of Israel. Pottery, a 4-entry gate at
Megiddo, and other structures at Hazor and Gezer are similar to others
in the time of Ahab. This kind of data has prompted "the Finkelstein
correction," which pushes archeological evidence attributed to David and
Solomon more to the time of Ahab and Jezebel, his wife from Phoenicia.
    (WSJ, 12/31/97, p.A4)
c900BC - 800BC    Joash was King of Judah in the 9th century. Joash and
Ashyahu are common variations of the same name. The temple priest
Zechariah was a contemporary to Joash and was put to death by Joash
after a dispute. In 1997 a 13 word pottery fragment was dated to this
time with the words: "Pursuant to the order to you of Ashyahu the King
to give by the hand of Zecharyahu silver of Tarshish to the House of
Yahweh. Three shekels."
    (SFC,11/4/97, p.A8)
900BC - 800BC    Sican and Siculian farmers settled the valleys of
central Sicily.
    (WSJ, 6/9/99, p.A24)

900BC - 750BC    Villanovan cultures in Italy. From their hamlets
Etruscan cities grew. The name comes from Villanova, a site near Bologna
where the culture's artifacts were first unearthed more than a century ago.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.710, 719)

900BC - 700BC     In 2008 archeologists found pottery in Tyre, Lebanon,
that was used by Phoenicians during this period.
    (AP, 11/12/08)

900BC - 500BC    This time frame is referred to as the Late Olmec Period
of southern Mexico.
    (Arch, 1/06, p.42)

900BC - 400BC    The Etruscan period of Italian prehistory. For about
500 years the Etruscans dominated most of the country from Rome to the
Po Valley. Apa means father in Etruscan. It means exactly the same in
Hungarian.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.705)(NG, 10/1988, member's forum)

894BC - 883BC    Shoshenq II ruled Egypt during the 22nd Dynasty. He is
though to have co-regent during the period between Osorkon I and Takelot I.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

883BC - 885BC    Osorkon II ruled Egypt as the 5th king of the 22nd Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

883-859    Ashurnasirpal II. This Assyrian ruler established the new
capital city of Kalhu (Nimrud).
    (AM, 7/00, p.50)

880BC        There was a very high inundation of the Nile in the 3rd
year of the reign of Osorkon II.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

858-824    Shalmaneser II, Assyrian ruler.
    (AM, 7/00, p.50)

845BC        During the 15th year of the reign of Egypt?s Takelot II
there was warfare in the north and south and great convulsion broke out
in the land.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

841BC     In China a Zhou king died.
    (SFC, 11/10/00, p.D4)

841BC - 815BC    Takelot II ruled Egypt as the 6th king of the 22nd Dynasty.
    (Arch, 5/05, p.21)

835BC - 783BC    Shoshenq III ruled Egypt as the 7th king of the 22nd
Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

814BC        Carthage was founded by Phoenician traders.
    (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T5)

814-813BC    Elissa-Dido, Princess of Tyre, Jezebel's grandniece, fled
to North Africa after her brother, King Pygmalion, murdered her husband,
Tyre's high priest. She was said to have  then founded Carthage on a
hilltop now called Byrsa. Byrsa means Oxhide and it was said that Elissa
could have as much ground as could be  covered by the hide of an ox. She
cut the hide into narrow strips and so claimed the whole hill.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.174)(SSFC, 12/10/00, p.T8)   

812-783BC    Hada-Nirari III, Assyrian king enumerated the Philistines
among the Palestinian states conquered by him.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.63)

810BC - 805    Sammuramat ruled Assyria as Queen.
    (eawc, p.6)

803BC        Hadad-Nirari, Assyrian king, conquered the Palestinian
states including the Philistines.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.63)

c800BC    Large villages with dome-shaped "pit houses" were constructed
in the American Southwest and the inhabitants made plainware pottery bowls.
    (SFEC, 4/18/99, Z1 p.2)
800BC        Nimrud, capital of Assyria, 500 miles east of Byblos,
sample of ivory carving from a piece of furniture depicting a woman in a
window wearing an Egyptian wig.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.171)
c800BC    The Zhou of China were driven east by nomads.
    (Arch, 9/00, p.37)
c800BC    In Greece increased trade and governmental defense
fortifications allowed for the emergence of city-states to emerge from
tribal communities. These grew up among market places and included
Athens, Thebes and Megara on the mainland.
    (eawc, p.6)
800BC        In Guatemala some structures at San Bartolo dated to about
this time.
    (AM, 7/05, p.51)(http://sanbartolo.org/research.htm)
c800BC    The Jewish city of Sepphoris was founded about this time.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.64)
800BC        Kingdom of Kush in northern Sudan near present day Karima;
its monarchs ruled all of Egypt as the pharaohs of the XXV Dynasty.
    (NG, May 1985, R. Caputo, p.607)
800BC        The twenty-fifth dynasty, as noted by Manetho, consisted of
three Ethiopic kings. The seat of the empire was originally at Gebel
Barkal, or Napata. They subsequently conquered the whole of Egypt. The
first monarch of this line was called Sabaco by the Greek writers; the
second Sebechos, or Suechos, his son; the third was Tarkos or Taracus.
    (RFH-MDHP, A. Layard, 1853, p.62)
c800BC    A great change in climate overcame Europe around this time.
    (SFEC, 5/2/99, p.T4)

800BC - 750BC    The Iliad epic was set down by Homer in about the first
half of the 8th century, some five centuries after the war it
purportedly reports.
    (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.44)

c800BC - 700BC    The period of Homer, reputed author of "The Iliad" and
"The Odyssey."
    (WUD, 1994, p.679)
800BC - 700BC    The time of Hesiod, the first Greek poet to name
himself. His work included "The Theogony" and "Works and Days."
    (WUD, 1994, p.666)(eawc, p.7)
c800BC - 700BC    The Greeks and the Etruscans occupied different
regions of the Italian peninsula during the 8th century.
    (eawc, p.2)
800BC - 700BC    Bubastis was the capital of 8th century BC Egypt.
    (AM, 7/04, p.12)
800BC - 700BC    The Languedoc region of France has produced wine since
this time. Langue d'oc refers to the language of Occitan spoken in the
region. Greeks began planting vineyards in Languedoc around 600BC.
    (WSJ, 2/09/99, p.A20)(SSFC, 6/17/01, p.T10)(WSJ, 5/30/03, p.A3)

800BC - 600BC    In India the Brahmans, a priestly caste, began to emerge.
    (eawc, p.7)

800BC - 500BC    In India the Upanishadic philosophy began with the
writing of the Upanishads. Doctrines of rebirth and the transmigration
of souls began to appear.
    (eawc, p.7)
800BC - 500BC    The Archaic period of Greece. It was marked by
developments in literature, the arts, politics, philosophy and science.
The Peloponnesian city of Corinth, Sparta and cities along the coast of
the Aegean flourished. Most of the cities were similar in their
political evolution except for the elite dictatorship in Sparta. Most of
the cities began as monarchies, evolved to oligarchies, were overthrown
during the age of tyrants and eventually established democracies.
    (eawc, p.6)
800BC - 500BC    The Celtic Hallstatt Culture spread across Europe. It
was an early iron-using culture named after an Austrian burial site
found in the mid-19th century.
    (NGM, 5/77)
800BC - 500BC    Zazacatla in central Mexico covered less than one
square mile between during this period. Inhabitants of Zazacatla adopted
Olmec styles when they changed from a simple, egalitarian society to a
more complex, hierarchical one. Much of it was later covered by housing
and commercial development extending from Cuernavaca.
    (AP, 1/25/07)
800BC - 500BC    Texts called Southwest Script dating to this period
were later discovered in Portugal. Most experts have concluded they were
authored by a people called Tartessians, a tribe of Mediterranean
traders who mined for metal but disappeared after a few centuries. Some
scientists have proposed that the composers were other pre-Roman tribes,
such as the Conii or Cynetes, or maybe even Celts who roamed this far south.
    (AP, 2/28/09)

800BC - 300BC    Scythians dominated the vast lands stretching from
Siberia to the Black Sea. Those who roamed what later became Kazakstan
and southern Siberia were known as the Saka.
    (AM, 5/01, p.32)

c800BC - 200CE     The Mayan city of Takalik Abaj, in later day
Guatemala, served as one of the most important economic and cultural
centers of pre-Columbian times.
    (NG, May, 04, p.70)
c800BC - 200CE    Saba culture (Yemen) was a major economic player in
the trade routes from India to the Mediterranean during this period.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.56)

783BC - 773BC    Pami (Pemay) ruled Egypt as the 8th king of the 22nd
Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

782BC        Urartian king Argishti the First founded Erebuni, the
military and administrative center of the state of Urartu, situated in
the location of present-day Yerevan, Armenia.
    (www.anahit.am/regions/yerevan/)(SSFC, 10/17/04, p.D8)

776BC        In Olympia Greece the Olympic Games were born after
Iphitos, king of Elis, asked the Delphic Oracle how to save Greece from
civil war and plagues. The answer was to revive the Olympics from their
mythological roots. Together with Lycourgos of Sparta and Kleosthenes of
Pisa a sacred truce was concluded and the games declared at Olympia. The
historian Pausanias (c150CE) wrote: "The Olympic victor must not win
with money but the fleetness of foot and the strength of body." In the
Pankration, a combination of wrestling and boxing, biting and
eye-gouging were forbidden. Adult women were discouraged from attending
the games under the penalty of being hurled from the cliffs of Mount
Typaion, opposite the stadium
    (SFC, 7/14/96, p.T1)(WSJ, 7/19/96, p.R16)

773BC - 735BC    Shoshenq IV ruled Kush as the 9th king of Egypt?s 22nd
Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

771BC        In China the Chou Dynasty faced difficulty when King Yu
alienated the noble class who refused to answer his call for help
against invading barbarians. King Yu was killed and the nobles installed
a new leader. The capital was moved eastward to Loyang and the "Western
Chou" period ended.
    (eawc, p.7)

771-471BC    The Spring and Autumn Period. Jingzhou was the capital of
the Chu Kingdom.
    (AMNHDT, 5/98)

771-221    The Eastern Zhou period. The power of the Zhou court waned
and frequent state wars took place.
    (AM, 7/01, p.62)

753BC        Apr 21, Rome was founded. The traditional date for founding
by Romulus as a refuge for runaway slaves and murderers who captured the
neighboring Sabine women for wives. Archeological evidence indicates
that the founders of Rome were Italic people who occupied the area south
of the Tiber River.
    (HFA, '96, p.28)(V.D.-H.K.p.61)(eawc, p.7)(HN, 4/21/98)

750BC        Greeks invent symbols for vowels.
     (V.D.-H.K.-p.25)
750BC        The era of the Greek poet Homer.
    (MT, 10/95, p.10-11)
c750BC    Two Phoenician ships from Tyre carrying amphorae filled with
wine sank some 30 miles off the coast of Israel. In 1999 a team led by
Robert Ballard discovered the ships at a depth of about 1,500 feet.
    (SFC, 6/24/99, p.A14)

750BC - 719BC    Piye (Piankhy) ruled Kush (Nubia). In 722 he extended
his rule to Egypt. Kashta, ruler of Kush, had begun a campaign against
Egypt. With the help of his son, Piankhy, he was successful and Piankhy
became pharaoh of Egypt. The Nubian King Piye conquered the weakened and
disunited Egypt and became the first of several Nubian Pharaohs who
ruled a unified Egyptian and Nubian state for the next century.
    (eawc, p.7)(MT, 10/95, p.10-11)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

c750BC - 700BC    The long-running Lelantine War between Chalkis and
Eretria, the 2 largest cities on the island of Euboia, was named after
the name of the plain that both cities claimed. The two cities had
jointly founded Cumae in Italy (c750). When they fell out, the war
between them split the Greek world in two.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.34)(www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9047711)
c750BC - 700BC    Greeks adopted hoplite gear and the phalanx for
warfare over this period.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.33)

750BC - 600BC    Greek colonies exert strong influence over newly
urbanized Etruscans.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.710)

750BC - 117    In 2005 Robin Lane Fox covered this period in his book
?The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian.?
    (Econ, 11/5/05, p.91)

747BC        Feb 26, Origin of Era of Nabonassar.
    (SC, 2/26/02)

745BC - 727BC    Tiglath-Pileser III ruled as the Assyrian king.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.63)

742BC        The time of the Hebrew prophet Isaiah.
    (MofB, A&E TV, 9/7/96)

740BC        A population of people that came to called Tibetans moved
to the Tibetan plateau about this time. In 2010 researchers claimed that
people known as the Han and Tibetans had both come from a single ethnic
group which split about this time.
    (Econ, 7/17/10, p.50)

740BC - 725BC    Pedubaste I was the 1st king of Egypt?s 23rd Dynasty.
Egypt?s rule in this period is not very clear.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

738BC        Mittinti, king of Ashkelon revolted, trusting to the
support of Rezon of Syria. But the death of Rezon so terrified the king
that he fell sick and died. His son Rukipti, who reigned in his stead,
hastened to make submission.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.63)

735BC - 712BC    Osorkon IV ruled Egypt as the 10th and final king of
the 22nd Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

c734BC    Rezon of Syria, and Pekah of Samaria were in league, whereas
Ahaz of Jerusalem had become a vassal of the king of Assyria. The
Philistines had attached them selves to the Syrian league, so that
Tiglath-Pileser came up with the special purpose of sacking Gaza.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.63)

732BC        Tiglath-pileser III, an Assyrian, took Damascus and killed
Rezin. He then captured many cities of northern Israel and took the
people to Assyria. The Egyptian troops had at one time joined forces
with Damascus, Israel and some other states to resist Shalmaneser III at
Qarqar.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

729BC        Greek colonists settled in Catania, Sicily.
    (SFC, 6/2/03, p.A11)

725BC - 720BC    Tefnakhte I, a prince of western Egypt, ruled as the
1st king of the 24th Dynasty, known as the Sais Dynasty. He attempted to
stop an invasion by organizing other Northern Kings with him against
invaders from the south. This southern force was comprised of Piankhi?s
Nubian forces that wanted to gain control of all of Egypt. The four
northern armies under Tefnakht, Osorkon IV of Tanis, Peftjauabastet of
Hernopolis, Nimlot, and Input of Leontopolis all enjoyed a relatively
easy time in their conquering of the people down to the south, but
Piankhi was actually drawing them down. When Tefnakht's forces finally
reached Memphis they were massacred and Tefnakht conceded to Piankhi.
Tefnakht and the four other leaders were allowed to remain governors of
their territories under the new Pharaoh Piankhi.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

722BC        Hoshea, the king of Israel, sent messengers to Osorkon in
Egypt. He was requesting help against Assyria?s Shalmaneser V. No help
was sent. Samaria was captured and the Israelites were taken away to
Assyria. The Assyrians conquered Israel and left nothing behind. The
Hebrew kingdom of Judah managed to survive. Descendants of the
Israelites not exiled by the Assyrians were later known as the Samaritans.
    (eawc, p.7)(WSJ, 10/13/00, p.W15)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

722BC        Piye (Piankhy) marched north from Nubia and began his
conquest of Egypt where he founded the 25th Dynasty. He consolidated his
rule over Egypt and Kush and became the 1st king of the 25th Dynasty. It
has been suggested that he revived pyramid building for royals in Egypt,
a tradition that had gone extinct for over eight centuries.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)(Arch, 9/02, p.55)

722-481BC    In China the Ch'un Ch'iu period began. It was characterized
by a deterioration of the feudal system and a collapse of central authority.
    (eawc, p.5,7)

721BC        About this time as the northern Israelite kingdom failed,
Hebron remained the capital of the southern Israelite kingdom of Judah.
    (SFC, 12/4/08, p.A27)

721-705BC    Sargon II ruled as king of Assyria.
    (AM, 7/01, p.33)

c720BC    Some Jewish tribes went missing after being sent into exile by
the Assyrians under Tiglath-Pilesar III. In 2002 Hillel Halkin authored
"Across the Sabbath River: In Search of a Lost Tribe of Israel," an
account of the search for the lost tribes that included the Gadites,
Reubenites and tribe of Manasseh (Menashe) and its possible relationship
to the Kuki-Chin-Mizo people of Burma.
    (WSJ, 8/8/02, p.D10)(SSFC, 8/11/02, p.M2)

720BC - 715BC     Wahkare Bakenranef ruled in Egypt as the 2nd king of
the 24th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

715-642    Judah absorbed refugees from the Assyrian conquest an
achieved the attributes of a state.
    (AM, 9/01, p.32)

713BC        Azuri, king of the Philistine city of Ashdod, refused to
pay tribute and endeavored to stir up the neighboring princes to revolt.
Sargon [of Assyria] came down and expelled Azuri, and established in his
stead Azuri's brother, Ahimiti.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.64)

712BC - 698BC     Shebaka of Nubia ruled in Egypt. Some consider him the
1st king of the 25th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

710BC        Hanunu of Gaza was in the revolt against the king of
Assyria which led to the battle of Raphia, the first struggle between
Egypt and Assyria. Hanunu, the king of Gaza, fled to Sebako (Shebaka),
king of Egypt; but returned and, having made submission, was received
with favor.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.71)

708BC        Lampis of Sparta won the pentathlon becoming the 1st
Olympic winner in the long jump.
    (NH, 6/03, p.12)

705BC - 681BC    Sennacherib, Assyrian king, also had trouble with the
Philistines. Mitinti's son, Rukipti, had been succeeded by his son
Sarludari, but it seems as though this ruler had been deposed, and a
person called Zidka reigned in his stead. Sennacherib found conspiracy
in Zidka, and brought the gods of his father's house, himself, and his
family into exile to Assyria, restoring Sarludari to his former throne.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.64)
705-681BC    At the same time the Ekronites had revolted against the
Assyrian. Their king, Padi, had remained a loyal vassal to his overlord,
but his turbulent subjects had put him in fetters and sent him to
Hezekiah, king of Judah, who cast him into prison. The Ekronites
summoned assistance from North Arabia and Egypt, and met Sennacherib at
El-Tekeh. Here they were defeated, and Sennacherib marched against
Ekron, slaying and impaling the chief officers. Padi was rescued from
Jerusalem... Sennacherib then cut of some of the territory of Judah and
divided it among his vassals...
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.64)
705-681BC    Sennacherib ruled the Assyrians and built a new capital in
Ninevah where he began to form a library of Sumerian and Babylonian
tablets. He managed to subdue the entire region of western Asia.
    (eawc, p.7)

701BC        The Assyrian King Sennacherib laid siege to Jerusalem.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.16)

700BC        Homer's time. [see 800BC-700]
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.172)
c700BC    The White Horse of Uffington, England, a 365-foot long and
130-foot high image scratched into a chalk hillside, was dated to this
time from pottery at the site. The shape is typical of the La Tene art
style that spread across Western Europe between the 5th and 1st
centuries BC.
    (AM, 9/01, p.40,43)
700BC        A three foot tall bust of Pharaoh Shabako of Egypt was on
loan from Cairo at St. Petersburg, Florida.
    (WSJ, 1/16/96, p. A-16)
c700BC    In what later became Iraq, the huge bearded head of a large
winged-bull dating from this time was made.
    (SFC, 1/31/98, p.A9)
700BC        Tarquinia was the cultural capital of the Etruscans. Around
700BC, only half a century after the Greeks rediscovered writing,
literacy burst across Etruria. The Etruscans had no g sound, so they
made it a c. That's why we have abc rather than alpha, beta, gamma.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.708,726)
700BC        Arabs made earth bricks later know as adobe as early as
this time. The word adobe comes from the Arab word "at-tub."
    (SFC, 8/21/96, p.A8)
700BC        King Hezekiah, about this time, constructed a 1,750-foot
tunnel to bring water into Jerusalem. Archeologists in 2003 dated plant
fragments in the tunnel's plaster to this time +/- 100 years. In 1880 a
tablet known as the Siloam inscription was found in the tunnel. It had
been installed to celebrate the moment the two construction teams met
underground. The tablet was taken by the Holy Land's Ottoman rulers to
Istanbul. It was later placed in the collection of the Istanbul
Archaeology Museum. In 2007 Jerusalem's mayor asked the Turkish
government to return the tablet.
    (SFC, 9/11/03, p.A6)(AP, 7/13/07)
c700BC    Nomadic Kimmerians attacked Phrygia. Strabo later reported
that Midas committed suicide at the time of the Kimmerian invasion.
    (AM, 7/01, p.33)
c700BC    A Phrygian king, possibly Midas, ruled into his 60s and was
buried in what came to be called the Tumulus Midas Mound at Gordion
(later central Turkey). Midas was linked with the worship of the goddess
Matar.
    (AM, 7/01, p.27)

700BC - 600BC      A migration of the Cimmerians and Scythians took
place in the seventh century BC. These were nomadic tribes from the
Russian steppes, who made their way round the eastern end of the
Caucasus, burst through into the Moghan plains and the basin of Lake
Urmia, and terrorized Western Asia for several generations, till they
were broken by the power of the Medes and absorbed in the native
population. It was they who made an end of the Kingdom of Urartu, and
the language they brought with them was probably an Indo-European
dialect answering to the basic element in modern Armenian.
    (http://tinyurl.com/btq4l)
700BC - 600BC    The Armenians, an Indo-European people, migrate from
the west to mingle with the people of URARTU. It was ruled by kings of
the Orontid dynasty as a satrapy of the Persian empire until the defeat
of Persia by Alexander the Great.
    (CO Enc. / Armenia)
700BC - 600BC    The earliest Chinese records of divination using the I
Ching date from this period.
    (NH, 9/97, p.12)
700BC - 600BC    The search for the 10 lost tribes of Israel, who were
dispersed in the tenth century BC when the Assyrians conquered part of
the Holy Land, is depicted on a CD titled The Myth of the 10 Lost
Tribes, by Creative Multimedia Corp.   
    (New Media, 2/95, p.84)

698BC - 690BC     Shebitku, nephew of Shebaka, ruled in Egypt as the 2nd
king of the 25th Dynasty.
        (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)

690BC        The underground burial chamber of a warrior prince in the
Etruscan town of Veio dated to about this time. It was decorated with
roaring lions and migratory birds.
    (AP, 6/16/06)

690BC - 664BC    The Nubian Pharaoh Taharqa, brother of Shebitku, ruled
over the upper Nile Nubian-Egyptian state. He is mentioned in the Bible
as a pyramid builder. A sculpture of the Kushite king was discovered in
the basement of "God's House Tower," an archeological museum, in England
in 2000.
    (MT, 10/95, p.10-11)(SFC, 2/16/00,
p.A8)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty21.html)(Arch, 9/02, p.55)

689BC        Sennacherib of Assyria destroyed Babylon, but his son
rebuilt it.
    (eawc, p.7)

687BC        The Lyrid meteor shower was recorded for the first time in
Chinese records. It averages about 10-15 shooting stars per hour and
occurs on 4/22 in 1994.
    (PacDis, Spring/'94, p. 40)   

681BC - 668BC    Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib became monarch of
Assyria after his father was assassinated. "I had monuments made of
bronze, lapis lazuli, alabaster... and white limestone... and
inscriptions of baked clay... I deposited them in the foundations and
left them for future times."
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.65)(MofE, 1978, p.1)

c680BC    Inhabitants of Paros island (Greece) colonized the northern
Aegean island of Thasos, seizing its abundant timber and gold mines.
Soldier-poet Archilochus of Paros took part in the colonization of
Thasos as well as in conflicts with Naxos.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.30,34)

671BC        Esarhaddon [of Assyria] recorded a victory over lower Egypt
at the cliff face of the Nahr al Kalb (Dog River), between Beirut and
Byblos.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.157)

668BC        The Gymnopaedia was introduced in Sparta. It was a yearly
celebration during which naked youths displayed their athletic and
martial skills through the medium of war dancing. The custom was
introduced concurrently with the introduction of naked athletics, oiling
the body for exercise so as to highlight its beauty.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnopaedia)

668-627BC    Ashurbanipal succeeded Sennacherib as ruler over Assyria.
He continued to develop the library and by the time he finished, there
were more than 22,000 clay tablets collected.
    (R.M.-P.H.C.p.65)(eawc, p.7)

664BC - 610BC    Psammetichus ruled in Egypt as the 1st king of the 26th
Dynasty. He did not gain control of Egypt until his 9th year of rule.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

c662BC    The Assyrian Empire collapsed and Egypt enjoyed about a
century of independence.
    (eawc, p.7)

c660BC    Governor Ment (Mentuemhet) served as governor of Upper Egypt,
mayor of Thebes, and 4th prophet of Amun.
    (SFC, 5/4/05, p.E5)
660BC        This is the mythical date of the ascension of Japan's first
emperor, Jimmu Tenno. He is said to have been descended from Amaterasu,
the sun goddess, who came from the eye of the god Izanagi.
    (HN, 2/11/97)(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)(Econ, 9/9/06, p.42)

657BC        A 2nd influx of Phoenicians surged into Carthage about this
time.
    (NG, 8/04, p.46)

657BC - 525BC    Period of Egypt?s Dynasty 26.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

655BC        Psammetichus, 26th Dynasty king, gained control of Egypt in
his 9th year of rule.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

654BC - 657BC     Tantamani (Tanwetamani) ruled in Egypt as last Cushite
king and the last of the king of the 25th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty25.html)

650BC        Babylon by this time was again prosperous following its
destruction in 689 by Sennacherib of Assyria.
    (eawc, p.7)
650BC        The Transylvanian Dacians are first known from their
contacts with the Greeks about this time.
    (WSJ, 6/18/97, p.A20)
c650BC    The time of Archilochus, Greek poet.
    (WUD, 1994, p.78)
c650BC    Greece began using the drachma for currency.
    (SSFC, 11/11/01, p.F4)
650BC        The Chinese licensed lady lovers. This is considered as the
1st example of legalized prostitution.
    (SFC, 11/4/00, p.B3)

650BC - 500BC    In Greece it was the age of the tyrants.
    (eawc, p.6)
650BC - 550BC    Graves from the Umbrian city of Terni, north of Rome,
were dated to this period. The people were known as the Umbri-Nartes and
had lived in the region from the Bronze Age up to the Roman conquest.
    (AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.18)

648BC        Ashurbanipal destroyed the newly rebuilt city of Babylon.
    (eawc, p.7)

642BC        The first horse race on record was in the Olympic Games of
Greece and the first prize was a "woman of well-rounded domestic skills."
    (SFEC, 8/2/98, Z1 p.8)
642BC        Invading Arabs established a military settlement on what
later would become Cairo, Egypt.
    (NG, May 1985, p.584)

640BC        In Egypt a burial chamber at the necropolis of Saqqara
dating back to this time was uncovered in 2009. The chamber contained 8
sarcophagi.
    (WSJ, 2/12/09, p.A9)
640BC        In Greece the Spartan form of government, adapted from the
Dorians, was heavily influenced by militarism. The Messenian wars
initiated Sparta's fear of change. They remained isolated by banning
trade and discouraging travel outside their territory. Alcaeus, Greek
lyric poet, was born in Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. His lyrics
expounded on contemporary politics, love, hymns to Apollo and Hermes,
and some drinking songs.
    (eawc, p.8)

c640BC    The 1st coins were minted in Lydia (later part of Turkey), and
featured face to face heads of a bull and lion.
    (SSFC, 12/3/00, WB p.2)

639BC - 609BC    King Josiah reigned in Israel. The biblical account of
Israel's origin was possibly drafted during this time. The leadership
reinstituted the exclusive worship of the god of the Israelites centered
on the Temple in Jerusalem.
    (AM, 9/01, p.30,31)

631BC        The city of Cyrene, in what later became Libya, was first
developed by the Greeks. It was later settled by the Romans and
destroyed in the earthquake of 365.
    (SFC, 9/11/07, p.A16)

626BC        The time of the Jewish prophet Jeremiah. He was the last
political prophet and went to Egypt at the end of his life.
    (MofB, A&E TV, 9/7/96)

625BC        Thales born in Miletus, (west coast of Anatolia, today
Turkey) considered to be the first philosopher and scientist (of
Greece). Said to have predicted eclipse of 585BC. Thales proposed a
single universal principle of the material universe. Two remarkable
ideas: a)he did not resort to animistic explanations for what happens in
the world
    b)he assumed that the world was a thing whose workings the human
mind could understand. He maintained as a first principle that the
external world and the internal mind must have much that is in common,
how else could that external world be intelligible to the internal mind.
The name of this commonality was reason.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.31, 33, 216)
625BC        The first Greek coins were stamped with the likeness of a
wheat head to show that wheat had been used for money before the use of
coins.
    (SFC, 7/6/96, p.E4)

620BC        Ostia was founded about this time at the mouth of the Tiber
River. Nearby salt flats provided a valuable source of salt for
preserving meat. Around 400BC it was conquered by Rome and turned into a
naval base.
    (SSFC, 5/11/08, p.E8)

616BC        Tarquinius Priscus became the first Etruscan to rule Rome.
Legend has it that he was followed by Servius Tullius and Tarquinius
Superbus.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.710,735)

614BC        The Babylonians (particularly, the Chaldeans) with the help
of the Medes, who occupied what is today Iran, began a campaign to
destroy the Assyrians.
    (eawc, p.8)

612BC        Ninevah (Mesopotamia), the cradle of Assyrian kings for
2,500 years, fell to the Babylonians and Medes. The Chaldeans, a Semitic
people, then ruled the entire region thereby issuing in the New
Babylonian period that lasted to 539BC.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.174)(SSFC, 2/11/01, p.C1)(SFC, 3/31/03, p.W5)
612BC        Sappho, Greek lyric poet of Lesbos, was born. She is the
most famous female poet of the ancient world and is inscribed in the
"Palatine Anthology" among the Muses, rather than among the great lyric
poets, in the 2nd century BC. Her poetry explored female sexuality and
love in a male dominated society.
    (eawc, p.8)

610BC - 595BC     Nekau     II (Necho), son of Psammetichus I, ruled in
Egypt as king of the 26th Dynasty. Under his rule Palestine became an
Egyptian possession.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

609BC        The biblical king Josiah of Judah was slain on Har (Mt.)
Megiddo (root of Armageddon) about this time when he was betrayed by
Pharaoh Necho, whom he had approached to stop from going to war on the
side of the Assyrians against the Babylonians.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.180)(WSJ, 4/17/97,
p.A20)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

606BC        In Cairo the Ben Ezra Synagogue was established.
    (WSJ, 3/15/00, p.A1)

605BC - 562BC     Nebuchadnezzar II ruled in Babylon. He undertook some
monumental building projects that included the Hanging Gardens. The New
Babylonian Revival used glazed bricks for building thereby creating a
colorful city. The king was fond of spinach.
    (SFC, 12/25/98, p.B5)(SFC, 3/24/00, p.B3)

c604BC - 531BC     Lao-tzu (Laozi), Chinese philosopher, author of the
"Tao Te Ching" (Tao-te-jing) and founder of Taoism (Daoism) lived about
this time. He encouraged people to live simply and according to nature.
Taoism is one of the three major "spiritual ways" of China and has
influenced Chinese thought--in religion, politics, the social system and
the arts and sciences--for more than 2,000 years. The other two
"spiritual ways" of China are Buddhism and Confucianism. "To lead the
people, walk behind them." "The greater the number of laws and
enactments, the more thieves and robbers there will be." "Quarrel with a
friend -- and you are both wrong."
    (SFEC, 2/22/98, Z1 p.8)(AP,  5/4/98)(WSJ, 12/26/00, p.A9)(AM, 7/01,
p.62)(HNQ, 11/5/01)

c600BC    Aesop said: "We hang the petty thieves, but appoint the great
ones to public office."
    (SFEC, 3/15/98, Z1 p.8)
c600BC    Turquoise was first mined in the American southwest about this
time and began to show up in Mesoamerica.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.27)
c600BC    The Etruscans, believed to be natives of Asia Minor,
established cities that stretched from northern to central Italy. They
developed the arch and the vault, gladiatorial combat for entertainment,
and the study of animals to predict future events.
    (eawc, p.8)
c600BC    The Greeks established city-states along the southern coast of
Italy and the island of Sicily. They contributed letters to the Roman
alphabet, religious concepts and artistic talent as well as mythology.
    (eawc, p.8)
600BC        The great Olmec Ceremonial Center in Tabasco, Mexico, was
abandoned about this time.
    (RFH-MDHP, p.241)
c600BC    The Zapotec city of Monte Alban was founded in the Oaxaca valley.
    (SFEC, 10/3/99, p.A24)
c600BC    From about this time the Maya gradually sculpted the land to
channel water to a growing population.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 suppl. p.A)
c600BC    Analysis of pottery from this time indicated that Mayans made
cocoa drinks as early as this time.
    (SFC, 7/22/02, p.A4)
600BC        Cyrus I, king of Anshan, was succeeded by his son Cambyses
I who reigned until 559 BC.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_I)
600BC     The first polo game was recorded in north Persia about this time.
    (Hem., 7/95, p.87)
c600BC     Zoroaster introduced a new religion in Bactria (Balkh), also
known as ancient Afghanistan. Zoroastrianism is a Monotheistic religion.
[see 1500BC-1200BC]
    (www.afghan, 5/25/98)
600BC    Phoenicians in the pay of Pharaoh Necho II circled Africa,
according to Herodotus.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.160)   

c600BC - 500BC    Epimenides, Cretan philosopher, is said to have
originated the Liar paradox, by proclaiming that ?All Cretans are liars.?
    (Econ, 10/4/03, p.77)
600BC - 500BC    The first democratic governments were established in a
few Greek city-states during the sixth and fifth centuries BC.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.299)
600BC - 500BC    Rome by this time was the dominant power in its
surrounding area. The conservative government consisted of a kingship,
that resembled the traditional values of the patriarchal family; an
assembly, composed of male citizens of military age; and a Senate,
comprised of elders who served as the heads of different community
sects. The Palatine is one of the seven hills of Rome
    (eawc, p.7)(SFC,12/26/97, p.C22)
600BC - 500BC    The nomadic Scythians bordered the Hallstatt Culture in
the East. They introduced to the Celts the custom of wearing trousers.
    (NGM, 5/77)

600BC - 290BC    The Samnites, an Oscan-speaking people, controlled the
area of south central Italy during this period.
    (AM, 3/04, p.36)

600BC - 200BC    The Sarmatians were a nomadic tribe that occupied a
homeland that stretched from Russia's Don and Volga rivers east to the
Ural mountain foothills. The held a sun-worshipping belief system and
buried useful objects with their dead for the journey in the unknown
afterlife.
    (SFC, 1/28/97, p.A5)

600BC - 600CE     In 1999 Arthur Cotrell published "From Aristotle to
Zoroaster," an A to Z companion to the classical world over this period.
    (SFEC, 1/17/99, Par p.6)

595BC - 589BC    Psammetichus II (Psamtik II), son of Nacho II, ruled in
Egypt as a 26th Dynasty king. Psamtik II built the temple of Hibis in
the al-Khargah oasis, 310 miles south of Cairo. It was built to worship
Amun and contained statues of Amun's wife, Mut.
    (SFC, 7/16/99, p.D3)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

595-339BC    In Greece 4 Sacred Wars were fought for the control of
Delphi over this period.
    (SSFC, 8/8/04, p.D7)

594BC        In Greece Solon, the great elegiac poet, was appointed
chief magistrate of Athens. His reforms included political and economic
adjustments which led to dissatisfaction in the upper and lower classes.
    (eawc, p.8)

593BC        The time of the prophet Ezekial. He prophesied the return
to the promised land after the destruction of the temple and exile to
Babylon.
    (MofB, A&E TV, 9/7/96)

593BC        The Nubians were defeated by a resurgent Egyptian dynasty
after which they moved their capital from Napata to Meroe.
    (Arch, 9/02, p.56)

589BC - 570BC    Apries, son of Psamtik II, ruled in Egypt as a 26th
Dynasty king.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

587BC        King Nebuchadnezzar sacked Jerusalem.
    (SFC, 1/31/98, p.A18)
c587BC    Ezra the scribe and Nehemiah, the Persian-appointed governor
of Jerusalem, arrived from Babylon.
    (SFC, 9/6/04, p.A4)

586BC        Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, ruler of Mesopotamia, destroyed
Jerusalem and recorded his deeds at the Nahr al Kalb (Dog River) cliff
face between Beirut and Byblos. He destroyed the first Temple, built by
Solomon and took the Jewish people into captivity.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.157)(SFC, 12/31/96, p.A11)(Econ, 12/20/03, p.26)
586BC        Ezekial, in exile at Babylon, described Tyre as it was
before Nebuchadnezzar's attack in the Bible: (Ezekial 27:1-25). This
time is known as the "Babylonian Captivity."
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.162)(eawc, p.8)
c586BC    The Menashe tribe was lost following the Jewish exile in this
year. Jews dispersed across Europe and North Africa. In the 1990s
members of Shinglung community from the province of Mizuru in India
claimed to be the children of Menashe and began returning to Israel.
    (SFC, 1/12/00, p.A10)(SFC, 5/10/00, p.A13)

585BC        May 25, The first known prediction of a solar eclipse was
made [by Thales]. A historically registered eclipse occurred during the
savage war between the Lydians and the Medians. The event caused both
sides to stop military action and sign for peace. The date of the
eclipse coincides with the date in Oppolzer's tables published in 1887.
    (SCTS, p.27)(HN, 5/25/98)
585BC        May 28, A solar eclipse, predicted by Thales of Miletus,
interrupted a battle [a Persian-Lydian battle] outside of Sardis in
western Turkey between the Medes and Lydians. The battle ended in a
draw. [see May 25]
    (HN, 5/28/98)(HN, 5/28/99)
585BC        In Miletus, Greece, the founding city of philosophy, Thales
predicted a total eclipse of the sun. He was the founder of the Milesian
school, and taught that all things are composed of moisture. He was the
first to propose a rational explanation of the cosmos. By the end of the
6th century, philosophers began to inquire into the nature of being, the
metaphysical nature of the cosmos, the meaning of truth, and the
relationship between the divine and the physical world.
    (eawc, p.8)
c585BC    The Greeks settled in the area of Varna, later part of
Bulgaria, on the Black Sea and were followed by the Romans, Byzantines
and Turks.
    (SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T3)

585-572Bc    Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon began his 13 year siege of Tyre.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.157)

580BC - 500BC    Pythagoras was born on Samos. He journeyed to S. Italy,
and was driven out of Croton to the Bay of Taranto where he starved
himself to death. He believed in the transmigration of souls, and is
said to have discovered the mathematical ratios in musical harmonics.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.34)

574BC - 570BC    Apries, 26th Dynasty king Egyptian ruler, conducted
campaigns against Cyprus and Phoenicia.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

573BC        Nemea, 70 miles from Athens, became the site for the
Olympic games.
    (SFC, 9/25/00, p.A6)

570BC        Feb, General Amasis (Ahmose II), proclaimed Pharaoh of
Egypt by his soldiers, defeated Apries and his Aegean mercenaries and
forced his retreat.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)
570BC        Oct, General Amasis (Ahmose II) defeated King Apries a 2nd
time and took control of a united Egypt. Apries sought refuge abroad and
later turned up at the court of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

570BC - 526BC    Amasis (Ahmose II), proclaimed Pharaoh by his soldiers,
ruled Egypt as the 5th king of the 26th Dynasty. Amasis consolidated
Greek merchants to the area of Naukratis. This made for easier control,
and created a lucrative income for the crown in the form of taxes.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

567BC        Apries, former ruler of Egypt, marched on Egypt at the head
of a Babylonian army, but once again, Amasis defeated him, this time
capturing the former king.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

c566BC - c468BC    Simonides, a Greek poet, was also called Simonides of
Ceos. He created one of the first information spaces with his "memory
palaces."
    (WUD, 1994, p.1328)(Wired, 2/98, p.101)

565BC - 545BC    The island of Cyprus was under Egyptian control.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 p.20)

563BC        Apr 8, Buddha (d.483BC), Siddhartha Gautama, was born in
Northern India. [Nepal] Raja Suddhodana, king of the Sakyas in the 6th
century BC, is best known as the father of Buddha. The kingdom of the
Sakyas was on what is now the border of Nepal and India. Buddha was born
in about 563 BC. The birthplace of the Indian prince Siddhartha, who
became the monk Buddha, was believed to have been discovered by
archeologists in 1996. Lumbini, Nepal, birthplace of Buddha, was
designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. [see May 15]
    (http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.9)(V.D.-H.K.p.21)(WSJ, 2/6/96,
p.A-1)(SFC, 9/1/96, DB p.30)(SFC,12/5/97, p.B2)(HN, 4/8/98)(HNQ, 3/30/99)

563BC        May 15, Wesak Day, also known as Buddha's birthday. [see Apr 8]
    (SFC, 5/15/03, p.A3)

560BC - 546BC    The rule of Croesus in Lydia. The first coins were
produced in Lydia under Croesus. It was a kingdom in western Turkey.
Croesus made a treaty with the Spartans and attacked Persia and was
defeated.
    (SFEC, 1/19/96, Parade p.5)(WUD, 1994, p.345)(WSJ, 11/11/99, p.A24)

559BC        Cyrus the Great (d.530BC), the son of Cambyses I, began his
rule Persia. Cyrus II established his capital at Pasargadae.
    (Arch, 5/05, p.12)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great)

551BC        Confucius (d.479BC), K'ung Fu-tzu [K'ung Fu-tse], Chinese
philosopher, was born in Chufu, China. His followers transcribed his
conversations in 20 books called the "Analects" following his death. He
was an accountant and later taught the importance of centralized
authority and filial piety. Like Aristotle, he believed the state to be
a natural institution. He was the 11th child of a 70-year-old soldier.
"All eminence should be based entirely on merit." "The way of a superior
man is three-fold; virtuous, he is free from anxieties; wise, he is free
from perplexities; bold, he is free from fear." "To see the right and
not do it is cowardice." "Shall I teach you what knowledge is? When you
know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you don't know a thing,
to allow that you don't know it. This is knowledge."
    (SFC, 8/10/96, p.E4)(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.9)(SFC, 3/28/98,
p.D3)(AP,  6/17/98)(SFEC, 2/27/00, Z1 p.2)(SFEC, 7/9/00, Z1 p.2)(SFC,
1/2/04, p.D8)

c550        Emperor Justinian built the St. Catherine monastery in the
Sinai Desert to honor St. Catherine, an Alexandrian martyr who was
tortured to death for converting to Christianity. The site was thought
to be the place where Moses saw the Miracle of the Burning Bush.
    (SFEC, 8/28/98, p.T6)
550BC        Cities were founded in the Po Valley and expansion followed
into Campania (by the Etruscans).
    (NG, 6/1988, p.710)

548BC        The Greek Temple of Apollo was destroyed. Amasis, ruler of
Egypt, is said to have financed its rebuilding.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

546BC        In Greece the first of the Athenian tyrants, Peisistratus,
replaced Solon as the ruler.
    (eawc, p.9)
546BC        The Persians destroyed Egypt?s alliance with the Chaldeans,
Lydia and Sparta by first capturing Lydia then the Chaldaeans.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)

543BC        Colonists from northern India subdued the indigenous
Vaddahs (Veddah) of Sri Lanka, known in the ancient world as Taprobane
and later called Serendip. Descendants of those colonists, the Buddhist
Sinhalese, form most of the population.
    (SFC, 6/20/96, p.A8)(SFC, 9/22/97, p.A10)

543BC - 1815CE    The Mahavamsa (600BC-400CE), Great Chronicle,
describes the history of the Sinhalese people (Sri Lanka) over this
period. The 1st part, from King Mahasena, which dates back to the
legendary 5th century BC King Vijaya, was written by King Dhatusena's
brother, the venerable thera Mahanama in the 6th century CE.
    (Arch, 7/02, p.31)(www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mahavamsa/)

540BC        The population of Xanthos in Lycia (later Turkey) committed
mass suicide rather than face slavery under invading armies.
    (SFEC, 1/17/99, p.T5)

540BC - 486BC    In India Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, lived. [see
480BC]
    (eawc, p.9)

c540BC - 470BC    The Greek philosopher Heraclitus, "the obscure," of
Ephesus (486BC) lived about this time. For him reality is flux which
originated out of fire (as opposed to the "stable reality" of
Parmenides). Plato credits him with saying "One cannot step into the
same river twice."
    (WUD, 1994, p.662)(eawc, p.10)

539BC        Babylon, under Chaldean rule since 612BC, fell to the
Persians. Cyrus the Persian captured Babylon after the New Babylonian
leader, Belshazaar, failed to read "the handwriting on the wall." The
Persian Empire under Cyrus lasted to 331BC, when it was conquered by
Alexander the Great. Cyrus returned some of the exiled Jews to
Palestine, while other Jews preferred to stay and establish a 2nd Jewish
center, the first being in Jerusalem. The Cyrus Cylinder was created
following the Persian conquest of Babylon, when Cyrus overthrew the
Babylonian king Nabonidus and replaced him as ruler, ending the
Neo-Babylonian Empire. It was discovered in 1879 and became considered
as the world's first declaration of human rights.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.174)(eawc, p.8,9)(http://tinyurl.com/lma678)(AFP,
2/7/10)
c539BC    Cyrus the Great founded Persia?s Achaemenian Empire which he
expanded into India, Libya and Egypt. Pasargadae was his first capital.
    (SFEC, 7/5/98, p.T4)

537BC        Cyrus the Persian campaigned west of the Indus River.
    (eawc, p.9)

535BC        Control of Corsica heralded the greatest extent of Etruscan
influence.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.710)

533BC - 330BC    The Achaemenid dynasty ruled over Persia. It stretched
from the time of Cyrus the Great to the death of Darius III.
    (AHD, 1971, p.10)

532BC        Polycrates became tyrant of the isle Samos, an Ionian
city-state near Miletus.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.34)

530BC        Dec, Cyrus the Great, ruler of Persia, died in battle,
fighting the Scythians along the Syr Darya. He was succeeded by his son,
Cambyses II, who managed to add to the empire by conquering Egypt,
Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule.
    {Persia}
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great)

530BC        In Greece Pythagoras, mathematician and philosopher, and
his followers founded the city of Croton and combined philosophy and
literature with political activity as the foundation of their community.
He is credited with the Pythagorean theorem and the Pythagorean table of
opposites, the "dualism" that underlies Greek thought. In 2008 Kitty
Ferguson authored ?The Music of Pythagoras,? which surveyed the ideas
that have been thought of as Pythagorean.
    (eawc, p.9)(WSJ, 5/17/08, p.W8)

528BC        May 25, Buddha overcame Mara, and attained the Awakening.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.22)
528BC        May, Buddha (563-483) sat cross-legged under the great Bo
tree. The Great Truth consists of the Four Noble Truths:
    1)man's existence is full of conflict, sorrow, and suffering.
    2)All difficulty and pain is caused by man's selfish desire.
    3)There can be found emancipation and freedom-NIRVANA.
    4)The Noble Eightfold Path is the way to liberation: The middle way,
known as the Eightfold Path: right view, right thought, right speech,
right action, right mode of living, right endeavor, right mindfulness,
and right of concentration...
    (V.D.-H.K.p.22)

526BC - 525BC    Psammetichus III ruled for a short time as the last
king of Egypt?s 26th Dynasty.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty26.html)       

525BC        Cambyses, king of Persia, met and defeated the Egyptians in
front of their city at Pelusium just a few weeks after the death of
Pharaoh Amasis. This marked the beginning of Egypt?s 27th Dynasty.
Psammetichus III tried to revolt against Cambyses and was killed.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)
525BC        On the island of Samos, Greece, castles were built. Samos
was the site of the Temple of Hera, one of the 7 ancient Wonders of the
World.
    (SFEC, 7/20/97, p.T10)
c525BC    Acroliths, or partial statues, of Olympian deities were later
found in Morgantina in central Sicily that were made by Greeks and dated
to this time.
    (SFC, 4/4/98, p.A13)
525BC        Greek drama grew out of the Dionysian festivals.
    (eawc, p.9)

525BC - 522BC    Cambyses II, son of Cyrus and ruler of Persia, served
as the 1st ruler of Egypt?s 27th Dynasty. Cambyses added to his Persian
empire by conquering Egypt. During his rule an army sent to Siwa Oasis
was overcome by sandstorm and buried. Herodotus said the army numbered
50,000 men. A Jewish document from 407 BC known as 'The Demotic
Chronicle' speaks of the Cambyses destroying all the temples of the
Egyptian gods. Herodotus informs us that Cambyses II was a monster of
cruelty and impiety.
    (eawc.edu, p.9)(Arch, 9/00, p.18)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

524BC - 456BC     Aeschylus, Greek poet and dramatist, lived about this
time: "Everyone's quick to blame the alien."
    (AP, 10/12/98)
525BC - 465BC    Aeschylus is credited with being the inventor of drama
and for introducing a second actor into the plays held every year in
Athens in honor of Dionysus. His plays are considered to be the
beginning of tragic drama. His stories were drawn from conflicts between
the individual and the cosmos. Late in his career he wrote his plays in
groups of three. These included the "Oresteia," "Prometheus Bound" and
the "Danaides." In the Danaides only the first play, "The Suppliant
Women," has survived. It was about 50 sisters who fled 50 cousins they
were supposed to marry.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.51)(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)(eawc, p.9)(WSJ, 12/5/01, p.A18)

522        Mar, Bardiya (Smerdis), another son of Cyrus and pretender to
the throne, seized power in Persia as Cambyses was returning home.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

522BC        Aug, Cambyses II, son of Cyrus of Persia and the 1st ruler
of Egypt?s 27th Dynasty, died from a dagger wound in Syrian Ecbatana.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

c522BC    Sep 4, Pindar (d.~443), Greek poet, was born.
    (WUD, 1994 p.1094)(MC, 9/4/01)

522BC        Sep, Darius hastened to Media, Persia, and with the help of
six Persian nobles, killed Bardiya (Smerdis), another son of Cyrus, who
had usurped the throne. Darius defended this deed and his own assumption
of kingship on the grounds that the usurper was actually Gaumata, a
Magian, who had impersonated Bardiya after Bardiya had been murdered
secretly by Cambyses.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

522BC        A revolt broke out in Egypt following the death of
Cambyses, but it was put down by a Persian general named Darius, who
succeeded Cambyses.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)
522BC    Darius the Great (558-486), son of Hystaspes, succeeded
Cambyses as emperor of Persia. He engaged in many large building
programs including a system of roads and instituted the first postal system.
    (WUD, 1994, p.367)(eawc.edu, p.9)(ON, 4/04, p.9)

522BC        The Greek Temple of Apollo was begun on the island of Naxos
on the orders of the tyrant Lygdamis. It was never completed.
    (SFEC,12/21/97, p.T6)

c522BC    Zoroaster died during a nomadic invasion near Balkh [ancient
Afghanistan].
    (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

522BC - 486BC     Darius the Great expanded the Achaemenid (Persian)
empire to its peak, when it took most of Afghanistan, including Aria
(Herat), Bactriana (Balk, and present-day Mazar-i-Shariff), Margiana
(Merv), Gandhara (Kabul, Jalalabad and Peshawar), Sattagydia (Ghazni to
the Indus river), Arachosia (Kandahar, and Quetta), and Drangiana
(Sistan). The Persian empire was plagued by constant bitter and bloody
tribal revolts from Afghans living in Arachosia (Kandahar, and Quetta).
    (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

521BC     Darius of Persia made Susa his administrative capital. He
restored the fortifications and built an audience hall (apadana) and a
residential palace.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

521 BC     The name Armenian was mentioned for the first time in the
Behistan (Behistun) inscription of the Mede (Persian) Emperor Darius
from this year: "I defeated the Armenians."
    (http://www.atmg.org/ArmenianFAQ.html#q6)(ON, 4/04, p.7)

521BC - 486BC    The Persians under Darius fought the Scythians in a
series of battles.
    (AM, 5/01, p.33)

520BC - 519BC     Darius of Persia authorized the Jews to rebuild the
Temple at Jerusalem, in accordance with an earlier decree of Cyrus. The
Hebrew?s began to rebuild Solomon?s Temple destroyed in the sack of
586BC. The Second Temple in Jerusalem was begun. It was remodeled many
times and destroyed in 70CE.
    (SFC, 5/23/95, p.A-10)(eawc, p.10)(www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

520BC - 486BC    Darius, ruler of Persia, occupied Egypt and is
considered the 2nd ruler of the 27th Dynasty. During his rule a canal
from the Nile River to the Red Sea, probably begun by Necho I in the 7th
century BC, was repaired and completed.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

519BC        Darius put down a third rising in Susiana, Persia, and
established his authority in the east.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)
519BC     Darius of Persia attacked the Scythians east of the Caspian
Sea and a few years later conquered the Indus Valley.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

518BC        Pindar (d.438BC), considered by some as the greatest Greek
lyric poet, was born in Cynoscephalae, Boeotia. His odes celebrated the
games held at religious festivals. Athletic victory served as the ground
for his poetic fancy and religious, moral and aesthetic insights.
    (eawc, p.10)

518BC        Darius visited Egypt and put to death its satrap, Aryandes.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)
518BC        Persian leader Darius the Great founded Persepolis as his
ceremonial capital.
    (SSFC, 11/27/05, p.A26)

517BC - 509BC    Darius the Persian conquered the Indus Valley region.
    (eawc, p.10)

516BC        Trilingual texts were chiseled on the cliffs at Behistun by
Darius.

515BC        Mar 10, The building of the great Jewish temple in
Jerusalem was completed.
    (HN, 3/10/98)
515BC        Parmenides of Elea was born. He founded the Eleatic school
in the Phocaean colony in southern Italy. He was the first to focus
attention on the central problem of Greek metaphysics: the nature of
being. For Parmenides the laws governing the universe are stable and
change is merely an illusion.
    (eawc, p.10)

513BC        Darius, after subduing eastern Thrace and the Getae,
crossed the Danube River into European Scythia, but the Scythian nomads
devastated the country as they retreated from him, and he was forced,
for lack of supplies, to abandon the campaign.
    (www.crystalinks.com/dynasty27.html)

510BC        In Greece Hippias, the son of Peisistratus, succeeded his
father and was overthrown by a group of nobles with the help of Sparta.
    (eawc, p.10)

510BC - 490BC    In Egypt the temple of Hibis was rebuilt during the
reign of Darius.
    (SFC, 7/16/99, p.D3)

509BC        The Romans overthrew King Lucius Tarquinius and established
a republic with rule by the senate and the people of Rome (SPQR -
Senatus Populusque Romanus).
    (V.D.-H.K.p.61)(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.10)(Econ, 11/6/04, p.85)
509BC        The Fall of the Tarquin dynasty in Rome marked the
beginning of Etruscan Decline.
    (NG, 6/1988, p.711)

508BC        In Greece Cleisthenes, the father of Athenian democracy,
ruled Athens. His reforms granted full rights to all free men of Athens.
    (eawc, p.10)

c504BC    The Philistine city of Ekron burned to the ground.
Archeologists in 1996 discovered a stone block inscribed with the city's
name and its kings. The city is referred to in the biblical book of I
Samuel, which tells of the Philistine capture of the Ark of the Covenant
and transport to Ekron. A plague later afflicted the city and the ark
was sent back to Judea.
    (SFC, 7/11/96, p.A10)

c500BC    The El Pilar Maya site in Belize was founded about this time.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 suppl. p.D)
500BC        Confucius composed the Analects about this time. 5 things
constitute perfect virtue: gravity, magnanimity, earnestness, sincerity,
kindness.
    (PC Comp. 12/94, p.278)
500BC        The game of Go was devised in China about this time.
    (Econ, 12/18/04, p.128)
500BC        The Chinese learned to ferment soybean around this time.
The fermentation removed toxins and made soy easier to digest. It had
already been used for thousands of years as fertilizer.
    (SSCM, 8/13/06, p.6)
c500BC    In 2004 Egyptian archeologists uncovered the limestone
sarcophagus of Badi-Herkhib, the elder brother of a governor of
Bahariya, who lived around 500 B.C.
    (AP, 12/12/04)
c500BC    The use of characters for writing spread to Greece where
vowels were added and the basis for all Western alphabets was
established. The Greeks invented a reed pen.
    (I&I, Penzias, p.45)(SFC, 7/26/04, p.F4)
c500BC    The height of Greek sculpture began with the work of Phideas.
His masterpieces include the statue of Athena in the Parthenon, the
Parthenon reliefs, and the statue of Zeus in the Temple of Olympian
Zeus. The 2nd most important sculptor, Myron, is renowned for his statue
of the discus thrower.
    (eawc, p.10)
c500BC    In India the city of Varanasi was also known as Kashi and
Benares and has been a center of civilization for 2,500 years. It is the
home of the Hindu god Shiva.
    (SFEC,11/23/97, p.T4)
c500BC    Lars Porsena ruled as the Etruscan king in central Italy. His
capital, Clusium, was later believed to lie under the rubble of the
Tuscan city of Chiusi.
    (Econ, 11/6/04, p.85)
c500BC    The Garamantes of southern Libya began constructing
underground tunnels to link shafts to sandstone aquifers.
    (AM, 3/04, p.27)
c500BC    Phoenicians founded Tripoli about this time.
    (SSFC, 6/27/04, p.D12)
c500BC    The Persians developed a mail system that was later described
by Herodotus for its efficiency.
    (ATC, p.34)
c500BC    Monumental ceremonial centers on the Peruvian coast were
abandoned about this time. The period was later found to correspond with
an increase in el Nino frequency,
    (AM, 9/01, p.18)
c500BC    Copper concentrations in the Greenland ice core indicate that
twice the normal level was produced at this time.
    (PacDis, Fall/'96, p.48)
c500BC    North African people settled in present-day Nigeria and began
making iron tools.
    (ATC, p.2)
c500BC    The Charsadda site (aka Bala Hisar) in northern Pakistan was
initially occupied during the Achaemenid period.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.C)
c500BC    The city of Hund in northern Pakistan was founded about this
time on the banks of the Indus River.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.C)
500BC        The Carthaginians inhabited Sardinia.
    (SFEC, 1/30/00, p.T4)
500BC        In Thailand black Phimai pottery and bracelets indicate
that the site of Prasat Hin Phanom Wan was occupied at this time.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.G)
c500BC    Camels from Asia began showing up in North Africa.
    (SFEC, 5/17/98, Z1 p.8)
c500BC    A major earthquake occurred in the Middle East.
    (SFC,12/9/97, p.A9)

c500BC - 400BC    Before the rise of Rome, the Etruscans had the most
powerful nation in ancient Italy. The Etruscans (who called themselves
the Rasenna) inhabited central Italy and greatly influenced the Romans
in terms of language, architecture and even fashion (evidence points to
the toga as an Etruscan invention). Unfortunately, no Etruscan literary
works survive, so most documentation comes from Greek and Roman literary
sources as well as archaeological evidence. Their military and political
power was eroded over the course of the 5th century BC with Rome rising
as the dominant power on the peninsula in the 4th century BC.
    (HNQ, 2/8/01)
500BC - 400BC    A Byzantine shopping mall was uncovered in 1998 in
Jerusalem at the site of a new mall. One inscription read "For the
victory of the Blues" in Greek. It was a reference to the competing
factions of Blues and Greens at horse races.
    (SFC, 7/7/98, p.A8)
500BC - 400BC    The Tairona civilization established a city (Teyuna)
later known as Ciudad Perdida (lost city) east of Santa Maria, Colombia,
about this time. Its ruins were only rediscovered in 1975.
    (AM, 11/04, p.19)

500BC - 300BC    Small groups of Nok people began to search for new land
to settle to the south and east of present day Nigeria.
    (ATC, p.136)
500BC - 300BC    Cival, about 25 miles east of the much better known
city of Tikal, was discovered in 1984. It was abandoned about 100 CE.
Artifacts at the site dated to this time.
    (LAT, 5/5/04)

c500BC - 200BC    In India the Mahabharata, of which the Bhagavad-Gita
is a part, was put into its final form.
    (PC Comp. 12/94, p.278)(eawc, p.10)

500BC - 50BC    The Celtic La Tene culture was named after a Swiss site
on Lake Neuchatel where a cache of richly ornamented artifacts were
discovered.
    (NGM, 5/77)

c500BC - 100CE     Qataban flourished in the 5th-1st centuries BC in
what is now southern Yemen. Qataban had a democratic form of government
and gained rule over a large area, but its influence and dominions
shrank with the emergence of the Himyarites late in the 2nd century BC.
Qataban was conquered by Saba' in the early centuries CE.
    (HNQ, 7/20/00)

500BC - 200CE    The Nok people lived in the area of present day Nigeria
and used iron tools. Evidence indicates that the Nok were making iron as
early as 450BC. Their language became the root of the 300 distinct
languages spoken in central and southern Africa. The legendary "Dinya
Head" is a life sized terra cotta of a woman with plaited hair.
    (ATC, p.110,136)(WSJ, 6/14/96, p.A12)

c500BC - 500CE    A Tequesta burial site, discovered in Florida in 1998
and known as the Miami Circle, dated to this time.
    (AM, 9/01, p.18)

500BC - 800CE    The bulk of the material at the Plain of Jars in
northern Laos dated to this period. Jars up to 9 feet tall were later
found to contain tools and human remains.
    (AM, 7/05, p.31)

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