*Timeline Eleventh Century 1000-1099*

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1000        Jan 1, Stephen became the first king of Hungary.
    (SFEC, 8/8/99, p.T5)

1000        Oct 9, Leif Ericson discovered "Vinland." [see 1001]
    (MC, 10/9/01)

c1000        A 174-page manuscript was copied onto goatskin parchment in
Constantinople from papyrus versions of Archimedes? original
calculations and mathematical diagrams. Over the years it was written
over. The Archimedes Palimpsest was later discovered and examined using
x-ray technology at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
    (SFC, 5/23/05, p.A4)

c1000        An early Andean culture known as the Huari cultivated crops
with complex irrigation systems back to this time.
    (NH, 10/02, p.62)

1000        Gunpowder was invented in China about this time.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.179)

1000        Scientists suspect that the sun was particularly bright for
a period of time that is called the Medieval Optimum with global
temperatures about 1 to 2 degrees higher than today.
    (NOHY, 3/90, p.127)

c1000        The Sinagua Indians, in what is now Arizona, made granaries
in the cliffs along the Verde River some 100 miles north of Phoenix.
    (SFEC, 9/28/97, p.T6)

c1000        The Numic-speaking Shoshone Indians took part in a
widespread migration out of the Cosos Mountains on the northwestern edge
of the Mojave Desert about this time and populated a large portion of
the western US.
    (PacDis, Summer ?97, p.10)

c1000        The Cahokia settlement in Southern Illinois numbered about
30,000.
    (SFC, 3/20/99, p.B4)

c1000        The Mississippian transformation was marked by the rise of
agriculture and the appearance of belligerent chiefdoms. The Calusa
Indians of southern Florida avoided the Mississippian transformation and
maintained their ancient lifeways based on fishing and collecting.
    (AM, 7/97, p.75)

1000        By this time the whole of East and Central Africa was
occupied by the Bantu people. Older inhabitants such as the Hottentots
and Bushmen were either absorbed or pushed into less desirable places
such as the Kalahari.
    (Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.169)

1000         By about this time the initial Arctic culture had given way
to a second eastward flow of a people now known as the Thule. (Evidence
from Ellesmere Island in Canadian Arctic).
    (NG, 6/1988, 762)

1000        A divided England, ruled by Ethelred the Unready, was in a
state of intermittent warfare with the Vikings, who controlled much of
the realm.
    (SFC, 4/23/01, p.E1)
c1000        In England the Vikings established a thriving economy in
the town they called Jorvik. It had been founded by the Romans as a
fortress and later came to be called York.
    (SFEC,10/26/97, p.T4)

1000        The Loire Valley vineyard Chateau de Goulaine was founded.
In 2004 it was considered to be Europe?s oldest and continuous family
business
    (Econ, 12/18/04, p.104)

c1000        Cloisters take up brewing at about the turn of the first
millennium. The monks were particularly interested in the scientific
aspects of brewing, and so it was that at the Brabant Cloister zum
Würzen that hops were tried for the very first time. That probably led
to the legend that Brabant King Gambrinus was the inventor of beer. He
is still remembered today as a great patron of the brewers and a beer
lover in his own right.
    (www.oldworld.ws/okbeerhist.html)

1000        The Gypsy people (Romany) migrated from Rajasthan, India,
about this time.
    (Wired, 9/96, p.46)(Econ, 6/21/08, p.35)

1000        In Agnone, Italy, the Fonderia Pontificia Marinelli, a bell
foundry, was founded about this time.
    (SFC, 4/14/06, p.D1)

1000        Large portions of the island fauna of Madagascar, that once
included a lemur the size of bear and the ostrich-like Elephant Bird,
was eliminated by the Malagash people of Madagascar.
    (NOHY, 3/90, p.188)

c1000       Graves of rich Curonian warriors from near Kretinga in
western Lithuania revealed cremated bones in a tree-trunk coffin, nine
fibulae, a leather belt with bronze and amber beads, 3 spears and an
iron battle-axe, an iron instrument for striking fire, a sickle, an iron
key and bronze scales, a saddle and iron bridle bits along with
miniature tools and weapons.
    (DrEE, 11/23/96, p.3)

1000        In Cracow, Poland, the Wawel Castle was built overlooking
the Vistula River.
    (WSJ, 7/13/00, p.A24)

c1000        In Siberia the Yakut nation, a Turkish-speaking people,
wandered north about this time to avoid the Mongols.
    (SFC, 1/21/98, Z1 p.4)

1000        About this time in the Hadramawt region of Yemen a dam burst
near the village of Senna, and the people of the valley fled. In 1997
researchers using DNA studies found that the Lemba, a Bantu speaking
people of southern Africa carry markers distinctive of the Cohanim,
Jewish priests believed to be descended from Aaron. Lemba oral tradition
held that they came to Africa from Senna. Dr. Tudor Parfitt authored
"Journey to the Vanished City," a description of his work on the Lemba.
    (SFEC, 5/9/99, p.A24)(www.answers.com/topic/lemba)

1000        The Zapotecs founded and ruled the archeological site of
Monte Alban in the Mexican state of Oaxaca for more than a millennium
until about this time when the Mixtecs took over.
    (SFC, 5/5/96, p.T-8)

1000        In 1999 Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger published "The Year
1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium." It
focused on life in England and used the Julius Work Calendar as a major
source. Other millennium books included "AD 1000: A World on the Brink
of Apocalypse," and "The Last Apocalypse: Europe at the Year 1000 AD."
    (WSJ, 1/29/99, p.W7)(WSJ, 4/6/99, p.B1)(SFEC, 7/25/99, BR p.2)

1000        The population at this time was about 200 million people in
the world.
    (WSJ, 12/23/99, p.A18)

1000-1100    There was a Confucian revival in China. The scholar Ch?eng
I held that the I Ching was a means of inquiry into any possible matter.
    (NH, 9/97, p.12)

1000-1100    In 2002 the remains of a longhouse from this time were
uncovered in northern Iceland. It was believed to be associated with
Snorri Thorfinnson, son of Viking explorers and the 1st European born in
the New World.
    (SFC, 9/16/02, p.A2)
1000-1100    The writer Mahmud of Kashgar recorded a variant of an
Uighur story that Alexander the Great during his conquests ordered his
doctors to invent a remedy for sick people that was good to eat. In the
original story they then came up with pilaf, but Mahmud substituted
tutmach (noodles) in a setting of starvation.
    (SFC, 8/14/96, zz-1 p.2)

1000-1100    Chinese kilns mass produced ceramics for the imperial court.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

c1000-1100    Tenkaminen reigned as Caliph of Ghana. He exported gold,
ivory and salt and kept his wealth in gold. He put glass windows into
his palace in Kumbi and kept a menagerie of elephants and giraffes.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)

1000-1100    From India the sandstone sculpture "Uma Maheshvara" is a
variant of the archetypal couple Shiva and Parvati.
    (SFC, 6/28/97, p.E1)

1000-1100    In southern India an 11th century temple was constructed in
Thanjavur.
    (WSJ, 6/9/97, p.A1)

c1000-1100    A Buddhist shrine was constructed in Uji, Japan. In 1968
the Byodo-In Temple at the foot of the Koolaus Mountains on Oahu,
Hawaii, was built as a replica of the 900-year-old shrine.
    (SFEM, 10/12/97, p.20)

1000-1100    In Laos Wat Phu was last renovated by King Suryavarnam I.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.F)

1000-1100    Marrakech was founded in the 11th century. It was the
terminus of a trade route running southward to the Niger River and of
another running eastward to Cairo.
    (NH, 5/96, p.40)

1000-1100    In Mali the desert village of Araouane, 161 miles north of
Timbuktu, was first mentioned about this time. It was a wealthy
settlement that flourished off the caravans and drew water from 150-foot
wells.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.84)

c1000-1200    The 11th or 12th century document "De Mirabilibus
Brittanniae" (the Wonders of Britain) was written by Radulfi de Diceto
Lundoniensis.
    (AM, 9/01, p.42)

1000-1250    Early post classic period of the Maya.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 suppl. p.B)

1000-1300    Bantu people called the Shona build the Great Zimbabwe,
which means "Houses of Stone." This grand city became Zimbabwe?s capital
and trade center.
    (ATC, p.135)

c1000-1400    Angkor Thom, capital of the Khmer empire, reached its
apogee during this period. It included the religious monument of Angkor
Wat. In 2007 new technology indicated that the city covered an area over
115 square miles at its peak and used sophisticated technology for
managing and harvesting water.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.A)(SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T6)(SFC, 8/14/07, p.A18)
c1k-14kCE    The Mapungubwe kingdom thrived in South Africa. It was
rediscovered by archeologists in the 1930s.
    (Arch, 1/05, p.10)

1001        Otto III was ousted. He had moved his thrown from Germany to
Rome and fancied himself Holy Roman Emperor.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R54)

c1001        Norse sagas claim that Leif Ericson and a band of 35 men
sailed for western lands based on an account by the Viking Bjarni
Herjulfsson, who had sighted land after being blown off course. They
found a land they called Vinland and built houses but returned to
Greenland before the winter.
    (HT, 5/97, p.31)

1002        Jun 6, German king Henry II, the Saint, was crowned.
    (MC, 6/6/02)

1002        Jun 21, Pope Leo IX was born. He brought the conflict
between Rome and the eastern Church to a head in 1054, ending with the
Patriarch of Constantinople being excommunicated and the creation of the
Schism.
    (Camelot, 6/21/99)

1002        Aug 2, Abu Amir Mohammed ibn Abd Allah ibn Mohammed ibn Abi
Amir (64) died.
    (MC, 8/2/02)

1002        Nov 13, English king Ethelred II launched a massacre of
Danish settlers.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready)

1002        Thorer Eastman (d.1002), a Norwegian sea captain, was blown
off course on a trading voyage from Iceland to Greenland. He and his
wife, Gudrid, along with a crew of 13 became stranded on a rock near the
coast of Newfoundland for weeks until they were rescued by Leif
Eriksson, who was on his way home to Greenland from North America with a
cargo of timber. That fall an epidemic swept Greenland and Eastman died.
    (ON, 12/07, p.4)

1002-1019    In Japan Lady Murasaki Shikibu wrote her classic court
novel "The Tale of Genji." The novel "Genji Monogatari" (Genji the
Shining One) was later considered the world's 1st novel. The long work
explored the imperial court of the Heian period through the life and
many loves of Genji, son of the emperor's favorite concubine. Arthur
Waley made an English translation in 6 installments between 1925 and
1933. Edward Seidensticker made a translation in 1976. Royall Tyler made
a new translation in 2001.  In 2000 Liza Dalby authored her novel "The
Tale of Murasaki."
    (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)(WSJ, 2/5/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R34)(WSJ, 7/5/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 11/16/01, p.W14)(SFEC, 7/16/00, BR p.3)

c1002-1066    Edward the Confessor, English king (1042-1066), saint and
founder of Westminster Abbey.
    (WUD, 1994, p.454)

1003        May 12, Gerbert, French scholar, died in Rome.
    (SC, Internet, 5/12/97)

1003        The church of Maria di Criptu was built in the village of
Fossa in the Grand Sassi mountains of central Italy.
    (SFC, 7/26/00, Z1 p.1)

1004        The San Nilo abbey was founded atop a Roman villa in the
Alban Hills.
    (SSFC, 11/10/02, p.C6)

c1004        In 2004 archaeologists in western Norway found the remains
of a harbor complex built by the Vikings about this time, at the ancient
harbor complex at Faanestangen, near the west coast city of Trondheim,
some 250 miles north of Oslo.
    (AP, 3/6/04)

1005        Leaf Ericson?s brother, Thorvald, had arrived in Vinland but
was killed by native Indians and his Viking companions returned to
Greenland. A 3-year settlement was begun a few years later when Thorfin
Karlsefni established a base with around 100 men and women at the L?Anse
aux Meadows in Newfoundland.
    (HT, 5/97, p.33)(ON, 12/07, p.5)
1005        Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir and Thorstein Erikson set sail to
the New World to recover the body of Thorvald Erikson and to start a new
colony. They failed to catch easterly winds and spent the winter in
northwest Greenland. That winter Thorstein died.
    (ON, 12/07, p.5)

1006         Thorfinn Karlsefni arrived in Greenland from Iceland and
married Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir. She soon talked him into leading an
expedition to the New World.
    (ON, 12/07, p.5)

1007         Thorfinn Karlsefni and Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir embarked
with a 3-ship expedition to the new World. Snorri Thorfinnson, son of
Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir and Thorfinn Karlsefni, was born in Vinland
(probably Newfoundland), the 1st European born in the New World. The
family later returned east and settled in Iceland.
    (SFC, 9/16/02, p.A2)(ON, 12/07, p.5)

1005        Kazan, the capital of the Russian province of Tatarstan, was
founded on the Volga River. In 2005 the city celebrated a millennial
anniversary.
    (AP, 8/26/05)

1006        May 1, A supernova was observed by Chinese and Egyptians in
constellation Lupus.
    (MC, 5/1/02)

1008        The Univ. of Bologna (Italy) was founded. It was later
recognized as the oldest university in Europe.
    (Econ, 4/25/09, p.57)
1008        The earliest known water-powered wool-processing plant was
operated at Ludi near Milan.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1009        Feb 14, Lithuania was 1st mentioned in relation to an
announcement of the death of St. Bruno. [see Mar 9]
    (LHC, 2/14/03)

1009        Mar 9, Lithuania?s name (Lituae) was first mentioned in
Quedlinburg?s annals: "St. Bruno, an archbishop and monk, who was called
Boniface, was struck in the head by Pagans during the 11th year of his
conversion at the Russian and Lithuanian border (in confinio Rusciae et
Lituae), and along with 18 of his followers, entered heaven on March
9th" (Feb 14 is also cited in other sources).
(DrEE, 10/12/96, p.2)(Book of the Millennium. Kaunas: Krastotvarka,
1999. Vol. 1: The State, p. 10, series "Acquaintance with Lithuania")
http://www.krastotvarka.lt
    (DrEE, 10/12/96, p.2)

1009        In Jerusalem the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was burned by
Muslims under Caliph Hakim of Egypt.
    (WSJ, 5/7/01, p.A20)(WSJ, 1/27/07, p.W13)

1010        May 3, Ansfried (~69), 9th bishop of Utrecht (995-1010),
saint, died.
    (MC, 5/3/02)

1010        Thorfinn Karlsefni and Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir returned
from the New World to Greenland and then moved to Iceland the following
year, where they raised a large family.
    (ON, 12/07, p.5)

1010        Abolqasem Firdawsi (Ferdowsi), a Persian poet, completed the
?Shahnameh,? or ?Book of Kings.? It is an epic of more than 50,000
rhyming couplets weaving the history of ancient shahs with myth and
legend. One might call it the Iliad of Persia. Over the centuries shahs
have had the poem copied and illustrated by the best artists of the day.
In 2006 Dick Harris made an abridged translation to English in prose.
    (WSJ, p. A-18, 10/13/94)(WSJ, 3/7/06, p.D8)

1010        King Ly Thai To decided to move Vietnam's capital 62 miles
(100 km) north to Hanoi, then called Thang Long.
    (AP, 10/10/10)

1012        The Arabian trade with Europe abruptly ceased and no more
Cufic coins streamed into Europe.
    (VilNews, 12/17/10)

1013        The last Viking attempt to settle Vinland was made.
    (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.25)

1014        Feb 3, Sweyn Forkbeard (b.960), Danish-born Viking king of
England (1013-14), died.
    (www.nndb.com/people/718/000093439/)

1014        Feb 14, Pope Benedict VIII crowned Henry II, German King
(1002), as Roman German emperor (1014-1024).
    (HN, 5/6/98)(MC, 5/6/02)(MC, 2/14/02)

1014        Apr 23, The Battle of Contarf ended Danish rule in Ireland
but a Dane killed Irish King Brian Boru (87).
    (PCh, 1992, p.80)(MC, 4/23/02)

1014        Oct 6, The Byzantine Emperor Basil II (958-1025) earned the
title "Slayer of Bulgars" after he ordered the blinding of 15,000
Bulgarian troops. Basil II was godfather to Russia?s Prince Vladimir.
    (HN, 10/6/98)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II)(Econ, 2/16/08,
p.60)

1015        Sep 12, Lambert I with the Beard, count of Leuven, died in
battle at about 65.
    (MC, 9/12/01)

1015        After converting to Christianity in France, Olaf Haraldsson
returned to Norway and promptly conquered land held by Denmark, Sweden
and Norwegian lords.
    (HNQ, 11/30/00)

1016        Apr 23, Ethelred II "the Unready", king of England
(979-1016), died.
    (MC, 4/23/02)

1016        Oct 18, Danes defeated the Saxons at Battle of Assandun
(Ashingdon).
    (MC, 10/18/01)

1016        Nov 30, Edmund II (27), Ironsides, King of Saxons, died.
    (MC, 11/30/01)

1016-1029    In Norway Olaf Haraldsson served as king. He later became
Saint Olaf, the patron saint of Norway.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1002)

1016         Canute, Prince of Denmark became King of England as Canute I.
    (AHD, 1971, p.198)

1017        Oct 28, Henry III, Roman Catholic German emperor (1046-56),
was born.
    (MC, 10/28/01)

1017        In China a hermit introduced the prime minister to
"variolation," an inoculation using germs from smallpox survivors.
    (NW, 10/14/02, p.47)

1017        The south Indian Cola Empire transferred the capital of Sri
Lanka to Polonnaruva which then served as the capital of Sri Lanka until
1300. It was a fortified citadel surrounded by Hindu and Buddhist
religious complexes.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.D)(Arch, 7/02, p.34)

1017-1144    A Romanesque nave was added to the abbey Mont St. Michel
off the coast of Normandy, France.
    (WSJ, 10/7/06, p.P18)

1018        By this year Basil II had annexed Bulgaria.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)

1019         Canute, King of England, became also King of Denmark as
Canute II or Canute the Great.
    (AHD, 1971, p.198)

1019        Machmud of Ghazni, a kingdom in central Asia, invaded India
and took so many captives that the prices of slaves plummeted for
several years. He invade India annually for 25 years.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4)

1019-20    BabaTaher, Persian poet, died.
    (WSJ, 1/25/00, p.A18)

1023        In China a government agency was formed to print paper money.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1024        Apr 7, Pope Benedict VIII died.
    (PTA, 1980, p.288)

1024        Jul 13, Henry II, the Monk, German King (1002-24), died.
    (MC, 7/13/02)

1024        Sep 4, Conrad II (the Sailor) was chosen as German king.
    (MC, 9/4/01)

1024         Olaf Haraldsson introduced a religious code in his efforts
to convert the Norwegians to Christianity.
    (HNQ, 11/30/00)

1025        Dec 15, Basil II was succeeded as emperor [by] Constantine
VIII, his brother and co-ruler.
    (HN, 12/15/98)

1026        Mar 23, Koenraad II (Conrad II) crowned himself king of Italy.
    (SS, 3/23/02)

1027        Mar 26, John XIX crowned Conrad II the Salier Roman German
emperor.
    (SS, 3/26/02)

1028        Canute the Great (d.1035) became also King of Norway.
    (AHD, 1971, p.198)

1028        Olaf Haraldsson was forced to flee Norway by Canute, king of
England and Denmark, Olaf returned to reconquer Norway, but was defeated
and killed at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030.
    (HNQ, 11/30/00)

1029-1094    Al-Mustansir, ruler of most of North Africa. He was the
wealthiest of the Fatimid caliphs and was based in Cairo.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)

1030        Jul 29, The patron saint of Norway, King Olaf the Second,
was killed in the Battle of Stiklestad. Olaf Haraldsson was born a pagan
and lived as a warrior for most of his years going on to become the
patron saint of Norway. The son of Harald I, Oaf?s early career was
spent outside Norway fighting the Danes and English among others.
    (HNQ, 11/30/00)(AP, 7/29/01)

1030        In Afghanistan Mahmud Ghazni died. Conflicts between various
Ghaznavid rulers arose and as a result the empire started to crumple.
    (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1030        In China a landslide on the Yangtze River cut off navigation
for 21 years.
    (NH, 7/96, p.32)
1030        Fan Kuan (b.960), Chinese artist, died. His work included
?Travelers and Streams and Mountains.?
    (WSJ, 10/29/08, p.D9)

1030        The city of Tartu in Estonia was founded.
    (Hem, 4/96, p.24)

1030-1093    In China Shen Kua was an engineer and high official Chinese
astronomer. In his1086 work "Dream Pool Essays," Shen Kua made the first
reference to the magnetic compass. The work also gave the first account
of relief maps and an explanation of the origin of fossils, along with
other scientific observations. Shen Kua wrote his essays after being
banished from office after an army under his command lost 60,000 killed
in a battle with Khitan tribes.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)(HNQ, 4/22/99)

1031        Oct 19, Abbot Humbertus van Echternach opened the grave of
Saint Willibrord.
    (MC, 10/19/01)

1031        Olaf II, aka Olaf Haraldsson (d.1030) of Norway, was named a
saint.
    (HNQ, 11/30/00)

1032        Feb 2, Conrad II claimed the thrown of France.
    (HN, 2/2/99)

1033        An enormous pilgrimage to Jerusalem marked the 1000th
anniversary of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
    (SFC, 1/6/97, p.A3)

1034        Apr 11, Romanus III Argyrus, Byzantine emperor (1028-34),
was assassinated by his wife.
    (MC, 4/11/02)

1035        Nov 12, King Canute (b.994) died. He was king of Denmark,
England and Norway.
    (HN, 11/12/98)

1032        Theophylactus, the nephew of Pope John XIX, became Pope
Benedict IX.
    (PTA, 1980, p.292)

1036        The Romans drove Pope Benedict IX out of Rome.
    (PTA, 1980, p.292)

1036-1056    Henry III ruled the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from
Hamburg and Bremen in the north to the instep of Italy to the south,
Burgundy in the west, and Hungary and Poland to the east.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.111)

1038        King Stephen of Hungary died.
    (SFC, 8/7/99, p.A8T5)

1040        Mar 7, Harold I, King of England (1035-40), died.
    (MC, 3/7/02)

1040        Aug 15, In Scotland Donnchad led an army into Moray, where
he was killed by Mac Bethad at Pitgaveny near Elgin.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_of_Scotland)

1040-1057    Macbeth ruled over Scotland. He succeeded King Duncan.
    (WSJ, 5/23/96, p.B-1)

1040-1100    Eruptions at Sunset Crater, Az., are believed to have
lasted over this period.
    (NH, 6/97, p.56)(AM, 3/04, p.50)

1040-1275    In Arizona as many as 12 families occupied the White House
of Canyon de Chelly.
    (SSFC, 1/7/01, p.T10)

1041        In China Bi Sheng devised the first movable-type printing
system with clay characters.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1042-1066    Edward the Confessor (b.1002) served as King of England.
Monks penned the manuscript "The Life of King Edward the Confessor" and
in 1998 it was put on a WWW page: www.lib.cam.ac.uk/MSS/Ee3.59
    (WUD, 1994, p.454)

1043        Apr 3, Edward the Confessor was crowned king of England.
    (MC, 4/3/02)

1044        The Romans drove Pope Benedict IX out of Rome for a 2nd
time. John, bishop of Sabina, was set up as Pope Sylvester III, but
Benedict?s family base from Tusculum fought their way back into Rome and
restored Benedict.
    (PTA, 1980, p.292)

1045        Pope Benedict IX abdicated and, for a large sum of money,
turned the papacy over to his godfather, archpriest John Gratian, who
became Pope Gregory VI.
    (PTA, 1980, p.292)

1045        Richard of Aversa, a nephew of Rainulf of Aversa, came from
Normandy to southern Italy in 1045 with 40 knights.
    (HNQ, 7/17/00)

1045-1066    In Norway King Harold Hardready reigned.
    (DrEE, 11/23/96, p.3)

1046        Sep 24, In Hungary Gerard Sagredo (b.980), an Italian bishop
from Venice (also known as Gellert or Gerhard), was placed on a 2-wheel
cart, hauled to a hilltop and rolled down the later named Gellert Hill,
and still being alive at the bottom was beaten to death. He operated in
the Kingdom of Hungary (specifically in Budapest), and educated Saint
Emeric of Hungary, the son of Saint Stephen of Hungary). Gellert played
a major role in converting Hungary to Christianity. He was canonized in
1083 along with St. Stephen and St. Emeric and became one of the patron
saints of Hungary.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Sagredo)

1046        Dec, Pope Gregory VI abdicated. As Benedict IX, Sylvester
III, and Gregory VI claimed the papal throne, all were deposed by Henry
III in the Synod of Sutri. Henry selected Clement II. Clement then
crowned Henry and his wife as emperor and empress.
    (PTA, 1980, p.294)(V.D.-H.K.p.111)

1046        Dec 25, Suidger, bishop of Bamberg, was enthroned as Pope
Clement II.
    (PTA, 1980, p.296)

1046 AD    Synod of Sutri where three men claimed the papal throne, but
were all deposed by Henry III, who selected Clement II. Clement then
crowned Henry and his wife as emperor and empress.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.111)

1047        Oct 9, Pope Clement II died.
    (PTA, 1980, p.296)

1047        Oct 25, Magnus I Godhi, king of Norway and Denmark
(1035-47), died.
    (MC, 10/25/01)

1047        Pope Gregory VI died.
    (PTA, 1980, p.294)

1047        In France construction began on the Abbaye-aux-Dames near
the town of Saintes.
    (SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T8)

1048        Dec 13, Al-Biruni (74), Arabic royal astrologer, died.
    (MC, 12/13/01)

1049        King Svein ruled in Denmark.
    (DrEE, 11/23/96, p.3)

1049-1051       Snorre Sturleson wrote the "Heimskringla."
        http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Heimskringla/
         (DrEE, 11/23/96, p.3)(TB-Com, 10/11/00)

1050        Nov 11, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, was born.
    (HN, 11/11/98)

1050        An Anasazi trade center in New Mexico offered pottery,
turquoise and buffalo meat.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1050        Arabs brought their decimal system to Spain.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

c1050        In 2004 some 280 silver coins, that probably originated
from a trade journey by Gotlanders to the area around the river Elbe in
Germany around 1050, were found on the Swedish island of Gotland.
    (AP, 3/1/04)

1051        King Magnus ruled in Denmark.
    (DrEE, 11/23/96, p.3)

1053        Jun 18, In Italy Richard of Aversa helped win the Battle of
Civitate, inflicting a decisive defeat over the papal army, which had
joined Byzantium in an alliance against the Normans.
    (www.fanaticus.org/DBA/battles/civitate.html)

1054        Mar 12, Pope Leo IX escaped captivity and returned to Rome.
    (MC, 3/12/02)

1054        Jul 4, Chinese and Arabian observers first documented the
massive supernova of the Crab Nebula created thousands of years ago and
consisting of a huge expanding cloud of gas and dust 6,000 light-years
from Earth. The great nova, as Oriental astronomers described it, was
six times brighter than Venus and was only outshone by the sun and moon.
For 23 days the nova could be observed in broad daylight. An entry in
the Records of the Royal Observatory of Peking reads: "In the first year
of the period Chihha, the fifth moon, the day Chi-chou, a great star
appeared approximately several inches southeast of T?ien-Kuan (i.e. Zeta
Tauri). After more than a year it gradually became invisible." In 1999
the Chandra X-Ray Telescope observed a ring around the heart of the Crab
Nebula which continued to generate energy of more than 100,000 suns.
    (LSA., p.29)(TNG, p.96)(SCTS, p.183)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)(SFC,
9/30/99, p.A7)

1054AD    Jul, The Council of Florence in 1445 established this date for
the Great Schism between the Eastern and Western (Orthodox and
Catholic). An official date was needed so that talks could begin on reunion.
    (WSJ, 7/16/97, p.A23)

1054AD    The Roman and Orthodox Churches split decisively. [see 330AD]
The Orthodox Church did not accept the papal authority from Rome.
Christians in southern Albania were left under the ecumenical patriarch
of Constantinople and those in the north under the pope in Rome. The
Orthodox Church maintained the tradition of married priests.
    (WSJ, 11/14/95, p. A-12)(WP, 6/29/96, p.B7)(www, Albania, 1998)(SFC,
3/16/02, p.A3)

1055        The Seljuks under Tughril Beg ousted the Buyids (Buwayhids)
in Baghdad. The nomadic Turks from Central Asia, descended from a
warrior named Seljuk, took control of the government and continued
governing the empire in the tradition of Islamic law.
    (www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/iraq/HISTORY.html)

1056        Apr 22, Supernova Crab nebula was last seen by the naked eye.
    (MC, 4/22/02)

1057        Jul 10, Lady Godiva rode naked on horseback throughout
Coventry on a dare from her husband, the Earl of Mercia, who abolished
taxation in this year.
    (MC, 7/10/02)

1057        Aug 15, Macbeth, the King of Scotland, was mortally wounded
at the Battle of Lumphanan, by Malcolm Canmore, the eldest son of King
Duncan I, who was killed by Macbeth 17 years earlier.
    (AP, 8/15/07)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_of_Scotland)

1057        Aug 31, Leofric, count of Mercia and husband of Lady Godiva,
died. His wife, the Countess Godgifu (Godiva), had founded a Benedictine
priory on a hill overlooking the River Sowe, and the town of Coventry
grew up around it. The priory probably ran a market that would have
formed the nucleus of the growing town. Such a market would bring fees
and taxes to the priory and the Earl while flooding the district with
goods and money. Godiva may well have ruled the settlement between
Leofric?s death and her own in 1066.
    (HNC, 12/2/00)(MC, 8/31/01)

1057        King Anawratha, founder of the first Burmese empire,
conquered the Mon kingdom to the south and introduced Theravada Buddhism
to the Burmese people. He and his heirs oversaw building projects and
Bagan (Pagan) became a center of Buddhist learning.
    (WSJ, 1/23/09, p.W12)

1057        In Italy Richard of Aversa seized Capua.
    (HNQ, 7/17/00)

1058        Nov 28, Kazimierz I Restaurator (b.1015), grand duke of
Poland (1034-58), died. He succeeded in reuniting the central Polish
lands under the hegemony of the Holy Roman Empire, but he was never
crowned king.
    (MC, 11/28/01)(www.infoplease.com)

1058        Despite protests from the cardinals Count Gregory of
Tusculum led the selection of John, bishop of Velletri, as Pope Benedict X.
    (PTA, 1980, p.306)

1058-1111    Al-Ghazali (Algazal), Islamic scholar.
    (WSJ, 7/7/99, p.A23)

1059        May 23, Henri I crowned his son King Philip I of France.
    (MC, 5/23/02)

1059        A council gathered at Lateran and declared that the election
of Benedict X was invalid. The council enthroned Gerard of Burgundy as
Pope Nicholas II. A synod at Rome followed and set decrees for papal
elections that rested election powers with the cardinal-bishops.
    (PTA, 1980, p.306)

1059        Richard of Aversa and his brother-in-law, Robert Guiscard,
met with Pope Nicholas II. The Norman chiefs swore allegiance to the
Pope in return for papal recognition for their conquests, whereupon
Richard was invested as prince of Capua.
    (HNQ, 7/17/00)

1060        Aug 4, Henry I (52), King of France (1027-60), died.
    (MC, 8/4/02)

1060        England minted a coin shaped like a four-leaf clover. Users
broke off each leaf as needed as a separate piece of currency.
    (SFC, 6/30/96, Z 1 p.5)(SFEC, 8/1/99, Z1 p.8)

1060        Rashi, the great Talmudist, studied in Worms.
    (NH, 9/96, p.24)

1061        Apr 24, Halley's Comet inspired an English monk to predict
that England would be destroyed.
    (MC, 4/24/02)

1061        Jul, Pope Nicholas II died in Florence.
    (PTA, 1980, p.306)

1062        Marrakech [Marakesh], the Arab name for Morocco, was built
as a fortified city by the first Berber dynasty, the Almoravids. It was
the terminus of a trade route running southward to the Niger River and
of another running eastward to Cairo.
    (NH, 5/96, p.40)(SFEC, 7/25/99, p.T10)

1065        Apr 12, Pilgrims under bishop Gunther of Bamberg reached
Jerusalem.
    (MC, 4/12/02)

1064        Jun 9, Coimbra, Portugal, fell to Ferdinand, the King of
Castile.
    (HN 6/9/98)

1065        Apr 16, The Norman Robert Guiscard took Bari, ending five
centuries of Byzantine rule in southern Italy.
    (HN, 4/16/98)

1065        Dec 28, Westminster Abbey opened in London.
    (MC, 12/28/01)

1066        Jan 5, Edward  the Confessor, king of England (1043-66), died.
    (MC, 1/5/02)

1066        Jan 6, (Harald) Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, was
crowned King of England.
    (TLC, BTCW, 6/25/95)(HN, 1/6/99)

1066        Feb 28, Westminster Abbey opened.
    (HN, 2/28/98)

1066        Mar 23, The 18th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's
Comet. Haley?s Comet was seen and soon after depicted on the Bayeux
Tapestry. The 230-foot tapestry was created by craftsmen working for a
Norman Bishop to depict the 1066 Norman invasion. In 2005 Andrew
Bridgeford authored ?1066: The Hidden History in the Bayeux Tapestry.?
    (SS, 3/23/02)(NH, 7/98, p.78)(WSJ, 4/22/05, p.W6)

1066        Sep 21, At the Battle at Fulford Norway king Harald III
Hardrada beat the British militia.
    (MC, 9/21/01)

1066        Sep 25, King Harold Godwinson II marched north and attacked
the Vikings at the Battle of Stampford Bridge in Yorkshire. The King of
Norway was killed and Harold?s forces destroyed the Vikings who returned
to Norway in 24 of their 300 ships. Marching north to face a Norwegian
invasion force commanded by King Harald Sigurdsson, aka Hardraade, and
by his usurper brother, Tostig, Harold Godwinson defended his crown at
Stamford Bridge, resulting in a Saxon victory and the deaths of both
Harald and Tostig. Soon afterward, however, Harold had to march south to
face another invading contender for his throne, Duke William the Bastard
of Normandy, who defeated and killed Harold at Hastings on October 14,
and took the English crown as William the Conqueror.
    (TLC, 6/25/95)
1066        Sep 25, Harald III Hardrada (51), king of Norway and England
(1047-66), died in battle. Herald was later laid to rest in Waltham Abbey.
    (MC, 9/25/01)(AP, 1/3/03)

1066        Sep 28, William the Conqueror invaded England to claim the
English throne.
    (AP, 9/28/97)(HN, 9/28/98)

1066        Sep, Duke William of Normandy sailed with 12,000 men to
capture the English crown. His fleet encountered a severe storm that
disrupted his landing.
    (TLC, Battles That Changed the World, 6/25/95)

1066        Sep, Harold Hardrata, King of Norway, sailed south with
10,000 men in 300 ships to attack England.
    (TLC, Battles That Changed the World, 6/25/95)

1066        Oct 2, The Normans landed in southern England and King
Harold was forced to march his men south to face the Normans.
    (TLC, Battles That Changed the World, 6/25/95)

1066        Oct 14, King Harold and his army locked into a massive
shield wall and faced Duke William, William the Conqueror, and his
mounted knights near the town of Hastings, Battle of Hastings. Duke
William planned a three point attack plan that included a) heavy archery
b) attack by foot soldiers c) attack by mounted knights at any weak
point of defense. The bloody battle gave the name Sen Lac Hill to the
battle site. The Normans won out after Harold was killed by a fluke
arrow. This placed William on the throne of England.
    http://members.tripod.com/~Battle_of_Hastings/Contents.html
    (TLC, Battles That Changed the World, 6/25/95)(AP, 10/14/97)(HN,
10/14/98)   

1066        Dec 25, William the Conqueror (d.1087), Duke William of
Normandy, was crowned king of England. Under the reign of William I the
construction of Windsor Castle began.
    http://members.tripod.com/~Battle_of_Hastings/Contents.html
    (TLC, 6/25/95)(SFC, 5/25/96, p.A12)(AP, 12/25/97)(HN, 12/25/98)

1066        Edith Svanneshals was the beautiful mistress of the
ill-starred Harold Godwinsson, king of the Anglo-Saxons and loser at
Hastings. No picture of her exists. Her last name means "swan's throat."
    (EHC, 5/12/98)

1066        The Channel Islands, 35 miles off the coast of France,
became possessions of the English Crown when the Normans conquered England.
    (SFC, 8/10/96, p.A10)   

1066        In England prior to 1066, hunting was virtually
unrestricted. The Forest Laws, strictly enforced by English kings
starting in the 11th century, placed restrictions on hunting, making it
the sole privilege of the nobility. Unauthorized slayers of the king?s
deer were often put to death. The Game Act of 1831, enacted under
William IV, extended hunting rights to anyone who obtained a license.
    (HNQ, 3/3/00)

1066        The Countess Godgifu (Godiva) died. She had founded a
Benedictine priory on a hill overlooking the River Sowe, and the town of
Coventry grew up around it.
    (HNC, 12/2/00)

1067        Mar 25, William the Conqueror ordered the 1st Doomsday
Survey of England.
    (MC, 3/25/02)

1067        In Belorus Minsk was founded.
    (SFC, 7/5/97, p.C2)

1067        Chepstow Castle was built in Wales to protect a strategic
crossing of the River Wye and for the defense of the Wye Valley near the
English border by the troops of William the Conqueror.
    (SFEC, 5/25/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 5/10/98, p.T4)   

1068AD    Historian al-Bakri wrote his "Book of the Roads and Kingdoms."
He described Ghana in the Western Sudan from information given him by
merchants and others.
    (ATC, p.113)(Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.171)

1070        Jun 4, Roquefort cheese was accidentally discovered in a
cave near Roquefort, France, when a shepherd found a lunch he had
forgotten several days before.
    (HN, 6/4/01)

1070        In Egypt a famine forced Al-Mustansir to send the women of
Cairo to Baghdad to escape starvation.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)

1070        The 8 gates of Marrakech, Morocco, were built.
    (SSFC, 12/18/05, p.F5)

1070        Bergen was founded on the southwest coast of Norway.
    (SSFC, 6/5/05, p.F7)

1071        Aug 26, Turks defeated the Byzantine army under Emperor
Romanus IV at Manzikert (Malaz Kard), Eastern Turkey. Romanus was taken
prisoner.
    (PCh, 1992, p.85)(Ot, 1993, p.4)

1072        Jan 10, Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger took Palermo
in Sicily.
    (HN, 1/10/99)

1072        Oct 6, Sancho II, king of Castilia (1065-72), was murdered.
    (MC, 10/6/01)

1073        Sep 30, Pope Alexander II, born as Anselmo da Baggio, began
serving as Pope.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II)

1073        Apr 21, Pope Alexander II, born as Anselmo da Baggio, died.
He had begun serving as Pope in 1061.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II)

1073        Apr 22, Gregory VII, St. Hildebrand, became Pope. He was
later driven from Rome and died in exile in 1085.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII)(WSJ, 3/10/99, p.A22)

1073        Dec 20, Domingo, Spanish monastery founder, abbot, saint, died.
    (MC, 12/20/01)

1074        Pope Gregory VII summoned a council in the Lateran palace,
which condemned simony and confirmed celibacy for the Church's clergy.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII)

1075        Feb 16, Ordericus Vitalis, French monk, historian, poet, was
born.
    (MC, 2/16/02)

1075        The Jiaozhi (Vietnam) launched a war against China, with a
force of some 100,000 surrounding Yongzhou (the southern region of
Nanning). It was captured after a siege of 42 days.
    (www.international-relations.com/cm4-1/Nanningwb.htm)

1075        The 3rd Cathedral at Santiago de Compostela in Spain was
built on the site of the tomb of St. James. There had been a Cathedral
on the site since the 9th century.
    (SFC, 9/22/96, p.T5)

1076        Feb 14, Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV.
    (MC, 2/14/02)

1076        Feb 22, Godfried III, with the Hump, duke of Lower Lorraine,
was murdered. [see Feb 26]
    (MC, 2/22/02)

1076        Feb 26, Godfried III with the Hump, duke of
Netherlands-Lutheran, was murdered. [see Feb 24]
    (SC, 2/26/02)

1076AD    The Al Moravids, a group of Muslim warriors who lived in the
Sahara, set out to conquer Ghana. They captured Koumbi in this year but
gave it back up to the Soninke in 1087. The Muslim religious reform
Almoravid movement under Abu Bakr recaptured Audoghast and then all of
Ghana.
    (ATC, p.117)(Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.172)

1076AD    The Danish King Svein Estrithson died.
    (DrEE, 1/4/97, p.3)

1077        Jan 28, Pope Gregory VII pardoned German emperor Henry IV at
Canossa in northern Italy. Henry had insisted that he reserved the right
to "invest" bishops and other clergymen, despite the papal decree, but
became penitent when faced with permanent excommunication.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_to_Canossa)(Econ, 5/9/09, p.88)

1077        Apr 24, Geza I, King of Hungary (1074-7), died.
    (MC, 4/24/02)

1077        Windsor Castle was erected by William the Conqueror to
monitor travel on the Thames River.
    (USAT, 11/19/97, p.2D)

1077-1090    The "heavenly clockwork," a mechanical water clock of Su
Sung, was housed in a pagoda 5 stories high.
    (AM, 3/04, p.44)

1078        William the Conqueror began work on the Tower of London.
Henry III ordered it whitewashed in 1240.
    (NG, V184, No. 4, Oct. 1993, p.41)(Hem, 9/04, p.28)

1079        May 9, Stanislaus, Polish bishop of Cracow, was murdered.
    (MC, 5/9/02)

1079         Peter Abelard (d.1142) was born in Brittany. He later
became a great medieval scholar in Paris. Around 1117 he secretly
married Heloise, niece of the Canon Fulbert of the Cathedral of Notre
Dame. The Canon Fulbert hired gangsters who waylaid and castrated
Abelard. His most famous theological work, "Sic et Non" (Yes and No),
consisted of a collection of apparent contradictions drawn from various
sources, together with commentaries showing how to resolve the
contradictions and providing rules for resolving others. He also wrote
"Scito te Ipsum" (Know Thyself), which advanced the notion that sin
consists not in deeds, which in themselves are neither good nor bad, but
only in intentions. In 2005 James Barge authored ?Heloise and Abelard: A
New Biography.?
    (V.D.-H.K.p.116)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R22)(WSJ, 2/11/05, p.W6)

1080        The Knights of St. John (the Hospitallers) were founded in
Jerusalem about this time to care for the sick.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller)

1081         Albania and Albanians were mentioned for the first time in
a historical record by a Byzantine emperor.
    (www, Albania, 1998)

1081-1151    Abbot Suger of St. Denis, France. He was the 1st great
patron of the arts in the current millennium.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R53)

1083        Jun 3, Henry IV of Germany stormed Rome capturing St.
Peter's Basilica.
    (MC, 6/3/02)

1084        Mar 31, Anti-pope Clemens crowned German emperor Hendrik IV.
    (MC, 3/31/02)

1085        May 25, Alfonso VI, Spanish Christian ruler,  took Toledo,
Spain, from the Moslems.
    (ATC, p.100)(HN, 5/25/99)
1085        May 25, Gregory VII [Ildebrando], Pope (1073-85), died.
    (SC, 5/25/02)

1085        Oct 8, San Marcos monastery in Venice started.
    (MC, 10/8/01)

1085        William the Conqueror ordered the Doomsday survey of English
manor's production capacity in order to collect taxes.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1086        Jul 10, Knut IV, the Saint, king of Denmark (1080-86), was
murdered.
    (MC, 7/10/02)

1086        Aug 1, English barons submitted to William the Conqueror.
    (MC, 8/1/02)

1086        In China Shen Kua (1030-1093) gave an account of a magnetic
compass for navigation in his work "Dream Pool Essays." The work also
gave the first account of relief maps and an explanation of the origin
of fossils, along with other scientific observations. Shen Kua wrote his
essays after being banished from office after an army under his command
lost 60,000 killed in a battle with Khitan tribes.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)(HNQ, 4/22/99)

1086        In France St. Bruno founded the austere Carthusian order of
monks in Grenoble. The silent order?s mother house in La Grand
Chartreuse, France, later maintained support by the sale of its
Chartreuse liqueur.
    (WUD, 1994, p.227)(SFC, 2/24/98, p.A22)

1087        Sep 9, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and King of
England, died in Rouen while conducting a war which began when the
French king made fun of him for being fat.
    (HN, 9/9/00)

1087        The Soninke of Ghana recaptured their capital, Koumbi, from
the Al Moravids. They tried to re-establish their empire but a number of
their states had adopted Islam and others broke away to form separate
kingdoms.
    (ATC, p.117)

1087        At Myra (Demre), Turkey, merchants from the Italian port of
Bari reportedly stole the bones of St. Nicholas.
    (WSJ, 8/31/98, p.B1)

1088        Cristodoulos persuaded the Byzantine emperor to let him
develop the Greek island of Patmos as an independent monastic state.
    (WSJ, 6/28/02, p.AW8)

1089        May 28, Lanfrance, Archbishop of Canterbury, died.
    (MC, 5/28/02)

1089-1125    David the Builder, a king who increased Georgia's wealth
and prestige after, at age 16, taking the reins of a country beset by
attackers.
    (AP, 1/25/04)(Internet)

1090        Bernard of Clairvaux. He was known as "doctor mellifluus"
for the honeyed sweetness of his style. It was Bernard who got the pope
to silence Abelard. He said of Abelard: "This man presumes to be able to
comprehend by human reason the entirety of God." Bernard had a simple
favorite prayer: "Whence arises the love of God? From God. And what is
the nature of this love? To love without measure." He wrote a letter to
kings and popes on the monsters decorating churches: "What is the
meaning of these unclean monkeys, these savage lions, and monstrous
creatures?... Almighty God! If we do not blush for such absurdities we
should at least regret what we have spent on them."
    (V.D.-H.K.p.117)(Hem, 4/96, p.51)

1090        Guo Xi (b.~1001), Chinese artist of the song Dynasty, died
about this time.
    (SFC, 6/28/08, p.E1)

1091        The Norman conquest of Saracen-held Sicily provided access
to Arabic manuscripts that showed a place-notated decimal system that
forms the basis of modern mathematics.
    (I&I, Penzias, p.47)

1091        A trading deal was made between Mahdiyah, near Tunis, and Genoa.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R50)

1093        Aug 12, In England the foundation stone for Durham Cathedral
was laid down. The main chapel was completed in 1175. It served as the
seat of the Bishop and the church of the Benedictine monastery of Durham.
    (SSFC, 12/14/08,
p.E4)(www.sacred-destinations.com/england/durham-cathedral.htm)

1093        Trade guilds were noted in England.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1094        Jun 15, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar [El Cid] occupied Valencia on
the Moren.
    (MC, 6/15/02)

1094        Oct 8, St. Mark?s Basilica in Venice was dedicated. Remains
believed to have belonged to St Mark, the Evangelist, were buried there.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marco_di_Venezia)

1094        The Islamic terrorist organization Nizari Ismailiyun, a
Shiite politico-religious sect, was founded by Hasan-e Sabah. He and his
followers captured the hill fortress of Almaut in northern Iran, which
became their base of operations.
    (www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/006664.php)

1095        Nov 26, Pope Urban urged the faithful to wrest the Holy Land
from the Muslims, heralding start of Crusades.
    (AP, 11/26/02)

1095        Nov 27, In Clermont, France, Pope Urbana II made an appeal
for warriors to relieve Jerusalem, defeat the Turks and recapture the
Holy Sepulchre from the Muslims. He was responding to false rumors of
atrocities in the Holy Land. The first Crusade sparked a renewal of
trade between Europe and Asia. Urban declared to the assembled that
Europe was "too narrow for your large population" and urged them to take
up swords against the Saracens who defiled "that land that floweth with
milk an honey," thus inspiring the Crusaders. Peter, a disheveled former
soldier, seized the moment, preaching the "People?s Crusade" and quickly
gathering a following of more than 20,000 Crusaders, including Walter, a
French Knight.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.109)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(HN, 11/27/99)(HN, 6/26/98)

1095-1099    The 1st Crusade.
    (WSJ, 1/4/02, p.A11)

1096        May 18, Crusaders massacred the Jews of Worms. Before
embarking on the First Crusade to wrest the Holy Land from Muslim Turks,
Count Emich von Leiningen and his army swept through their own German
homeland, murdering thousands of Jews, whom they had declared "murderers
of Christ." When Emich arrived in the town of Worms in May, the town's
Roman Catholic Bishop tried to protect the Jewish population, but the
Crusaders overran his palace and slaughtered some 500 people who had
taken shelter there. Another 300 were killed over the next two days. The
graves of the massacre victims can still be seen at the Jewish Cemetery
at Worms.
    (HNPD, 5/12/99)(SC, 5/18/02)

1096        Jun 25, The 1st Crusaders slaughtered the Jews of
Werelinghofen, Germany.
    (MC, 6/25/02)

1096        Jun 26, Peter the Hermit?s crusaders forced their way across
Sava, Hungary. Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless (also known as
Peter of Amiens and Walter Sansavoir) were two of the leaders of the
"Crusade of the Poor People" in 1096-1097, an ill-fated prelude to the
several campaigns waged in the Holy Lands between 1096 and 1270 that are
commonly referred to as the Crusades.
    (HN, 6/26/98)

1096        Jul 12, Crusaders under Peter the Hermit reach Sofia in Hungary.
    (HN, 7/12/99)

1096        Aug 1, The crusaders under Peter the Hermit reached
Constantinople. Anna Comnena, a 13 year-old Christian in Constantinople,
watched as the crusaders marched into the city.
    (ATC, p.18)(HN, 8/1/98)

1096        Oct 21, Seljuk Turks under Sultan Kilidj Arslan of Nicea
slaughtered thousands of German crusaders at Chivitot.
    (HN, 10/21/99)(MC, 10/21/01)

c1096        The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built in Jerusalem on
the traditional site of the burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In
1997 renovation was completed with a new 115-foot dome, designed by
Fresno architect Ara Normart.
    (SFC, 1/3/97, p.A18)

1096        In France Saint-Eutrope?s church was consecrated in the town
of Saintes, the ancient capital of the Saintonge.
    (SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T8)

1096-1291    European Christians fought Arab Muslims for control of
Jerusalem and the Holy Land. In 2000 Evan S. Connell authored "Deus Lo
Volt," a history of the Crusades that included the 12th century accounts
by pilgrims Geoffrey de Villehardouin and Jean de Joinville that had
been earlier published as "Chronicles of the Crusades."
    (ATC, p.160)(WSJ, 6/9/00, p.W8)

1097        Jun 30, The Crusaders defeated the Turks at Dorylaeum.
    (HN, 6/30/98)

1097        Jul 1, The 1st Crusaders defeated Sultan Kilidj Arslan of Nicea.
    (MC, 7/1/02)

1097        Oct 20, The 1st Crusaders arrived in Antioch.
    (MC, 10/20/01)

c1097        The pilgrimage routes of France (chemins de pelerinage)
were begun. Their 900th anniversary was celebrated in 1997.
    (SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T8)

1081        Jan 8, Henry V, Roman German king, emperor (1098/1111-25),
was born.
    (MC, 1/8/02)

1098        Jun 3, Christian Crusaders of the First Crusade seized
Antioch, Turkey.
    (HN, 6/3/99)

1098        Feb 10, Crusaders defeated Prince Redwan of Aleppo at Antioch.
    (MC, 2/10/02)

1098        Dec 12, The 1st Crusaders captured and plundered Mara, Syria.
    (MC, 12/12/01)

1099        Jan 13, Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
    (MC, 1/13/02)

1099        Apr 14, Conrad, bishop of Utrecht, was stabbed to death.
    (MC, 4/14/02)

1099        Jun 5, Knights and their families on the First Crusade
witnessed an eclipse of the moon and interpreted it as a sign from God
that they would recapture Jerusalem.
    (HN, 6/5/99)

1099        Jul 8, In Jerusalem 15,000 starving Christian soldiers
marched around barefoot while the Muslim defenders mocked them from the
battlements.
    (HN, 5/23/99)

1099        Jun 12, Crusade leaders visited the Mount of Olives where
they met a hermit who urged them to assault Jerusalem.
    (HN, 6/12/99)

1099        Jul 13, The Crusaders launched their final assault on
Muslims in Jerusalem.
    (HN, 7/13/99)

1099        Jul 15, Jerusalem fell to the crusaders following a 7 week
siege. A massacre of the city's Muslim and Jewish population followed
with the dead numbered at about 3,000.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.109)(HN, 7/15/98)(SSFC, 4/13/03, p.E3)

1099        Jul 16, Crusaders herded the Jews of Jerusalem into a
synagogue and set it afire.
    (MC, 7/16/02)

1099        Aug 12, At the Battle of Ascalon 1,000 Crusaders, led by
Godfrey of Bouillon, routed an Egyptian relief column heading for
Jerusalem. The Norman Godfrey, elected King of Jerusalem, had assumed
the title Defender of the Holy Sepulcher. Disease starvation by this
time reduced the Crusaders to 60,000, down from an initial 300,000, and
most of the survivors left for home.
    (HN, 8/12/99)(PC, 1992, p.88)

1099        The Aleppo Codex, owned by Jewish community in Jerusalem,
was seized by Crusaders who sacked the city. It was then ransomed and
made its way to Cairo, Egypt.
    (AP, 9/27/08)

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