# Timelines text-to-spreadsheet.ndf Script for processing http://Timelines.ws # www.BillHowell.ca 10Dec2011 # uses QNial programming language www.nial.com copyright of Nial Systems Limited and Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada /home/bill/Howell - history timelines/Timechart of Military History/111226 Timechart of Military History - wars & battles.txt 2003 "Timechart of Military History" Chartwell Books Inc., New Jersey, Initial publication in 1999 by The Timechart Company copyright CHRONOLOGY WARS AND BATTLES OF HISTORY . . . . . . . Mesopotamia . . . yyss yyee Mesopotamia Mesopotamia . . . 3000.00 yyee By beginning of 3rd Millennium a dozen city states including Kish, Erech, Ur, Lagash compete for domination Mesopotamia . . . 2900.00 yyee Mesopotamia . . . 2800.00 yyee Kish unites city states of Sumer Mesopotamia . . . 2600.00 yyee Uruk overthrows Kish Mesopotamia . . . 2300.00 2200.00 Akkad. Sargon I, the first great conqueror of history, conquers Mesopotamia, Syria, part of Asia Minor. Mesopotamia . . . 2270.00 2230.00 Naram-Sin renews Akkadian vigour. Late third millennium Hurrians infiltrate northern Mesopotamia and Syria from the north Mesopotamia . . . 2150.00 2050.00 Guti from Iran destroy the Akkadian Empire, then are expelled by Erech and Uruk Mesopotamia . . . 2000.00 yyee Expansion of Ur Mid-20th century Ur overthrown by Elamites and Amorites. Two centuries of city-state anarchy follow Egypt . . . yyss yyee Egypt Egypt Old Kingdom . . yyss yyee Old Kingdom By 2900 Narmer or Aha becomes King of all Egypt Egypt Old Kingdom . . 2200.00 yyee Pharaoh Pepynakht campaigns against Nubia About 2150 death of Pepy II, last of 6th Dynasty, ends Old Kingdom of Egypt Egypt 1st Intermediate period, . . yyss yyee 1st Intermediate period, 1st Intermediate period, after which Monjunotep II reunites Egypt. Egypt Middle Kingdom . . yyss yyee Middle Kingdom Fragmentation of Egypt & Gradual disintegration Gradual disintegration into Kingdoms of Avaris, Thebes, Kush Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 2064.00 1990.00 Thebes conquers Wawat and upper Egypt Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 2050.00 1950.00 Ur reconstructs the Sumer-Akkad empire Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1993.00 yyee fortification of 1st and 2nd cataracts of the Nile Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1937.00 1908.00 Amenemhat I builds the 'Walls of the River' about Suez Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1919.00 1903.00 Senuset I gains control of Wawat (north Nubia) Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1830.00 yyee Senusret III campaigns to the north of Jerusalem Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1829.00 1818.00 Senuset III campaigns beyond 2nd cataract of the Nile and builds a second series of forts Mesopotamia . . . yyss yyee Mesopotamia 19th century Rise of Babylon to become the main political and cultural centre in Southern Mesopotamia 18th-early 17th centuries Assyrian wars of conquest Mesopotamia . . . 1800.00 yyee Assyrians conquer northern Babylonians. Foundation of 'Old Assyrian Empire' Mesopotamia . . . 1760.00 yyee Kassites enter Mesopotamia introducing horse and chariot Mesopotamia . . . 1728.00 1686.00 Amorite Hammurabi of Babylon conquers southern Mesopotamia, uniting the six main states Egypt . . . yyss yyee Egypt Egypt Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. . . yyss yyee Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. Late 18th to mid -17th centuries gradual disintegration of Egypt into Kingdoms of Avaris, Thebes and Kush 18th century Hyksos enter north Egypt and take control during the mid- 17th century. Capital: Avaris. They bring technology of the horse in war - with chariots, the compound bow, battle axes and skill in fortification. Egypt divided into three states: Thebes, Kush and the North, controlled by the Hyksos Egypt Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. . . 1650.00 yyee Kassite kings Late 16th century Thutmose I defeats Hittites on the Euphrates Egypt New Kingdom . . yyss yyee New Kingdom Egypt New Kingdom . . 1573.00 1550.00 Pharaoh Ahmose expells Hyksos and pursues them into Palestine. Foundation of the Egyptian Empire Egypt New Kingdom . . 1521.00 yyee Avaris falls to Egyptians Mesopotamia . . . yyss yyee Mesopotamia 17th-16th centuries Babylon fights continuously with Kassites and Hurrians Mesopotamia . . . 1500.00 yyee Hurrians unite as Mitanni Late 17th century Mursilis, 3rd king of united Hittite state, destroys Aleppo, raids Babylon, defeats Hurrians on the Euphrates. First Hittite Empire Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Crete: Minoan civilisation may have begun as early as 3000.2200-1400 Crete is leading power in the Aegean Mediterranean . . . 2000.00 yyee arrival of Greek- speaking peoples in mainland Greece: Mycenaean warriors consolidate power in Greece and raid overseas Mediterranean . . . 2000.00 1600.00 Minoan 'Old Palace' period Mediterranean . . . 1600.00 yyee -1400s Minoan 'New Palace' period until a wave of destruction about 1425 leaves only Knossos intact Mediterranean . . . 1450.00 1400.00 Probable Mycenean conquest of Crete; 1370 destruction of Knossos. 14th and 13th centuries are the great age of Mycenae 13th century: more massive fortifications are built and the Isthmus of Corinth fortified against invaders from the north Mid-14th to mid-12th centuries: period during which the siege and fall of Troy is thought to have taken place, according to the account of Homer's Iliad, which did not exist in written form until the 8th or 7th centuries 13th century General breakdown of settled conditions and overall decline; by 1150 Mycenaean civilisation collapses; from 1100 to Mediterranean . . . 800.00 yyee a dark age descends on the Aegean and the coast of Asia Minor, as invaders from the north (Ionians, Aeolians, Dorians, etc.) enter the area in the 11th and loth centuries. There remains much uncertainty about this period India . . . yyss yyee India About the beginning of the 3rd Millennium to c.2300 Harrapan Civilisation begins in Indus Valley. After 2000 and by 1750 Harappan culture breaks down, with collapse of City civilisation, causes yet unknown India . . . 1500.00 yyee Vedic Age begins. Indo-European (Aryan) tribes enter Punjab, semi- nomad pasturalists and tribal societies led by rajas (warrior chiefs). Inter-tribal conflicts ensue India . . . 1500.00 1200.00 Ganges Valley Civilisation China . . . yyss yyee China By about 3000 Civilisation in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley appears; after 2500 walled settlements appear China . . . 2200.00 1760.00 vo (Hsia or Xia) Dynasty China . . . 1760.00 1100.00 Shang (Yin) Dynasty. They conquer the area between the Yellow River and the Yangtse China . . . 1100.00 yyee Revolt against last of the Yin Dynasty, Zhouxin, and foundation of Western Chou (Zou) Empire. Wars of expansion c.1000-900 By 771 Chou central authority overall is lost. Fragmentation into more than 100 individual states China . . . 770.00 475.00 'Spring and Autumn' Period (or The Age of Hegemons) Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East By 1600 Fragmentation of Mesopotamia into areas dominated by Hurrians, Kassites and 'Sealand' in the south Middle East . . . 1457.00 yyee Battle of Megiddo. Pharaoh Thutmosis III defeats Canaanites and their allies and advances north to Galilee By 1450 Assyrians become vassals of Mittani 15th century Thutmosis III fights 17 campaigns into Palestine Middle East . . . 1427.00 1400.00 Pharaoh Amenhotep II campaigns to north of Byblos and Damascus Late 16th century to early 12th century Wars of Imperial Egypt Thutmosis III extends Egyptian control south to 4th cataract of the Nile Hittite wars of conquest. Foundation of second Hittite Empire, the 'Hittite New Kingdom' Middle East . . . 1400.00 1390.00 campaigns of Pharaoh Thutmosis IV ends with treaty with Mitanni Middle East . . . 1390.00 1364.00 Eriba-Adad wins Assyrian independence from Mitanni Middle East . . . 1380.00 1340.00 Hittite King Suppiluliamnus. He conquers the Mitanni (c.1360), which becomes a buffer state betwen the Hittites and the Assyrians Middle East . . . 1294.00 1279.00 Pharaoh Seti I campaigns in Palestine Middle East . . . 1275.00 yyee Battle of Qadesh. First battle in history to be recorded in detail. Ramses II and Muwatalli fight an inconclusive battle. A treaty c.1263- Middle East . . . 1258.00 yyee divides Palestine and Syria between Egypt and Hatti By 13th-12th centuries, Nubian gold (reason for Egyptian imperialism to the south) is exhausted Shalmaneser I Middle East . . . 1272.00 1243.00 begins Assyrian expansion and conquers Mitanni Middle East . . . 1242.00 1206.00 Tukulti- Ninurta I, Assyrian dominion expands south and temporarily (c.1210) takes Babylon Middle East . . . 1200.00 900.00 General decline in face of invasions Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe End of 2nd millennium: hill forts are being constructed in Western Europe Europe . . . 815.00 yyee Foundation of Carthage (traditional date) By 800 Sparta has emerged as a military state in the Peloponnese 8th century Phoenicians, already trading widely in the Mediterranean, establish outposts on the Iberian coast 8th century Rise of aristocracies in Greece. Evolution of city-states, with hoplite armies, the phalanx battle formation and pentekonter warships Europe . . . 753.00 yyee Foundation of Rome (traditional date) Europe . . . 750.00 yyee Sparta conquers Amylae 8th century Greeks colonise Sicily and southern Italy Europe . . . 735.00 yyee Syracuse founded by Corinthians Europe . . . 730.00 710.00 Spartan conquest of Messenia About 700 Greeks penetrate the Black Sea Early 7th century Predominance of Argos in the Peloponnese Europe . . . 669.00 yyee Battle of Hysiae. Argos defeats Sparta By 650 Sparta defeats Messenian revolt Mid-7th to mid-6th centuries Age of Tyrants in Greece Europe . . . 580.00 yyee Carthaginian/ Phoenician clashes with Greeks begin on Sicily Europe . . . 600.00 yyee Phocaeans found Massilia (modern Marseilles) Europe . . . 600.00 yyee Athens takes Salamis from Megara Europe . . . 600.00 550.00 Sparta extends dominion over most of the Peloponnese Europe . . . 570.00 yyee War between Athens and Megara Europe . . . 560.00 550.00 War between Sparta and Tegea Europe . . . 550.00 yyee Sparta takes Thyreatis from Argos Europe . . . 546.00 545.00 Persia conquers the Greek city-states on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor Europe . . . 540.00 523.00 Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos, is the first great naval imperialist Europe . . . 535.00 yyee Battle of Alalia. Phocaeans expelled from Corsica by Etruscans and Phoenicians Europe . . . 525.00 524.00 Unsuccessful Spartan-Corinthian expedition against Samos Europe . . . 509.00 508.00 Sparta invades Attica and frees Athens from tyranny By 500 Sparta is established as the greatest military power in mainland Greece. 494 Cleomenes, King of Sparta (520-490), crushes the revival of Argos Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Mid-13th century Conquest of Palestine by Hebrews. Wars of Joshua (including fall of Jericho) Middle East . . . 1190.00 1150.00 Hittite Kingdom overthrown by Phrygians, Luvians etc. Middle East . . . 1184.00 1153.00 Pharaoh Ramses HI repulses invaders from the Sahara: depicted on bas-reliefs is a naval battle Middle East . . . 1180.00 yyee Phrygians invade Asia Minor Great invasion including possibly those of peoples formerly identified by historians as the 'sea peoples' cause widespread disruption and fragmentation Middle East . . . 1180.00 1177.00 Pharaoh Merenptah repulses invasions from Libya and 'Sea Peoples' in raiding along the coast and into the Nile delta By the reign of Ramses VI (1143-1136) Egypt has lost her Palestine dominions Late 13th to 12th centuries Rise of El am Middle East . . . 1124.00 1103.00 Nebuchadnezzar I defeats Elam Middle East . . . 1114.00 1076.00 Tiglath-Pileser expands Assyrian control to Mediterranean coast Late 12th to early 10th century Philistines dominate Palestine Middle East . . . 1087.00 yyee King Panehsy of Nubia invades and temporarily occupies Thebes. In 1080 his regime separates from Egypt By 1060 Egypt has withdrawn to her original valley boundaries. End of Egyptian Empire Middle East . . . 1025.00 1006.00 Wars ofIsraelite King Saul Middle East . . . 1006.00 968.00 Wars of Israelite King David. He captures Jerusalem Middle East . . . 975.00 yyee Shoshek I reasserts Egyptian authority vs Israel - split Middle East . . . 975.00 yyee David defeats Philistines 11th and 10th centuries Babylonia fought over by Assyrians, Aramaeans, Chaldeans etc. Middle East . . . 925.00 yyee Division of Kingdom of Israel into Israel (north) and Judah (south) Egyptian 3rd Intermediate Period. Egypt fragmented. Sporadic wars between component states Middle East . . . 911.00 891.00 Adadnivan II begins Assyrian revival and expansion. Foundation of 'Neo- Assyrian Empire' 9th to 7th centuries Constant warfare waged by Assyrians, based on terror to dominate Mesopotamia and beyond Middle East . . . 877.00 yyee Assyria reaches the Mediterranean Middle East . . . 853.00 yyee Battle of Quaquar. Assyrians halted by Phoenicians, Syrians and Ahab of Israel 8th century Assyria conquers all Babylonia and much of Palestine By 800 Egypt is three kingdoms: Herakleopolis, Thebes and Kush Mid 8th century Rise of Kush Middle East . . . 750.00 yyee Nubia advances north to the confluence of the two Niles Middle East . . . 745.00 725.00 Conquest of Palestine by Tiglath- Pileser III of Assyria Late 8th century Egyptian incursions in Palestine and Syria provoke Assyrians Middle East . . . 727.00 yyee Piy (or Piankhi) of Kush conquers the Nile Delta and is acknowledged King of all Egypt Middle East . . . 722.00 yyee Assyria takes Samaria Middle East . . . 720.00 yyee AI-Mina overrun by Assyria Middle East . . . 717.00 yyee Assyria takes Carchemish Middle East . . . 705.00 yyee Cimmerians conquer Phrygia Middle East . . . 701.00 yyee Judaean revolt Battle of Elteka. Assyrians defeated by Judaeans and Egyptians Middle East . . . 700.00 yyee Assyria takes Byblos Middle East . . . 688.00 663.00 Sennacherib drives Egypt from Palestine Middle East . . . 677.00 yyee Sidon destroyed Middle East . . . 674.00 yyee Assyrian invasion of Egypt repulsed Middle East . . . 671.00 yyee Assyrians sack Memphis and take Tyre Middle East . . . 664.00 656.00 Assyria takes control of Egypt Middle East . . . 664.00 610.00 Psamtek I ejects Assyrians from Egypt Middle East . . . 652.00 yyee Gyges, King of Lydia, killed by Cimmerians Middle East . . . 630.00 yyee Psamtek occupies Ashdod Middle East . . . 627.00 yyee Last Assyrian King of Babylonia dies: Civil War ensues. Nabopolassar New (Neo-) Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Middle East . . . 626.00 625.00 Babylon independent of Assyria Middle East . . . 625.00 yyee Rise of Media Empire Middle East . . . 625.00 539.00 Chaldean dynasty reinstates Babylon as the dominant power in Mesopotamia, the 'Neo- Babylonian Empire' Cyaxares defeats Scythians Middle East . . . 616.00 yyee Psamtek campaigns v. Babylonians in Syria p12 Collapse of Assyrian Empire and destruction of Nineveh Late 7th to mid 6th centuries War of the Medes v. Urartu, Lydia, etc., the Media Empire extends to Syria and East Anatolia and East to the Indus Middle East . . . 610.00 yyee Battle of Megiddo. Egyptian Neko II defeats Josiah of Judah By 610 Saite dynasty rules Egypt Middle East . . . 605.00 562.00 Nebuchadnezzar II conquers Syria and Palestine Middle East . . . 605.00 yyee Battle of Carchemish. Neko defeated by Nebuchadnezzar who takes southern Mesopotamia Middle East . . . 601.00 yyee Babylonian invasion of Egypt repulsed Middle East . . . 600.00 yyee Lydia introduces world's first coinage Middle East . . . 597.00 yyee Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem Middle East . . . 594.00 589.00 Psamtek II sends expedition to Nubia (or Middle East . . . 594.00 yyee -589). His force includes Greek mercenaries Middle East . . . 590.00 589.00 Sacred War v. Crisa Middle East . . . 590.00 585.00 Media-Lydian War Middle East . . . 586.00 yyee Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar Middle East . . . 581.00 yyee Babylonian invasion of Egypt repulsed Middle East . . . 574.00 570.00 Campaigns of Apries Middle East . . . 570.00 yyee Battle of Kyrene Middle East . . . 561.00 547.00 Croesus King of Lydia Middle East . . . 560.00 yyee Ahmose II asserts Egyptian domination of Syria and Palestine and occupies Cyprus Middle East . . . 555.00 539.00 Nabonides last king of Babylon Middle East . . . 550.00 yyee Cyrus the Great (559- 530) ousts Median dynasty and founds Persian Empire Middle East . . . 547.00 545.00 Cyrus conquers Lydia and "takes Sardis and the coastal cities of South Asia Minor Middle East . . . 539.00 yyee Cyrus takes Babylon from NabonidesCyrus the Great Middle East . . . 530.00 yyee Cyrus killed campaigning on Jaxertes 530-522 522-521 Cambyses Civil War Middle East . . . 525.00 yyee Battle of Pelusium. Babylonian king Cambyses conquers Egypt, which becomes a province of the Persian Empire Middle East . . . 513.00 yyee Darius of Persia's great Danube expedition India . . . yyss yyee India C .800 Beginning of Kali era (traditionally set earlier, 3102). Conflict between Kauravas and Pandavas of the Kurv tribe India . . . 600.00 yyee Rise of the Republics (Mahajanapandas) . Conflict for hegemony in Ganges Valley. 16 'great states' coalesce into 3 kingdoms - Kashi, Koshala, Magadha, and the Vrjjian Republic India . . . 543.00 yyee King Bimbasara of Magadha conquers Kashi and Koshala and breaks the Vrjjian confederation India . . . 537.00 yyee Darius of Persia conquers Indus Valley India . . . 491.00 yyee King Ajatasatru (491- 459) builds fort at Patua; annexes Kasi and Kosala Wars of Ajatasatru. Over 16 years he subdues Vrjji By about 400 Nandas field large armies Mediterranen . . . yyss yyee Mediterranen Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 495.00 448.00 Greek-Persian Wars Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 497.00 yyee Greek uprisings against Persians in Miletus, Cyprus etc Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 494.00 yyee Battle of Lade Persians defeat Ionian fleet Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 492.00 yyee 1st Campaign. Thracians repel Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 490.00 yyee 2nd Campaign. Battle of Marathon. Greeks defeat Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 480.00 yyee 3rd Campaign. Battle of Thermopylae Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 480.00 yyee Battle of Cape Artemisium. Sack of Athens by Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 480.00 yyee Battle of Salamis Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 479.00 yyee Persians re-occupy Athens. Battle of Plataea Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 479.00 yyee Battle of Mycale and Greek liberation of Asia Minor city states Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 478.00 yyee Greeks capture Byzanatium and Cyprus under Pausanias. Athens organises Delian League against Persia Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 476.70 yyee Battle of Eurymedon. Athens defeats Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 458.00 yyee Battle of Aegina Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 459.00 yyee Greek fleet supports Egyptian uprising. Expeditions to Memphis Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 454.00 yyee Greek fleet annihilated by Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 449.00 yyee Battle of Salamis/Cyprus Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 448.00 yyee Treaty of Callias ends war Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . yyss yyee Greek-Etruscan Wars rw Mediterranean) Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . 540.00 yyee Battle of Alalia Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . 535.00 yyee Greeks expelled from Corsica Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . 474.00 yyee Battle of Cyme/Cumae Mediterranen Carthage in Sicily . . 481.00 480.00 Carthage in Sicily Mediterranen Carthage in Sicily . . 480.00 yyee Battle of Himena (Syracuse, Carthage) Mediterranen Carthage in Sicily . . 509.00 yyee Revolution v. Tarquinius Superbus in Rome China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 475.00 221.00 Era of the Warring States. By about 300 China has coalesced into seven principal states; vast conscript armies now take the field, a massive increase in scale over previous eras of war China . . . 255.00 yyee End of Zhou Dynasty and final disintegration of any sort of imperial structure Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 431.00 404.00 Peloponnesian Wars Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 457.00 451.00 1st War, Athens defeated Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 457.00 yyee Athens conquers Aegina. Battle of Tangra Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 451.00 yyee Truce Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 447.00 yyee Boeotia frees itself from Athens Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 446.00 yyee Euboea and Magara. Revolt against Athens. '30 Years Peace'. Athens returns war gains Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 431.00 421.00 2nd War, indecisive Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 431.00 421.00 Archidamian War Sparta devastates Attica; plague in Athens Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 425.00 yyee Battle of Pylos. Athens victory. Sphacteria capitulates Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 424.00 yyee Thracian campaign. Battle of Amphipolis Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 421.00 yyee Battle of Niceas Sparta dominates the land; Athens the sea Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 430.00 427.00 Plague weakens Athens Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 428.00 427.00 Revolt of Mytilene Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 425.00 yyee Battle of Pylos. Athens victorious Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 424.00 yyee Battle of Delium. Athens defeated Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 421.00 yyee Treaty of Nicias, resulting from war- weariness Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 418.00 yyee Battle of Mantinea. Sparta defeats Argos Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 415.00 413.00 Athens' disastrous expedition to Sicily. Fleet annihilated Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 413.00 404.00 Decelian War Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 410.00 yyee Battle of Cyzicus. Athens regains naval supremacy Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 407.00 yyee Sparta gains Persian cooperation Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 406.00 yyee Battle of Arginusae. Athens victorious. But internal dissention Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 405.00 yyee Battle of Aegospotania. Athens fleet destroyed Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 404.00 yyee Siege and surrender of Athens Mediterranean Carthage advances . . 409.00 yyee Carthage advances towards Syracuse Mediterranean Carthage advances . . 401.00 400.00 'March of the 10,000' Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . yyss yyee Continuing expansion of Rome in Italy Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 431.00 yyee Battle of Algidus Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 498.00 493.00 Latin Wars Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 403.00 400.00 Dionysus of Syracuse conquers most of Sicily Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 401.16 400.16 of the Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . ?tokens left: 10 <***> , 000. yyee During Persian Civil War (Artaxerxes II v. Cyrus the Younger), Greek mercenaries win Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . ?tokens left: <***> . yyee Battle of Cunaxa, but then make epic retreat across mountains in winter Mediterranean Sparta . . yyss yyee Sparta Mediterranean Sparta . . 399.00 394.00 SPARTA-PERSIAN WAR Mediterranean Sparta . . 396.00 394.00 SPARTAN EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR Mediterranean Sparta . . 395.00 387.00 CORINTHIAN WAR Mediterranean Sparta . . 395.00 yyee Battle of Haliartus Mediterranean Sparta . . 394.00 yyee Siege of Corinth (to 390) Mediterranean Sparta . . 394.00 yyee Battle of Coronea Mediterranean Sparta . . 394.00 yyee Battle of Cnidus. Spartan fleet defeated by Persia Mediterranean Sparta . . 382.00 yyee Sparta occupies Thebes citadel Mediterranean Sparta . . 379.00 371.00 THEBAN BATTLE OF INDEPENDENCE Mediterranean Sparta . . 379.00 yyee Thebes expels Spartan garrison Mediterranean Sparta . . 376.00 yyee Battle of Naxos. Athens defeats Sparta at sea Mediterranean Sparta . . 371.00 yyee Battle of Leuctra. Thebes defeats Sparta Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 370.00 362.00 Theban Wars Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 370.00 yyee Theban invasion of -' Peleponnese and Laconia Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 364.00 yyee Theban naval expedition to Byzantium Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 364.00 yyee Battle of Cynoscephalae Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 363.00 yyee Thebans defeat Thessalians Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 362.00 yyee Thebes invades Peloponnese again Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 362.00 yyee Battle of Mantinea Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . yyss yyee Dionysian Wars v. Carthage Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 398.00 397.00 1st War. Carthage pushed back from Syracuse Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 392.00 yyee 2nd War. Carthage almost ejected from Sicily Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 390.00 379.00 Dionysius conquers part of S. Italy Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 389.00 yyee Battle of Elleponus. Dionysius defeats Italians Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 385.00 376.00 3rd War Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 368.00 367.00 4th War Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 366.00 344.00 Turmoil in Syracuse after 367 death of Dionysius Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . yyss yyee Roman conquest of Italy Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 405.00 396.00 Etruscan Veii oesiege Rome Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 391.00 yyee Gauls besiege Clusium Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 391.00 yyee Gauls defeat Rome at Battle of Allia 3 and sack Rome Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 367.00 yyee 2nd Gallic invasion repulsed Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 362.00 345.00 Rome contains Latin uprisings Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 343.00 341.00 1ST SAMNITE WAR Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 343.00 yyee Battles of Astura, Suessula, Salicula Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 342.00 yyee Battle of Mt Gaurus Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 341.00 yyee Battles of Veseris, Tifernum; Roman conquest of Campania Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 340.00 338.00 LATIN WARS Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 338.00 yyee Battles of Sinnessa, Pedum 360-1, 350-349 Gauls raid to the Tiber valley Mediterranean Carthage v. Syracuse . . yyss yyee Carthage v. Syracuse Mediterranean Carthage v. Syracuse . . 344.00 339.00 Carthaginian war v. Timoleon of Syracuse. Siege of Syracuse Mediterranean Carthage v. Syracuse . . 340.00 yyee Battle of Crimissus Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . yyss yyee Wars of Philip of Macedon Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 358.00 yyee Philip unifies Macedon Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 357.00 355.00 War of the Allies Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . ?tokens left: 357 <***> , 356.00 Philip expands to Chaldice Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 355.00 346.00 Philip seizes much of Thessaly Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 355.00 346.00 2nd Holy War. Philip is drawn into central Greek conflict Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 352.00 yyee Battle of Crocus Field Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 348.00 yyee Philip conquers of Chaldice, Thrace Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 345.00 339.00 Philip consolidates hold on north of Greece Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 342.00 yyee Persia meanwhile regains control of Egypt Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 341.00 338.00 Macedonian war v. Hellenic League Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 338.00 yyee Battle of Chaeronaea. Philip defeats Hellenic League Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 337.00 yyee Philip's general Parnenion leads vanguard for projected invasion of Persia Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 336.00 yyee Philip assassinated Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 335.00 323.00 Wars of Alexander the Great Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 335.00 yyee Campaign v. Danube tribes: suppresses revolts in Thessaly, Athens, Thebes Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 334.00 331.00 CONQUEST OF PERSIA Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 334.00 yyee Battle of Granicus Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 333.00 yyee Battle of Issus Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 332.00 331.00 Conquest of Syria Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 332.00 yyee Siege of Tyre, siege of Gaza and conquest of Egypt Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 331.00 yyee Spartan uprising. Battle of Megalopolis. Antipater defeats Agis Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 331.00 yyee Battle of Gaugamela/Arbela Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 330.00 yyee Occupation of Mesopotamia Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 331.00 323.00 CONQUESTS OF E. PERSIA TO HYDASPES Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 326.00 yyee Battle of/the Hydaspes Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 323.00 yyee Death of Alexander 327/6-304 2nd Samnite War against Rome Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 323.00 yyee Carthage begins reconquest of Sicily Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 321.00 yyee Battle of Caudine Forks/Passes. Humiliating Roman defeat by Sabines India . . . yyss yyee India 325/321 Chandragupta Maurya overthrows Nanda power in Magadha and campaigns in northern and central India Wars of Chandragupta: he conquers northern India and founds Mauryan Empire India . . . 305.00 yyee Chandragupta fights Seleucus I Nicator. Ends with friendly relationship. Seleucus cedes his trans- Indus provinces in return for 500 elephants India . . . 297.00 272.00 or 268 Bindusara - 'Amitrochates' ('Destroyer of Foes') establishes 'Second' Mauryan Empire, which he extends south, stopping only at Mysore 272/268-c.231 Asoka Pliny records the Mauryan army as consisting of India . . . ?tokens left: 9 <***> , 000 yyee elephants, 30,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry India . . . 260.00 yyee Asoka campaigns against Kalinga Baetrian King Demetrius (c.190-167) enters Punjab and gains control of north-west India: Indo- Greek rule India . . . 185.00 yyee Last of Mauryas, Brhadratha, assassinated by Pusyamitra, who founds Sunga Dynasty, with its nucleus as Magadha After 88 Scythians (Sakas) sweep through Parthia into Indus valley Kanva Dynasty and Aandhras (Deccan) Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 323.00 280.00 Diadochian Wars: the Wars of Alexander's Successors Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 323.00 322.00 LAMfAN WAR Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322.00 yyee Battle of Abydos. Cleitus defeats Athenian fleet Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322.00 yyee Battle of Amorgos. Cleitus defeats Athens and blockades Athens Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322.00 yyee Battle of Crannon. Antipater invades Thessaly and defeats the Greeks Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322.00 yyee Perdiccas invades Cappadona and gives it to Craterus. Perdiccas is now regent of the whole empire, almost Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322.00 319.00 WARS V. PERDICCAS Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 321.00 yyee Battle of Lysimachia. Eumenes, for Perdiccas, defeats Craterus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 321.00 yyee Perdiccas invades Egypt. Army mutinies and kills him. Antipater is elected regent by the army in Syria; he gives Babylon to Seleucus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 320.00 yyee Antigonus invades Cappadocia and defeats Eumenes at the Battle of Oraynian Fields. Siege of Nova Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 319.00 yyee Antipater dies. Macedonian army elects Polyperchon regent. Antigonus, Cassander and Ptolemy ally against him WAR v. POLYPERCHON Antigonus conquers Asia Minor, Ptolemy takes Syria Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 318.00 yyee Cassander invades Greece Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 318.00 yyee Battle of the Bosporus. Cleitus defeats Antigonus fleet. Eumenes takes Babylon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 317.00 yyee Antigonus fights Eumenes in Mesopotamia until Eumenes is betrayed. Antigonus now controls Asia and the East Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 317.00 yyee Cassander conquers Athens and Macedon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 317.00 316.00 Siege of Pydna. Death of Olympias, mother of Alexander Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 315.00 312.00 1ST ANTIGONID WAR All ally against Antigonus and his son Demetrius. Much manoeuvring ensues Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 312.00 yyee Battle of Gaza Ptolemy defeats Demetrius, but Antigonus restores his position by 311 when peace is made. Antigonus has lost the East Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 311.00 308.00 Confused, futile campaigns on all sides Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 307.00 301.00 2ND ANTIGONID WAR Antigonus mounts second attempt to reunite Alexander's empire: all ally against him and Demetrius Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 307.00 yyee Demetius seizes Athens Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 306.00 yyee Battle of Salamis. Demetrius defeats Ptolemy's fleet. Antigonus and Demetrius assume titles of Joint Kings of the Empire; Ptolemy declares himself king of Egypt Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 304.00 yyee Battle of Thermopylae. Demetrius defeats Cassander and wins most of Greece and Thessaly Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 302.00 301.00 The allies invade Asia Minor and Syria, overwhelming Antigonus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 301.00 yyee Battle of Ipsus. Seleucus and Lysimachus defeat Antigonus, who is killed. They divide his kingdom and Cassander is recognised as king of Macedon. The war against Demetrius, with various re-alignments of alliance Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 294.00 yyee Demetrius takes Athens and Macedonia Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 293.00 yyee Demetrius expands into Thessaly etc. Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 292.00 yyee Demetrius invades Thrace Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 288.00 yyee Lysimachus and Pyrrhus of Epirus invade Macedonia Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 283.00 yyee Death of Demetrius Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 281.00 yyee Battle of Corupedium. Seleucus defeats Lysimachus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 280.00 yyee Death of Seleucus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 279.00 yyee Gauls raid Macedonia Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 277.00 yyee Battle of Lysimachia. Antiochus, son of Seleucus defeats the Gauls The rivals are now into a new generation, with established kingdoms: Antigonus II Tonatas (son of Demetrius) rules Macedon; Antiochus, son of Seleucid rules Asia Minor and Mesopotamia (Seleucid Empire), Ftolemy II rules Egypt Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 275.00 yyee Battle of the Elephants. Antiochus defeats the Galatians Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 274.00 272.00 Pyrrhus wars of conquest in Greece/Macedon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 274.00 yyee Pyrrhus conquers Macedon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 273.00 yyee Antigonus Gonatas retakes Macedon Mediterranean War of of . . 267.00 261.00 War of of Chremonides between Egypt and Macedon Mediterranean War of of . . 265.00 261.00 Siege of Athens by Antigonus Eioriatas Mediterranean War of Eumenes . . 263.00 261.00 War of Eumenes (Pergamine breakaway) Mediterranean War of Eumenes . . 263.00 yyee Battle near Sardis. Antiochus I defeated Mediterranean '2nd Syrian War'. . . 258.00 255.00 '2nd Syrian War'. Macedonians and Seleucids v. Egypt Mediterranean '2nd Syrian War'. . . 258.00 yyee Battle of Cos. Macedon defeats Egyptian fleet. Seleucids take Syria Mediterranean '3rd Syrian War' . . 245.00 241.00 '3rd Syrian War' Mediterranean '3rd Syrian War' . . 245.00 yyee Battle of Andros. Macedon and Rhodes defeat Egypt. Egypt fails to regain Syria Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . yyss yyee War of the Brothers (Seleucus II v. Antiochus Hierax) Battle of Ancyra. Hierax defeats Selucus Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 239.00 229.00 Wars of Demetrius II of Macedon Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 233.00 yyee Battle of Phylacia. Demetrius defeats Achaean League Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 229.00 222.00 War of Cleomenes Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 227.00 yyee Battle of Megalopolis. Cleomenes of Sparta defeats Achaean League Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 222.00 yyee Battle of Sellasia. Macedon and Achaeans defeat Cleomenes Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 219.00 yyee '4th Syrian War'. Seleucid Antiochus III attacks Egypt in Syria Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 217.00 yyee Battle of Raphia. Egyptians defeat Seleucus Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 220.00 217.00 Battle of the Allies (Mace don v. Aetolial Sparta) and Philip V of Macedon begins encroachments on Roman theatre Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 207.00 yyee Battle of Mantinea. Achaean League defeats Sparta Mediterranean Roman campaign . . 230.00 228.00 Roman campaign in Illyria Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 238.00 179.00 Wars of Philip Vof Macedon Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 217.00 205.00 1st Rome- Macedonian War Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 203.00 200.00 Macedonian/Seleucid War against Egypt Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 201.00 yyee Battle of Lade. Macedon defeats Rhodes' fleet Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 201.00 yyee Battle of Chios. Macedon defeated by Pergamum Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 200.00 196.00 2nd Rome- Macedonian War Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 199.00 198.00 Flamininus defeats Philip Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 197.00 yyee Battle of ~"Cynoscephalae. Philip defeated 184, 183, 181 Philip's Balkan campaigns Mediterranean Sicily . . yyss yyee Sicily Mediterranean Sicily . . 317.00 yyee Agathocles wars of conquest Mediterranean Sicily . . 312.00 yyee Agathocles begins conflict with Carthage Mediterranean Sicily . . 311.00 yyee Carthage wins Battle of Himera and besieges Syracuse Mediterranean Sicily . . 310.00 yyee Agathocles besieges Carthage to 307 Mediterranean Sicily . . 302.00 yyee Agathocles invades southern Italy Mediterranean Rome . . yyss yyee Rome 2nd Samnite Wars continued Mediterranean Rome . . 316.00 yyee Battle of Lantulae Mediterranean Rome . . 315.00 yyee Battle of Ciuna Mediterranean Rome . . 309.00 yyee Battle of Lake Vadimo Mediterranean Rome . . 306.00 yyee Battle of Mevania Mediterranean Rome . . 305.00 yyee Rome takes Bovanium Mediterranean Rome . . 304.00 yyee Peace. Rome annexes Campania Mediterranean Rome . . 298.00 290.00 3RD SAMNITE WAR Mediterranean Rome . . 298.00 yyee Battle of Camerinum Mediterranean Rome . . 295.00 yyee Battle of Sentinum Mediterranean Rome . . 293.00 yyee Battle of Aquilonia Mediterranean Rome . . 285.00 282.00 ROMAN CONQUEST OF CELTIC ITALY Mediterranean Rome . . 285.00 yyee Battle of Arretium Mediterranean Rome . . 283.00 yyee Battle of Lake Vadimo Mediterranean Rome . . 282.00 yyee Battle of Populonia ends Etruscan resistance Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 281.00 272.00 Pyrrhic Wars Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 280.00 yyee Battle of Heraclea Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 279.00 yyee Battle of Auschlum Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 275.00 yyee Battle of Beneventum Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 272.00 yyee Blockade and fall of Tarentum. Rome now dominates southern Italy too Mediterranean Last Samnite uprising . . 269.00 yyee Last Samnite uprising against Rome quashed Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 264.00 241.00 1st Punic War Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 262.00 yyee Rome takes Agrigentum Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 260.00 yyee Battle of Lipari Is Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 260.00 yyee Battle of Mylae Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 259.00 yyee Roman invasion of Corsica, Malta, Sardinia Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 256.00 yyee Battle of Cape Ecnomus Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 256.00 yyee Battle of Adys Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 255.00 yyee Battle of Tunis Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 251.00 yyee Battle of Panormus I Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 250.00 yyee Battle of Panormus Il 250/49 Battle of Drepanum Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 242.00 yyee Rome takes Lilybaeum and Drepanum Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 241.00 yyee Battle of Aegates Is Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 241.00 yyee Peace. Carthage gives up Sicily Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 241.00 237.00 Mutiny of the Carthaginian army Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 238.00 yyee Rome seizes Corsica and Sardinia Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 238.00 229.00 Carthage conquest of south-eastern Spain to Ebro frontier Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 219.00 yyee Carthage captures Saguntum provoking full- scale war with Rome Mediterranean 2nd Punic war . . 218.00 202.00 2nd Punic war Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 219.00 203.00 HANNIBALS CAMPAIGN IN ITALY Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 218.00 yyee Hannibal crosses Alps. Battle of Ticinus, Trebbia Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 217.00 yyee Battle of Lake Trasimene Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 217.00 yyee Battle of Gerunium Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 216.00 yyee Battle of Cannae Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 215.00 yyee Neapolis/Bruttium campaign Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 214.00 yyee Battle of Beneventum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 213.00 yyee Hannibal takes Tarentum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 212.00 211.00 Siege of Capua Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 212.00 yyee Battle of Herdonea I Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 210.00 yyee Battle of Herdonea Il Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 207.00 yyee Battle of the Metaurus Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 205.00 yyee Mago takes Genoa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 203.00 yyee Hannibal returns to Africa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . yyss yyee SPANISH THEATRE Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 218.00 yyee Battle of Celsa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 217.00 yyee Battle of Ebro (naval) Battle of Ibera Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 213.00 yyee Rome.take Saguntum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 211.00 yyee Battle of Lorqui Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 209.00 yyee Rome takes-Nota Carthago Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 208.00 yyee Battle of Baecula Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 206.00 yyee Battle of Ilipa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . yyss yyee SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 218.00 yyee Carthage attacks -Lilybaeum but is repulsed Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 215.00 yyee Sardinia revolts against Rome. Battle of Cavales Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 215.00 212.00 Sicily campaign. Romans storm Syracuse Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 210.00 219.00 Carthage incursion to Agrigentum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . yyss yyee AFRICA Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 204.00 yyee Scipio invades and besieges Utica Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 203.00 yyee Battle near Utica Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 203.00 yyee Battle of Great Plains Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 203.00 yyee Hannibal returns to Africa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 202.00 yyee Battle of Zama. Final defeat of Hannibal by Scipio Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe 200-191, 186, 181 Insubre, Boii uprisings in Cisalpine Gaul (sporadic) China . . . yyss yyee China Qin or Ch'in Dynasty China . . . 221.00 yyee 'The First Emperor' Qin Shi Huang-Ti unites 'civilised' China, improves the Great Wall and institutes great centralising reforms (uniform coinage, writing, canals, roads, etc). [His vast tomb and its defending garrisons of terra-cotta warriors are only now being excavated] China . . . 206.00 yyee Massive rebellions rock China after death of First Emperor China . . . 206.00 yyee or 202 Liy-Bang again re-unites China and founds the Han Dynasty, which colonises southern and south-western China, Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia, opening the Silk Road to the West and sea routes to Burma and India Wars of expansion of Han rulers, 206-113: campaigns eliminate Yuen Kingdoms of the south-east coast Mid-2nd century offensive against the Hsiung-Nu Mid-2nd century northern Vietnam occupied China . . . 117.00 115.00 Chiang tribes conquered China . . . 117.00 100.00 Western expansion China . . . 108.00 yyee Invasions of China and Indochina 2nd half of 1st century sees beginning of Han decline China . . . 33.00 yyee Peasant Revolts Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Rome's Macedonian Wars . . yyss yyee Rome's Macedonian Wars Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 215.00 205.00 1ST MACEDONIAN- ROMAN WAR Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 214.00 yyee Philip V seizes Oricum Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 213.00 yyee Philip invades Illyria Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 212.00 211.00 Operations in central Greece Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 207.00 yyee Battle of Mantinea (Sparta defeated by Achaean Leauge) Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 205.00 yyee Peace Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 202.00 yyee Philip campaigns in the Bosporus Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 201.00 yyee Battle of Lade Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 200.00 106.00 2ND MACEDONIAN- ROMAN WAR Rome invades Epirus Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 199.00 yyee Battle of Ottalobus Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 197.00 yyee Battle of Cynoscephalae ('Jena of Macedon') Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 195.00 yyee Flamininus campaigns in Greece Persia . . . yyss yyee Persia Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 216.00 196.00 Wars of Antiochus the Great (Seleucid King of Syria) Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 216.00 213.00 Antiochus' Sardis campaign Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 210.00 yyee Antiochus regains Armenia Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 202.00 yyee Antiochus invades Syria Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 200.00 yyee Battle of Panion and siege of Sidon (-199) Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 199.00 yyee Antiochus secures all Palestine Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 197.00 yyee Antiochus conquers south-west coast of Asia Minor and Thrace Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 192.00 188.00 ROME'S WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 192.00 yyee Antiochus invades Greece Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 191.00 yyee Battle of Thermopylae loses Greece for Antiochus. Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 191.00 yyee Battle of Cape Corycus Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 190.00 yyee Rome invades Asia Minor across Hellespont Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 140.00 yyee Battle of Side Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 190.00 yyee Battle of Myonnesus Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 189.00 yyee Battle of Magnesia. L. Scipio defeats Antiochus. End of strong Seleucid kingdom Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . yyss yyee Rome in Spain Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 195.00 133.00 1st Celtiberian War. First phase to 179 Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 153.00 151.00 Renewed war Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 134.00 133.00 Numantine War. Final siege and fall of Numantia Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 154.00 137.00 Lusitanian War Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . yyss yyee Cisalpine Gaul Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 197.00 196.00 Roman campaigns v. Insubre, Boii, etc Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 193.00 yyee Roman campaigns v. Insubre, Boii, etc Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 183.00 177.00 Roman campaigns in Istria Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 181.00 177.00 Sardinian revolt and pacification Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 169.00 yyee Egyptians invade Palestine v. Antioch IV (Seleucid). Antiochus' counter-invades Egypt Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 167.00 yyee Antiochus temporarily controls Egypt and Cyprus Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 171.00 168.00 3rd Macedonian War Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 171.00 yyee Battle of Callicinus Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 168.00 yyee Battle of Pydna Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 186.00 yyee Bithynia-Pergamum War Asia Minor . . . yyss yyee Asia Minor Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 167.00 160.00 Revolt of the Maccabees (Palestine) Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 165.00 yyee Battle of Emmaus Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 164.00 yyee Battle of Beth-Sur Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 162.00 yyee Battle of Beth- Zachariah Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 160.00 yyee Battle of Adsa Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 160.00 yyee Battle of Elasa Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 151.00 yyee Carthage-Numidian War Rome . . . yyss yyee Rome Rome 3rd Punic War. . . 149.00 146.00 3rd Punic War. Carthage city razed to the ground by Rome Rome General . . yyss yyee General Rome General . . 154.00 yyee Roman campaign v. Ligurians Rome General . . 152.00 145.00 Egyptian-Seleucid War in Palestine/Syria Rome General . . 145.00 yyee Battle of Oenoparas Rome 4th Macedonian . . 149.00 148.00 4th Macedonian War (pretender) Rome 4th Macedonian . . 146.00 yyee End of Achaean League Rome 4th Macedonian . . 146.00 yyee Battle of Scarpheia. Rome takes control of all Greece Rome 4th Macedonian . . 133.00 yyee King Attalus bequeaths Pergamum to Rome Rome 4th Macedonian . . 132.00 130.00 Pergamine revolt quelled by Rome Rome 1st Servile War . . 135.00 132.00 1st Servile War against Rome Rome 1st Servile War . . 129.00 118.00 Egyptian Civil War Rome 1st Servile War . . 129.00 176.00 Rome conquers Dalmatia Rome 1st Servile War . . 125.00 120.00 Rome conquest of southern Gaul (to Cevennes) Rome Jugurthine War . . 117.00 105.00 Jugurthine War Rome Jugurthine War . . 111.00 yyee Roman intervention Rome Jugurthine War . . 110.00 yyee Battle of Calama Rome Jugurthine War . . 109.00 yyee Battle of'MuthuI' Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 113.00 101.00 Invasion of Gaul and Italy by Cimbri and Teutones Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 113.00 yyee Battle of Noreia Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 109.00 yyee Battle in Rhone valley Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 105.00 yyee Battle of Arausio Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 102.00 yyee Battle of Aquae Sextiae Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 101.00 yyee Battle ofVercellae Rome 2nd Servile War 104-101 . . yyss yyee 2nd Servile War 104-101 Rome 2nd Servile War 104-101 . . 103.00 176.00 Wars of Alexander Jannaeus Rome Judaean War -96-90 . . 103.00 yyee Judaean War -96-90 Rome Judaean War -96-90 . . 102.00 yyee Roman campaign v. Cilician pirates Rome Spain . . yyss yyee Spain Rome Spain . . ?tokens left: 99 <***> , ?tokens left: 99 <***> , Lusitanian revolts Rome The Social War . . 91.00 98.00 The Social War against Rome (War of Rome's allied tribes) Rome The Social War . . 90.00 yyee Battle of Tolenos R Rome The Social War . . 89.00 yyee Battle of Fucine Lake Rome The Social War . . 89.00 yyee Battle of Asculu Rome The Social War . . 89.00 yyee Battle near Pompeii Rome The Social War . . 89.00 88.00 Egyptian Civil War Rome The Social War . . 88.00 yyee Turmoil in Rome. Sulla marches on Rome Rome The Social War . . 87.00 yyee Counter-coup of Marius and Cinna in Rome Rome Sullan War . . 83.00 82.00 Sullan War Rome Sullan War . . 83.00 yyee Sulla's return from the East. Battle of Mt Tifata. Sulla victorious Rome Sullan War . . 82.00 yyee Battle of Sacriportus, Faventia, Clusium, Colline Gate. Sulla victorious over Marians Rome Pompey campaigns . . 82.00 80.00 Pompey campaigns against rebels in Africa/Sicily Rome Pompey campaigns . . 81.00 79.00 Sulla Dictator Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 88.00 85.00 1st Mithridatic War (Pontus v. Rome) Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 88.00 yyee Mithridates invades Cappadocia Battle of Arnnias River Athens rises against Rome Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 87.00 yyee Sulla in command of operations in the East Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 87.00 85.00 Sulla campaigns in Greece Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86.00 yyee Battle of Mileopolis. Fimbria defeats Pontic army Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86.00 yyee Athens retaken by Sulla Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86.00 yyee Battle of Chaeronea. Sulla defeats Pontic army Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86.00 yyee Battle of Cyzicus. Lucullus victorious Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85.00 yyee Battle of Orchomenus. Sulla defeats Pontic army Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85.00 yyee Battle of Rhyndacus Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85.00 yyee Battle of Lectum, Battle of Tenedos Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85.00 yyee Sulla crosses to Asia Minor Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 83.00 yyee Parthian conquest of Syria Rome Sertorian War . . 83.00 72.00 Sertorian War (Spain) (Metellus) Rome Sertorian War . . 77.00 yyee Pompey joins Metellus in Spain Rome Sertorian War . . 76.00 yyee Battle of Lauro, Battle of Italica Rome Sertorian War . . 75.00 yyee Battle of Turia, Battle of Sucro, Battle of Turia 72/3 Sertorius assassinated Rome 2nd Mithridatic War . . 83.00 82.00 2nd Mithridatic War (Mithridates repulses Murena) Rome General . . yyss yyee General Rome General . . 77.00 yyee Revolt of Lepidus Battle of Cosa (then Pompey transfers to Spain) Rome General . . 78.00 76.00 Roman campaign v. Cilician pirates Rome General . . 74.00 yyee Marcus Antonius' campaign v. pirates (fails) Rome 3rd Servile War . . 72.00 71.00 3rd Servile War (Revolt of Spartacus) Rome 3rd Servile War . . 72.00 yyee Battle of Mt Garganus Rome 3rd Servile War . . 72.00 yyee Battle in Picenum, Battle of Mutina Rome 3rd Servile War . . 71.00 yyee Crassus and Pompey march on Rome Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 74.00 62.00 3rd Mithridatic War Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 74.00 yyee River battle of Rhyndacus. Mithridates invades Bithynia Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 73.00 yyee Battle of Lemnos Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 69.00 yyee Battle of Tigranocerta. Lucullus defeats Pontic army Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 68.00 yyee Battle of Arsanias River Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 67.00 yyee Battle of Zela. Mithridates defeats Romans Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 66.00 yyee Pompey assumes command against Mithridates Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 64.00 62.00 Pompey campaigns in upper Mesopotamia and Syria and settles Roman affairs in the East Rome General . . yyss yyee General Rome General . . 67.00 yyee Pompey's campaign v. piracy in the Mediterranean Rome General . . 65.00 yyee R intervenes in Judaea. Battle of Papyron Rome General . . 63.00 2.00 REVOLT OF CATILINA Rome General . . 62.00 yyee Battle of Pistoria Rome General . . 60.00 yyee 1st Triumvirate rules Rome (Pompey, Crassus, Caesar) Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58.00 50.00 Caesar's Conquest of Gaul Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58.00 yyee Campaigns against Helvetii and Suebi Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58.00 yyee Battle of TouIon-sur- Arroux Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58.00 yyee Battle near Cernay Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 57.00 yyee Campaign against Belgae Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 57.00 yyee Battle of Neuf-Mesnil Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 56.00 yyee Campaign against maritime tribes of the west Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 56.00 yyee Battle of Quiberon Bay Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55.00 yyee Campaigns on northern border of Gaul Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55.00 yyee 1st invasion of Britain Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 54.00 yyee 2nd invasion of Britain Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 54.00 yyee Rebellion of Ambiorix Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 53.00 yyee Revolt of Ambiorix. Battle of Aduatuca. Ambiorix defeats Sabinus. Campaigns against the Nervii, etc. Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52.00 yyee Rebellion of Vercingetorix Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52.00 yyee Battle of Gergovia Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52.00 yyee Battle of Lutetia Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52.00 yyee Siege and battle of Alesia Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 51.00 yyee Siege of Uxellodunum Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55.00 yyee Gabinus intervenes in Egyptian succession crisis Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55.00 yyee Parthian succession crisis Rome Parthian campaigu of . . 54.00 53.00 Parthian campaigu of Crassus Rome Parthian campaigu of . . 53.00 yyee Battle of Carrhae. Romans defeated, Crassus killed Rome Roman Civil War . . yyss yyee Roman Civil War Rome Roman Civil War . . 49.00 yyee Bloodless conquest of Italy by Caesar Rome Roman Civil War . . 49.00 yyee 1ST SPANISH CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 49.00 yyee Manoeuvres of Ilerda Rome Roman Civil War . . 49.00 yyee Siege of Massilia Rome Roman Civil War . . 49.00 yyee Curio defeated in Africa at Battle of the Bagradas Rome Roman Civil War . . 49.00 yyee Mutiny of Caesar's army at Placentia Rome Roman Civil War . . 48.00 yyee DYRRHACHIUM CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 48.00 yyee Siege of Dyrrhachium Rome Roman Civil War . . 48.00 yyee Campaign and battle of Pharsalia. Caesar defeats Pompey Rome Roman Civil War . . 48.00 47.00 CAESAR'S EGYPTIAN (ALEXANDRIAN) CAMPAIGN. Battle of Nile Delta. Battle of Canopus. Caesar sets Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt Rome Roman Civil War . . 47.00 yyee Battle of Nicopolis. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates the Great, defeats Caesar's lieutenant Domitius Rome Roman Civil War . . 47.00 yyee Caesar's Asian campaign. Battle of Zela. Caesar routs Pharnaces Rome Roman Civil War . . 47.00 yyee Mutiny of troops in Rome Rome Roman Civil War . . 47.00 46.00 CAESAR'S AFRICAN CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 46.00 yyee Battles of Ruspina and Thapsus. Caesar defeats Pompey's associates Rome Roman Civil War . . 46.00 45.00 CAESAR'S 2ND SPANISH CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 45.00 yyee Battle of Munda Rome Roman Civil War . . 44.00 yyee Assassination of Julius Caesar Rome Wars of the 2nd . . yyss yyee Wars of the 2nd Triumvirate Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 43.00 yyee Mutina war. Battle of Mutina Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 43.00 yyee 2nd Triumvirate rules Rome (Antony, Octavian, Lepidus) Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 42.00 yyee Philippi Campaign Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 42.00 yyee Battles of Philippi. Antony and Octavian defeat Brutus, Cassius and the other associates of Caesar Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 40.00 yyee Parthia conquest of Syria, southern Asia Minor Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 41.00 40.00 War of Perusia. Siege of Peru si a Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 43.00 35.00 SEXTUS POMPEY'S WAR Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 36.00 yyee Battle of Mylae Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 36.00 yyee Battle of Naulochus Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 39.00 33.00 ANTONY'S PARTHIAN WAR Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 38.00 yyee Battle of Gindarus Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 36.00 yyee Antony's Parthian invasion fails Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 34.00 yyee Antony's Armenian campaign Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 35.00 33.00 Octavian's Illyrian Campaign Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 32.00 31.00 WAR BETWEEN ANTONY (WITH CLEOPATRA) AND OCTAVIAN Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 31.00 yyee Battle of Actium. Antony and Egyptians defeated. Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 25.00 24.00 Gallus's Arabian Expedition Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 26.00 24.00 Augustus' conquest of north-west Iberia Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 26.00 yyee Battle of Vellica Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 30.00 28.00 Roman frontier operations in the Balkans Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 25.00 24.00 Gallus's Arabian expedition Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 17.00 14.00 Roman operations in Rhine-Danube area Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 14.00 yyee Agrippa intervenes in Bosporan kingdom Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 12.00 yyee German campaigns begin Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 12.00 9.00 Campaigns of Drusus Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 8.00 yyee Tiberius takes command in Germany > BC to AD transition China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 9.00 23.00 Wang Mang usurps throne; 23 restoration of the Han Meanwhile the external menace of the Hsiung-nu begins to become major threat Late 1st century Emperor Wu-ti launches a drive against the Hsiung-nu west into central Asia China . . . 25.00 yyee Eastern Han Court factionalism weakens central authority by c.160; regional commanders become autonomous China . . . 184.00 yyee Mass uprising - the 'Yellow Turbans' China . . . 220.00 yyee Hsien-ti, the last Han emperor, abdicates and China splits into three kingdoms: Wei (North), which becomes Western Ch'in; Shu (West); Wu (South) China . . . 263.00 yyee Wei conquer Shu China . . . 265.00 yyee Ssuma coup in Wei Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 4.00 yyee Armenian succession crisis Middle East . . . 5.00 6.00 Gaetrilian Revolt in Mauretania Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . yyss yyee Europe: Wars of Imperial Rome Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 6.00 9.00 Pannonian revolt put down by Tiberius Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 7.00 yyee Battle of Volcaean Marsh. Tiberius, ambushed, defeats the rebels Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 9.00 yyee Revolt in the newly won area of Germany by Arminius. Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 9.00 yyee Battle of the Teutoburger Wald (or Clades Variana). A great disaster for Rome: P. Quintillius Varus is defeated with the loss of some 20,000 men. Effectively, this means the end of Roman plans to expand to the Elbe. Subsequent campaigns are raids rather than attempts at conquest Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 14.00 16.00 Revolt of German legions. Germanicus quells then campaigns into Germany Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 16.00 yyee Battle of Idistaviso. Germanicus worsts Arminius. He is then deployed to the East, but dies, possibly poisoned, at Antioch Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 17.00 24.00 Revolt of Nurnidian chief Tacfarinus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 22.00 yyee Battle of Thala Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 21.00 yyee Gallic Revolt of Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 25.00 yyee Thracian Revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 28.00 41.00 Frisian Revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 35.00 52.00 Armenian succession operations Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 40.00 49.00 Conquest of Britain begun. After an aborted invasion in 40, Aulus Plautius leads a full-scale expedition in 43. By 49 the Romans have reached the Severn and the Wash. After the defeat of Caractacus, operations remain low- key until 61 Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 35.00 52.00 Armenian succession operations I 61 Revolt of the Iceni in Britain. Boudicca of the Iceni takes Camulodunum and Lincoln before Suetonius Paulinus defeats her near Lichfield Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 66.00 68.00 Judaean revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 70.00 73.00 Siege of Massada Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 68.00 yyee Revolt of Julius Vindex (suppressed), precursor to the major revolt against Emperor Nero, who kills himself when the Praetorian Guard support the usurper Galba Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69.00 70.00 ROMAN WAR OF SUCCESSION Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69.00 yyee Year of the Four Emperors. A successton of coups raise Otho, then Vitellius to the throne Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69.00 yyee Battle of Locus Castorum. Otho's ally Caecina fails to defeat the Vitellians Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69.00 yyee First Battle of Bedriacum (Cremona). Vitellius vanquishes Otho Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69.00 yyee Second Battle of Bedriacum. Vespasian's legions defeat Vitellius Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 71.00 74.00 Brigantine War in Britain results in the advance of the Roman frontier farther north Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 72.00 yyee Upper Euphrates campaign stabilises frontier for half a century Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 73.00 74.00 'Basel re-entrant' annexed in Germany Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 78.00 84.00 Cn Julius Agricola campaigns in Scotland, but the Romans are now over-extended Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 84.00 yyee Battle of Mons Graupius. Agricola defeats Picts Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 89.00 yyee Revolt of Saturninus in Germany Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 97.00 98.00 Suebian War WARS OF HADRIAN Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 101.00 102.00 First Dacian War. Trajan invades and wins at Tapae (101), but severe losses and difficult terrain slow the Roman advance Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 102.00 yyee First Battle of Sarmizegethusa (Dacian capital) defeats Dacian King Decebalus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 105.00 106.00 Second Dacian War. Trajan's major offensive conquers Dacia completely Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 106.00 yyee Second Battle of Sarmizegethusa. The Roman province of Dacia is established Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 113.00 116.00 Trajan's conquest of Parthia and Armenia Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 115.00 117.00 Revolts in Cyrenaica, Egypt and Palestine Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 116.00 117.00 Mesopotamian revolt 122/3-c.128 Hadrian's Wall built in Britain; it will become Rome's northern frontier Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 132.00 135.00 Bar Kochba revolt in Palestine Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 134.00 yyee Recapture of Jerusalem Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 139.00 142.00 Brigantine Revolt in Britain and operations Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . ?tokens left: 155 <***> , 158.00 Lollius Urbicus builds the Antonine Wall between the Clyde and the Forth Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 145.00 152.00 Mauretanian disturbances Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 152.00 153.00 Egyptian rising Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 161.00 yyee Parthian War Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 157.00 158.00 Dacian operations Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . ?tokens left: 167 <***> , 172.01 and after Danube security operations. Pressure from Germanic tribes including Chatti, Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges, Roxolani, etc., provoke Roman trans- Danube punitive raids. The scale of imperial commitment to the northern frontiers increases dramatically. After two centuries of relative stability and peace, the Roman Empire is approaching a period of crisis within and without Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 175.00 176.00 Revolt of Aridius Cassius in Syria Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 184.00 yyee Antonine Wall overrun 18'4-186 Mutiny oflegions in Britain Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 190.00 yyee African revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 192.00 197.00 Emperor Commodus assassinated. Rivals for the throne are eliminated by L. Septimius Severus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 193.00 yyee Battle of Cyzicus 194-195197-199 Septimius Severus's Parthian campaigns Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 194.00 yyee Battle of Issus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 195.00 197.00 Revolt of Albinus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 197.00 yyee Battle of Lugdunum (Lyons); city destroyed, as Albinus is defeated by Severans Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 209.00 yyee Major expedition to Moray Firth in Scotland led by Septimius Severus. Hadrian's Wall renovated to become new frontier in Britain Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 213.00 214.00 Alemanni campaign of Caracalla. Defensive limes completed in Rhine- Danube re-entrant Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 214.00 yyee Theocritus's Armenian campaign Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 215.00 yyee Caracalla's Alexandrian Massacres Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 216.00 217.00 Caracalla's Eastern Campaign Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 216.00 yyee Battle of Nisibis Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 218.00 yyee Battle of Antioch Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 227.00 yyee Ardashir Artaxerxes establishes Sassanid Empire India . . . yyss yyee India Yueh-chi Chief Kujula Kadphises conquers northern India After 100, Zenith of Kusnana under Kanishka 2nd century, Satarahanas (Deccan) Early 3rd century Pandya King Nedunjeliyan wins major victory over Ceras By about 250 Kushans reduced to Gandhara and Kashmir and become vassals of Sassanid Persia China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 280.00 yyee China reunified by Western Ch'in 'Wars of the Eight Princes' - internal dynastic conflicts wreck the authority of the central administration 'The Sixteen Kingdoms' or 'The Five Barbarians' disruption of China'. Some five barbarian groups conquer China Near-permanent warfare exists between the states of northern China and many refugees nee south from the northern barbarian invaders China . . . 383.00 yyee Chien Ch'in invades south but is repulsed South China Dynasties Eastern Ch'in; Song; Qi; Liang; Chen End of the 6th century Yang Chien conquers the south and reunites China, founding the Sui dynasty Rome . . . yyss yyee Rome Crisis of the Roman Empire After the assassination of Caracalla (217), a succession of emperors are raised to the throne by their legions, only to be assassinated, overthrown by a rival or even by their own troops. Records of this period are poor but point to almost constant warfare within the empire and with the tribes north of the Rhine and Danube, together with continuing conflict in the East. Many battles are fought during this period, but they are rarely named, and details are few. Alemanni and Goths are the principal enemies in Europe. The strain on manpower and the economic resources of the empire is immense. And plague hits Rome in Rome . . . 262.00 yyee Rome . . . 231.00 233.00 Severus Alexander's Eastern campaign Rome . . . 234.00 235.00 Alemanni War Rome . . . 236.00 237.00 Sarmatian{Dacian campaigns Rome . . . 238.00 yyee War with Sassanias Rome . . . 240.00 yyee Carthage rebellion Rome . . . 244.00 yyee Balkan trans-Danube tribal invasions Rome . . . 251.00 yyee Battle of Abritus. Emperor Decius perishes fighting the Goths Rome . . . 251.00 yyee Battle of Forum Trebroni Rome . . . 253.00 260.00 Rome-Persian War Rome . . . 259.00 yyee Battle of Edessa Rome . . . 260.00 yyee Emperor Valentinian made prisoner by Persians Rome . . . 256.00 yyee Saxons raid British coasts 258/9 Alemanni break into northern Italy where they are repulsed by Gallienus Rome . . . 269.00 yyee Battle of Naissus. Claudius defeats the Goths Rome . . . 260.00 yyee -274/5 'Postumus's Gallic Empire'. C. Latinius Postumus proclaims himself emperor at Cologne. Gaul is recovered in 275 after Battle of Campi Catalaunii by Emperor Aurelian ('Restitutor Orbis', reuniting the Empire); but he is assassinated in 275. During his reign, construction begins on the walls of Rome, which has not been necessary since Republican times Rome . . . 262.00 267.00 Odaenathus of Palmyra's campaigns v. Persia Rome . . . 273.00 yyee Palmyra destroyed Rome . . . 282.00 283.00 Carus invades Mesopotamia Persians occupy much of the East during Roman strife Rome . . . 285.00 yyee Battle of Margus (against rival Carinus) establishes Diocletian as emperor who will 're- found' the empire Rome . . . 286.00 293.00 Carausius declares independence in Britain and northern Gaul but is assassinated by Allectus Rome . . . 293.00 yyee THE TETRARCHY - The Collegiate Emperors. Diocletian splits the running of the empire between two emperors with deputies/designated successors. The aim is continuity and increased efficiency in fighting off the incursions of barbarians from across the Rhine and Danube. The frontier is too long for one man to command it. And the capital, Rome, is no longer a strategic base for such operations Rome . . . 295.00 298.00 Crisis - Narses of Persia at war; Achillus in Egypt; Julianus and Quinquegentanei in Africa; Carausius in Britain; plus warfare on Rhine and Danube fronts Rome . . . 296.00 yyee Battle of Clausentum. Tetrarch Constantius recovers Britain for Rome Rome . . . 297.00 yyee Battle of Carrhae - Persians defeat Galerius 297/8 Battle of Langres - great victory over Alemanni Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 306.00 yyee -323/4 Wars of the Tetrarchs Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 312.00 yyee Constantine takes Italy from Maxentius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 312.00 yyee Battles of Turin, Verona, Saxa Rubra. Constantine defeats the troops of Maxentius_ Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 312.00 yyee Battle of Milvian Bridge. Maxentius is killed. Constantine is converted to Christianity during the campaign and in future wears the sign of the labarum on his army's shields Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 313.00 yyee Licinius defeats Maximin Daia Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 313.00 yyee Constantine campaigns on Rhine Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 314.00 yyee First War between Constantine and Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 315.00 yyee Battle of Cibalis. Constantine defeats Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 315.00 yyee Battle of Mardis is indecisive 323/324 War between Constantine and Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 323.00 yyee Battle of Philippopolis-Adrianople. Constantine outmanoeuvres Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 323.00 yyee Battle of Chrysopolis. Licinius is defeated, surrenders and is later executed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 328.00 yyee Constantine consecrates his new capital Constantinople (formerly Byzantium); the city has been under reconstruction as the imperial capital for four years. Strategically it will be better placed than Rome to meet the threats to the empire from the north and from the east. Gradually the Roman Empire will become more permanently divided into West and East, but while the West will succumb in a century and a half to the barbarians from across the Rhine and Danube, Constantinople, as capital of the 'Byzantine' Empire, will remain the bastion of the empire, now officially a Christian state, for more than 1100 years. Traditionally historians have seen this development as ushering in the Middle Ages Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 332.00 yyee Constantine's son, Constantine, fights Goths on the Danube and inflicts a significant defeat on them Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 340.00 yyee Constantine II invades Italy after disputes with his brothers Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 340.00 yyee Battle of Aquileia. Constantine II defeated and killed by Constans 341;342 Constans defeats Gauls Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 350.00 353.00 War against Magnetius. 351 Battle of Mursa. Constantius defeats barbarian usurper Magnetius, the first major triumph of cataphract armoured cavalry over infantry legions Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 354.00 yyee Gallic crisis. Major incursions of barbarian tribes; from 364 constant operations on the Rhine- Danube frontier Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 356.00 361.00 Rhine-Danube operations Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 356.00 359.00 Julian (the Apostate),s Rhineland campaigns Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 361.00 yyee Julian's War with Constantius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 358.00 361.00 Persian War Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 363.00 yyee Julian's campaign in East. Jovian signs '30 Year Peace' 368/9-370371-377 Valens' Armenian operations in Crisis East 370s Huns attack the Ostrogothic kingdom. Increasingly, the advance of the Huns from the steppe into eastern Europe is putting pressure on the tribes to their south and west; in turn, these tribes increase their attempts to cross the perimeter of the Roman Empire, seeking land in which to settle. And the frontier regions of the empire are becoming depopulated as a result of constant raids and depradations Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 376.00 382.00 GOTHIC WAR Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 378.00 yyee Battle of Adrianople. One of the great decisive battles of history. The Huns defeat the Romans and the Emperor of the East, Valens, is killed. The Huns achieve their breakthrough into the empire. It is the beginning of the end of empire in the west. Fritigern leads the Goths into Thrace and Greece. That this disaster on the battlefield is not immediately fatal to the empire is due to Theodosius the Great (379-395), who restores order in the empire. But the writing is on the wall Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 383.00 388.00 Revolt of Maximus Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 392.00 394.00 Revolt of Eugenius. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 394.00 yyee Battle of the Frigidus, near Aquileia. Theodosius defeats Eugenius, who is killed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 395.00 yyee Huns invade Cappadeonia, Armenia, Thrace and Syria Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 395.00 yyee The division between Eastern and Western Empires becomes permanent. After the death of Theodosius, the decline of the empire becomes steeper. His heirs are not up to the task of maintaining the empire and increasingly delegate the running of affairs to their chief ministers while isolating themselves from the realities of the world in Ravenna. In the West, a succession of Masters of Horse (commanders-in- chief of the armies) are left to decide policy. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 395.00 398.00 Alaric the Goth's campaign in Greece. Stilicho, Western Emperor Honorius's Master of Horse, cannot prevent the Goths, under Alaric, going where they please: Greece, Illyricum and then into Italy. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 399.00 yyee Revolt of Tribigild Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 400.00 yyee Revolt of Gildo Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 400.00 yyee Goth uprising Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 401.00 403.00 Alaric the Goth's first invasion of Italy Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 402.00 yyee Battle of Poll entia. Stilicho defeats the Goths, but not decisively Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 405.00 yyee Barbarian crossing of the Alps repulsed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 406.00 407.00 Great barbarian breakthrough into Gau!. At the end of December Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 406.00 yyee barbarian hordes cross the frozen Rhine at Mainz. There is no Imperial army to halt them. This is the second great break-in. From here, the tribes pour into Gaul Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 407.00 yyee Revolt of Constantinus in Britain. He invades Gaul, which is meanwhile being devastated by Vandal tribes progressing south Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 407.00 410.00 Alaric's second invasion of Italy. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 410.00 yyee sack of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 408.00 yyee Huns are active on the lower Danube Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 409.00 411.00 Revolt of Maximus Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 412.00 418.00 The Visigoths leave Italy and enter Gaul and the Iberian peninsula Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 413.00 yyee Revolt of Heraclian The Goths establish themselves in southern Gaul with sporadic footholds in northern Spain. There is almost constant warfare with other barbarian tribes and the Romans Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 422.00 yyee Huns raid Thrace Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 424.00 425.00 On the death of the Western Emperor Honorius in 423, Theodosius II of the Eastern Empire sends an army to place Valentinian HI (aged 4) on the Western throne. Aetius (390-454) is meanwhile Master of Horse, making use of barbarian mercenaries (including Huns) to maintain some sort of Imperial authority in the West 430s Led by Clodion, the Franks advance to the Somme 434/5 The Huns, raiding into Thrace, demand payment with menace from Constantinople Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 435.00 437.00 Aetius repulses Burgundian invasion of Upper Belgica 441-443,447-448 Attila leads the great confederation of Huns against 90nstantinople, laying waste the land and taking away vast booty. In the field they are all but invincible, but they lack the ability to assault or lay siege to major cities Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 451.00 yyee The Huns invade Gau!. Battle of Catalaunian Plains, or Cnalons. Aetius, with a mixed Roman army that includes a significant Visigoth element under their king, Theodoric defeats or holds the Huns, who retreat. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 452.00 yyee Attila invades Italy. With help, the Huns reduce and destroy the great city of Aquileia, but venture little farther south, ostensibly due to the intervention of the Pope, Leo, more plausibly because fodder for the Hun horses is in short supply and plague has broken out in Italy. This is the last great incursion by the Huns Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 453.00 yyee Attila dies; his empire does not long survive him Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 429.00 yyee Vandals enter Africa Vandals raid Mediterranean coasts Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 439.00 yyee Persian invasion of Armenia Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 440.00 441.00 Great expedition v. Vandals fails Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 455.00 yyee Vandal expedition sacks Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456.00 yyee Vandal invasion of Sicily repulsed by Ricimer Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 468.00 yyee Great expedition against the Vandals fails Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 454.00 yyee Visigoths attack the Bagaudae in north-west Gaul on behalf of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 455.00 yyee Battle of Nedao (location unknown). Breakup of the Hun empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 455.00 456.00 Usurpation of Avitus Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456.00 yyee Visigoths enter the Iberian peninsula in force Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456.00 yyee Battle of River Urbicus shatters the power of the Suebi tribes who have settled there Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 458.00 461.00 Emperor Majorian leads an expedition to Spain By 464 The Visigoths (capital Toulouse) have advanced their domain north to Loire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 466.00 484.00 Reign of Euric, founder of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain (which will last Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456.00 465.00 revolt of Aegidius in Gaul, which is a battleground between Franks moving south, Burgundians in the east, Visigoths in the south and Bretons in the north- west Britain, meanwhile, cut off from Rome by these barbarian powers, is now deemed lost to the empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 468.00 yyee and 472-3 The Visigoths conquer much of Spain Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 472.00 476.00 Anarchy in Italy, following the death of Ricirner (Master of Horse), who has made and unmade a series of unworthy emperors Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 475.00 yyee Odovacar (Odoacer) leads an army revolt. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 476.00 yyee End of Western Empire with enforced abdication of the young Emperor Romulus Augustulus. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 476.00 493.00 Odovacar rules Italy, nominally for the empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 475.00 477.00 Eastern Emperor Zeno deposed and returns to power Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 476.00 yyee Euric's Italian expedition repulsed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 481.00 511.00 Wars of Clovis expand the kingdom of the Franks Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 486.00 yyee Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 491.00 yyee Frank campaign against the Thuringians Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 500.00 yyee Campaign against the Burgundians Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 507.00 yyee Battle or voume. Clovis defeats Alaric and conquers all southern Gaul except Provence Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 523.00 yyee Campaign against the Burgundians Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 542.00 yyee Expeditions to Saragossa Ongoing campaigns for Septirnania (Provence) between Franks, Burgundians and Ostrogoths Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 488.00 yyee Ostrogoths. Led by Theodoric the Great, invade Italy 'on behalf of' the Eastern Empire to reclaim it from Odovacar. After much campaigning, the two leaders meet and Theodoric treacherously slays Odovacar. Theodoric (493-526) will be a major player in international diplomacy and rule nominally within the ambit of the Byzantine Empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 527.00 565.00 Justinian rules the Byzantine Empire and sets out to recover the West. His generals - especially Belisarius - are initially successful, but the enterprise places great strain on the empire's resources and cannot be sustained in the longer term Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 535.00 555.00 Byzantine conquest of Italy, bringing an end to the Ostrogothic Kingdom, but beginning a long period of turmoil and conflict in the peninsula Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 537.00 yyee Battle of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 541.00 yyee Battle of Faenza Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 546.00 yyee Battle of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 549.00 yyee Battle of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 552.00 yyee Battle of Tagina Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 553.00 yyee Battle of Mons Lactarius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 554.00 yyee Battle of Casilinum 520s-560s Sporadic conflicts between Slavs, Bulgars and Huns and Byzantium Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 533.00 yyee Battle of Ad Decimum. Bellisarius destroys Vandal Kingdom in North Africa India . . . yyss yyee India Mid 4th century Samudragupta and son Chandragupta II campaign and found Gupta Empire End of 5th century Hun incursions into northern India; after 500 the White Huns establish power in northern India until they are gradually expelled during the 6th century India . . . 510.00 yyee Battle of Airikina. Hun victory India . . . 511.00 yyee Huns sack Prayaya India . . . 3.00 yyee major dynasties emerge. Pushyabhutis of Kanauj, Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanci India . . . 600.00 630.00 Establishment of Pallava power by Mahendravarman I India . . . 608.00 642.00 Establishment of Chalukya power by Pulakeshin II India . . . 620.00 yyee Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha After 647 breakup of Kanavj Empire into small Rajput states China . . . yyss yyee China Assassination of Emperor Uang-ti leads to establishment of T'ang dynaty and ten years of Civil War China . . . 626.00 640.00 Chinese expansion into Central Asia and (temporarily) Korea China . . . 660.00 yyee destruction of Paekche state in Korea Autonomous military districts established to protect China's frontiers By 660s Chinese armies have penetrated India, the Tarim Basin, etc. China . . . 668.00 yyee destruction of Korean state of Koguryo and occupation of northern Korea until 676 withdrawal leaving Silla state in control China . . . 751.00 yyee Battle of Talas River. Muslims defeat Chinese China . . . 755.00 yyee Mutiny of An Lu-shan leads to weakening of the T'ang state and eventual descent into turmoil with large-scale peasant uprisings China . . . 763.00 783.00 Tibet takes Tarim Basin after withdrawal of Chinese garrisons China . . . 790.00 yyee Tufan Kingdom conquers China's Western provinces By about 900, final collapse of central authority, China splits into ten states with five short- lived dynasties 'Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms' Period Coup d'etat ends the last (later Chou) dynasty China . . . 960.00 yyee Northern Sung Dynasty China . . . 963.00 979.00 Sung re-unite much of China China . . . 979.00 1004.00 China-Liao border War China . . . 982.00 1126.00 China and Hsi- Hsia border wars China . . . 1125.00 1127.00 Northern tribes conquer northern China and establish Ch'in Empire By 1127 Sung control reduced to southern half of China: Southern Sung Empire China . . . 600.00 yyee Unification and expansion of Tibet Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanci China . . . 600.00 630.00 Establishment of Pallava power by Mahendravarman I China . . . 608.00 642.00 Establishment of Chalukya power by Pulakeshin II China . . . 620.00 yyee Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha After 647 breakup of Kanavj Empire into small Rajput states Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Mid-5th century Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain. Semi-legendary leaders Hengist and Horsa fight for the British king Vortigern against the Picts between 446 and 454; Hengis then establishes Jutish kingdom in Kent Britain . . . 480.00 500.00 Battle of Mount Badon (Mons Badiconus) victory over the invaders by legendary Arthur491 Sack of Pevensey by Aelle (first bretwalda, or hegemon) Resistance to invaders led by 'Aureius Ambrosius' Britain . . . 552.00 yyee Battle of Old Sarum. Cynric of the Gewissae defeats Britons Britain . . . 577.00 yyee Battle of Deorham. Ceawlin of the Gewissae defeats three British kings and extends nascent Wessex to the Severn Kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia form Northumbria, which gains supremacy. Edwin of Northumbria is 5th bretwalda and adopts Christianity Britain . . . 633.00 yyee Battle of Heathfield. Penda of Mercia and C'"adwallon of Gwynedd defeat and kill Edwin Britain . . . 634.00 yyee Battle of Heavenfield. Bretwalda Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon Britain . . . 642.00 yyee Battle of Oswestry/ Maserfield. Oswald defeated by Penda Britain . . . 655.00 yyee Battle of Winwaedsfield. Christian Oswy of Northumbria defeats and kills heathen Penda and becomes bretwalda. Britain . . . 661.00 yyee Mercia defeats West Saxons Britain . . . 675.00 704.00 Aethelred of Mercia defeats Northumbria decisively near the Trent. Northumbria declines Mercia reaches zenith under Aethenbald (716- 57) and Offa (757-96), latter styling himself King of all England. He builds defensive 'Offa's Dyke' from Dee to Wye, probably to prevent cattle raids. Mercia declines after Offa. Rise of We ss ex Byzantine Empire . . . yyss yyee Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire . . . 602.00 yyee Byzantine mutiny and anarchy - Civil War. Ongoing campaigns against Avar incursions Byzantine Empire . . . 603.00 yyee Revolt of Narsus. Persians involved in Edessa-Dara operations Byzantine Empire . . . 605.00 628.00 Byzantine- Sassanid War Byzantine Empire . . . 608.00 610.00 Revolt of Heraclius; becomes emperor 610-641 Byzantine Empire . . . 613.00 yyee Battle of Antioch Byzantine Empire . . . 626.00 yyee Constantinople besieged by Avars, Bulgars, Slavs, Gepids and Persians 627/8 Battle of Ctesiphon Wars of the Franks . . . yyss yyee Wars of the Franks Wars of the Franks . . . 575.00 yyee Inter-family strife among the Merovingians - a procession of minors (rois traineants). These internecine contlicts in the Frankish kingdoms lead to the rise of the Mayors who come to hold effective power Wars of the Franks . . . 670.00 yyee Ebroin, Mayor of Neustria conquers Burgundians Wars of the Franks . . . 687.00 yyee Battle of Tertry. Pepin II, Mayor of Austrasia, defeats Berthar, Mayor of Neustria. He is assassinated in 68!. Effective fall of Merovingians and beginning of the Carolingian rulers of the Franks. Pepin becomes undisputed master of all Gaul except Aquitaine. The Merovingians remain puppets Wars of the Franks . . . 719.00 741.00 Charles MarteL He defeats Austrasians in two battles: Wars of the Franks . . . 716.00 yyee Battle of Ambleve. Wars of the Franks . . . 719.00 yyee Battle of Vi nay. Wars of the Franks . . . 719.00 yyee Battle of Soissons. He masters Burgundy Wars of the Franks . . . 720.00 739.00 Arab invasion of France Wars of the Franks . . . 720.00 yyee Arabs seize Septirnania Wars of the Franks . . . 732.00 yyee Tours or Poitiers (location unknown). Abd ar-Rahman defeated and killed by Charles Wars of the Franks . . . 737.00 yyee Charles takes Avignon from the Muslims Wars of the Franks . . . 738.00 yyee Charles's Saxon expedition Wars of the Franks . . . 739.00 yyee Charles repulses Muslim attack on Provence Charles also campaigns against Aquitaine and Alemans Wars of the Lombards . . . yyss yyee Wars of the Lombards Wars of the Lombards . . . 663.00 yyee Byzantine expedition of Emperor Constans to Italy fails to expel the Lombards Wars of the Lombards . . . 678.00 681.00 Treaty and peace between Lombards and Byzantium Wars of the Lombards . . . 700.00 712.00 Lombard succession contlicts Wars of the Lombards . . . 712.00 744.00 Liutprand King of the Lombards consolidated Lombard power in Italy Wars of the Lombards . . . 751.00 yyee Lombards take Ravenna, Byzantine capital in Italy Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East 630s-650s MUSLIM WARS OF CONQUEST Muslim armies erupt from Arabia Middle East . . . 636.00 yyee Battle of Yarmouk Middle East . . . 637.00 yyee Battle of Qadisiya Middle East . . . 640.00 yyee Conquest of Egypt and Syria Middle East . . . 642.00 yyee Battle of Nahavend Middle East . . . 650.00 yyee Muslims take Persepolis Middle East . . . 651.00 yyee Battle of Merv: Muslim conquest of Persia; end of Sassanid Empire Muslim Civil War Middle East . . . 657.00 yyee Battle of Camel Battle of Basra Battle of Siffiu Muslim sea-borne campaigns against Byzantium Middle East . . . 661.00 750.00 Umayyad Caliphate Middle East . . . 674.00 678.00 Constantinople besieged by Muslims 690s-700s Muslim conquests Middle East . . . 698.00 yyee take Carthage Middle East . . . 702.00 yyee Muslims conquer Berbers Middle East . . . 718.00 718.00 Constantinople beseiged by Muslims Middle East . . . 747.00 750.00 Muslim Civil War Middle East . . . 750.00 yyee Battle of the Zab. Abbasid Caliphate replaces Umayyads Middle East . . . 755.00 772.00 Berber revolt in North Africa Middle East . . . 763.00 yyee construction of Baghdad Byzantines recover Thrace from Slavs Middle East . . . 776.00 yyee to 843 Byzantium internal contlict over iconoclasm Middle East . . . 798.00 yyee Muslims take Ibiza Middle East . . . 811.00 819.00 Abbasid Civil War Middle East . . . 825.00 yyee or 823 Crete captured Middle East . . . 827.00 832.00 Muslim Aghlabids begin conquest of Sicily (achieved by 902) Middle East . . . 830.00 838.00 Abbasid-Byzantine War India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 704.00 715.00 Muslims take Transoxania, Khwarazim and Tashkent India . . . 712.00 713.00 Muslim invasion of Sind Arab conquest of Indus area to 745 India . . . 740.00 yyee Chalkyas defeat Pallavas India . . . 750.00 yyee Gopal founds Pala dynasty. From 750s to India . . . 950.00 yyee Rashtrakutas constitute the main power in India India . . . 757.00 yyee or 752-6 Rebellion of Rashtrakutas/defeat Chalukyas India . . . 0.84 yyee Rise of Pratinaras (King Bhoja) India . . . 840.00 yyee Collapse of central authority in Tibet Wars of the Visigoths in . . . yyss yyee Wars of the Visigoths in Spain Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 610.00 612.00 King Witteric fights Vas cons and Byzantines Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 629.00 yyee last Byzantine possessions (Algarve) taken. Visigoths now rule almost all Iberian peninsula Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 631.00 yyee Franks invade as far as Saragossa Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 653.00 yyee rebellion of nobles quashed by King Receswinth (649-672) Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 672.00 680.00 King Wamba constantly at war against Vascons, rebels in Septimania and invasions from the Muslims Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 680.00 yyee Wamba deposed. Erwig succeeds (to 678) Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 708.00 yyee Muslim invasion of Iberian coast repulsed by KingWitiza Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 709.00 yyee Revolutions lead to reign of last Visigoth king: Roderick (Ruderico) Wars of the Visigoths in . . . ?tokens left: 709 <***> , 710.00 Muslim invasions Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 711.00 yyee Tarik of Mauretania leads Muslim invasion of Iberian peninsula; takes Gibraltar, Algeciras Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 711.55 yyee Battle of La Jauda. Muslims defeat Roderick and take Seville, Ecija, Cordoba, Toledo. Musa brings Muslim reinforcements Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 713.67 yyee Battle of Segoyuela. Final defeat of King Roderick. End of the Visigothic Kingdom. At Toledo, Musa proclaims the Caliph sovereign. Balkans . . . yyss yyee Balkans Khazaks expand to Crimea, Ukraine and Caucasus Balkans . . . 679.00 680.00 Bulgars conquer areas of Danube Franks . . . yyss yyee Franks Franks . . . 751.00 768.00 Pepin ('the Short') King of the Franks By early 750s Saracens driven out of France Franks . . . 753.00 yyee Saxon campaigns Franks . . . 754.00 yyee Pep in invades Italy to aid the Pope against the Lombards, the Byzantines failing him and he having to take refuge with the Franks. Pope annoints Pepin King of the Franks and 'Patrician of the Romans' At Pavia, Aistulf of the Lombards surrenders but subsequently reneges on agreements. By 755/6 he is at the gates of Rome again Franks . . . 756.00 yyee Pepin invades Italy again; same result Franks . . . 759.00 yyee Saxon campaign Franks . . . 759.00 yyee Franks take Narbonne Franks . . . 760.00 768.00 Conquest of Acquitaine, not fully absorbed into Frankia Charlemagne . . . 768.00 814.00 Charlemagne Charlemagne . . . 771.00 yyee Charlemagne unites the Frankish realms. Begins wars of conquest in Italy, Pyrenees, Bavaria against the Avars, and into north/north-east Germany against Saxons, Slavs and Danes Charlemagne's Italian campaigns Charlemagne . . . 773.00 774.00 Charles invades Italy and besieges Pavia. 774 King Desiderius is made prisoner; thus Charlemagne destroys Lombard Kingdom. Subsequent operations in Italy and Istria (790) Charlemagne . . . 805.00 yyee Venetia and Dalmatia conquered Charlemagne's Spanish campaigns Charlemagne . . . 778.00 yyee Franks cross into Spain and take Pamplona. A raid rather than conquest. Charlemagne . . . 778.00 yyee Roncesvalles reverse as the armies retire Charlemagne . . . 785.00 yyee Gerona voluntarily joins Frankish rule Charlemagne . . . 793.00 yyee Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, invades, taking Gerona and penetrating to Narbonne and Carcassonne Frank reponse leads to establishment of Spanish march by 795 Charlemagne . . . 799.00 yyee Balearic Islands place themselves under Frankish rule Charlemagne . . . 801.00 yyee Franks take Barcelona Charlemagne . . . 806.00 yyee Franks take Pamplona and Novara Charlemagne . . . 811.00 yyee Franks take Tortosa Charlemagne's Eastern campaigns Charlemagne . . . 787.00 796.00 Franks conquer Bavaria and the Avars - destruction of Avar state Charlemagne . . . 803.00 yyee (main Avar ring taken 795). Practically annual campaigns. Depopulation results from the continual campaigning Charlemagne . . . 772.00 785.00 Saxon campaigns. Annual campaigns, bitter and hard Charlemagne . . . 779.00 yyee Suntel Hill smashes Saxon rising (4500 Saxons beheaded in a day as punishment) Subsequent risings, deportations, etc. over some thirty years Charlemagne . . . 808.00 810.00 Confrontation with Danes Charlemagne . . . 782.00 yyee Sorbs attack Thuringia; 806 conquered by Charlemagne's son Charles Charlemagne . . . 800.00 yyee Christmas Day, Charle- magne crowned 'Emperor of the Romans' in Rome Charlemagne . . . 843.00 yyee Empire divided. Temporarily reunited 885 887/8 Final disintegration of Carolingian Empire to become kingdoms of France, Italy and Germany Balkans / Byzantium . . . yyss yyee Balkans / Byzantium Balkans / Byzantium . . . 803.00 yyee Krum unites Bulgars Balkans / Byzantium . . . 811.00 yyee Krum defeats Nicephorus at Edirne (Adrianopolis) Ongoing Bulgar Wars Balkans / Byzantium . . . 805.00 yyee Venetia, Dalmatia and Corsica conquered Nicephorus I reconquers Greece Balkans / Byzantium . . . 893.00 927.00 Tsar Symeon: zenith of Bulgarian Empire Japan . . . yyss yyee Japan Japan . . . 740.00 yyee Battle of Itabitsu Japan . . . 764.00 yyee Battle of Miohosaki Japan . . . 989.00 yyee Conflict between Kyoto and Nara Japan . . . 1051.00 1063.00 Early Nine Years War Japan . . . 1086.00 1089.00 Later Three Years War Japan . . . 1146.00 yyee Battle of Kyoto Japan . . . 1156.00 yyee and 1160 Japanese succession wars Japan . . . 1180.00 1185.00 Gempei Wars Japan . . . 1185.00 yyee Battle of Dan No Ura Japan . . . 1331.00 1333.00 Jojo regency overthrown Japan . . . 1333.00 1392.00 Nanbokucho Wars between northern and , southern courts Scandinavia . . . yyss yyee Scandinavia Scandinavia . . . 808.00 810.00 Danish War Scandinavia . . . 895.00 yyee Battle of Hafsfjord. Harald Finehair unites southern Norway Spain: Emirate of Cordoba . . . yyss yyee Spain: Emirate of Cordoba 755/6 Umayyad dynasty of Spain founded Aghlabid Campaigns Saracen pirates raid central Mediterranean coastlines, especially from bases at Bari (841- 71) and Taranto (840-80) Spain: Emirate of Cordoba . . . 846.00 yyee or 850 Sack of Rome Spain: Emirate of Cordoba . . . 847.00 yyee Seize Bari The Christian states of northern Iberia combine, fragment and intermittently fight one another and the Muslims Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 852.00 yyee Byzantine naval expedition against Egypt Middle East . . . 860.00 yyee Rus attack Constantinople Middle East . . . 867.00 yyee Saffarids of Herat independent Middle East . . . 867.00 886.00 Basil I emperor of Byzantium Middle East . . . 868.00 yyee Egypt independent under Tulunid emirs Middle East . . . 874.00 yyee Sarmarids of Bukhava independent Middle East . . . 905.00 yyee Abbasids recover Egypt from Tulunids Middle East . . . 909.00 yyee Rise of Fatimids of North Africa; they ravage the coasts of Italy, Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria Middle East . . . 914.00 yyee and 919 Fatimid expeditions against Egypt fail Middle East . . . 960.00 yyee Fatimids conquer Egypt Middle East . . . 961.00 yyee Byzantines recover Crete Middle East . . . 965.00 yyee Byzantines recover Cyprus Middle East . . . 966.00 968.00 Byzantine invasion of Syria Middle East . . . 969.00 yyee Byzantines retake Antioch Middle East . . . 974.00 975.00 Byzantine invasion of Syria Middle East . . . 976.00 1025.00 Basil n. Under his reign Byzantium attains the summit of its medieval greatness Meanwhile Abbasid Caliphate continues in little but name until Middle East . . . 1258.00 yyee Middle East . . . 983.00 1055.00 Buwayhid Civil War in Iraq/Iran Middle East . . . ?tokens left: 9897 <***> , 1025 yyee Wars of Basil n Middle East . . . 997.00 yyee or 999-1030 Wars of Mahmud of Ghazni in Transoxonia, Iran and Iraq Middle East . . . 998.00 yyee Collapse of Samarids Middle East . . . 1032.00 yyee Byzantines take Edessa Middle East . . . 1039.00 yyee Zendecan Turkish invasion of Afghanistan Middle East . . . 1050.00 yyee Hilali and Sullaym tribes from Upper Egypt invade Cyrenaica and Turkey SEWUK WARS OF CONQUEST 1050s-1060s Alrnoravids conquer Morocco Middle East . . . 1055.00 yyee Seljuks take Baghdad 1060s Seljuks conquer northern Syria and the Hejaz Middle East . . . 1060.00 1073.00 civil strife in Fatimid Egypt Middle East . . . 1069.00 yyee take Fez Middle East . . . 1071.00 yyee Battle of Manzikert: Seljuks take most of Asia Minor from the Byzantines Middle East . . . 1073.00 1077.00 Baar al-Jamah establishes military regime in Egypt Three Seljuk Sultanates now exist: Rum, Hamadan and Merv Middle East . . . 1096.00 yyee The People's Crusade is massacred by the Turks Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 980.00 yyee First European landing in N America Americas . . . ?tokens left: 993 <***> , 995.00 battles between Vikings and native Americans India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 900.00 yyee Samarids overthrow Saffavids India . . . 907.00 yyee Parantaka I establishes Chola power in southern India India . . . 950.00 yyee to c.1200 establishment of the Chola Empire India . . . 972.00 yyee Paramara King Siyaka II sacks Rashtrakuta capital, Manyakheta India . . . 985.00 1014.00 Rajaraja I extends Chola power. Major campaigns of the Cholas: India . . . ?tokens left: 999 <***> , 1017.00 to Sri Lanka India . . . 1000.00 yyee naval expedition to Maldives India . . . 1022.00 yyee to Ganges India . . . 1022.00 yyee or 1023 Northern campaign of Rajendra Chola India . . . 1025.00 yyee Chola naval expeditions to SE Asia India . . . 997.00 yyee or 999-1030 Wars of Mahmud of Ghazni in India. Conquest of Punjab India . . . 1001.00 yyee Battle of Peshwar. Second Muslim invasion of India India . . . 1024.00 yyee or 1025 Battle of Somnanth. Shiva temple destroyed India . . . 1040.00 yyee Dandanquan Seljuks defeat Ghaznavids India . . . 1040.00 yyee Seljuks break away from Ghazni. Decline of Ghaznis India . . . 1018.00 yyee Turkic armies sack Kanauj, ending Pratihara Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean . . . 870.00 yyee Muslins conquer Malta Mediterranean . . . 871.00 yyee Conslingian Louis n retakes Bari for Pope By 886 Venice independent Vikings . . . yyss yyee Vikings Vikings . . . 793.00 yyee Vikings raid Lindisfarne. Norse raids on British Isles and coasts of France, Spain - even into the Mediterranean - follow Vikings . . . 834.00 845.00 Norse raids on Rhine, northern France and northern Germany Vikings . . . 856.00 862.00 Norse raids reach their peak Vikings . . . 862.00 yyee Vikings seize Kiev Vikings . . . 865.00 867.00 Viking 'Great Army' raids England Vikings . . . 870.00 yyee Norse capture Strathclyde Vikings . . . 882.00 892.00 Viking 'Great Army' raids France Vikings . . . 882.00 yyee Oleg unites N ovgorod and Kiev Vikings . . . 885.00 886.00 Vikings besiege Paris Vikings . . . 911.00 yyee Establishment of County of Normandy by Viking Rollo Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 825.00 yyee Battle of Ellendune. Egbert of Wessex decisively defeats Beornwulf, King of Mercia Britain . . . 838.00 yyee Battle of Hingston Down. Egbert defeats large Viking invasion Britain . . . 851.00 yyee Viking incursion into the Thames to London Britain . . . 865.00 yyee 'Great Army' of Vikings invades East Anglia Britain . . . 869.00 yyee Battle of Hoxne. Vikings defeat East Anglians Britain . . . 871.00 yyee Battle of Reading. AethelredI defeated by Vikings Britain . . . 871.00 899.00 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex Britain . . . 871.00 yyee Battle of Wilton. Alfred defeated by Viking Guthrum Britain . . . 871.00 yyee Battle of Chippenham. Guthrum defeats Alfred Britain . . . 871.00 yyee Battle of Edington/Ethandun, Alfred decisively defeats Guthrum. Peace of Chippenham and Guthrum's conversion to Christianity Britain . . . 910.00 yyee Battle of Tettenhall. Edward the Elder of Wessex defeats the Danes of York Britain . . . 937.00 yyee Battle of Brunanburgh. Athelstan of Wessex defeats a coalition of Vikings, Scots and Britons and can claim to be King of all Britain Britain . . . 944.00 yyee Edmund I of Wessex annexes York Britain . . . 954.00 yyee Battle of Stainmore. Viking Eric Bloodaxe defeated and killed by Eadred of Wessex. Subsequent weakening of Wessex by succession of royal minors Britain . . . 991.00 yyee Battle of Maldon. Olaf Triggvason defeats Earl of Essex Britain . . . 994.00 yyee Expedition of Olaf Triggvason and Sweyn Forkbeard. Olaf returns to take kingdom of Norway, Sweyn to reclaim kingdom of Denmark Britain . . . 1002.00 yyee Aethelred n the Unready massacres all Vikings in royal service including hostage sister ofSweyn Britain . . . 1013.00 yyee Sweyn (now King of Denmark) lands at Humber and marches south, effectively conquering the country. Dies 1014 Britain . . . 1015.00 yyee Canute (Sweyn's son) masters most of the realm Britain . . . 1016.00 yyee Battle of Pen Selwood. Canute defeated by pretender Edmund Ironside Britain . . . 1016.00 yyee Battle of Ashingdon. Decisive victory of Canute over Edmund Britain . . . 1016.00 1035.00 Canute rules England and Denmark Succession to English throne subsequently disputed Britain . . . 1066.00 yyee Harold II elected king; challenged by Duke William of Normandy Magyars . . . yyss yyee Magyars Magyars . . . 895.00 900.00 Magyars conquer Hungarian Plain First half of 10th century Magyars raid west and central Europe, inflicting major defeats on the Franks 899-910 Magyars . . . 906.00 yyee Moravia destroyed Magyars . . . 907.00 yyee Battle of Pressburg Magyars . . . ?tokens left: 926 <***> , 933.00 North Italy, Germany and Swabia raided Magyars . . . 929.00 yyee Battle of Unstrut defeats Magyars Magyars . . . 954.00 yyee and 955 Northern France and Italy raided Magyars . . . 955.00 yyee Battle of Lechfeld. Defeat of Magyars by otto the Great Magyars . . . 977.00 1038.00 Stephen becomes Christian King of Hungary Rome & Constantinople . . . yyss yyee Rome & Constantinople Rome & Constantinople . . . 939.00 yyee Saracens sack Rome Rome & Constantinople . . . 941.00 yyee Rus attack Constantinople Umayyad Caliphate . . . yyss yyee Umayyad Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate . . . 920.00 yyee Battle of Val de Junqueras. Emir of Cordoba defeats Navarre and Lean Umayyad Caliphate . . . 962.00 yyee Sancho I of Leon launches Reconquista Umayyad Caliphate . . . 981.00 yyee Battle of Rueda Umayyad Caliphate . . . 985.00 yyee Andalusians sack Barcelona Decline of Umayyads - by Umayyad Caliphate . . . 1031.00 yyee era of'taifas' (fragmentation) Umayyad Caliphate . . . 1008.00 1028.00 Muslim Civil War Germany . . . yyss yyee Germany Henry I (the Fowler) of Germany (919-36) extends eastwards against the Slavs and fortifies areas against Magyar invasions Germany . . . 938.00 972.00 WARS OF OTTO THE GREAT Imperial control imposed on Germany and northern Italy Germany . . . 951.00 yyee otto invades Italy Germany . . . 962.00 yyee Otto crowned in Rome as Holy Roman (German) Emperor Germany . . . 983.00 yyee Great Slav revolt against German rule Germany . . . 995.00 yyee Germans conquer Pomerania Germany . . . 1002.00 1037.00 German conquest of northern Italy Germany . . . 965.00 972.00 Wars of Prince Sriatoslav of Rus Balkans . . . yyss yyee Balkans Balkans . . . 986.00 1018.00 Wars of Basil II against the Bulgars; end of Bulgar State by 1018 Byzantines conquer Serbs Poland . . . yyss yyee Poland Poland . . . 992.00 1025.00 Wars of Boleslav I 'The Mighty' King of Poland Wars of the . . . 1047.00 1107.00 Wars of the Normans Wars of the . . . 1047.00 1071.00 Norman Conquest of southern Italy by Robert Guiscard and brother Roger Wars of the . . . 1052.00 yyee Muslims ejected from Sardinia 1050s-1070s Norman- French ongoing conflict Wars of the . . . 1054.00 yyee Battle of Mortemer. William of Normandy defeats Angevin-French coalition Wars of the . . . 1061.00 1091.00 Norman conquest of Sicily Wars of the . . . 1066.00 1072.00 NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND Wars of the . . . 1066.00 yyee Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold II of England defeats Harold Hardrada, King of Norway Wars of the . . . 1066.00 yyee Battle of Hastings. William of Normandy defeats Harold II and takes the crown of England J066-71 William consolidates his conquest of England Wars of the . . . 1069.00 yyee Danes invade Yorkshire Wars of the . . . 1071.00 yyee Bari, last Byzantine city in southern Italy, falls to Normans Wars of the . . . 1072.00 yyee Palermo taken by Normans 1079/80 Norman England at war with Scotland Wars of the . . . 1081.00 yyee Norman invasion of Byzantium with Papal blessing. Robert and Bohemund take Corfu Wars of the . . . 1082.00 yyee Durazzo captured by Normans Wars of the . . . 1083.00 yyee Battle of Larissa. Bohemund's advance on Constantinople repulsed Wars of the . . . 1106.00 yyee Battle of Tinchebray. Henry I defeats brother Robert Curthose and regains Normandy Wars of the . . . 1107.00 yyee Bohemund's second invasion of Byzantium defeated by Alexis I France . . . yyss yyee France France . . . 987.00 996.00 Hugh Capet King of France (Capetian dynasty to 1328) France . . . 1180.00 1223.00 Philip II Augustus ends the Angevin conflict, conquering English possessions north of the Loire France . . . 1209.00 1229.00 Albigensian Crusade against heretics in the south of France France . . . 1223.00 1226.00 Louis VIII France . . . 1224.00 yyee Louis takes Poitou and Saintonge from England France . . . 1226.00 yyee He takes Avignon and Languedoc France . . . 1226.00 1270.00 Louis IX (St Louis) the Crusader (1248-54, 1270) Crusades . . . yyss yyee Crusades Crusades . . . 1095.00 1099.00 FIRST CRUSADE. Crusades . . . 1097.00 yyee Battle of Nicea. Christian victory Crusades . . . 1098.00 yyee Crusaders take Antioch Crusades . . . 1099.00 yyee Crusaders take Jerusalem and repulse counter-attack from Egypt at Battle of Ascalon Crusades . . . 1147.00 1149.00 SECOND CRUSADE. Crusades . . . 1148.00 yyee Failed siege of Damascus Crusades . . . 1189.00 1192.00 THIRD CRUSADE Crusades . . . 1191.00 yyee Acre retaken by Crusaders Crusades . . . 1191.00 yyee Battle of Arsuf. Richard I of England defeats Saladin Crusades . . . 1189.00 1192.00 Third Crusade perverted by Venetians Crusades . . . 1202.00 1204.00 FOURTH CRUSADE Crusades . . . 1204.00 yyee Crusaders take and sack Constantinople. Foundation of Latin Empire (to 1261) Crusades . . . 1281.00 1221.00 FIFTH CRUSADE (TO EGYPT) Crusades . . . 1219.00 yyee Damietta taken Crusades . . . 1228.00 1229.00 SIXTH CRUSADE Frederick II of Germany succeeds by negotiation into becoming crowned King of Jerusalem Crusades . . . 1248.00 1254.00 SEVENTH CRUSADE (to Egypt) Crusades . . . 1250.00 yyee Battle of Mansura indecisive Crusades . . . 1250.00 yyee Battle of Fariskur. Crusaders defeated and st Louis captured Crusades . . . 1270.00 yyee EIGHTH CRUSADE (to Tunis). st Louis dies in epidemic Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1129.00 yyee Campaigns of Zangi and Nur al-Din Middle East . . . 1144.00 yyee takes Edessa Middle East . . . 1154.00 yyee takes Damascus Middle East . . . 1141.00 yyee Seljuks of Merv defeated by Qarakhitai Mongols 1140s Almohads replace Almoravids in Morocco Middle East . . . 1152.00 1160.00 Almohads take Maghreband Tripolitania Middle East . . . 1146.00 1148.00 Second Crusade Middle East . . . 1147.00 yyee Normans attack Byzantium Middle East . . . 1153.00 yyee Seljuk Sultanate of Merv destroyed by Ghuzz tribes Middle East . . . 1157.00 yyee Death of last Seljuk Sultan Middle East . . . ?tokens left: 1163 <***> , 1167.00 Zangi attacks Egypt and conquers it in Middle East . . . 1168.00 1169.00 Middle East . . . 1171.00 yyee Saladin (1169-1193) establishes Ayyubid Sultanate Middle East . . . 1176.00 yyee Battle of Myriokephalon: Rum Seljuks defeat Byzantines Middle East . . . 1184.00 1187.00 Saladin re conquers Mesopotamian empire from Zangids Middle East . . . 1185.00 yyee Normans attack Byzantium Middle East . . . 1187.00 yyee Battle of Hattin: fall of Jerusalem to Saladin India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1149.00 1215.00 Wars of the Ghurids India . . . 1162.00 1206.00 Mohammed of Ghur India . . . 1175.00 yyee Ghurids take Multan India . . . 1179.00 yyee Ghurids take Peshawar India . . . 1186.00 yyee Ghurids take Lahore India . . . 1187.00 yyee Ghurids end Ghaznid State and rule to 1215 India . . . 1192.00 yyee Battle of Taraori: Mohammed of Ghur defeats Rajputs India . . . 1206.00 yyee Mohammed assassinated. Ex-slave Qutbuddin Aibak revolts and establishes new dynasty Sultanate of Delhi; 1206- India . . . 1290.00 yyee Slave Dynasty rules German Empire . . . yyss yyee German Empire German Empire . . . 1024.00 1125.00 Salian Frankish Emperors of Germany German Empire . . . 1033.00 yyee Kingdom of Burgundy joined to the German Empire (Germany and Italy) German Empire . . . 1026.00 1027.00 Conrad II's 1st Italian campaign; he is crowned with the iron crown of Lombardy at Milan; 1027 Imperial coronation in Rome German Empire . . . 1037.00 1038.00 Conrad's 2nd Italian campaign, against Aribert of Milan German Empire . . . 1041.00 yyee Campaign to Prague; Bohemia becomes a German vassal German Empire . . . 1044.00 yyee Conrad's Hungarian campaign Henry Ill: partition of Lorraine 1044, resulting in constant conflict between the Emperor and Duke Gottfried the Bearded German Empire . . . 1056.00 1106.00 Henry IV German Empire . . . 1075.00 yyee Battle of Homburg on the Unstrut. Henry defeats Saxon uprising German Empire . . . 1175.00 yyee Beginning of Investiture conflict with the Papacy German Empire . . . 1076.00 1077.00 Henry IV excommunicated German Empire . . . 1077.00 1080.00 Civil War in the Empire. German Empire . . . 1080.00 yyee Battle of Hohenmolsen. Rival Rudolf of Swabia defeated and killed German Empire . . . 1080.00 yyee Henry is excommunicated again German Empire . . . 1083.00 yyee Henry conquers Rome in his 1 st Italian campaign, defeating the Lombards German Empire . . . 1084.00 yyee Henry's Anti-Pope crowns him. Robert Guiscard relieves the Pope in Castel Sant'Angelo and Henry recoils. Normans sack Rome German Empire . . . 1090.00 1097.00 Henry IV's 2nd Italian campaign. But by German Empire . . . 1106.00 yyee he is forced to abdicate German Empire . . . 1106.00 1125.00 Henry V, last Salian emperor German Empire . . . 1110.00 1111.00 Henry V's 1st Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1122.00 yyee Concord at of Worms ends Investiture conflict Iberian Peninsula . . . yyss yyee Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula . . . 1085.00 yyee Almoravids of Morocco invade Iberia: take Toledo Iberian Peninsula . . . 1086.00 yyee Az-Sallaqg Iberian Peninsula . . . 1095.00 yyee Take Badajoz Iberian Peninsula . . . 1087.00 yyee Syracuse By 1115 Almorovids conquer all Muslim Spain Iberian Peninsula . . . 1150.00 1172.00 Almohads conquer Iberia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1172.00 yyee Almohads take Seville Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . yyss yyee PORTUGAL Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . 1094.00 yyee Portugal gains independence Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . 1139.00 yyee Portugal becomes a kingdom and expands to the south. Conflict with Castile ensues Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . 1385.00 yyee Battle of Aijubarrota or Aijbarrota. Portugal defeats Castile Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . yyss yyee CASTILE Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1035.00 1065.00 Ferdinand the Great Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1037.00 yyee He obtains Leon Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1085.00 yyee Castile conquers Toledo Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1094.00 yyee El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) takes Valencia Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1212.00 yyee Battle of Navas de Tolosa. Alfonso VIII of Castile defeats Muslims, breaks Almohad power in Spain Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . yyss yyee ARAGON Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1118.00 yyee Aragon conquers Saragossa Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1137.00 yyee Aragon unites with Catalonoa Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1229.00 1235.00 Aragon seizes Balearic Islands Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1238.00 yyee Aragon takes Valencia Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1118.00 yyee Aragon conquers Saragossa Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1125.00 yyee Almohad rebellion in Morocco begins Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1134.00 yyee Battle of Fraga Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1139.00 yyee Portugal becomes a Kingdom Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1147.00 yyee Alfonso Henriques of Portugal takes Lisbon Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1148.00 1149.00 Aragon conquers Lower Ebro Northern Europe . . . yyss yyee Northern Europe Northern Europe . . . 1099.00 yyee Revolt of Sitvic Silken- beard, King of Dublin Northern Europe . . . 1121.00 yyee Boleslav III of Poland subdues Pomerania Northern Europe . . . 1130.00 yyee to 1240 Civil Wars over Norwegian Succession Northern Europe . . . 1157.00 1182.00 Waldemar the Great begins the rise of Denmark Northern Europe . . . 1157.00 yyee Battle of Viborg Northern Europe . . . 1184.00 1201.00 Denmark conquers Pomerania, Schleswig, Holstein, Liibech and Hamburg Northern Europe . . . 1202.00 1241.00 Wars of Waldemar 'the Conqueror'. Denmark takes Norway, Estonia, Courland, etc., but loses all at Battle of Bornhoved 1227 Northern Europe . . . 1208.00 1222.00 Dynastic struggles in Sweden Northern Europe . . . 1226.00 yyee Papal Golden Bull of Rimini tasks Teutonic Knights with conquest of heathen Prussia. By 1230 Livonia and Courland subjugated Northern Europe . . . 1231.00 1283.00 Teutonic Knights conquer Prussia Northern Europe . . . 1236.00 yyee Battle of Sante Northern Europe . . . 1242.00 yyee Battle of Lake Peipus Northern Europe . . . 1261.00 yyee Norwegians conquer Greenland and 1262-4 Iceland Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 1138.00 yyee Battle of Standard. Scottish raid on northern England repulsed Britain . . . 1139.00 1153.00 Anarchy. Civil War between King Stephen and Matilda and son Henry (to become Henry I1) Britain . . . 1141.00 yyee Battle of Lincoln. Stephen temporarily imprisoned Britain . . . 1154.00 1189.00 Henry I1's Angevin Empire Britain . . . 1158.00 yyee Henry II invades Brittany Britain . . . 1167.00 1171.00 English invasion of Ireland Britain . . . 1173.00 1174.00 Revolt of the sons of Henry II Britain . . . 1190.00 yyee Richard the Lion Heart takes Cyprus from Byzantines Britain . . . 1194.00 1199.00 War between Richard the Lion Heart and Philip Augustus Britain . . . 1198.00 yyee Battles of Courcelles and Vernon Britain . . . 1203.00 1205.00 Philip Augustus of France conquers Normandy and Poitou Britain . . . 1203.00 1204.00 Siege and capture of Chateau Gaillard Britain . . . 1204.00 yyee France conquers Normandy Britain . . . 1213.00 1217.00 English Civil War Britain . . . 1213.00 yyee First Flemish campaign. John gathers a formidable alliance against Philip Augustus (inc Germany) Britain . . . 1213.00 yyee Battle of Damme. William of Salisbury defeats Philip's fleet and frustrates his plan to invade England Britain . . . 1214.00 yyee Campaign and Battle of Roch-au-Moine. Philip defeats John Britain . . . 1214.57 yyee Battle of Bouvines. Philip defeats the Allies Britain . . . 1263.00 1265.00 Barons War in England Simon de Montfort leads rebellion against Henry III Britain . . . 1264.00 yyee Battle of Lewes. Simon captures Henry and his son Edward (future Edward I) Britain . . . 1265.00 yyee Battle of Evesham. Edward decisively defeats the barons Britain . . . 1277.00 1284.00 Edward I conquers Wales German Empire . . . yyss yyee German Empire German Empire . . . 1152.00 1190.00 Frederick I Barbarossa German Empire . . . 1154.00 1155.00 Frederick's 1st Italian campaign. He promises the Pope he will attack the Normans but does not German Empire . . . 1158.00 1162.00 Frederick's 2nd Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1163.00 1164.00 Frederick's 3rd Italian campaign. Veronese League formed German Empire . . . 1166.00 1168.00 Frederick's 4th Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1174.00 1178.00 Frederick's 5th Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1160.00 1164.00 Campaign against the Wends German Empire . . . 1168.00 yyee Conquest of Riigen Siege of Alessandria fails German Empire . . . 1176.00 yyee Battle of Legnano. Lombard League defeats Friedrich Barbarossa German Empire . . . 1180.00 1181.00 War of Henry the Lion German Empire . . . 1184.00 1186.00 Frederick's 6th Italian campaign Henry VI crowned at Milan as King of Italy German Empire . . . 1187.00 yyee Frederick allies with Philip II Augustus of France against Guelphs and Anjous German Empire . . . 1190.00 1197.00 Henry VI German Empire . . . 1191.00 yyee Henry's 1st Italian campaign and coronation at Rome. Siege of Naples German Empire . . . 1194.00 1195.00 Henry's 2nd Italian campaign. 1194 Henry crowned King of Sicily at Palermo. He plans hereditary empire German Empire . . . 1210.00 1250.00 Frederick II German Empire . . . 1214.00 yyee Battle of Bouvines. Anglo-Guelphs defeated German Empire . . . 1226.00 yyee Golden Bull of Rimini. Pope tasks Teutonic Knights with conquest of heathen Prussia German Empire . . . 1237.00 yyee Battle of Cortenuova. Lombard League defeated By the mid-13th century central authority of the German emperors has declined Iberian Peninsula . . . yyss yyee Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula . . . 1217.00 1252.00 Ferdinand III conquers the south, taking Cordoba in 1236 to complete the Reconquista Iberian Peninsula . . . 1228.00 1229.00 Almohads abandon Iberia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1229.00 1235.00 Aragon seizes Balearic Islands Iberian Peninsula . . . 1236.00 yyee Cordoba taken Iberian Peninsula . . . 1238.00 yyee Aragon takes Valencia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1244.00 yyee Treaty of Almiza agrees Portuguese reconquest on the Atlantic side of the peninsula; Aragonese on the Mediterranean side Iberian Peninsula . . . 1257.00 yyee Only Granada left to Moors in Iberia Mongol Empire . . . 1206.00 1260.00 Mongol Empire Mongol Empire . . . 1206.00 1227.00 Genghis Khan Mongol Empire . . . 1218.00 yyee Battle of Karaku Mongol Empire . . . 1220.00 yyee Battle of Samarkand Mongol Empire . . . 1221.00 yyee Forces of Genghis Khan penetrate as far as the Indus Mongol Empire . . . 1221.00 yyee Battle of Kandahar Mongol Empire . . . 1231.00 yyee Mongols estroy Khwarazim 1237;42 Mongol invasion of Europe Mongol Empire . . . 1241.00 yyee Battle of Leignitz Mongol Empire . . . 1241.00 yyee Death of Ogedei Khan Mongol Empire . . . 1243.00 yyee Battle of K6sedag: Mongols defeat Seljuks Mongol Empire . . . 1256.00 yyee Assassins of Alamut destroyed by Mongols and Baybars Mongol Empire . . . 1259.00 yyee Death of Monghe Khan After 1260 the Mongol Empire has no unified political direction it continues as Chagatai, Il- Khanate and the Golden Horde Mongol Empire . . . 1258.00 1365.00 Il-Khanate (begins break-up after 1335) Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . yyss yyee MONGOLS IN CHINA Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1205.00 1209.00 Mongols conquer Hsi-Hsia as base for conquest of China Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1211.00 1234.00 Mongol conquest of Ch'in. Mongols rule as the Yiian Dynasty Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1215.00 yyee Mongol capture of Peking Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1227.00 yyee Destruction of Hsi- Hsia Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1260.00 1279.00 Mongol conquest of Sung China Mongol attacks on Burma and Java fail Kublai Khan rules China as Shih-Tsu Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1274.00 yyee and 1281 Mongol invasions of Japan fail Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1294.00 yyee Death of Kublai Khan results in rivalry for the throne Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1368.00 1398.00 Chu Yiian-Chang drives Mongols back to the steppe (1368 Yiien (Mongols) expelled from Peking) and estyablishes Ming Dynasty China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1345.00 yyee Great famine in China. 8,000,000 die. Uprising results Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1346.00 1353.00 Black Death in Europe. Over 20 million die Europe . . . 1362.00 1363.00 Second Pandemic in Europe Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1250.00 yyee Mameluke slave- soldiers kill last Ayyubid Sultan Middle East . . . 1258.00 yyee Sack of Baghdad; end of Abbasid Caliphate Middle East . . . 1261.00 yyee Byzantines retake Constantinople from the Latin Empire Middle East . . . 1263.00 yyee takes Antioch Middle East . . . 1280.00 1324.00 Osman, founder of Ottoman State Middle East . . . 1260.00 1277.00 CAMPAIGNS OF BAYBARS Middle East . . . 1260.00 yyee Battle of Ain Jalut: Mamelukes defeat Mongols Middle East . . . 1289.00 yyee Mamelukes take Tripoli Middle East . . . 1291.00 yyee Acre falls to the Mamelukes, last Crusader toe-hold in Palestine By about 1400 the Mameluke Empire extends to Syria, Palestine and Hejaz Sicily . . . yyss yyee Sicily Sicily . . . 1266.00 yyee Battle of Benevento. Charles of Anjou defeats regent Manfred Sicily . . . 1266.00 1268.00 Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily Sicily . . . 1268.00 yyee Battle of Tagliacozzo. Charles defeats Conradin, son of Emperor Conrad IV Sicily . . . 1278.00 yyee Charles of Anjou conquers Achaea Sicily . . . 1282.00 1302.00 Sicilian Vespers revolt against Charles of Anjou. Ongoing conflict Sicily . . . 1302.00 yyee Treaty splits Kingdom of Sicily in two France . . . yyss yyee France France . . . 1285.00 1314.00 Philip IV the Fair France . . . 1297.00 1305.00 Philip IV's conquest of Flanders France . . . 1302.00 yyee Battle of the Spurs (Courtrai). Flemish defeat French France . . . 1305.00 yyee Flanders submits to France France . . . 1328.00 1498.00 House ofValois rules France Germany . . . yyss yyee Germany Germany . . . 1273.00 1291.00 Rudolf of Habsburg elected Holy Roman Emperor Germany . . . 1278.00 yyee Battle of Marchfeld. Rudolf defeats and kills rival Ottokar II of Bohemia Germany . . . 1282.00 yyee Rudolf of Habsburg gains control of Austria Germany . . . 1298.00 yyee Battle of G6llheim. Emperor Adolf of Nassau defeated and killed by Albrecht of Habsburg, son of Rudolf. He becomes emperor 1298- Germany . . . 1308.00 yyee Germany . . . 1314.00 1347.00 Louis the Bavarian. He defeats the Habsburgs at Germany . . . 1322.00 yyee Battle of Miihldorf India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1290.00 1320.00 Sultanate of Delhi: Khalji Dynasty India . . . 1296.00 1316.00 Wars of Alauddin Khali; he breaks resistance of Rajpurs and repulses Mongols in north-west India India . . . 1311.00 yyee Alauddin Khali conquers India to its southern tip India . . . 1320.00 1414.00 Sultanate of Delhi: Tughluq Dynasty India . . . 1325.00 1351.00 Wars of Muhammed Ibn Tughluq. He conquers southern India but most is lost after his death India . . . 1336.00 yyee Kingdom of Vijayanagara established India . . . 1347.00 yyee Kingdom of Bahmani established India . . . 1358.00 yyee Vijayanagara- Bahmani conflict begins (ongoing sporadic campaigns) India . . . 1370.00 yyee Vijayanagara conquers Madurai India . . . 1382.00 1396.00 Khandesh, Malna, Jaunpur and Guerat break away from Delhi Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . yyss yyee OTTOMAN WARS Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1326.00 yyee Ottomans take Bursa Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1361.00 yyee Ottomans take Ankara Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1389.00 1403.00 Bayezid I Yildirim (The Thunderbolt) Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1394.00 1403.00 Blockade of Constantinople by Ottomans China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1390.00 1449.00 Wars of conquest by Ming Dynasty Ongoing sporadic operations v. Mongols China . . . 1392.00 yyee Korea becomes a vassal State China . . . 1405.00 1433.00 Cheng-Ho is sent on seven great naval expeditions as far as the Indian Ocean and East coast of Africa China . . . 1407.00 1422.00 Chinese occupation of Annam China . . . 1448.00 yyee Huge rebellions in China China . . . 1449.00 yyee Attack on Mongols fails; Emperor taken prisoner After period of aggressive expansion, Ming fall back to the defensive 1450s Pirates infest Chinese sea and coastline; famines, plagues and floods afflict China Campaigns of Timur . . . yyss yyee Campaigns of Timur (Tamerlane) Campaigns of Timur . . . 1380.00 1405.00 Annual 'raids' of destruction Campaigns of Timur . . . 1381.00 1388.00 Iran Campaigns of Timur . . . 1391.00 1395.00 Against the Golden Horde and Crimea Campaigns of Timur . . . 1384.00 1389.00 Timur penetrates India and sacks Delhi in Campaigns of Timur . . . 1398.00 yyee Campaigns of Timur . . . 1400.00 1402.00 against Ottomans Campaigns of Timur . . . 1402.00 yyee Battle of Ankara. Timur defeats Bayezid By 1430s Ottoman position fully restored After Timurid Shah Rukh Empire splits Switzerland . . . yyss yyee Switzerland Switzerland . . . 1291.00 yyee Swiss Eternal Union for protection against Habsburgs, etc. Switzerland . . . 1315.00 yyee Battle of Mortgarten. Swiss defeat Leopold I of Austria Switzerland . . . 1353.00 yyee Swiss Confederation founded Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . yyss yyee Swiss War of the Cities Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1386.00 yyee Battle of Sempach. Swiss defeat Habsburgs. Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1415.00 yyee Swiss conquest of Habsburg Aargau Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1422.00 yyee Battle of Arbedo. Swiss defeated Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1440.00 1446.00 First 'Old War' of Zurich Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1444.00 yyee Battle of st Jacob Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1474.00 yyee 'Perpetual Peace' signed Germany and Northern . . . yyss yyee Germany and Northern Europe Germany and Northern . . . 1320.00 yyee Battle of Rudau: Teutonic Knights defeat Lithuanians Germany and Northern . . . 1327.00 yyee Poland loses Silesia and Bohemia Germany and Northern . . . 1327.00 1328.00 Another German campaign in Italy Germany and Northern . . . 1330.00 1355.00 Serbian Empire of Stefan Dushan Germany and Northern . . . 1340.00 1375.00 Waldemar IV of Denmark Campaigns against Oland and Gotland Germany and Northern . . . 1346.00 yyee Casirnir Il reunites Central Poland Germany and Northern . . . 1361.00 yyee CasInir III conquers Galicia Germany and Northern . . . 1361.00 1370.00 Danes conflict with the Hanseatic League Germany and Northern . . . 1373.00 1419.00 Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, provokes uprising. 1394, Germany and Northern . . . 1402.00 yyee he is taken prisoner after defeats Germany and Northern . . . 1381.00 yyee Peasants' Revolt Germany and Northern . . . 1377.00 1389.00 South German War of the Cities Germany and Northern . . . 1377.00 yyee Battle of mm. Cities defeat Charles IV Germany and Northern . . . 1377.00 yyee Battle of Reutlingen. Cities defeat wurttemberg Germany and Northern . . . 1381.00 yyee South German League of Cities formed; they ally with Swiss Confederation Germany and Northern . . . 1388.00 yyee Battle of Doffingen. Allies defeated by the princes Germany and Northern . . . 1382.00 yyee Teutonic Knights conquer Poland's Baltic provinces Germany and Northern . . . 1397.00 yyee Union of Kalmar unites Norway, Sweden and Denmark 1390s-1402 Uprising of Wenceslaw of Bohemia Germany and Northern . . . 1398.00 yyee Teutonic Knights drive Vitalian Brethren from Gotland Germany and Northern . . . 1402.00 yyee Teutonic Knights seize N eumark Germany and Northern . . . 1419.00 1436.00 Hussite Wars Germany and Northern . . . 1415.00 yyee Execution and martyrdom of John Hus of Bohemia Germany and Northern . . . 1419.00 yyee Bohemian uprising and first de fenestration of Prague. Hussite people's army repulses five Imperial/Crusader attacks Germany and Northern . . . 1431.00 yyee Battle of Taus. Indecisive Germany and Northern . . . 1434.00 1436.00 Danish uprising of "'Englebrecht Engle- Brechtson Germany and Northern . . . 1471.00 yyee Swedes defeat Danes Germany and Northern . . . 1466.00 yyee Casimir IV of Poland/Lithuania takes much of Prussia from the Teutonic Knights Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean . . . 1284.00 yyee Battle of Meloria: Genoa defeats Pisa and takes Corsica Mediterranean . . . 1298.00 yyee Battle of Curzola: Genoese defeat Venetians Mediterranean . . . 1309.00 yyee Knights of st John establish base in Rhodes Mediterranean . . . 1323.00 1325.00 Pisa-Genoa war for Sardinia and Corsica Mediterranean . . . 1340.00 yyee Battle of Salano Mediterranean . . . 1343.00 yyee Aragon takes Majorca Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain Scottish War of . . 1296.00 1346.00 Scottish War of Independence Britain Scottish War of . . 1296.00 yyee Edward I invades Scotland Britain Scottish War of . . 1297.00 yyee Battle of Stirling Bridge. Wallace defeats English force Britain Scottish War of . . 1298.00 yyee Battle of Falkirk. Wallace defeated by Edward Britain Scottish War of . . 1303.00 yyee Edward invades Scotland again Britain Scottish War of . . 1305.00 yyee Rebellion of Robert Bruce Britain Scottish War of . . 1306.00 yyee Battle of Methven Britain Scottish War of . . 1307.00 yyee Battle of Loudon Hill. Bruce defeats Pembroke Britain Scottish War of . . 1314.00 yyee Bruce takes Stirling Castle, stongest English fortress in Scotland Britain Scottish War of . . 1314.00 yyee Battle of Bannockburn.Bruce decisively defeats Edward II Britain Scottish War of . . 1315.00 1318.00 Bruce invades Ireland Britain Scottish War of . . 1318.00 yyee Bruce takes Berwick. Subsequent cross-border operations by both sides Britain Scottish War of . . 1332.00 yyee Battle of Dupplin. Edward Baliol usurps Scottish crown under suzerainty of Edward III of England Britain Scottish War of . . 1333.00 yyee Battle of Halidon Hill. Douglas defeated by Baliol Iberian Peninsula . . . yyss yyee Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula . . . 1311.00 yyee Aragon takes Duchy of Athens Iberian Peninsula . . . 1323.00 yyee Aragon takes Sardinia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1474.00 1479.00 Castilian War of Succession against France and Portugal Iberian Peninsula . . . 1476.00 yyee Battle of Toro. Defeat of Portugal Iberian Peninsula . . . 1479.00 yyee Union of Aragon and Castile Iberian Peninsula . . . 1482.00 yyee Aragon and Castile reduce Granada Iberian Peninsula . . . 1494.00 yyee Spain takes Medilla Iberian Peninsula . . . 1509.00 yyee Spain takes Oran India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1414.00 yyee -H51 Sultanate of Delhi: Sayyid Dynasty India . . . 1451.00 1526.00 Sultanate of Delhi: Lodi Dynasty India . . . 1509.00 1530.00 Campaigns of Krishna Deva Raya bring Vijayanagara to zenith of power India . . . 1517.00 1526.00 Factions weaken Sultanate of Delhi Hundred Years . . . 1338.00 1453.00 Hundred Years War Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. EDWARD III 1337-1347 Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1337.00 1318.00 The French fleet attacks Portsmouth and Southampton. Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1338.00 yyee Edward III crosses to Flanders. Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1340.00 yyee Battle of Sluys. French fleet destroyed Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1346.00 yyee Battle of Crecy, Edward crushes French army of Philip VI Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1346.00 yyee Battle of Nevill's Cross. David Il of Scotland defeated while raiding England Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1346.00 1347.00 Calais taken by Edward III in one of the first actions involving artillery Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1350.75 yyee Battle of Winchelsea/Sandwich. Edward Ill's fleet defeats Spanish fleet Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1350.00 yyee Death of Philip VI of Valois. John Il succeeds him. Black Death ravages Europe. Estimated 25 million victims between Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1347.00 yyee and 1351. Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . yyss yyee PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD III 1351-1356 Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1355.00 yyee Brief chevauchee of Edward III in Artois. Chevauchee of Black Prince in Languedoc. Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1356.00 yyee Battle of Poitiers. Black Prince defeats and captures King John of France Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1358.00 yyee Jacquerie peasant uprising in France Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1360.00 yyee Edward III seizes the suburbs of Paris. Peace of Bretigny Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1364.00 yyee Battle of Cocherel. Du Guesclin beats Jean de Grailly's Anglo-Gascon- Navarrese army Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1364.00 yyee Auray captured by the English Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. EDWARD III 1357-1375 Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1367.00 yyee Battle of Najera, Black Prince and Pedro the Cruel of Castile defeat du Guesclin and the Count of Trasamara Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1370.00 yyee Battle of Pontvallain. Du Guesclin stops English chevauchee from Calais Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1372.00 yyee Du Guesclin and Clisson conquer Brittany. Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1372.00 yyee Battle of La Rochelle. English fleet destroyed by Castilian galleys (allies of the French). Charles V reconquers Poitou and Saintonge. Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1376.00 yyee Death of the Black Prince. Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1377.00 yyee Death of Edward Ill. Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. RICHARD II 1377-1380 Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . 1378.00 yyee Naval victory of Jean de Vienne at Cherbourg over Lancaster. English take Cherbourg and Brest Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . 1380.00 yyee English offensive from Calais. Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . 1380.00 yyee Chateauneuf-de- Randon besieged and captured by du Guesclin, who dies in the process Franco-Castilian fleet destroyed by the English off the coast of Ireland. Death of Charles V Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. RICHARD Il 1382-1396 Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1381.00 yyee Truce between France and England. Peasants revolt (Wat Tyler) in England Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1382.83 yyee Battle of Roosbeke. Charles VI of France defeats Flemish Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1387.00 yyee Battle of Margate. Engish fleet defeats Franco-Castilian fleet, ending the threat of a French invasion of England Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1388.00 yyee Battle of Otterburn. Scots raiding force defeats defending troops of Henry Percy Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1394.00 yyee Revolt in Ireland repressed by Richard Il Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1395.00 1396.00 Anglo-French conference in Paris. Truce providing for 28 years Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1399.00 yyee Richard Il dethroned in favour of Henry IV Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. HENRY V 1414-1422 Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1405.00 yyee French expeditionary force lands in Wales to help the Welsh uprising Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1406.00 yyee Welsh beaten by the English. French attempted offensives against Guyenne and Calais checked. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1407.00 yyee Anglo-French truce. Beginning of Civil War in France. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1415.00 yyee Henry V renounces the truce of 1396 and lands at Harfleur, which he besieges and takes Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1415.00 yyee Battle of Agincourt. Henry V defeats the French Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1416.00 yyee Battle of Harfleur. Franco-Genoese fleet defeated Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1417.00 yyee Henry V's second expedition to France. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1418.00 yyee Conquest of Normandy by the English. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1418.00 1419.00 Siege and capture of Rouen. Burgundians enter Paris Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1419.00 yyee Rouen taken by the English Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1420.00 yyee Treaty of Troyes. Henry V heir to the throne of France Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1421.00 yyee Henry V's third expedition to France. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1421.00 yyee Battle of Beauge. Franco-Scottish force defeated by Clarence's English Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1422.00 yyee Truce. Death of Henry V and of Charles VI in Paris Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. HENRY VI 1423-1453 Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1423.00 yyee Battle of Cravant. Bedford defeats Franco- Scottish army Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1424.00 yyee Battle ofVerneuil. Bedford defeats Franco- Scottish army Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1427.00 yyee Battle of Montargis. Dunois defeats Bedford and Warwick Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1428.00 yyee Salisbury besieges Orleans defended by Dunois. Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429.00 yyee Rouvray ('The Herrings'). Falstolf repulses French attack on a convoy of supplies for the English besiegers of Orleans Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429.00 yyee Siege of Orleans raised by Joan of Arc, leading to spirited counter-attack by the French, which rapidly gathers momentum. Coronation of the dauphin at Reims as Charles VII Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429.00 yyee English fortress of Jargeau taken by the French Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429.00 yyee Battle of Patay. French surprise and defeat English army of . Shrewsbury (Talbot) Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1430.00 yyee Joan of Arc checked before Paris and made prisoner Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1431.00 yyee Joan of Arc burnt at Rouen. Henry VI aged 10 is crowned king of France at Paris. Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1436.00 yyee English leave Paris. The French lay siege to Calais Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1441.00 yyee The French take Pontoise Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1444.00 1448.00 Successive truces of Tours Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1448.00 yyee Resumption of hostilities between France and England. French offensive in Normandy Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1449.00 yyee Rouen expels English garrison Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1450.00 yyee Battle of Formigny. Decisive French victory by Clermont over the English, leading to the fall of Caen and Cherbourg to the French Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1450.00 1451.00 French drive the English out of France, leaving only Calais in their hands The people of Aquitaine revolt against the new French rulers and Shrewsbury takes an English expeditionary force to support them Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1453.00 yyee Battle of Castillon. Shrewsbury is defeated. Castillon, Bordeaux and all Aquitaine revert to French rule Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1453.00 yyee Battle of Castillon. French victory. French re- enter Bordeaux. End of the Hundred Years War. The English are left with only Calais, which they keep to 1558 Balkans . . . yyss yyee Balkans 1360s-1390s ottoman conquest of Thrace, Bosnia, Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria Balkans . . . 1389.00 yyee Kossovo Polje. Turks decisively defeat Serbs Balkans . . . 1394.00 1403.00 Blockade of Constantinople by Ottomans Balkans . . . 1396.00 yyee Battle of Nicopolis: Christian Crusade defeated by Ottomans Balkans . . . 1409.00 1426.00 Venetian expansion in Dalmatia and Lombardy Balkans . . . 1451.00 1481.00 Mehmet 'The Conqueror' annexes Serbia, Bosnia, Greece, Crimea, etc. Balkans . . . 1453.00 yyee Siege and fall of Constantinople. End of Byzantine Empire. Constantinople becomes Istanbul Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . yyss yyee Britain: Wars of the Roses Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1455.39 yyee Battle of st AJbans. York, Salisbury and Warwick defeat Royal army. Somerset and Northumberland are killed Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1459.73 yyee Battle of Blore Heath. Salisbury wins for York at Ludlow Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1460.53 yyee Battle of Northampton. Yorkists put Lancastrians to flight. Henry is captured Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1461.00 yyee Battle of Wakefield. Margaret defeats York and Salisbury who are killed Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1461.09 yyee Battle of Mortimer's Cross. Edward, new Duke of York, defeats Lancastrians and is proclaimed king Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1461.13 yyee Battle of st Albans. Margaret and Somerset defeat Warwick Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1461.24 yyee Battle of Towton. Lancastrians defeated with heavy loss of life. Edward controls England i464 Battles of Hedgley Moor (25 April) and Hexham (15 May). Montagu (Warwick'S brother) defeats Lancastrians Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1465.00 yyee Henry is captured Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1468.00 yyee Harlech, last Lancastrian stronghold, falls to the Yorkists. Warwick and Edward's brother Clarence change sides Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1469.57 yyee Battle of Edgecote Moor. Warwick defeats Pembroke. Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1470.20 yyee Battle of 'Lose-Coat Field' (Stamford). Rebels ambush Edward, but he defeats them Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1470.67 yyee Henry VI is restored to the throne Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1471.29 yyee Battle of Barnet. Warwick is defeated and killed Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1471.34 yyee Battle of Tewkesbury. Edward defeats Lancastrians and rules as Edward IV Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1483.00 yyee Edward IV dies. Richard of Gloucester usurps the throne as Richard III Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1485.60 yyee Lancastrian Henry Tudor lands in Wales Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1485.64 yyee Battle of Bosworth. Richard is killed. Henry VII is king Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1487.46 yyee Battle of Stoke. Impostor 'Edward VI' defeated Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1403.56 yyee Battle of Shrewsbury. Henry VII defeats rebellion of Henry Percy (Hotspur) Burgundy and Switzerland . . . yyss yyee Burgundy and Switzerland Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1467.00 1477.00 Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy. He allies with England and Aragon against Louis XI of France, his bitter enemy; and with Sigmund of Austria against the Swiss Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1474.00 yyee Siege of Neuss Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1476.00 yyee Battle of Murten Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1476.00 yyee Battle of Grandson Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477.00 yyee Battle of Nancy. Charles the Bold killed. His daughter has married Maximilian I of Austria who wins Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1479.00 yyee Battle of Guinegate. Treaty of Senlis divides the legacy Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477.00 1499.00 Swabian War. Swiss establish independence and separation from the Empire Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1513.00 yyee Swiss Confederation of 13 cantons Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477.00 1499.00 Swiss Swabian War Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477.00 yyee Habsburgs inherit Burgundy Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1471.00 1480.00 Turkish attacks on Styria Europe . . . 1477.00 yyee Hungarian attacks on Austria Europe . . . 1485.00 yyee Seizure of Vienna, occupation of Lower Austria, Carinthia and Styria by Matthias I Corvinus, King of Hungary, who dies 1490; Habsburgs recover their territories including Vienna Russia . . . yyss yyee Russia Russia . . . 1478.00 yyee Ivan III annexes Novgorod Russia . . . 1480.00 yyee Ivan III proclaims independence of Muscovy Italy . . . yyss yyee Italy Italy . . . 1494.00 1559.00 Valois-Habsburg Wars for Italy [1499-1523 Italian wars involve Swiss mercenaries 1 Italy . . . 1494.00 yyee Charles VIII of France begins wars for Naples, claiming Naples via the House of Anjou Italy . . . 1494.00 yyee Charles conquers Naples Italy . . . 1495.00 yyee Spanish and Habsburgs force him to retreat Italy . . . 1500.00 yyee Louis XII of France takes Milan Italy . . . 1504.00 yyee Treaty of Blois cedes Naples to Spain By 1505 Habsburgs drive French from the south of Italy and take Naples Italy . . . 1511.00 yyee Holy League to liberate Italy Italy . . . 1515.00 yyee Battle of Marignano. Francis I of France defeats Swiss Habsburg . . . 1519.00 1556.00 Habsburg Empire of Charles V Habsburg . . . 1519.00 1556.00 Charles V (1516 inherits Spanish Empire; Habsburg . . . 1519.00 yyee Austria and the Holy Roman Empire) Habsburg . . . 1521.00 1526.00 War against Francis I of France Habsburg . . . 1525.00 yyee Battle of Pavia. Habsburgs drive French from Milan Habsburg . . . 1525.00 yyee Peasant revolt in Germany Habsburg . . . 1526.00 1529.00 2nd war against Francis I. Habsburg . . . 1527.00 yyee Imperial army plunders Rome Habsburg . . . 1535.00 yyee Habsburgs take Milan Habsburg . . . 1536.00 1538.00 3rd war between Charles V and Francis I Habsburg . . . 1542.00 1544.00 4th war between Charles V and Francis I Habsburg . . . 1546.00 1547.00 Schmalkaldic War of south/central Germany Habsburg . . . 1547.00 yyee Battle of Muhlberg, Habsburgs defeat German Protestants Habsburg . . . 1552.00 1556.00 Charles V at war with France again. He abdicates 1556 splitting his empire into its Spanish and Austrian components Habsburg . . . 1559.00 yyee Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis. French are excluded from Italy Ottoman Empire . . . yyss yyee Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Middle East . . yyss yyee Middle East Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1516.00 1517.00 ottomans conquer Syria, Palestine and Mameluke Egypt Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1520.00 1566.00 Suleman I pushes the ottoman Empire to its greatest extend Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1529.00 yyee Turks capture Algiers Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1551.00 yyee Turks take Tripoli Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1565.00 yyee Turks besiege Malta Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1571.00 yyee Turks take Cyprus Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1574.00 yyee Turks take Tunis Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1475.00 1546.00 Barbarossa raids Spanish and Italian coasts for Francis I of France Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1529.00 yyee Turks take Algiers Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1535.00 yyee Habsburg North African campaign against Barbarossa and seizure of Tunis Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1541.00 yyee Habsburg Algiers expedition fails Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1551.00 yyee Turks take Tripoli Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1565.00 yyee Turkish siege of Malta fails Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1571.00 yyee Battle of Lepanto. Don John of Austria leads Holy League fleet to victory over Turks Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1571.00 yyee Turks take Cyprus Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1577.00 yyee Ottoman-Habsburg truce. The Turkish threat wanes. Habsburgs are busy in the north; ottomans in conflict with Persia Ottoman Empire Europe . . yyss yyee Europe Ottoman Empire Europe . . 1526.00 yyee Battle of Mohacs. Turks take most of Hungary Ottoman Empire Europe . . 1529.00 yyee First Turkish siege of Vienna Turks take Hungary Ottoman Empire Europe . . 1577.00 yyee Ottoman-Habsburg Truce India . . . yyss yyee India India WARS OF BABUR . . 1504.00 1530.00 WARS OF BABUR India WARS OF BABUR . . 1526.00 yyee Battle of Khanua: Babur defeats Rajput Confederation to conquer northern India India WARS OF BABUR . . 1526.00 yyee Battle of Panipat: Babur defeats Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi and establishes the Moghul Empire, which becomes the dominant power in India India WARS OF BABUR . . 1535.00 1540.00 Campaigns of Humayan India WARS OF BABUR . . 1538.00 yyee Bahmani State splits into 5 states India WARS OF BABUR . . 1539.00 yyee Battle of Chaunsa: Defeated by usurper Sher-Shah India WARS OF BABUR . . 1540.00 yyee Battle of Kanauj: Defeated by usurper Sher-Shah India WARS OF BABUR . . 1556.00 1605.00 Akbar, greatest of Mogul emperors India WARS OF BABUR . . 1556.00 1601.00 Campaigns of Akbar India WARS OF BABUR . . 1556.00 yyee Second Battle of Panipat India WARS OF BABUR . . 1564.00 yyee Five Deccan Kingdoms combine to destroy Vijayanagara India WARS OF BABUR . . 1610.00 1629.00 Moghuls at war with Ahmadnagar India WARS OF BABUR . . 1623.00 yyee Battle of Balochpur Japan . . . yyss yyee Japan Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1467.00 1615.00 'PERIOD OF THE WARRING STATES' as local warlords vie for supremacy Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1467.00 1477.00 Onin War Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1561.00 yyee Battle of Kawanakajima Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1570.00 1581.00 Siege of Ishiyama Honganji Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1591.00 yyee Siege of Kunoe 1592/3, 1597/8 Japanese invasions of Korea Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1600.00 yyee Battle of Sekigahara. Tokugawa decisively defeats his rivals, leading to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1637.00 1638.00 Shimbara Revolt, the last uprising against the Togukawa shogunate.Peacein Japan. In 1639 Japan effectively cuts itself off from the outside world until the middle of the nineteenth century Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 1513.00 1514.00 Anglo-Scottish War Britain . . . 1513.00 yyee Battle of Flodden Field. Earl of Surrey defeats James IV of Scotland. Britain . . . 1545.00 yyee Battle of Ancram Moor. Scots defeat English raiding party Britain . . . 1547.00 yyee Battle of Pinkie. Somerset defeats Arran, regent of Scotland Britain . . . 1594.00 1603.00 Irish Nine Years War Britain . . . 1598.00 1603.00 Tyrone's Rebellion in Ireland Britain . . . 1601.00 yyee Spanish expeditionary force invades Ireland Britain . . . 1601.00 yyee Battle of Kinsale. British defeat Tyrone Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1531.00 yyee Battle of Kappel. Swiss Catholics defeat Protestants of Zurich. Zwingli killed Russia and Northern . . . yyss yyee Russia and Northern Europe Russia and Northern . . . 1552.00 yyee Muscovy conquers Kazan Khanate Russia and Northern . . . 1569.00 yyee Union of Lublin. Poland/Lithuania repulse. Muscovite expansion Russia and Northern . . . 1604.00 1606.00 The 'False Demetrius' pretender invades Russia to depose Boris Godounov, the murderer of Dmitri, the last of the Rurik dynasty in 1598 Russia and Northern . . . 1605.00 yyee He enters Moscow Russia and Northern . . . 1610.00 yyee Boyars retake Moscow and kill Demetrius A second false Dmitri is a puppet of the Poles Russia and Northern . . . 1610.00 1613.00 Time of Troubles - anarchy in Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1600.00 yyee Poland takes Smolensk; Sweden invades Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1609.00 1613.00 Russo-Polish War Russia and Northern . . . 1610.00 yyee Battle of Klondnot Russia and Northern . . . 1611.00 yyee Battle of Christianople Russia and Northern . . . 1612.00 yyee Battle ofVringellen Russia and Northern . . . 1613.00 yyee Battle of Wisby Russia and Northern . . . 1613.00 yyee Michael Romanov elected Tsar and restores order Russia and Northern . . . 1617.00 1618.00 Russian peace with Poland and Sweden Russia and Northern . . . 1615.00 yyee Battle of Plescow Russia and Northern . . . 1621.00 yyee Battle of Riga Russia and Northern . . . 1621.00 1622.00 Battle of Kotzim Russia and Northern . . . 1634.00 yyee Poland invades Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1637.00 yyee Don Cossacks temporarily take Azov for Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1672.00 1725.00 Peter I the Great of Russia (sole ruler from 1689) Russia and Northern . . . 1695.00 yyee Expedition against Azov fails Russia and Northern . . . 1696.00 yyee Expedition succeeds in taking Azov Russia and Northern . . . 1698.00 1699.00 Revolt of the Streltsi. Mass executions ensue Russia and Northern . . . 1703.00 yyee Peter founds St Petersburg Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Angle-Spanish contlict . . yyss yyee Angle-Spanish contlict Europe Angle-Spanish contlict . . ?tokens left: 1587 <***> , 1596.00 English raid Cadiz Europe Angle-Spanish contlict . . 1558.00 yyee Spanish Armada defeated in English Channel and off the Low Countries China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1516.00 yyee Portuguese base at Canton established China . . . 1563.00 yyee Japanese pirates eliminated China . . . 1627.00 yyee Abortive Ch'ing invasion of Korea China . . . 1628.00 1644.00 Peasant rebellion in China China . . . 1636.00 1637.00 Ch'ing conquest of Korea China . . . 1644.00 1659.00 Ch'ing conquest of China Ch'Ing or Manchu Dynasty China . . . 1644.00 yyee Manchu take Peking China . . . 1644.00 yyee Citzu-Ch'eng ends Ming Dynasty and is immediately overthrown by the Ch'ing Dynasty to found the Manchu Dynasty Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1594.00 1597.00 Peasant Wars in Austria and Hungary Europe . . . 1605.00 yyee Hungary invades Austria Dutch War of . . . yyss yyee Dutch War of Independence (Eighty Years War) During the Dutch War and the Thirty Years War, North Italy is vital to Spain as the mustering- point for the 'Spanish Road' (Habsburg possessions) via the Valtellina, Alsace, Rhineland to the Low Countries, the English Channel being dominated by the Dutch and the English Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1587.00 1625.00 CAMPAIGNS OF MAURICE OF NASSAU Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1587.00 1609.00 Maurice secures the Netherlands ('The Closing of the Garden') Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1600.00 yyee Battle of Nieuport Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1601.00 1604.00 Siege and capture of Ostend by Maurice Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1604.00 yyee Maurice takes Sluys Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1604.00 yyee Spanish take Ostend Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1607.00 yyee Battle of Gibraltar. Dutch defeat Spanish at sea Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1609.25 yyee Twelve Years Truce Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1621.00 1648.00 Dutch War of Independence resumed and merges with Thirty Years War Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1625.00 yyee Capture of Breda Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1625.00 1647.00 CAMPAIGNS OF FREDERICK HENRY OF ORANGE Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1626.00 yyee Battle of Liitter Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1626.00 yyee Battle of Dessau Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1636.00 yyee Frederick Henry captures Breda Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1639.00 yyee Battle of the Downs. Tromp defeats second Spanish Armada France . . . yyss yyee France France . . . 1624.00 1642.00 Richelieu First Minister of France France . . . 1626.00 1630.00 Angle-French War France . . . 1627.00 1629.00 Huguenot Rebellion France . . . 1628.00 yyee Siege and capture of La Rochelle Buckingham attacks the lIe de Rhe France . . . 1629.00 1631.00 War of the Mantuan Succession. France versus Spain France . . . 1635.00 1659.00 France and Spain at war, leaving Spain militarily exhausted. France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . yyss yyee THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL WARS: France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1649.00 1649.16 First, parliamentaire Fronde. Conde besieges Paris France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1650.00 1652.00 Fronde of the Princes. France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1652.27 yyee Battle of Nemours France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1652.34 yyee Battle of Etampes France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1658.45 yyee Battle of the Dunes. Turenne captures Dunkirk (to England) France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1659.00 yyee Treaty of the Pyrenees Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Thirty Years War . . 1618.00 1648.00 Thirty Years War Triggered by May 1618 Defenestration of Prague Europe PHASE I. Loss OF . . 1618.00 1629.00 PHASE I. Loss OF PALATINATE AND COLLAPSE OF GERMAN PROTESTANTISM Europe PHASE I. Loss OF . . 1620.00 yyee Battle of White Mountain. Bohemian rebellion ended and conquest of Palatinate enabled [1624-42 Richelieu first minister of France] Europe PHASE I. Loss OF . . 1626.00 yyee Battle of Liitter compels withdrawal of Denmark. 1629 Peace of Liibeck Europe PHASE 11. . . 1630.00 1635.00 PHASE 11. RESTORATION OF PROTESTANTISM BY SWEDEN Europe PHASE 11. . . 1631.00 yyee Battle of Breitenfeld restores Protestant fortunes and is the turning-point of the war Europe PHASE 11. . . 1631.00 yyee Sack of Magdeburg Europe PHASE 11. . . 1632.00 yyee Battle of Liitzen. Victory, but death, of Gustavus Adolphus. Leads indirectly to assassination of Wallenstein in Feb 1634 Europe PHASE 11. . . 1634.00 yyee Battle of Nordlingen undoes the work of Sweden. War becomes one of exhaustion between France/Sweden and Bavaria/Imperialists. Disease and starvation throughout Germany. End of religious phases of the war. 1635 Treaty of Prague Europe PHASE III . . 1635.00 1648.00 PHASE III INTERVENTION OF FRANCE [1634-8 Five years of negotiations] Europe PHASE III . . 1635.00 yyee French ally with Dutch against Spain, begins the Dutch War of Independence with the Thirty Years War [1642-1661 Mazarin first minister of France] Europe PHASE III . . 1643.00 yyee Battle of Rocroi. Conde destroys the remnant of Spanish military prestige Europe PHASE III . . 1648.00 yyee Battle of Siismarshausen. Turenne and Wrangel defeat Imperialists and Bavarians Europe PHASE III . . 1648.00 yyee Battle of Lens. Conde defeats the Spaniards Europe PHASE III . . 1648.00 yyee Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War and Munster ends Spanish-Dutch War Poland . . . yyss yyee Poland Poland . . . 1609.00 1613.00 Polish war against Russia Poland . . . 1611.00 yyee Poles capture Smolensk Poland . . . 1617.00 1629.00 Polish war against Sweden Ongoing Polish war against Turkey Poland . . . 1625.00 yyee Polish war against Sweden; 1629 Six Years Truce Poland . . . 1634.00 yyee Poles invade Russia. Leads to Treaty of Viasma/Polyankova. Ladislas IV renounces claim to Russian throne Poland . . . 1648.00 1668.00 Disastrous reign of John Casimir Raids of Dnieper Cossacks; campaigns of Bogdan Chmielnuski Poland . . . 1648.00 yyee Battle of Zolte Wody. Cossacks defeat Poles and take Lemberg Poland . . . 1651.00 yyee Battle of Beresteszko. Poles defeated. Truce Poland . . . 1654.00 yyee Bogdan and Russians invade Poland Poland . . . 1655.00 1657.00 Sweden invades Poland. Civil War in Poland Poland . . . 1667.00 yyee Cossack uprising in Poland Poland . . . 1672.00 1676.00 Polish-Turkish War Poland . . . 1673.00 yyee John Sobieski wins Battle of Khoczoim in Bessarabia Poland . . . 1674.00 1696.00 John Sobieski King of Poland Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1623.00 yyee Abbarttu the Great of Persia captures Baghdad Middle East . . . 1638.00 yyee Murad IV of Turkey recaptures Baghdad India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1632.00 yyee Hooghey taken from Portuguese India . . . 1649.00 1653.00 Moghuls at war with Persia India . . . 1664.00 1710.00 Moghul persecution of non- Muslims India . . . 1675.00 yyee Rajput revolt Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain English Civil Wars . . yyss yyee English Civil Wars Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1642.00 1646.00 FIRST CIVIL WAR Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1642.64 yyee King Charles I sets up standard at Nottingham: beginning of war Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1642.73 yyee Battle of Powick Bridge. Rupert routs Parliamentarians Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1642.81 yyee Battle of Edgehill. King defeats Earl of Essex Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 29.75 yyee King makes Oxford his capital Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 13.83 yyee Battle of Turnham Green. Royalists repulsed from London Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 19.00 yyee 164J Battle of Braddock Down. Hopton clears Cornwall of Parliamentarians Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 19.16 yyee Battle of Hopton Heath. Royalist Northampton defeats Gell and Brereton Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.28 yyee Battle of Ripple Field. Prince Maurice defeats Waller Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.31 yyee Battle of Launceston. Hopton defeats Parliament army of Chudleigh Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.32 yyee Battle of Sourton Down. Chudleigh defeats Hopton Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.37 yyee Battle of Grantham. Cromwell defeats Cavendish Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.38 yyee Battle of Stratton. Hopton defeats Stamford and secures south-west for the King Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.39 yyee Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Wakefield Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.46 yyee Battle of Chalgrove Field. Rupert defeats Parliamentarians Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.49 yyee Battle of Adwalton Moor. Fairfaxes defeated by Newcastle's Royalists Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 5.50 yyee Battle of Lansdown. Hopton defeats Wailer Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.53 yyee Battle of Roundway Down. Hopton and Prince Maurice destroy Wailer's army Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.57 yyee Bristol falls to Rupert Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.57 yyee Battle of Gainsborough. Cromwell defeats Cavendish Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.72 yyee Battle of Newbury I. King fails to prevent Essex's return to London Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1643.73 yyee Solemn League and Covenant signed between Parliament and Scots Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 11.75 yyee Battle of Winceby. Eastern Association defeats Royalists advancing south Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.07 yyee Battle of Nantwich. Fairfax defeats Byron Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.22 yyee Rupert relieves besieged Newark Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.24 yyee Battle of CheritonJAlresford. Waller defeats Forth and Hopton Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 25.33 11.42 Rupert takes Stockport, Bolton and Liverpool and marches to relieve besieged York Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.49 yyee Battle of Cropredy Bridge. King defeats WaIler Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.50 yyee Battle of Marston Moor. Scots (Leven), Manchester and Fairfax defeat Rupert and Newcastle. Turning- point: the North is effectively lost to the King (16 July York falls) Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.67 yyee Battle of Castle Dore. King destroys Essex's army Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.67 yyee Battle of Tippermuir. Montrose defeats Elgin's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.70 yyee Battle of Aberdeen. Montrose defeats Elgin's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1644.82 yyee Battle of Newbury 11. King repulses Manchester and Waller Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.09 yyee Battle of Inverlochy. Montrose defeats Campbells Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.25 yyee Formation of Parliament's New Model Army, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax with Cromwell in command of the cavalry Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.36 yyee Battle of Auldearn. Montrose defeats Hurry's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.45 yyee Battle of Naseby. Fairfax and Cromwell decisively defeat King Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.50 yyee Battle of Alford. Montrose defeats Baillie's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.53 yyee Battle of Langport. Fairfax defeats Goring Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.58 yyee Battle of Colby Moor. Laugharne defeats Pembrokeshire Royalists Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.69 yyee Rupert surrenders Bristol Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.70 yyee Battle of Philiphaugh. Defeat of Montrose Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1645.73 yyee Battle of Rowton Heath. Royalists defeated at Chester Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1646.20 yyee Astley surrenders last Royalist army at Stow-in-the- Wold Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1647.60 yyee Battle of Dunganhill. Parliament- arian J ones defeats Irish Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 1648.00 yyee SECOND CIVIL WAR Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 1648.00 yyee Battle of Preston. Cromwell defeats Royalists and Scots Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 1648.66 yyee Colchester surrenders to Fairfax Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 1649.08 yyee King Charles I beheaded Britain English Civil Wars IRISH CAMPAIGN . 1649.00 yyee IRISH CAMPAIGN Britain English Civil Wars IRISH CAMPAIGN . 1649.59 yyee Battle of Rathrnines. Ormonde's Royalists repulsed before Dublin Britain English Civil Wars IRISH CAMPAIGN . 1649.67 1649.92 Drogheda and Wexford beseiged and taken by Cromwell's army Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 1650.00 1651.00 THIRD CIVIL WAR Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 1650.32 yyee Battle of Carbisdale. Montrose's Royalists defeated Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 1650.67 yyee Battle of Dunbar. Cromwell defeats Scots Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 1651.67 yyee Battle of Worcester. Cromwell defeats Charles ll's Anglo-Scots army Britain CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH . . yyss yyee CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH 1650s England sends a fleet to the Mediterranean - against Barbary pirates Britain CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH . . 1655.33 yyee Britain captures Jamaica Britain CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH . . 1662.00 1683.00 England holds Tangier Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , . . yyss yyee Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1652.00 1654.00 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . WAR Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1652.00 yyee Battle of Kentish Knock. Blake defeats de With Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1652.00 yyee Battle of Dungeness. Tromp defeats Blake Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1653.00 yyee Battle of PortlandlBeachy Head. Indecisive Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1653.00 yyee Battle of Gab bard/North Foreland/Nieuport. Monck and Deane defeat Tromp and de Ruyter Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1653.00 yyee Battle of Texel. Monck defeats Tromp, who is killed Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1665.00 1667.00 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH WAR Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1665.00 yyee Battle of Solebay/Lowestoft. Duke of York defeats Opdam Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1666.00 yyee Four Days Fight/Dover Strait. De Ruyter and Tromp Jr defeat Albemarle and Rupert Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1666.00 yyee Battle of North Foreland ll. Albemarle defeats de Ruyter Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1672.00 1674.00 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH WAR Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1672.00 yyee Battle of Southwold. De Ruyter defeats York and d'Estrees Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1673.00 yyee Battle of Schooneveld Bank. De Ruyter defeats Rupert and d'Estrees Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1673.00 yyee Battle of Texel II/Camperdown. De Ruyter defeats Rupert and d'Estrees China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1674.00 1681.00 Rebellion of the Three Feudatores China . . . 1683.00 yyee Chinese conquest of Formosa China . . . 1696.00 yyee Chinese conquest of Mongolia China . . . 1705.00 yyee Chinese invasion of Tibet China . . . 1720.00 yyee Chinese conquest of Tibet China . . . 1740.00 1743.00 Chinese-Indonesian War China . . . 1758.00 1759.00 Chinese conquest of Kashgaria Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of . . yyss yyee Wars of Louis XIV (King of France 1643-1715; regency 1643-51) Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1659.00 1629.00 PHASE I Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1668.00 yyee Conde conquers Franche Comte Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1672.00 yyee France invades Holland, but Dutch flood the countryside forcing withdrawal next year Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1674.00 yyee Grand Alliance of the Hague against Louis XIV Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1674.00 yyee Battle of Sinzheim and Ladenburg. Turenne defeats Imperialists and devastates the Palatinate Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1675.00 yyee Battles of Mulhausen, Colmar, Turkheim. Again Turenne defeats the Imperialists and forces the evacuation of Alsace Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1675.00 yyee Battle of Sasbach. Turenne killed Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1675.00 yyee Battle of Fehrbellin. Brandenburg defeats Sweden Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1678.00 yyee Treaty of Nymegen Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1667.00 1668.00 War of Devolution against Spain Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1679.00 1697.00 PHASE II French annexations (reunions) lead to 1681 Alliance of the Hague, of Dutch, Swedes, Spanish and the Empire Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1681.00 yyee France invades Luxembourg Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1684.00 yyee French fleet bombards Genoa Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1689.00 1697.00 War of the League of Augsburg (Nine Years War). Spain, Empire, Sweden and Bavaria ally against France over the Spanish succession Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1688.00 yyee Second French invasion of the Palatinate Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1688.00 1689.00 second devastation of the Palatinate unites Europe against Louis XIV Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1689.00 yyee English Revolution: William III replaces James II Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II Alliance of 1689.33 yyee Alliance of Vienna: Empire, United Provinces, joined by England, Spain and Savoy against France Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: yyss yyee IRISH THEATRE: Naval battles of Bantry Bay and Beachy Head: French defeat England and Holland. Louis XIV plans invasion of England with camp at Cherbourg. Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1692.00 yyee Battle of La Hogue. Tourville defeated by Russell Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1689.00 yyee France invades Low Countries Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1692.00 yyee Battle of Steinkirk. William III defeated Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1693.00 yyee Battle of Neerwinden (Land en) William III defeated Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: yyss yyee French campaign in Italy: Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: 1690.00 yyee Battle of Staffarde; Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: 1693.00 yyee Battle of Marsaglia Jean Bart leads guerre de course in Channel Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: 1696.00 1697.00 Treaties of Turin and Ryswick Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE III . 1697.00 1715.00 PHASE III Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE III . 1700.00 yyee death of Charles II of Spain; bequeaths Spanish Empire to Philip of Anjou Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE III . 1700.00 yyee Brandenburg becomes Kingdom of Prussia Europe War of the Spanish . . 1702.00 1713.00 War of the Spanish Succession Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . yyss yyee French invade Netherlands Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1701.00 yyee Grand Alliance of the Hague against the French Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1702.00 yyee Battle of Friedlingen Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1703.00 yyee Battle of Hbchstadt Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1704.00 yyee Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough's great victory. Allies conquer Bavaria Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1704.00 yyee Gibraltar taken by England Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1706.00 yyee Battle of Ramillies wins Belgium for the Allies Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1706.00 yyee Battle of Turin Philip V has to abandon Barcelona. France loses Belgium, Milanese, Spain in one summer Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1707.00 yyee Battle of Almanza Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1708.00 yyee Battle of Oudenarde. Allies invade France Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1708.00 1714.00 Sardinia is a British base Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1708.00 1783.00 Minorca is a British base Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1709.00 yyee Battle of Malplaquet, a Pyrrhic victory for Marlborough, which prevents the Allies invading France Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1710.00 yyee Battle of Lerida. Philip defeated Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1710.00 yyee Battles of Brihuega, Villviciosa. Allies defeated, effectively restoring Spain to the Bourbons Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1711.00 yyee French expedition takes Rio de Janeiro Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1712.00 yyee Battle of Denain. Villars wins France's only major victory and the Allies lose heart Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1715.00 yyee Treaty of Utrecht Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1701.00 1714.00 War of the Spanish Succession Americas . . . 1711.00 1712.00 Tuscarora War Americas . . . 1702.00 1713.00 Queen Anne's War (War of The Spanish Succession in Europe) Americas . . . 1715.00 1728.00 Yamassee War Americas . . . 1718.00 1720.00 Franco-Spanish War (War of the Quadruple Alliance) Americas . . . 1721.00 1725.00 Paraguayan Revolution Americas . . . 1740.00 1748.00 King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession in Europe) Turkey . . . yyss yyee Turkey After Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire suffers a series of weak rulers Turkey . . . 1606.00 yyee End of frontier war with the Habsburgs Turkey . . . 1621.00 yyee Turkish-Polish conflict over the Dniester Turkey . . . 1623.00 yyee Abbas the Great of Persia captures Baghdad Turkey . . . 1638.00 yyee Murad IV (1623-40) recaptured Baghdad Turkey . . . 1645.00 1669.00 Turkish War for Crete (Candian War) Turkey . . . 1648.00 yyee ottoman Empire invaded by Cossacks and Venetians Turkey . . . 1663.00 yyee Turks invade Hungary, Moravia, Silesia with a large army; a Holy League is formed to oppose them Turkey . . . 1664.00 yyee Battle of st Gothard on Raab. Imperial army defeats Turks Turkey . . . 1664.00 yyee Truce Turkey . . . 1669.00 yyee Turks take Candia (Crete). They invade Poland; 1672 Treaty of Buczacs. Polish Ukraine ceded to Turkey Turkey . . . 1683.00 1699.00 AUSTRO-TuRKISH WAR Turkey . . . 1683.00 yyee Turks march on Vienna Turkey . . . 1683.00 yyee Battle of Petronell. Kara Mustafa defeats Charles of Lorraine. Sixty-day siege of Vienna Turkey . . . 1683.00 yyee Battle of Vienna. John Sobieski defeats the Turks. Poland joins the Holy League, which already includes Austria, Venice, Malta and Russia Turkey . . . 1686.00 yyee They take Buda Turkey . . . 1686.00 yyee Venice takes the Morea, Athens and Dalmatia Turkey . . . 1687.00 yyee Battle of Mohacz. Turks defeated decisively and ejected from Hungary, which becomes a Habsburg kingdom Turkey . . . 1689.00 yyee Turks retake Nish and Belgrade Turkey . . . 1691.00 yyee Battle of Salankemen. Turks are defeated Turkey . . . 1697.00 yyee Battle of Zenta. Turks defeated in war against Poles, the Austrian Empire, Venice and Hungary; and are expelled from Serbia and Bosnia Turkey . . . 1699.00 yyee Treaty of Karlowitz Turkey . . . 1703.00 yyee Janissary revolt Turkey . . . 1714.00 1718.00 Turkish War with Austria and Venice Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1717.00 yyee Afghan revolt Middle East . . . 1722.00 1723.00 Russo- Persian War Middle East . . . 1726.00 1727.00 Persian-Turkish War Middle East . . . 1730.00 1736.00 Turkish-Persian War Middle East . . . 1737.00 1738.00 Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East . . . 1743.00 1747.00 Turkish Persian War Middle East . . . 1768.00 1774.00 1st Turkish War with Catherine of Russia Middle East . . . 1769.00 1773.00 Egyptian revolt Middle East . . . 1774.00 yyee Rohilla War Middle East . . . 1775.00 yyee Failed Spanish invasion of Algeria Middle East . . . 1779.00 1794.00 Persian Civil War Middle East . . . 1795.00 1797.00 Persian invasion of Georgia Middle East . . . 1798.00 yyee Persian invasion of Afghanistan India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1738.00 1739.00 Persian invasion of India India . . . 1744.00 1748.00 ist Carnatic War India . . . 1746.00 yyee Battle of Madras India . . . 1748.00 yyee Battle of Pondicherry India . . . 1749.00 1754.00 2nd Carnatic War India . . . 1751.00 yyee Battle of Arcot South-East Asia . . . yyss yyee South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . 1704.00 1705.00 1st Javanese war of Succession South-East Asia . . . 1714.00 1716.00 Cambodian Civil War and Vietnamese invasion South-East Asia . . . 1717.00 yyee Siamese invasion of Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1719.00 1723.00 2nd Javanese war of Succession South-East Asia . . . 1739.00 1749.00 Cambodian- Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1740.00 1752.00 Mon revolt in Burma South-East Asia . . . 1749.00 1757.00 3rd Javanese war of Succession South-East Asia . . . 1755.00 1760.00 Vietnam offensive in Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1760.00 yyee Burmese invasion of Siam South-East Asia . . . 1764.00 1767.00 Burmese invasion of Siam South-East Asia . . . 1765.00 1769.00 Chinese-Burmese war South-East Asia . . . 1769.00 1773.00 Siamese- Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1773.00 1801.00 Vietnamese Civil War South-East Asia . . . 1775.00 1776.00 Burmese-Siamese war South-East Asia . . . 1778.00 yyee Siamese invasion of Laos South-East Asia . . . 1780.00 1782.00 Siamese invasion of Vietnam South-East Asia . . . 1784.00 1785.00 Burmese conquest of Arakan South-East Asia . . . 1785.00 1792.00 Burmese-Siamese war Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe War of the North . . 1655.00 1660.00 War of the North Europe War of the North . . 1656.00 yyee Secret Treaty of Marienburg. Brandenburg and Sweden agree partition of Poland Europe War of the North . . 1655.00 1657.00 Charles X of Sweden's invasion of Poland fails Europe War of the North . . 1657.00 1658.00 Swedish invasion of Denmark leads to treaty Europe War of the North . . 1658.00 1659.00 Second Swedish invasion of Denmark. Charles besieges Copenhagen but eventually surrenders to Dutch, Poles, Austrians and Danes. He dies 1660 Europe War of the North . . 1660.00 yyee Treaties of Oliva and Copenhagen Europe Sweden becomes involved . . yyss yyee Sweden becomes involved in wars against Louis XIV; Russo-Polish conflict continues to 1667 Europe Sweden becomes involved . . 1675.00 yyee Battle of Fehrbellin. Elector of Brandenburg defeats Sweden, this marking the beginning of Sweden's military decline. Denmark, Brandenburg and Austria are at war "with Sweden Europe Wars of Charles . . 1700.00 1721.00 Wars of Charles XII Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1700.00 1721.00 GREAT NORTHERN WAR Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1700.00 yyee Charles forces peace on the Danes Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1700.00 yyee Battle of Narva. Charles defeats Russia, occupies Courland and Riga Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1702.00 yyee Charles invades Poland and enters Warsaw Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1702.00 yyee Battle of Klissow. Charles defeats Augustus of Poland. By 1705 the Swedes have conquered Poland. Meanwhile Peter the Great of Russia conquers Livonia and Estonia Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1706.00 yyee Battle of Fraustadt. Sweden defeats Poles, Russians and Germans Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1706.00 yyee Charles invades Saxony Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1707.00 yyee Sweden signs treaty with Augustus of Poland and the Habsburgs [April 1707 Marlborough visits Charles at Altranstadt) Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1707.00 1709.00 Charles invades Russia Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1708.00 yyee Battle of Holowczyn Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1709.00 yyee Battle of Poltava. Peter the Great decisively defeats Charles who languishes for five years in Turkey Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1710.00 yyee Turkey joins the war against Russia Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1711.00 yyee Peace of the Pruth Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1712.00 yyee Danes invade Bremen Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1712.00 yyee Battle of Gadebusch. Swedes are victorious but subsequently forced to surrender at Tanning to superior forces. Russia invades Finland. Sweden ceases to be a power in Germany Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1709.00 1713.00 Charles remains at Bender Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1713.00 yyee Charles besieged at Kalibalik and made prisoner Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1713.00 yyee Treaty of Adrianople ends Russo-Turkish war Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1714.00 yyee Charles returns clandestinely to Sweden Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1715.00 yyee Siege of Stralsund. Charles faces the armies of Russia, Prussia, Poland, Saxony, Hanover and Denmark Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1719.00 yyee Charles invades Norway and is killed at the siege of Frederickshald. During the wars of his reign, Sweden has lost nearly a third of its male population Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1721.00 yyee Treaty of Nystadt ends.the Great Northern war. Sweden ceases to be a great power Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 1679.00 yyee SCOTTISH COVENANTER UPRISING Britain . . . 1679.00 yyee Battle of Dumclog. Scottish Covenanters defeated Britain . . . 1679.00 yyee Battle of Bothwell Bridge. Covenanter rising suppressed Britain . . . 1685.00 yyee MONMOUTH REBELLION Britain . . . 1685.00 yyee Battle of Sedgemoor. Pretender Monmouth defeated and subsequently captured Britain WAR OF THE . . 1688.00 1691.00 WAR OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION Britain WAR OF THE . . 1689.00 yyee Londonderry besieged but not taken by James II Britain WAR OF THE . . 1689.00 yyee Battle of Killiecrankie. Highlanders ambush government force Britain WAR OF THE . . 1689.00 yyee Battle of Dunkeld Britain WAR OF THE . . 1690.00 yyee Battle of The Boyne. William III defeats James II Britain WAR OF THE . . 1691.00 yyee Battle of Aughrim. Irish rebels dispersed Britain WAR OF THE . . 1691.00 yyee Rebel Limerick taken by government troops Britain WAR OF THE . . 1692.00 yyee Battle of Glencoe. Treacherous government attack on the Macdonalds massacres 38 Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1715.00 yyee JACOBITE REBELLION Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1715.00 yyee Battle of Sheriffmuir. Indecisive Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1715.00 yyee Battle of Preston. Rebels destroyed Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1745.00 1746.00 JACOBITE REBELLION Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1745.00 yyee Prestonpans. Charles Edward stuart destroys government force then sorties into England Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1746.00 yyee Battle of Falkirk. Murray leads Jacobites to their last victory Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1746.00 yyee Battle of Culloden: Pretender 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' decisively defeated by Duke of Cumberland Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1695.00 1696.00 Russian conquest of Azov Europe . . . 1698.00 1699.00 Revolt of the Streltsi in Russia See Great Northern War above Europe . . . 1710.00 1711.00 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1703.00 1711.00 Hungarian Revolt Europe . . . 1716.00 1718.00 AUSTRO-TuRKISH WAR Europe . . . 1717.00 yyee Battle of Belgrade. Prince Eugene of Savoy's Austrian army defeats Turks Europe . . . 1727.00 1729.00 Spanish War with Britain and France Europe . . . 1735.00 1737.00 Spanish-Portuguese War Europe . . . 1736.00 1739.00 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1737.00 1739.00 Austro-Turkish War Europe . . . 1739.00 1743.00 Anglo-Spanish War of Captain Jenkins' Ear Europe . . . 1733.00 1739.00 War of the Polish Succession Europe WAR OF THE . . 1740.00 1748.00 WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION Europe WAR OF THE . . 1741.00 yyee Battle of Mollwitz. Prussians defeat Austrians Europe WAR OF THE . . 1743.00 yyee Battle of Dettingen. King George H of Britain defeats the French; the last battle to be commanded by a British monarch Europe WAR OF THE . . 1745.00 yyee Battle of Hohenfriedburg. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austro- Saxons Europe WAR OF THE . . 1745.00 yyee Battle of Sohr. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe WAR OF THE . . 1747.00 yyee Battle of Laffeldt. Count Maurice de Saxe of France defeats Allies Europe General . . yyss yyee General Europe General . . 1741.00 1743.00 Russo-Swedish War Europe Seven Years War . . 1756.00 1763.00 Seven Years War Europe Seven Years War . . 1756.00 yyee Battle of Lobositz. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757.00 yyee Battle of Prague. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757.00 yyee Battle of Kolin. Marshal Leopold von Daun of Austria defeats Frederick the Great's Prussians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757.00 yyee Battle of Rossbach. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Franco- Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757.00 yyee Battle of Leuthen. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1758.00 yyee Battle of Zorndorf. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Russians Europe Seven Years War . . 1758.00 yyee Battle of Hochkirch. Marshal Leopold von Daun of Austria defeats Frederick the Great Europe Seven Years War . . 1759.00 yyee Battle of Minden. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick led the Allies to defeat the French Europe Seven Years War . . 1759.00 yyee Battle of Kunersdorf. Lieutenant-General Gideon von Laudon of Austria and Count Peter Soltikov of Russia defeat the Prussians Europe Seven Years War . . 1760.00 yyee Battle of Warburg. Anglo-Prussians under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French Europe Seven Years War . . 1760.00 yyee Battle of Liegnitz. Frederick the Great of Prussia escapes Austro- Russian encirclement <, Europe Seven Years War . . 1760.00 yyee Battle of Torgau. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians India . . . yyss yyee India India SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA . . yyss yyee SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA India SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA . . 1756.00 yyee Back Hole of Calcutta India SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA . . 1757.00 yyee Clive captures Calcutta and wins Battle of Plassey, imposing British control over Bengal Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . yyss yyee FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN NORTH AMERICA, 1754- Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1763.00 yyee (corresponds to Seven Years War in Europe) Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1757.61 yyee Fort William Henry Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1758.42 1758.55 Louisburg Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1758.52 yyee Fort Ticonderoga Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1758.90 yyee Fort Duquesne Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1759.70 yyee Wolfe captures Quebec Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1763.00 yyee Pontiac Rebellion Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1768.00 1772.00 Polish Civil War, Russian invasion and 1st partition of Poland Europe . . . 1768.00 1774.00 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1776.00 1777.00 SpaniSh-Portuguese War Europe . . . 1777.00 1779.00 War of the Bavarian Succession Europe . . . 1787.00 1791.00 Austro-Turkish War Europe . . . 1788.00 1790.00 Swedish War with Russia and Denmark Europe . . . 1792.00 1795.00 Russo-Prussian invasion and 2nd partition of Poland India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1766.00 1769.00 1st Mysore War India . . . 1771.00 yyee Mysore-Maratha War India . . . 1779.00 1782.00 1st Maratha War India . . . 1780.00 1783.00 2nd Mysore War India . . . 1789.00 1792.00 3rd Mysore War India . . . 1790.00 yyee Battle of Calicut India . . . 1791.00 yyee Battle of Bangalore India . . . 1792.00 yyee Battle of Seringapatam India . . . 1795.00 1796.00 British expedition to Ceylon India . . . 1799.00 yyee 4th Mysore War India . . . 1799.26 1799.34 Wellesley captures Seringapatam, ending third conflict with Tippo Sahib India . . . 1803.00 1805.00 Second Maratha War India . . . 1803.73 yyee Assaye. Wellesley defeats Marathas in a bloody fight against enormous odds India . . . 1803.00 1805.00 British 2nd Maratha War India . . . 1817.00 1818.00 British 3rd Maratha War Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1769.00 1807.00 Yankee- Pennarnite War Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775.00 1786.00 AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775.00 yyee Battle of Lexington. British survive American militia attacks Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775.00 yyee Battle of Bunker Hill. Gage/ Howe of Britain defeat Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775.00 yyee Battle of Quebec. Carleton of Britain defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1776.00 yyee Battle of Long island. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1776.00 yyee Battle of White Plains. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1776.00 yyee Battle of Trenton. George Washington defeats British Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777.00 yyee Battle of Princeton. Washington defeats British Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777.00 yyee Battle of Brandywine. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777.00 yyee Battle of Germantown. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777.00 yyee Battle of Saratoga - Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights. Gates of America defeats British; the turning-point of the war Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1778.00 yyee Battle of Monmouth. Clinton of Britain holds off Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781.00 yyee Battle of Guildford Court House. Cornwallis of Britain defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1779.00 1783.00 Siege of Gibraltar. Eliott of Britain defeats French/Spanish Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1779.00 yyee Battle of Savannah. Prevost of Britain defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1780.00 yyee Battle of Charleston. Clinton defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1780.00 yyee Battle of Waxaws. Tarleton leading British and Loyalists defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1780.00 yyee Battle of Camden. Cornwallis defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1789.00 yyee Battle of King's Mountain. Colonels John Sevier, Isaac Shelby and Richard Campbell defeat British loyalists Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781.00 yyee Battle of Cowpens. Morgan of America defeats British Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781.00 yyee Battle of Yorktown. Washington and Jean- Baptiste de Rochambeau of France defeat British. The British surrender. Was the coup de grace to British rule Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781.00 yyee Battle of Eutaw Springs. Lieutenant- Colonel Alexander Stewart defeats Americans Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1792.00 1799.00 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Europe WAR OF THE . . 1792.00 1798.00 WAR OF THE FIRST COALITION Europe WAR OF THE . . 1792.72 yyee Valmy. Indecisive, but Prussians retreat and the French Republic survives Europe WAR OF THE . . 1792.00 yyee Battle of Jemappes: "the first French offensive victory of the war Europe WAR OF THE . . 1793.66 1793.97 Toulon besieged by French, garrison having been taken over by Royalists with British naval support. Significant for Bonaparte's command of the French artillery Europe WAR OF THE . . 1794.49 yyee Fleurus. Jurdan's French defeat Austrians, leadng to French capture of Netherlands Europe WAR OF THE . . 1796.00 1797.00 Bonaparte's First Italian Campaign Europe WAR OF THE . . 1796.36 yyee Lodi. Bonaparte defeats and outmanoeuvres Austrians, leading to capture of Mantua Europe WAR OF THE . . 1796.87 1796.88 Areola. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians Europe WAR OF THE . . 1797.04 yyee Rivoli. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians' last attempt to relieve besieged Mantua Europe WAR OF THE . . 1798.45 yyee Battle of Vinegar Hill. Rebellion in Ireland ended Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East FRENCH . . 1798.00 1801.00 FRENCH EXPEDITION TO EGYPT Middle East FRENCH . . 1798.56 yyee Pyramids. Bonaparte defeats Mameluke rulers of Egypt Middle East FRENCH . . 1799.57 yyee The Nile/Aboukir Bay. Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet Middle East FRENCH . . 1799.16 1799.33 Unsuccessful siege of Acre by Bonaparte Middle East FRENCH . . 1801.22 yyee Alexandria. French garrison of Egypt defeated by British expeditionary force under Abercromby Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe WAR OF THE . . 1798.00 1800.00 WAR OF THE SECOND COALITION Europe WAR OF THE . . 1800.45 yyee Marengo. Bonaparte's narrow victory over Austrians after epic trans-Alpine march into Italy Europe WAR OF THE . . 1800.92 yyee Hohenlinden. French victory over Austria in Germany Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805.00 1806.00 WAR OF THE 3rd COALITION Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1800.00 yyee Battle of Marengo. Bonaparte defeats Austrians in Italy after transalpine march Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805.00 yyee Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson defeats combined fleets of France and Spain Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1804.00 yyee Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805.00 yyee Capitulation of Ulm. Mack, outmanoeuvred and surrounded, surrenders an Austrian army to Napoleon Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805.00 yyee Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson defeats the combined fleets of France and Spain. Britain attains undisputed mastery of the seas Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805.00 yyee Battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon defeats Austro- Russian army Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1806.00 yyee Battles of Jena and Auerstadt. Napoleon defeats Prussia Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1807.00 yyee Battles of Eylau and Friedland. Napoleon defeats Russia Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1807.00 yyee Treaty of Tilsit confirms Napoleon's mastery of north-western Europe Europe WAR OF THE FIFTH . . yyss yyee WAR OF THE FIFTH COALITION, 1809 Europe WAR OF THE FIFTH . . 1809.00 yyee Battles of Aspern- Essling and Wagram. Napoleon defeats Archduke Charles of Austria after initial repulse Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . yyss yyee WAR OF THE SIXTH COALITION, 1812-1814 Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . 1812.00 yyee Napoleon invades Russia to enforce Continental System measures against Britain. Battle of Borodino. Napoleon defeats Russians and occupies Moscow. Tsar will not make peace. Napoleon forced into disastrous retreat made worse by winter. Most of his army wiped out. Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . 1813.00 yyee Battle of Leipzig - 'Battle of the Nations'. Napoleon is defeated by armies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Sweden Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . 1814.00 yyee Campaign of France. Brilliant defensive campaign fails to prevent Allies converging on Paris. Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba. Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1807.00 1814.00 PENINSULAR WAR Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1808.55 yyee Baylen. Shocking surrender of Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . ?tokens left: 28 <***> , 000 yyee French to Spanish, which destroys the 'myth' of French invincibility Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1808.64 yyee Vimeiro. British expeditionary force under Wellesley defeats Junot. Scandalous Convention of Cintra by Wellesley's superiors wastes the victory. Next year Napoleon personally leads French army into the peninsula Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1809.04 yyee Corunna. Moore's reargard action enables evacuation of British expeditionary force by sea Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1809.57 1809.58 Talavera. Wellesley defeats French army of Victor Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1809.74 yyee Busaco. Wellesley (now Wellington) repulses Massena Winter 1809/10 Wellington builds defensive Lines of Torres Vedras north of Lisbon as safe-haven for Allied army Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1811.34 1811.35 Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington repulses Massena Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1811.38 yyee Albuera Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1812.02 1812.05 Cuidad Rodrigo besieged and captured by Wellington Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1812.21 1812.26 Badajoz besieged and captured by Wellington Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1812.56 yyee Salamanca, Wellington defeats Marmont, opening the road to Madrid Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1813.47 yyee Vittoria. Wellington defeats Jurdan, ending French control of Spain Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1814.28 yyee Toulouse. After crossing the Pyrenees, Wellingotn defeats Soult, ending the Peninsular War. Napoleon abdicates the following day Europe THE HUNDRED DAYS . . 1815.00 yyee THE HUNDRED DAYS Europe THE HUNDRED DAYS . . 1815.00 yyee Napoleon returns to France. Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny against Britain and Prussia are not decisive. Battle of Waterloo. Wellington and Blucher decisively defeat Napoleon, who abdicates again and is banished to st Helena Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1812.00 1814.00 Anglo-American War (War of 1812) Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1813.86 yyee Chrysler's Farm. Second US invasion of Canada repulsed Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1814.51 yyee Chippewa. US victory on Canadian border Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1814.57 yyee Lundy's Lane. US invasion of Ontario repulsed Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1814.65 yyee Bladensburg. US fail to halt British entering Washington Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1815.02 yyee New Orleans. Jackson repulses Packenham's British after peace has been agreed between Britain and the USA Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1808.00 yyee Russo-Finnish War Europe . . . 1804.00 1813.00 Serbian insurrection Europe . . . 1815.00 1817.00 Serbian insurrection Europe . . . 1806.00 1812.00 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1820.00 yyee Neapolitan Revolution Europe . . . 1821.00 yyee Sardinian Revolution Europe . . . 1821.00 1823.00 Russo-Persian War Europe . . . 1821.00 1828.00 Greek War of Independence Europe . . . 1821.00 yyee Battle of Navarino Europe . . . 1823.00 yyee French intervention in Spain Europe . . . 1825.00 1828.00 Russo-Persian War Europe . . . 1828.00 1829.00 Russo-Persian War Europe . . . 1830.00 yyee French 'July' Revolution Europe . . . 1830.00 1832.00 Polish insurrection Europe . . . 1831.00 yyee Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1848.00 yyee Revolutions and turmoil across Europe including French Revolution and revolts in Austria- Hungary Europe . . . 1848.00 1849.00 Hungarian War of Independence Europe ITALIAN WARS OF . . yyss yyee ITALIAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE Europe ITALIAN WARS OF . . 1859.43 yyee Battle of Magenta. MacMahan's Franco-Piedmontese army defeats Austrians Europe ITALIAN WARS OF . . 1859.48 yyee Battle of Solferino. Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel Il (Franco- Piedmontese) defeat Austrians at a cost. The carnage led Napoleon to conclude a peace deal, and inspired the founding of the Red Cross Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1806.00 1807.00 British unofficial expeditions to Buenos Aires and Montevideo fail Americas . . . 1810.00 1814.00 Chilean rebellion Americas . . . 1811.00 yyee US Indian War Americas . . . 1811.00 1825.00 Latin-American wars of Independence Americas . . . 1812.00 1815.00 US-British War of Americas . . . 1812.00 yyee Americas . . . 1818.00 yyee US 1st Seminole War Americas . . . 1818.00 yyee US invades Florida Americas . . . 1823.00 yyee US Monroe doctrine declines European involvement in American political affairs Americas . . . 1835.00 1836.00 Texan War of Independence Americas . . . 1836.00 yyee Siege of the Alamo and Battle of San Jacinto Americas . . . 1825.00 1828.00 Brazil-Argentine War Mackenzie's Rebellion in Canada Americas . . . 1827.00 1829.00 Peruvian War Americas . . . 1829.00 yyee Spanish involvement in Mexico Americas . . . 1832.00 yyee US Black Hawk Indian War Americas . . . 1835.00 1843.00 US 2nd Seminole Indian War Americas . . . 1836.00 1839.00 Peru-Bolivian War Americas . . . 1838.00 1839.00 French expedition to Mexico Americas . . . 1841.00 yyee Peruvian invasion of Bolivia Americas . . . 1843.00 1852.00 Argentine- Uruguayan War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1846.00 1848.00 US-MEXICAN WAR Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1846.69 1846.73 Battle of Monterrey. Taylor defeats Mexicans and captures the city Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1847.14 1847.14 Battle of Buena Vista. Taylor defeats Mexicans Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1847.69 yyee Battle of Molino del Rey. Scott defeats Mexicans Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1847.70 yyee Battle of Chapultepec. Scott captures the fortress and advances to Mexico City. Final major action of the war Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1849.00 1851.00 Lopez's invasion of Cuba Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1850.00 1898.00 Series of US-Indian Wars Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1856.00 yyee US Kansas Civil War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1857.00 1860.00 Mexican Civil War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1860.00 1861.00 Colombian Civil War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1861.00 1862.00 Spanish expedition to Mexico Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1861.00 1867.00 French expedition to Mexico Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1863.34 1863.38 Battle of La Puebla. Forey of France captures city and advances on Mexico City to create a puppet government Americas American Civil War . . 1861.00 1865.00 American Civil War Americas American Civil War . . 1861.28 1861.29 Battle of Fort Sumter. Bombardment and capture of the fort by Beauregard's Confederates made war between North and South inevitable Americas American Civil War . . 1861.56 yyee Battle of Bull Run, First. The first major battle of the war and the first use of rail transport for troops .. Johnston's and Beauregard's Confederates fail to exploit victory. Confed General Jackson's stubborn defence earns him the nickname 'Stonewall' -'6-16 Feb 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson. Grant wins first major Federal victory Americas American Civil War . . 1862.26 1862.27 Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing. Grant eventually defeats Confeds and gives Federals strategic initiative in the west Americas American Civil War . . 31.33 yyee -I June 1862 Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks). Americas American Civil War . . 1862.44 yyee Battle of Port Republic. Jackson defeats Union and joins Lee's army Americas American Civil War . . 1862.48 1862.50 Seven Days Battles. Lee forces Confed retreat Americas American Civil War . . 1862.61 yyee Battle of Cedar Mountain. Inconclusive, but allowed Confeds to advance north Americas American Civil War . . 1862.66 1862.66 Battle of Bull Run, Second. Lee defeats Union army Americas American Civil War . . 1862.70 1862.71 Battle of Harper's Ferry. Jackson defeats Union garrison Americas American Civil War . . 1862.71 yyee Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Politically and strategically crucial for the Union. Although Lee of the Confederacy wins a tactical victory, his losses force him to abandon his invasion of the north. Americas American Civil War . . 1862.76 1862.76 Battle of Corinth. Rosecrans of the Union repulses Confeds Americas American Civil War . . 1862.77 yyee Battle of Perryville. Americas American Civil War . . 1862.95 yyee Battle of Fredericksburg. Lee defeats Union Americas American Civil War . . 1863.00 1863.00 Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro) . Americas American Civil War . . 1863.33 1863.35 Battle of Chancellorsville. Lee defeats Union and prepares the second invasion of the north Americas American Civil War . . 1863.38 1863.51 Battle of Vicksburg. Grant of the Union takes the fortress and splits the Confederacy in two in a crucial action Americas American Civil War . . 1863.44 yyee Battle of Brandy Station. Lee defeats Union but not decisively Americas American Civil War . . 1863.50 1863.51 Battle of Gettysburg. Meade of the Union defeats Lee's invasion force, inflicting unsustainable casualties Americas American Civil War . . 1863.72 1863.72 Battle of Chickamauga. Bragg wins tactical victory over Union Americas American Civil War . . 1863.90 1863.90 Battle of Chattanooga. Union breaks Confed siege Americas American Civil War . . 1864.35 1864.35 Battle of Wilderness. Grant of the Union holds off Confeds and advances towards Richmond Americas American Civil War . . 1864.35 1864.38 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Grant defeats Confeds Americas American Civil War . . 1864.42 1864.42 Battle of Cold Harbor. Lee repulses Federal attack Americas American Civil War . . 1864.46 1864.46 Battle of Petersburg. Confeds prevent capture of city Americas American Civil War . . 1864.55 1864.67 Battle of Atlanta. Sherman captures the city Americas American Civil War . . 1864.94 1864.97 Battle of Savannah. Sherman of the Union takes the city Americas American Civil War . . 1864.96 1864.96 Battle of Nashville. Thomas conclusively defeats Confeds I April 1865 Battle of Five Forks. Grant's Union cavalry under Sheridan defeat Confeds and force Lee to .retreat Americas American Civil War . . 1865.27 yyee Battle of Appomattox Court House. Grant traps Confeds. Lee surrenders, effectively ending the war Americas AMERICAN INDIAN WARS . . yyss yyee AMERICAN INDIAN WARS Americas AMERICAN INDIAN WARS . . 1866.97 yyee Battle of Fetterman Massacre, The. Red Cloud's Sioux and Cheyenne kill garrison unit but fail to press their advantage Americas AMERICAN INDIAN WARS . . 1876.48 1876.49 Battle of Little Big Horn. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeat US 7th Cavalry, killing Col. Custer and temporarily winning respite Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1801.00 1805.00 US-Tripolitanian War Middle East . . . 1804.00 1813.00 Russo-Persian War Middle East . . . 1806.00 1812.00 Russo-Turkish War Middle East . . . 1807.00 yyee Failed British invasion of Egypt Middle East . . . 1807.00 yyee Battle of Rosetta Middle East . . . 1811.00 1818.00 Egyptian war with Wahhabis Middle East . . . 1815.00 1816.00 US-Dutch war with Algiers Middle East . . . 1816.00 yyee Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East . . . 1820.00 1823.00 Russo-Persian War Middle East . . . 1825.00 1828.00 Russo-Persian War Middle East . . . 1828.00 1829.00 Russo-Turkish War Middle East FRENCH CONQUEST OF . . yyss yyee FRENCH CONQUEST OF ALGERIA Middle East FRENCH CONQUEST OF . . 1844.62 yyee Battle of Isly, Using a 'Boar's Head' formation, Bugeaud's French decisively defeat Algerians Middle East General . . yyss yyee General Middle East General . . 1831.00 yyee Russo-Turkish War Middle East General . . 1832.00 yyee 31st Turkish- Egyptian war Middle East General . . 1836.00 1838.00 Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East General . . 1839.00 1842.00 1st British-Afghan War Middle East General . . 1839.00 1842.00 FIRST AFGHAN WAR Middle East General . . 1841.87 1842.29 Battle of Jellalabad. Sale of Britain defends garrison town Middle East General . . 1839.00 yyee Battle of Ghanzi Middle East General . . 1839.00 1847.00 Russian conquest of Khiva Middle East General . . 1839.00 1842.00 2nd Turkish- Egyptian War Middle East General . . 1855.00 yyee Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East General . . 1856.00 yyee British-Persian War Middle East General . . 1859.00 1860.00 Spanish-Moroccan War Middle East General . . 1878.00 1880.00 2ND BRITISH- AFGHAN WAR Middle East General . . 1880.57 yyee Battle of Maiwand. Ayub Khan destroys British brigade. Survivors retreat to Kandahar Middle East General . . 1880.67 yyee Battle of Kandahar. Roberts relieves besieged British garrison and defeats Ayub Khan, replacing him on the throne with Abdur Rahman Khan Middle East General . . 1882.00 yyee British-Egyptian War Bombardment of Alexandria Middle East General . . 1882.70 yyee Battle of Tel- el-Kebir, Wolseley (Britain) defeats rebels and imposes British control over Egypt China/Japan . . . yyss yyee China/Japan China/Japan . . . 1839.00 1842.00 1st British-Chinese 'Opium War' China/Japan . . . 1850.00 1864.00 China: Taiping rebellion China/Japan . . . 1856.00 1860.00 2nd British- Chinese 'Opium War' China/Japan . . . 1860.64 yyee Battle of Taku Forts. Angle-French forces, including Indians, under Grant and Cousin- Montauban storm forts and advance towards Beijing China/Japan . . . 1863.00 1864.00 European bombardments of Kagoshima and Shimonoseki China/Japan . . . 1863.00 1868.00 Civil War in Japan China/Japan . . . 1866.00 yyee French expedition to Korea China/Japan . . . 1875.00 1876.00 Japanese expedition to Korea China/Japan . . . 1877.00 yyee Satsuma rebellion in Japan China/Japan . . . 1882.00 1885.00 Chinese and Japanese expeditions to Korea China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1883.00 1885.00 FRANCO-CHINESE WAR China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1883.95 1883.96 Battle of Son-Tai. French capture Chinese-occupied fort China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1894.00 1895.00 Sino-Japanese War China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1900.00 yyee Boxer rebellion in China China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1900.47 1900.62 Battle of Peking. International relief force breaks siege of Foreign Legations China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1904.00 1905.00 RuSSO-JAPANESE WAR China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 30.25 yyee -l May 1904 Battle of Yalu River. Oyama defeats Russians and leads Japanese invasion of Manchuria China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1904.40 yyee Battle of Nanshan. Oyama breaks through Russian defence line and aproaches Port Arthur China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1904.42 1905.00 Siege of Port Arthur. Nogi's Japanese army eventually captures the naval base China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1904.65 1904.67 Battle of Liaoyang. Both sides seek a major victory, but Oyama forces Russians to retreat China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1905.14 1905.19 Battle of Mukden. Coming to the end of his manpower resources, Oyama attempts to crush Russians, and succeeds in forcing a withdrawal. Russians eventually evacuate Manchuria and Japan emerges as a major world power China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1905.41 yyee Battle of Tsushima. In the last of the 'Trafalgar-style' sea battles of annihilation, Togo destroys the Russian fleet. This had sailed half way round the world from the Baltic. In the North Sea it panicked and attacked British fishing boats, thinking they were Japanese torpedo boats China/Japan General . . yyss yyee General China/Japan General . . 1911.00 yyee Chinese Civil War South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . yyss yyee South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . 1810.00 1811.00 British expedition to Indonesia South-East Asia . . . 1812.00 yyee Siamese invasion of Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1819.00 yyee Burmese conquest of Assam South-East Asia . . . 1823.00 1826.00 1st British-Burmese war South-East Asia . . . 1825.00 1830.00 Great Java war South-East Asia . . . 1826.00 1827.00 Siamese-Laotian war South-East Asia . . . 1831.00 1834.00 Siamese invasion of Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1841.00 1845.00 Siamese-Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1852.00 1853.00 2nd British- Burmese war South-East Asia . . . 1858.00 1861.00 French conquest of Indo-China South-East Asia . . . 1882.00 1883.00 French-Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1873.00 1877.00 Siamese-Laotian war South-East Asia . . . 1873.00 1895.00 continuing French expansion in Indo-China South-East Asia . . . 1885.00 yyee 3rd British-Burmese war Australasia . . . yyss yyee Australasia 1804, 1806, 1808 Mutinies in Australia Australasia . . . 1843.00 1848.00 New Zealand: 1st Maori war Australasia . . . 1860.00 1879.00 New Zealand: 2nd Maori war India Australasia . . . 1843.00 yyee British conquest of Sind Australasia . . . 1843.13 yyee Battle of Meeanee. Napier of Britain defeats the Amirs of Sind India . . . yyss yyee India India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 1845.00 1846.00 1ST BRITISH-SIKH WAR India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 1845.97 yyee Battle of Mudki. Gough of Britain defeats Sikhs India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 1845.97 1845.98 Battle of Ferozeshah. In the most bitterly contested battle the British fought in India, Gough defeats Sikhs India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 1846.07 yyee Battle of Aliwal. Smith destroys Sikh army India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 1846.11 yyee Battle of Sobraon. Gough defeats Sikhs India SECOND SIKH . . 1848.00 1849.00 SECOND SIKH WAR India SECOND SIKH . . 1849.03 yyee Battle of Chilianwallah. Sikhs hold off British India SECOND SIKH . . 1849.14 yyee Battle of Gujerat. Gough defeats Skikhs/Afghans and Britain annexes the Punjab India INDIAN MUTINY . . 1857.00 1858.00 INDIAN MUTINY AGAINST BRITISH RULE India INDIAN MUTINY . . 1857.44 1857.72 Battle of Delhi. Wilson's British/Indian troops re- capture the city I July-19 Nov 1857 Battle of Lucknow. British/Indians break rebel siege of garrison India INDIAN MUTINY . . 1857.93 yyee Battle of Cawnpore. At a turning- point for the mutiny, Camp bell routes the rebels India INDIAN MUTINY . . 1858.46 1858.47 Battle of Gwalior. Rose defeats Indian rebels in last major battle of the mutiny India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . yyss yyee NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF INDIA CAMPAIGNS India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . 1897.00 yyee Tirah India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . 1897.80 yyee Battle of Dargai. Lockhart of Britain defeats Afridis and Orakzais India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . 1888.00 1898.00 Further British North-West India frontier campaigns and expeditions Crimea . . . yyss yyee Crimea Crimea . . . 1853.00 1855.00 Crimean War Crimea . . . 1854.72 yyee Battle of Alma. British/French/Turkish Allies defeat Russians and advance to besiege Sevastopol Crimea . . . 1854.00 1855.00 Siege of Sevastopol Crimea . . . 1854.82 yyee Battle of Balaklava. Raglan of Britain defeats Russians. Heroic failure of the Charge of the Light Brigade along the 'Valley of Death' Crimea . . . 1854.85 yyee Battle of Inkerman. Raglan's British and French troops repulse Russians Crimea . . . 1854.74 1855.69 Battle of Sevastopol. Raglan of Britain and Canrobert of France eventually force Russians to abandon the fortress Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1863.00 1864.00 Polish insurrection Europe . . . 1864.00 yyee Schleswig-Holstein War. The first phase of Bismarck's campaign to unify Germany, which results in 1870 in the formation of the German Empire Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 1866.00 yyee AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN (SEVEN WEEKS') WAR Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 1866.48 yyee Custozza, Second Battle of. Archduke Albert defeats Italians, allied with Prussia Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 1866.51 yyee Battle of Koniggratz, von Moltke of Prussia defeats Austrians and gives Prussia dominance in Central Europe Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 1866.00 yyee Austro-Italian War Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.00 1871.00 Franco-Prussian War Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.00 yyee Battle of Gravelotte- St Privat Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.00 yyee Battle of Sedan Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.00 1871.00 Siege of Paris Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.60 yyee Battle of Worth. Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (Prussia) defeats French Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.63 yyee Battle of Mars-la-Tour. Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.63 yyee Battle of Gravelotte-St Privat. Von Moltke of Prussia eventually forces French to withdraw Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.67 yyee Battle of Sedan. von Moltke of Prussia captures the town. Napoleon III of France goes into captivity and the Third Republic replaces the Second French Empire. Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870.72 1870.07 187l Siege of Paris. Von Moltke starves the city into capitulation and ends the Franco-Prussian War Europe General . . yyss yyee General Europe General . . 1873.00 1876.00 Spanish Carlist War Balkan-Crimea . . . yyss yyee Balkan-Crimea Balkan-Crimea . . . 1877.00 1878.00 Russo-TuRKISH WAR Balkan-Crimea . . . 1877.00 yyee Battle of Plevna Balkan-Crimea . . . 19.50 yyee -l0 Dec 1877 Battle of Plevna. Krudener of Russia eventually defeats Turks Balkan-Crimea . . . 1877.88 1877.88 Battle of Kars. Melikoff takes the fortress for Russia in a surprise night attack Balkan-Crimea . . . 1885.00 1886.00 Serbo-Bulgarian War Balkan-Crimea . . . 1896.00 1897.00 Greco-Turkish War Africa . . . yyss yyee Africa Africa . . . 1800.00 1801.00 British re conquest of Egypt Africa . . . 1801.00 1805.00 US-Tripolitanian war Africa . . . 1806.00 yyee British take Cape Town Africa . . . 1806.00 1807.00 Ashanti conquest of the Gold Coast Africa . . . 1807.00 yyee British occupy Alexandria Africa . . . 1807.00 yyee British take st Louis (Senegal) from French Africa . . . 1811.00 1818.00 Egyptian war with Wahhabis Africa . . . 1818.00 1819.00 Zulu Civil War Africa . . . 1820.00 1839.00 Egypt conquers Sudan " Africa . . . 1824.00 1831.00 1st British-Ashanti war Africa . . . 1830.00 1848.00 French conquest of Algeria Africa . . . 1832.00 1833.00 Turkish-Egyptian war Africa . . . 1838.00 yyee Boer-Zulu Battle of Blood River Africa . . . 1839.00 1841.00 Turkish-Egyptian war Africa . . . 1856.00 yyee Zulu Civil War Africa . . . 1858.00 1868.00 Cape Wars Africa . . . 1859.00 1860.00 Spanish-Moroccan war Africa . . . 1862.00 1864.00 Transvaal-Orange Free State War Africa ANGLO- . . 1867.00 1868.00 ANGLO- ABYSSINIAN WAR Africa ANGLO- . . 1868.33 yyee Battle of Aroghee. Napier's British/Indian troops, using breech-loading rifles for the first time, defeat Abyssinians Africa ANGLO- . . 1868.00 1872.00 Abyssinian Civil War Africa ANGLO- . . 1873.00 1874.00 2nd British-Ashanti war Africa ANGLO- . . 1873.00 1879.00 Egypt-Abyssinian war Africa ANGLO- . . 1879.00 yyee ANGLO-ZULU WAR Africa ANGLO- . . 1879.06 yyee Battle of Isandhlwana. Ntshingwayo and Mavumengwana overun British camp but suffer heavy casualties Africa ANGLO- . . 1879.06 1879.06 Battle of Rorke's Drift. Chard leads a small band of British defenders in beating off repeated attacks, and is relieved by Chelmsford the next day Africa ANGLO- . . 1879.24 yyee Battle of Kambula. Wood (Britain) repulses Zulu attack Africa ANGLO- . . 1879.51 yyee Battle of Ulundi. Chelmsford destroys a much larger Zulu army Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1880.00 1881.00 1st Anglo-Boer war Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1881.07 yyee Battle of Laing's Nek. Joubert's Boers defeat British infantry Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1881.15 yyee Battle of Majuba Hill. Joubert's Boer commandos defeat British, leading to armistice Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1881.00 yyee French occupy Tunis Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1883.00 1884.00 Zulu Civil War Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1883.00 1889.00 Mahdist uprising and war with Abyssinia Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . yyss yyee 1ST BRITISH SUDAN CAMPAIGN Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 1884.16 yyee Battle of El Teb, Second. Graham defeats Mahdist army Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 1884.20 1885.07 Siege of Khartoum and death of General Gordon. Mahdi Mohammed Ahmed's rebels take the town, kill the garrison, and force most Anglo- Egyptian forces to withdraw from the Sudan Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 1884.20 yyee Battle of Tamai. Graham defeats Mahdists but fails to destroy their army Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 1885.04 yyee Battle of Abu Klea. British column flying to the relief of Khartoum beats off dervish attack Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 1885.05 yyee Battle of Abu Kru. British flying column defeats renewed dervish attacks Africa General . . yyss yyee General Africa General . . 1888.00 1890.00 German East Africa uprising Africa General . . 1893.97 yyee Battle of Agordat. Arimondi leads Italian defeat of Mahdists Africa General . . 1893.00 yyee Spanlsh Riff war in Morocco Africa General . . 1893.00 yyee Mashona-Matabele war Africa General . . 1893.00 1894.00 3rd British-Ashanti war Africa General . . 1895.00 1896.00 4th British-Ashanti war Africa General . . 1895.00 1896.00 French conquer Madagascar Africa ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR . . 1895.00 1896.00 ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR Africa ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR . . 1896.17 yyee Battle of Adowa. Emperor Menelek of Abyssinia wins independence by defeating Italian forces. At that time the biggest victory of irregulars over regular, well-equipped colonial troops Africa ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR . . 1896.00 yyee Battle of Adowa Africa BRITISH-EGYPTIAN . . 1896.00 1898.00 BRITISH-EGYPTIAN RE CONQUEST OF SUDAN Africa BRITISH-EGYPTIAN . . 1898.27 yyee Battle of Atbara River. Kitchener leads Anglo-Egyptian destruction of Mahdist army, and continues to advance towards Mahdist capital, Omdurman Africa BRITISH-EGYPTIAN . . 1898.67 yyee Battle of Omdurman. Kitchener's Angle-Egyptian forces destroy dervish army and end Mahdist rebellion Africa General . . yyss yyee General Africa General . . 1897.00 yyee British conquer Nigeria Africa General . . 1897.00 1901.00 Uganda uprising Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.00 1902.00 SECOND ANGLO- BOER WAR Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.78 1900.38 Battle of Mafeking. Badon-Powell withstands Boer siege Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.79 1900.12 Battle of Kimberley. British break Boer siege Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.84 1900.16 Siege of Ladysmith Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.91 yyee Battle of Modder River. Methuen defeats Boers with heavy losses Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.94 yyee Battle of Stormberg. Olivier defeats British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.94 1899.95 Battle of Magersfontein. Cronje/De La Rey defeat British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899.96 yyee Battle of Colenso. Botha defeats British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1900.05 1900.06 Battle of Spion Kop. Botha repulses British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1900.13 1900.15 Battle of Paardeberg. Roberts defeats Boers Africa General . . yyss yyee General Africa General . . 1904.00 yyee South-West African Hottentot uprising Africa General . . 1907.00 yyee South Africa Zulu uprising Africa General . . 1911.00 yyee Italy annexes Libya, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica Africa General . . 1911.00 1912.00 war with Turkey Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1863.00 yyee Colombia-Ecuador War Americas . . . 1864.00 1866.00 Spanish war with Peru then Chile Americas . . . 1864.00 1870.00 Lopez's war Americas . . . 1869.00 1870.00 Canada: 1st Riel rebellion Americas . . . 1876.00 1877.00 US Sioux and N Cheyenne War Americas . . . 1876.00 yyee Battle of the Little BigHorn Americas . . . 1885.00 yyee Canada: 2nd Riel rebellion Americas . . . 1890.00 1891.00 US S Dakota war Americas . . . 1895.00 1898.00 Cuban revolution Americas . . . 1898.00 yyee SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Americas . . . 1898.50 yyee Battle of San Juan. Americans under Shaft er capture hill positions near Santiago Americas . . . 1901.00 yyee Colombian Civil War Americas . . . 1903.00 yyee Panamanian revolution Americas . . . 1906.00 1909.00 US intervention in Cuba Americas . . . 1907.00 yyee Nicaraguan-Honduran war Americas . . . 1909.00 1911.00 Honduran Civil War Americas . . . 1911.00 1914.00 Mexican revolution Americas . . . 1912.00 yyee Nicaraguan Civil War Americas . . . 1912.00 yyee US intervention Pacific . . . yyss yyee Pacific Pacific . . . 1879.00 1883.00 War of the Pacific Pacific . . . 1898.00 yyee USA conquers Philippines (Spanish- American war) Pacific . . . 1899.00 1902.00 Philippine uprising Wars of Turkish . . . yyss yyee Wars of Turkish Dissolution Wars of Turkish . . . 1911.00 1912.00 Italian war with Turkey. Italy annexes Libya, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and occupies the Dodecanese Wars of Turkish . . . 1912.00 1913.00 First Balkan War Wars of Turkish . . . 1913.00 yyee Second Balkan War WORLD WAR I . . . 1914.00 1918.00 WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . yyss yyee WESTERN FRONT WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1914.58 yyee Battle of the Frontiers. German armies sweep forward in modification of the Schlieffen Plan WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1914.68 1914.69 Battle of Marne. Anglo-French armies repulse over- extended Germans WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1914.70 1914.74 1st Battle of the Aisne WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1914.67 1914.75 'Race to the Sea'. Closure of the 'open flank' and establishment of stabilised Western Front (trench-lines from the English Channel to Switzerland) WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1914.80 1914.92 1st Battle of Ypres WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1915.31 1915.40 2nd Battle of Ypres WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1916.14 1916.97 Battle ofVerdun. Massive, repeated German assults fail to capture Verdun but cause huge casualties on each side WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1916.50 1916.88 Battle of the Somme. Major British/French offensive results in massive casualties for the attackers WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1917.27 1917.29 Battle of Arras WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1917.27 1917.29 2nd Battle of the Aisne WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1917.43 1917.45 Battle of Messines WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1917.58 1917.83 3rd Battle of Ypres WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1917.89 1917.92 Battle of Cambrai. First mass use of tanks Ludendorff's Final Offensives on the Western Front: WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.22 1918.26 Somme German Offensive almost breaks British lines WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.25 yyee Lys German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.41 1918.43 Aisne German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.42 yyee Noyon- Montdidier German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.50 yyee Champagne- Marne German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.50 1918.58 Reduction of the Marne Salient WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.58 1918.67 Reduction of the Amiens Salient WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.58 1918.67 Evacuation of Lys Salient WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.70 1918.71 St Mihiel Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1918.67 1918.83 General Allied Offensives WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . yyss yyee EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1914.65 1914.66 Battle of Tannenberg. Hindenburg- Ludendorff victory prevents Russian capture of East Prussia WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1914.65 1914.74 Galician battles WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1914.69 1914.70 Masurian Lakes I WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1914.67 1914.75 S.w. Poland WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1914.86 1914.90 Battle of Lodz WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1915.10 1915.14 Battle of Masurian Lakes II WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1915.34 1915.49 Gorlice -Tarnow WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1915.50 1915.67 Russian withdrawal WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1916.16 yyee Lake Narotch Operations WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1916.42 1916.58 Brusilov Offensive WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1916.58 1916.67 Roumanian Offensive WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1916.67 1916.92 Roumania eliminated WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1917.16 yyee Russian Revolution WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1917.50 yyee Kerensky (2nd Brusilov) Offensive WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1917.67 1917.68 Riga Operation WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1917.92 yyee Russian armistice WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . yyss yyee ITALIAN FRONT WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1915.42 1915.50 1st Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1915.50 1915.67 2nd Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1915.75 1915.83 3rd Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1915.83 yyee 4th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1916.16 yyee 5th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1916.37 1916.46 Asiago Offensive WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1916.58 yyee 6th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1916.67 yyee 7th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1916.75 yyee 8th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1916.83 yyee 9th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1917.33 1917.42 10th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1917.58 1917.67 11th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1917.82 1917.85 Battle of Caporetto WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1918.46 1918.48 Battle of the Piave WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 1918.82 1918.84 Battle of Vittorio Veneto WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . yyss yyee SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1914.58 yyee 1st Austrian invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1914.67 yyee 2nd invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1914.83 1914.92 3rd invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1915.75 1915.83 4th invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1915.75 yyee Salonika Front established WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1916.83 yyee Fall of Monastir WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . 1918.67 yyee Final Allied Offensive WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . yyss yyee GALLIPOLI FRONT WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . 1914.83 yyee Dardanelles bombarded WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . 1915.08 1915.16 Naval attempt to force passage of the Dardanelles fails WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . 1915.25 1915.33 Landings at Gallipoli August Landings at Suvla Bay WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . 1915.92 1916.00 Evacuation of Gallipoli expeditionary force WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . yyss yyee MESOPOTAMIA FRONT WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1914.83 1914.92 Allied landing in Mesopotamia WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1915.00 1915.50 Allied advance in Mesopotamia WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1915.67 yyee 1st Battle of Kut WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1915.89 1915.90 Battle of Ctesiphon WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1915.94 1916.33 Siege and fall of Kut WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1916.67 1917.08 2nd British advance in Mesopotamia WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1917.08 yyee 2nd Battle ofKut WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 1917.16 yyee British capture Baghdad WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . yyss yyee PALESTINE FRONT WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . 1915.00 yyee 1st Turkish attack on Suez Canal WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . 1917.16 yyee 1st Battle of Gaza WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . 1917.25 yyee 2nd Battle of Gaza WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . 1917.75 1917.83 3rd Battle of Gaza Nov-Dec Battles of Junction Station and Jerusalem WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . 1918.72 1918.83 Battle of Megiddo. Ailenby's decisive victory leads to fall of Damascus and Aleppo WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . yyss yyee NAVAL BATTLES WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1914.84 yyee Battle of Coronel. British squadron defeated WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1914.66 yyee 1st Battle of Heligoland Bight WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1914.94 yyee Battle of Falkland Islands. British battlecruisers avenge Coronel WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1915.06 yyee Battle of Dogger Bank WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1916.42 1916.42 Battle of Jutland. Epic battle between British and German main fleets. Germans escape defeat WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1917.00 yyee 2nd Battle of Heligoland Bight WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . yyss yyee AFRICAN THEATRE WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . 1915.42 1916.00 Allied operations v. Germans in Cameroon WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . 1915.58 yyee Anglo-French capture German Togoland WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . 1916.67 yyee Allies take Dar- es-Salaam in German East Africa Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1916.00 yyee Easter Uprising in Ireland Europe . . . 1917.00 1920.00 Russian Civil War Europe . . . 1919.00 1922.00 Greco-Turkish War Europe . . . 1919.00 1922.00 Russo-Polish War Europe . . . 1920.63 1920.65 Battle of Warsaw. Pilsudski of Poland, advised by French General Weygand, smashes invading Russian Bolshevik army Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1914.00 yyee Veracruz US intervention Americas . . . 1915.00 yyee US intervention in Haiti Americas . . . 1916.00 yyee Villa raids US Americas . . . 1916.00 yyee US intervention in Dominican Republic Americas . . . 1917.00 yyee Cuban revolution Americas . . . 1918.00 1919.00 Haitian revolt against USA Americas . . . 1920.00 yyee Mexican Civil War Americas . . . 1921.00 yyee Panama-Costa Rica conflict Americas . . . 1921.00 1929.00 Chile-Peru Tacha- Arica dispute Americas . . . 1925.00 yyee Nicaraguan Civil War. US intervention (to 1933) Americas . . . 1929.00 yyee Bolivia-Paraguayan border dispute Americas . . . 1932.00 1935.00 Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay Americas . . . 1937.00 yyee Haiti-Dominican Republic border dispute Far East . . . yyss yyee Far East Far East . . . 1921.00 yyee Chinese Civil War Far East . . . 1924.00 yyee British troops intervene in Shanghai Far East . . . 1931.00 yyee Japan invades Manchuria Far East . . . 1931.00 1932.00 Sino-Japanese war over Manchuria Far East SINO-JAPANESE . . 1937.00 1945.00 SINO-JAPANESE WAR Far East SINO-JAPANESE . . 1938.25 yyee Battle of Taierchwang. General Li Tsung-jen defeats Japanese Far East SINO-JAPANESE . . 1939.00 yyee Noonahan War between the Soviet Union and Japan Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1919.00 yyee 3rd British-Afghan War Middle East . . . 1920.00 yyee USSR invades Persia Middle East . . . 1928.00 yyee Mutiny of Afghan Army Middle East . . . 1934.00 yyee Saudi attacks Yemen Middle East . . . 1920.00 1922.00 Irish War for Independence. 2nd Civil War Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1936.00 1939.00 Spanish Civil War Europe . . . 1938.00 yyee Germany annexes Czechoslovakia and Austria Europe . . . 1939.12 ?tokens left: 40 <***> , 1941 Russo- Finnish War WORLD WAR II . . . 1939.00 1945.00 WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR II POLISH CAMPAIGN. . . 1939.67 1939.77 POLISH CAMPAIGN. First German blitzkrieg overwhelms Poland and triggers war against Britain and France WORLD WAR II POLISH CAMPAIGN. . . 1939.87 1940.20 WORLD WAR II Russo-FINNISH WAR . . yyss yyee Russo-FINNISH WAR WORLD WAR II Russo-FINNISH WAR . . 1939.92 1940.02 Battle of Suomussalmi. Finns trapped and destroy two Soviet divisions WORLD WAR II Russo-FINNISH WAR . . 1939.92 1940.12 Mannerheim Line. Russia forces a way up the Karelian Isthmus WORLD WAR II SCANDINAVIAN CAMPAIGN . . 1940.27 1940.44 SCANDINAVIAN CAMPAIGN German invasion of Denmark and Norway. British and French counter-invasion of Norway defeated (Narvik, Namsos, Aandalesnes) WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1940.00 yyee CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1940.36 1940.48 France, Belgium and Holland. German blitzkrieg drives Britain out of the continent, overwhelms Holland, Belgium and France WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1940.39 yyee Arras. British counterattack WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1940.40 1940.43 Dunkirk evacuation of British Expeditionary Force WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1942.63 yyee Dieppe. Prototype amphibious landing by predominantly Canadian force WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . yyss yyee AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 1940.53 1940.71 Battle of Britain. German Luftwaffe fails to attain air superiority over British Isles WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 1940.68 yyee -10/11 May 1941 The Blitz. Luftwaffe attempt to bomb Britain into submission fails 7/8 Nov 1941 onwards strategic Bombing of Germany. RAF and (later) USAAF strategic strikes against enemy cities and installation; 30/31 May 1942 Cologne 1st 1000-bomber raid; 5/6 March-9/10 July 1943 Battle of the Ruhr; 16/17 WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 1943.33 yyee Dambuster raid; 24 July-3 Aug 1943 Hamburg; 17 Aug USAAF Schweinfurt/Regensburg; 18/19 Nov 1943-24/25 WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 1944.16 yyee Berlin; 13/14 WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 1945.08 yyee Dresden WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . yyss yyee NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1940.94 1941.10 O'Connor's blitzkrieg destroys most of Italian forces in North Africa WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1941.26 1941.27 German/Italian invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece, completed by 20 April WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 20.33 yyee -I June 1941 Crete. German airborne conquest WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1941.23 1941.32 Rommel's first offensive WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1941.88 1941.94 Operation 'Crusader'. British eject Rommel from Cyrenaica and relieve Tobruk WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1942.40 1942.47 Gazala. Rommel defeats British Eighth Army and captures Tobruk WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1942.50 1942.57 First Battle of Alamein. Rommel repulsed by Eighth Army WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1942.66 1942.67 Alam Halfa. Indecisive attack by Rommel WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1942.81 1942.84 Second Battle of Alamein. Montgomery decisively defeats Rommel WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1943.12 1943.14 Kasserine Pass. Rommel inflicts sharp reverse on US 11 Corps in Tunisia WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1943.18 yyee Medenine. Rommel repulsed WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1943.22 1943.24 Mareth Line. Montgomery forces Rommel's retreat WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1940.42 1943.33 Siege of Malta. The island is attacked from the air and supplied perilously by sea WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . yyss yyee SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 1943.69 1943.72 Salerno. WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 110.00 yyee Allies land in southern Italy WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 1943.78 1943.87 Volturno River. Major conflict for German defence line south of Rome WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 1944.04 1944.39 Monte Cassino. Major obstacle to Allied advance south of Rome WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 1944.06 1944.39 Anzio landing to turn the Gustav Line. In desperate fighting, Allies almost defeated WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 1944.66 1944.83 Gothic Line. Allied struggle to breach last major German defence line in Italy WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . yyss yyee EASTERN FRONT WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.48 yyee Operation 'Barbarossa' launched. Germany invades USSR WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.55 1941.60 Smolensk. Major encirclement of Soviet forces WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.67 1944.07 Siege of Leningrad WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.69 1941.74 Kiev. Major encirclement of Soviet forces WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.76 1941.80 Vyazma- Bryansk. Major encirclement of Soviet forces WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.77 1942.33 Battle for Moscow. Hitler fails to capture Moscow. Central front stabilises while German main thrust moves south .' WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1941.83 1942.51 Sevastopol. Manstein secures the Crimea WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1942.63 1943.09 Stalingrad. German Sixth Army trapped and, after epic battle, forced to capitulate. A turning- point battle WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1943.12 1943.21 Kharkov. Manstein inflicts sharp reverse on Soviets WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1943.51 1943.55 Kursk. Last major German offensive on the Eastern Front and probably the largest tank battle ever fought WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1944.48 1944.66 Operation 'Bagration'. Soviet 'steamroller' liberates Byelorussia WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1944.58 1944.75 Warsaw. Failed Polish uprising significantly unsupported by Soviet offensive WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1945.29 1945.34 Berlin. Zhukov/Konev force Soviet conquest of Berlin. Hitler commits suicide amid the rubble WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944.00 1945.00 CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944.43 yyee D-Day. Montgomery directs successful Allied landing in Normandy WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944.43 1944.57 Caen. Hard-fought battle to break out from the beachhead WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944.62 1944.64 Falaise Gap. Significant trapping of German forces in Normandy after 'Cobra' breakout on Allied right flank WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944.71 1944.73 Arnhem. Failed Allied airborne attempt to breach German riverine defence lines in Netherlands WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944.96 1945.04 Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes). 'Last-throw' German counterattack fails WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1945.18 1945.25 Rhine Crossings. Allies enter Germany WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . yyss yyee PACIFIC THEATRE WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1941.94 yyee Pearl Harbor raid by Japanese devastates US fleet WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1941.98 1942.36 Japanese conquest of Philippines WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1942.15 1942.10 Battle of the Java Sea. Japanese de.stroy Allied cruiser/destroyer squadron in Dutch East Indies WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1942.34 1942.35 Battle of the Coral Sea. Tactical Japanese victory WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1942.43 1942.43 Battle of Midway. Major turning- point defeat for Japanese, crippling their carrier fleet WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1942.60 1943.10 Guadalcanal. Air, land and sea battle is major turning-point in Pacific theatre US amphibious landings and capture of stepping- stone islands across the Pacific: WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1943.89 1943.90 Tarawa WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.08 1944.09 Kwajalein WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.13 1944.14 Eniwetok WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.46 1944.52 Saipan WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.56 1944.61 Guam WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.56 1944.58 Tinian WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.71 1944.90 Pelelieu WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1945.13 1945.21 Iwo Jima WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1945.25 1945.48 Okinawa WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.47 1944.47 Battle of the Philippine Sea ('Great Marianas Turkey Shoot') breaks back of Japanese naval air power WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1944.80 1944.98 Leyte. Largest battle in naval history. US defeats last major offensive by Japanese fleet and secures landings in Philippines WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1945.09 1945.18 Manila WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1945.61 1945.63 Soviet invasion and conquest of Manchuria from Japanese WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1945.60 yyee Atomic bombing of Hiroshima WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1945.61 yyee Atomic bombing of Nagasaki WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . yyss yyee SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 1941.94 1941.12 Japanese conquest of Malaya WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 1941.94 yyee Japanese sink British Force Z (battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse) WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 1942.10 1942.12 Singapore surrenders, the worst British defeat since the 18th century WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 1944.24 1944.48 Battle of lmphal/Kohima, Slim's Fourteenth Army repulses attempted Japanese invasion of India WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS . . yyss yyee NAVAL EVENTS (not covered in major theatres) WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS . . 1939.95 yyee Battle of the River Plate. British cruiser squadron encounters German 'pocket battleship' Graf Spee, subsequently scuttled WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS . . ?tokens left: 9 <***> , 1940.28 Battle of Narvik. German destroyer force devastated by Royal Navy WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . yyss yyee Battle of of the Atlantic. German U-boat campaign against convoys to Britain, defeated by a combination of Allied air and naval technical advances and ULTRA code - breaking 11/12 Nov 1940 Taranto raid by Royal Navy cripples part of Italian fleet WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . 1941.24 yyee Battle of Cape Matapan. Cunningham's fleet defeats Italians WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . 1941.39 1941.41 Bismarck action. German battleship sinks British battlecruiser Hood (24 May) before being sunk by Royal Navy forces WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . 1942.50 1942.51 Destruction of Arctic Convoy PQ17 Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1946.00 yyee Greek Civil War Europe . . . 1954.00 1959.00 Cyprus Emergency Europe . . . 1956.00 yyee Hungarian Uprising Europe . . . 1968.00 yyee Czechoslovakia Spring uprising and Warsaw Pact intervention Far East Europe . . . 1945.00 1949.00 Chinese Civil War Far East . . . yyss yyee Far East Far East KOREAN WAR . . 1950.00 1953.00 KOREAN WAR Far East KOREAN WAR . . 1950.60 1950.71 Battle of Pusan Perimeter. MacArthur (UN)/Walker (US) destroy North Korean army Far East KOREAN WAR . . 1950.71 1950.73 Battle of Inchon. Succeeding with a difficult amphibious landing, MacArthur's UN forces capture Seoul and contribute to disintegration of North Korean army Far East KOREAN WAR . . 1953.29 1953.30 Battle of Pork Chop Hill. Trudeau (US/UN) drives off Chinese Far East KOREAN WAR . . 1951.31 1951.33 Battle of Imjin River. British, Belgian and American troops force Chinese army to withdraw, inflicting 40 per cent casualties Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1945.00 1965.00 Colombian Civil War Americas . . . 1947.00 1949.00 Paraguayan Civil War and turmoil Americas . . . 1948.00 yyee Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica (Costa Rica Civil War) Americas . . . 1951.00 1955.00 Ecuador-Peru border dispute Americas . . . 1952.00 1959.00 Cuban revolution Americas . . . 1953.00 yyee British intervention in Guiana Americas . . . 1955.00 yyee Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica Americas . . . 1956.00 1958.00 Haiti unrest Americas . . . 1959.00 yyee Cuban invasion repelled Americas . . . 1960.00 1965.00 Brazil: Communist insurgency Americas . . . 1961.00 yyee Cuba: US Bay of Pigs invasion repelled Americas . . . 1964.00 yyee British Guiana state of emergency Americas . . . 1965.00 yyee Dominican Republic Civil War US intervention Americas . . . 1979.00 1991.00 El Salvador Civil War Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . yyss yyee FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . 1982.00 yyee Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . 1982.41 1982.41 Battle of Goose Green. Jones/Keeble of Britain capture Argentinian garrisons Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . 1982.45 1982.45 Battle of Port Stanley. Moore's British forces defeat Argentinians and liberate the port Americas General . . yyss yyee General Americas General . . 1983.82 1983.82 Grenada. Metcalf's US task force, with token Caribbean units, defeat Granadians/Cubans Americas General . . 1979.00 1989.00 Nicaragua Civil War Americas General . . 1989.00 yyee US invades Panama Americas General . . 1994.00 yyee US intervention in Haiti Americas General . . 1995.00 yyee Oklahoma City terrorist bombing Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East War of Israeli . . 1948.00 1949.00 War of Israeli Independence Middle East War of Israeli SUEZ CANAL CRISIS . 1956.00 yyee SUEZ CANAL CRISIS AND ARAB/IsRAELI WAR Middle East War of Israeli SUEZ CANAL CRISIS . 1956.83 1956.85 Battle of Sinai. Dayan fulfils all Israeli objectives, defeating Egyptian army and overrunning the Sinai Middle East War of Israeli SUEZ CANAL CRISIS . 1956.85 1956.85 Battle of Suez Landings. UK/French Allies under Stockwell try to regain control of the nationalised Suez Canal, and advance along the canal until the UN demands a ceasefire Middle East General . . yyss yyee General Middle East General . . 1958.00 1967.00 Aden emergency Middle East ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 . . yyss yyee ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 ('THE SIX DAY WAR') Middle East ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 . . 1967.43 1967.44 Battle of Sinai. Israelis under Gavish destroy Egyptian army and set up defence line along Suez Canal Middle East ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 . . 1967.44 1967.44 Battle of Golan Heights. Elazar of Israel defeats Syrians and captures the plateau Middle East General . . yyss yyee General Middle East General . . 1970.00 yyee Jordanian conflict with Palestinians Middle East ARAB-IsRAELI . . 1973.00 yyee ARAB-IsRAELI OCTOBER (YOM KIPPUR/RAMADAN) WAR Middle East ARAB-IsRAELI . . 1973.77 1973.77 Battle of Suez Canal Crossing. Under Ali and Shazli, Egypt crosses the canal to regain the Sinai and its honour. Israelis push back until US and USSR force a UN ceasefire resolution Middle East ARAB-IsRAELI . . 1973.77 1973.78 Battle of Golan Heights. Hofi leads Israeli repulse of Syrians Middle East General . . yyss yyee General 1975/6 Lebanese Civil War Middle East General . . 1974.00 yyee Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus Middle East General . . 1978.00 yyee Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon Middle East General . . 1978.00 yyee Iranian Revolution Middle East General . . 1979.00 1989.00 Russo-Afghan War Middle East General . . 1980.00 1989.00 Iran-Iraq War Middle East General . . 1982.00 yyee Israeli invasion of Lebanon (Operation 'Peace for Galilee') Middle East General . . 1983.00 1984.00 Israeli intervention in Lebanon Middle East General . . 1986.00 yyee Yemeni Civil War Middle East General . . 1986.00 yyee US bombs Libya (Operation 'Eldorado Canyon') Middle East General . . 1987.00 yyee Arab intifada against Israel begins Middle East General . . 1990.00 1991.00 GULF WAR Middle East General . . 1990.00 yyee Iraqi invasion of Kuwait Middle East General . . 1991.15 1991.16 Operation 'Desert Storm'. Schwarzkopf's Coalition forces destroy the Iraqi army and liberate Kuwait Middle East General . . 1992.00 1994.00 Armenia- Azerbaijan war over Nagorno-Karabakh Middle East General . . 1993.00 yyee Tadjikistan State of Emergency Middle East General . . 1994.00 yyee Jordan-Israel formal peace (having been technically at war since 1948) Middle East General . . 1994.00 1996.00 Russian intervention in Chechnya Middle East General . . 1999.00 2000.00 Second Russian invasion of Chechnya; Battle for Grozny India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1947.00 1948.00 Indian War of Separation India . . . 1961.00 yyee Ceylon state of emergency India . . . 1965.00 yyee Second Indo-Pakistan War India . . . 1969.00 yyee Indo-Pakistan War India . . . 1984.00 1989.00 Sri Lankan emergency India . . . 1984.00 yyee Indian offensive in Punjab India . . . 1999.00 yyee Kashmir: Indo/Pakistan border conflict South-East Asia . . . yyss yyee South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . 1948.00 1960.00 Malayan emergency South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1946.00 1954.00 FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1952.89 1954.35 Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Giap's Viet Minh capture French base, forcing French to agree to independence for Vietnam South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1953.00 yyee Vietnamese invasion of Laos South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1955.00 yyee Vietnamese Civil War South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1959.00 1976.00 Laos state of emergency South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1961.00 1975.00 VIETNAM WAR (US involvement 1961-73) South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1964.00 yyee Gulf of Tonkin incident South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1965.80 1965.90 Battle of la Drang Valley. Kinnard's US 1st Cavalry inflicts crippling losses on the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1966.63 yyee Battle of Long Tan. Australians under Jackson soundly defeated Viet Cong South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1967.14 1967.37 'Junction City', Operation. Under Westmoreland, US/South Vietnamese inflicted heavy defeat on Communists, who retreated to Cambodia, but claimed to have devastated American troops. This inspired Communist leaders to launch the disastrous Tet Offensive against South Vietnamese towns South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1967.88 1967.90 Battle of Dak To (Hill 875). North Vietnamese distracted American attention from South Vietnam by laying an ambush and fighting for the hill. South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1968.05 1968.29 Khe Sanh, Siege of. As part of Tet Offensive, North Vietnamese try to take American base. Lownds succeeds in holding on until relieved South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1968.08 1968.15 Battle of Hue. Truong (South Vietnamese)/LaHue (USA) recapture city from North Vietnamese, who had seized it in a surprise attack on 30-31 January South-East Asia General . . yyss yyee General South-East Asia General . . 1964.00 1966.00 Indonesian- Malaysian emergency South-East Asia General . . 1970.00 yyee Vietcong-Cambodian fighting South-East Asia General . . 1973.00 yyee Cambodian uprising in Cambodia South-East Asia General . . 1975.00 yyee Indonesia invades East Timor South-East Asia General . . 1975.00 yyee Khmer Rouge control Cambodia South-East Asia General . . 1979.00 yyee Sino-Vietnamese war South-East Asia General . . 1979.00 1989.00 Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia South-East Asia General . . 1985.00 yyee Major Vietnamese offensive 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . yyss yyee 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold War At the close of World War II, Germany and Austria are occupied by the victors. Eastern Europe, 'liberated' from the Nazis, falls into Soviet sphere. Communist regimes are installed and)n Churchill's words, an 'iron curtain' divides Europe. Tension grows between the USSR and the West. Berlin is divided and West Berlin forms an enclave of democracy within the Eastern bloc 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1948.00 1953.00 Height of the Cold War. 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1949.00 yyee Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, between most of the European democracies and the North American powers 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1949.00 yyee USSR becomes an atomic power 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1949.00 yyee Berlin Airlift. USSR interdicts access to West Berlin, and the city is supplied by air from the West 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1955.00 yyee USSR forms Warsaw Pact 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold Intercontinental ballistic . . yyss yyee Intercontinental ballistic missiles Intercontinental ballistic missiles increasingly form the principal deterrent between the superpowers, based on Mutual Assured Destruction, with fleets of bombers on constant stand-by and nuclear- powered submarines deployed with targeted missiles aboard 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold Intercontinental ballistic . . 1962.00 yyee Cuban missile crisis. US spyplanes discover Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba. The world teeters on the brnk of nuclear war, with Cuba blockaded by the US Navy, before the USSR backs down With the stalemate nuclear confrontation, and armies stationed on either side of the 'Iron Curtain', the ideological and political conflict between East and West is played out by surrogate means in the Third World 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold Intercontinental ballistic . . 1980.00 1989.00 USSR falls behind Attempts by Mikhail Gorbachev to democratise USSR. During the 1980s the USSR finds it increasingly difficult to maintain the 'arms race', the US constantly outspending its rival and developing new technologies such as Stealth aircraft and the so-called 'Star Wars' anti- missile system. Soviet involvement in Afghanistan exacerbates the situation 1989/90 Collapse of Communist regimes in Soviet-bloc Europe and reunification of Germany Africa . . . yyss yyee Africa Africa . . . 1952.00 yyee Kenya: Mau-Mau emergency Africa . . . 1954.00 1962.00 Algerian-French war of Independence Africa . . . 1959.00 yyee Rhodesian emergency Africa . . . 1960.00 yyee South Africa: Sharpeville massacre Africa . . . 1960.00 1963.00 Congo Africa . . . 1961.00 1975.00 Angolian war of Independence Africa . . . 1964.00 yyee Rwanda: Tutsi massacres Africa . . . 1966.00 1979.00 Rhodesian Civil War Africa . . . 196.02 196.19 Nigerian Civil War Africa . . . 1975.00 1977.00 Chad Civil War Africa . . . 1975.00 1989.00 Angolian Civil War Africa . . . 1975.00 1991.00 1st Angolan Civil War Africa . . . 1976.00 yyee Morocco invades West Sahara Africa . . . 1976.50 yyee Entebbe raid by Israelis frees hostages Africa . . . 1977.00 yyee Mogadisho incident Africa . . . 1977.00 yyee Egyptian-Libyan conflict Africa . . . 1977.00 yyee Ethiopia: Ogaden war Africa . . . 1977.00 1978.00 Liberian Civil War Africa . . . 1979.00 yyee Tanzania invades Uganda Africa . . . 1981.00 yyee Zimbabwe uprising quashed Africa . . . 1983.00 yyee Polisario attack Moroccans in West Sahara Africa . . . 1984.00 1987.00 Chad war Africa . . . 1991.00 yyee Ethiopian Civil War Africa . . . 1991.00 yyee Somali Civil War / US intervention Africa . . . 1992.00 1995.00 2nd Angolan Civil War Africa . . . 1993.00 yyee Burundi Civil War Africa . . . 1994.00 yyee Rwandan Civil War Africa . . . 1996.00 1997.00 War of African Great Lakes Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1969.00 1998.00 NORTHERN IRELAND TERROR CAMPAIGN Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1972.00 yyee Bloody Sunday. Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1979.00 yyee Mountbatten murdered by IRA Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1984.00 yyee Brighton Bomb fails to kill British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Europe Iranian Embassy . . 1980.00 yyee Iranian Embassy Siege, London. British elite SAS unit rescues hostages Europe WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN . . 1991.00 1999.00 WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN DISSOLUTION Europe WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN . . 1991.00 1995.00 Serbia/Croatia/ Slovenia/Bosnia phase Europe WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN . . 1999.00 yyee Serbia/Kosovo phase enddoc