2003 "Timechart of Military History" Chartwell Books Inc., New Jersey, Initial publication in 1999 by The Timechart Company copyright CHRONOLOGY WARS AND BATTLES OF HISTORY ### Start point > Mesopotamia c. 3000 c By beginning of 3rd Millennium a dozen city states including Kish, Erech, Ur, Lagash compete for domination c. 2900 2800 Kish unites city states of Sumer 2600 Uruk overthrows Kish 2300-2200 Akkad. Sargon I, the first great conqueror of history, conquers Mesopotamia, Syria, part of Asia Minor. 2270-2230 Naram-Sin renews Akkadian vigour. Late third millennium Hurrians infiltrate northern Mesopotamia and Syria from the north 2150-2050 Guti from Iran destroy the Akkadian Empire, then are expelled by Erech and Uruk c. 2000 Expansion of Ur c Mid-20th century Ur overthrown by Elamites and Amorites. Two centuries of city-state anarchy follow > Egypt & Old Kingdom c By 2900 Narmer or Aha becomes King of all Egypt 2200 Pharaoh Pepynakht campaigns against Nubia About 2150 death of Pepy II, last of 6th Dynasty, ends Old Kingdom of Egypt & 1st Intermediate period, c 1st Intermediate period, after which Monjunotep II reunites Egypt. & Middle Kingdom c Fragmentation of Egypt & Gradual disintegration Gradual disintegration into Kingdoms of Avaris, Thebes, Kush 2064-1990 Thebes conquers Wawat and upper Egypt 2050-1950 Ur reconstructs the Sumer-Akkad empire 1993 fortification of 1st and 2nd cataracts of the Nile 1937-1908 Amenemhat I builds the 'Walls of the River' about Suez 1919-1903 Senuset I gains control of Wawat (north Nubia) 1830 Senusret III campaigns to the north of Jerusalem 1829-1818 Senuset III campaigns beyond 2nd cataract of the Nile and builds a second series of forts > Mesopotamia c 19th century Rise of Babylon to become the main political and cultural centre in Southern Mesopotamia 18th-early 17th centuries Assyrian wars of conquest 1800 Assyrians conquer northern Babylonians. Foundation of 'Old Assyrian Empire' 1760 Kassites enter Mesopotamia introducing horse and chariot 1728-1686 Amorite Hammurabi of Babylon conquers southern Mesopotamia, uniting the six main states > Egypt & Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. Late 18th to mid -17th centuries gradual disintegration of Egypt into Kingdoms of Avaris, Thebes and Kush 18th century Hyksos enter north Egypt and take control during the mid- 17th century. Capital: Avaris. They bring technology of the horse in war - with chariots, the compound bow, battle axes and skill in fortification. c Egypt divided into three states: Thebes, Kush and the North, controlled by the Hyksos 1650 Kassite kings Late 16th century Thutmose I defeats Hittites on the Euphrates & New Kingdom 1573-1550 Pharaoh Ahmose expells Hyksos and pursues them into Palestine. Foundation of the Egyptian Empire 1521 Avaris falls to Egyptians > Mesopotamia 17th-16th centuries Babylon fights continuously with Kassites and Hurrians 1500 Hurrians unite as Mitanni Late 17th century Mursilis, 3rd king of united Hittite state, destroys Aleppo, raids Babylon, defeats Hurrians on the Euphrates. First Hittite Empire > Mediterranean Crete: Minoan civilisation may have begun as early as 3000.2200-1400 Crete is leading power in the Aegean 2000 arrival of Greek- speaking peoples in mainland Greece: Mycenaean warriors consolidate power in Greece and raid overseas 2000-1600 Minoan 'Old Palace' period 1600-1400s Minoan 'New Palace' period until a wave of destruction about 1425 leaves only Knossos intact 1450-1400 Probable Mycenean conquest of Crete; 1370 destruction of Knossos. 14th and 13th centuries are the great age of Mycenae 13th century: more massive fortifications are built and the Isthmus of Corinth fortified against invaders from the north Mid-14th to mid-12th centuries: period during which the siege and fall of Troy is thought to have taken place, according to the account of Homer's Iliad, which did not exist in written form until the 8th or 7th centuries 13th century General breakdown of settled conditions and overall decline; by 1150 Mycenaean civilisation collapses; from 1100 to 800 a dark age descends on the Aegean and the coast of Asia Minor, as invaders from the north (Ionians, Aeolians, Dorians, etc.) enter the area in the 11th and loth centuries. There remains much uncertainty about this period > India About the beginning of the 3rd Millennium to c.2300 Harrapan Civilisation begins in Indus Valley. After 2000 and by 1750 Harappan culture breaks down, with collapse of City civilisation, causes yet unknown 1500 Vedic Age begins. Indo-European (Aryan) tribes enter Punjab, semi- nomad pasturalists and tribal societies led by rajas (warrior chiefs). Inter-tribal conflicts ensue 1500-1200 Ganges Valley Civilisation > China By about 3000 Civilisation in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley appears; after 2500 walled settlements appear 2200-1760 vo (Hsia or Xia) Dynasty 1760-1100 Shang (Yin) Dynasty. They conquer the area between the Yellow River and the Yangtse 1100 Revolt against last of the Yin Dynasty, Zhouxin, and foundation of Western Chou (Zou) Empire. Wars of expansion c.1000-900 By 771 Chou central authority overall is lost. Fragmentation into more than 100 individual states 770-475 'Spring and Autumn' Period (or The Age of Hegemons) > Middle East By 1600 Fragmentation of Mesopotamia into areas dominated by Hurrians, Kassites and 'Sealand' in the south 1457 Battle of Megiddo. Pharaoh Thutmosis III defeats Canaanites and their allies and advances north to Galilee By 1450 Assyrians become vassals of Mittani 15th century Thutmosis III fights 17 campaigns into Palestine 1427-1400 Pharaoh Amenhotep II campaigns to north of Byblos and Damascus Late 16th century to early 12th century Wars of Imperial Egypt Thutmosis III extends Egyptian control south to 4th cataract of the Nile Hittite wars of conquest. Foundation of second Hittite Empire, the 'Hittite New Kingdom' 1400-1390 campaigns of Pharaoh Thutmosis IV ends with treaty with Mitanni 1390-1364 Eriba-Adad wins Assyrian independence from Mitanni 1380-1340 Hittite King Suppiluliamnus. He conquers the Mitanni (c.1360), which becomes a buffer state betwen the Hittites and the Assyrians 1294-1279 Pharaoh Seti I campaigns in Palestine c.1275 Battle of Qadesh. First battle in history to be recorded in detail. Ramses II and Muwatalli fight an inconclusive battle. A treaty c.1263- 1258 divides Palestine and Syria between Egypt and Hatti By 13th-12th centuries, Nubian gold (reason for Egyptian imperialism to the south) is exhausted Shalmaneser I 1272-1243 begins Assyrian expansion and conquers Mitanni 1242-1206 Tukulti- Ninurta I, Assyrian dominion expands south and temporarily (c.1210) takes Babylon 1200-900 General decline in face of invasions > Europe End of 2nd millennium: hill forts are being constructed in Western Europe 815 Foundation of Carthage (traditional date) By 800 Sparta has emerged as a military state in the Peloponnese 8th century Phoenicians, already trading widely in the Mediterranean, establish outposts on the Iberian coast 8th century Rise of aristocracies in Greece. Evolution of city-states, with hoplite armies, the phalanx battle formation and pentekonter warships 753 Foundation of Rome (traditional date) 750 Sparta conquers Amylae 8th century Greeks colonise Sicily and southern Italy 735 Syracuse founded by Corinthians 730-710 Spartan conquest of Messenia About 700 Greeks penetrate the Black Sea Early 7th century Predominance of Argos in the Peloponnese 669 Battle of Hysiae. Argos defeats Sparta By 650 Sparta defeats Messenian revolt Mid-7th to mid-6th centuries Age of Tyrants in Greece 580 Carthaginian/ Phoenician clashes with Greeks begin on Sicily 600 Phocaeans found Massilia (modern Marseilles) 600 Athens takes Salamis from Megara 600-550 Sparta extends dominion over most of the Peloponnese 570 War between Athens and Megara 560-550 War between Sparta and Tegea 550 Sparta takes Thyreatis from Argos 546-5 Persia conquers the Greek city-states on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor 540-523 Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos, is the first great naval imperialist 535 Battle of Alalia. Phocaeans expelled from Corsica by Etruscans and Phoenicians 525-524 Unsuccessful Spartan-Corinthian expedition against Samos 509-508 Sparta invades Attica and frees Athens from tyranny By 500 Sparta is established as the greatest military power in mainland Greece. 494 Cleomenes, King of Sparta (520-490), crushes the revival of Argos > Middle East Mid-13th century Conquest of Palestine by Hebrews. Wars of Joshua (including fall of Jericho) 1190-1150 Hittite Kingdom overthrown by Phrygians, Luvians etc. 1184-1153 Pharaoh Ramses HI repulses invaders from the Sahara: depicted on bas-reliefs is a naval battle 1180 Phrygians invade Asia Minor Great invasion including possibly those of peoples formerly identified by historians as the 'sea peoples' cause widespread disruption and fragmentation 1180-1177 Pharaoh Merenptah repulses invasions from Libya and 'Sea Peoples' in raiding along the coast and into the Nile delta By the reign of Ramses VI (1143-1136) Egypt has lost her Palestine dominions Late 13th to 12th centuries Rise of El am 1124-1103 Nebuchadnezzar I defeats Elam 1114-1076 Tiglath-Pileser expands Assyrian control to Mediterranean coast Late 12th to early 10th century Philistines dominate Palestine 1087 King Panehsy of Nubia invades and temporarily occupies Thebes. In 1080 his regime separates from Egypt By 1060 Egypt has withdrawn to her original valley boundaries. End of Egyptian Empire 1025-1006 Wars ofIsraelite King Saul 1006-968 Wars of Israelite King David. He captures Jerusalem 975 Shoshek I reasserts Egyptian authority vs Israel - split 975 David defeats Philistines 11th and 10th centuries Babylonia fought over by Assyrians, Aramaeans, Chaldeans etc. 925 Division of Kingdom of Israel into Israel (north) and Judah (south) Egyptian 3rd Intermediate Period. Egypt fragmented. Sporadic wars between component states 911-891 Adadnivan II begins Assyrian revival and expansion. Foundation of 'Neo- Assyrian Empire' 9th to 7th centuries Constant warfare waged by Assyrians, based on terror to dominate Mesopotamia and beyond 877 Assyria reaches the Mediterranean 853 Battle of Quaquar. Assyrians halted by Phoenicians, Syrians and Ahab of Israel 8th century Assyria conquers all Babylonia and much of Palestine By 800 Egypt is three kingdoms: Herakleopolis, Thebes and Kush Mid 8th century Rise of Kush 750 Nubia advances north to the confluence of the two Niles 745-725 Conquest of Palestine by Tiglath- Pileser III of Assyria Late 8th century Egyptian incursions in Palestine and Syria provoke Assyrians 727 Piy (or Piankhi) of Kush conquers the Nile Delta and is acknowledged King of all Egypt 722 Assyria takes Samaria 720 AI-Mina overrun by Assyria 717 Assyria takes Carchemish 705 Cimmerians conquer Phrygia 701 Judaean revolt Battle of Elteka. Assyrians defeated by Judaeans and Egyptians 700 Assyria takes Byblos 688-663 Sennacherib drives Egypt from Palestine 677 Sidon destroyed 674 Assyrian invasion of Egypt repulsed 671 Assyrians sack Memphis and take Tyre 664-656 Assyria takes control of Egypt 664-610 Psamtek I ejects Assyrians from Egypt 652 Gyges, King of Lydia, killed by Cimmerians 630 Psamtek occupies Ashdod c.627 Last Assyrian King of Babylonia dies: Civil War ensues. Nabopolassar New (Neo-) Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar 626-625 Babylon independent of Assyria 625 Rise of Media Empire 625-539 Chaldean dynasty reinstates Babylon as the dominant power in Mesopotamia, the 'Neo- Babylonian Empire' Cyaxares defeats Scythians 616 Psamtek campaigns v. Babylonians in Syria p12 Collapse of Assyrian Empire and destruction of Nineveh Late 7th to mid 6th centuries War of the Medes v. Urartu, Lydia, etc., the Media Empire extends to Syria and East Anatolia and East to the Indus 610 Battle of Megiddo. Egyptian Neko II defeats Josiah of Judah By 610 Saite dynasty rules Egypt 605-562 Nebuchadnezzar II conquers Syria and Palestine 605 Battle of Carchemish. Neko defeated by Nebuchadnezzar who takes southern Mesopotamia 601 Babylonian invasion of Egypt repulsed c.600 Lydia introduces world's first coinage 597 Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem 594-589 Psamtek II sends expedition to Nubia (or 594-589). His force includes Greek mercenaries 590-589 Sacred War v. Crisa 590-585 Media-Lydian War 586 Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar 581 Babylonian invasion of Egypt repulsed 574-570 Campaigns of Apries 570 Battle of Kyrene 561-547 Croesus King of Lydia 560 Ahmose II asserts Egyptian domination of Syria and Palestine and occupies Cyprus 555-539 Nabonides last king of Babylon 550 Cyrus the Great (559- 530) ousts Median dynasty and founds Persian Empire 547-545 Cyrus conquers Lydia and "takes Sardis and the coastal cities of South Asia Minor 539 Cyrus takes Babylon from NabonidesCyrus the Great 530 Cyrus killed campaigning on Jaxertes 530-522 522-521 Cambyses Civil War 525 Battle of Pelusium. Babylonian king Cambyses conquers Egypt, which becomes a province of the Persian Empire 513 Darius of Persia's great Danube expedition > India C .800 Beginning of Kali era (traditionally set earlier, 3102). Conflict between Kauravas and Pandavas of the Kurv tribe 600 Rise of the Republics (Mahajanapandas) . Conflict for hegemony in Ganges Valley. 16 'great states' coalesce into 3 kingdoms - Kashi, Koshala, Magadha, and the Vrjjian Republic 543 King Bimbasara of Magadha conquers Kashi and Koshala and breaks the Vrjjian confederation 537 Darius of Persia conquers Indus Valley 491 King Ajatasatru (491- 459) builds fort at Patua; annexes Kasi and Kosala Wars of Ajatasatru. Over 16 years he subdues Vrjji By about 400 Nandas field large armies > Mediterranen & 495-448 Greek-Persian Wars 497 Greek uprisings against Persians in Miletus, Cyprus etc 494 Battle of Lade Persians defeat Ionian fleet 492 1st Campaign. Thracians repel Persians 490 2nd Campaign. Battle of Marathon. Greeks defeat Persians 480 3rd Campaign. Battle of Thermopylae 480 Battle of Cape Artemisium. Sack of Athens by Persians 480 Battle of Salamis 479 Persians re-occupy Athens. Battle of Plataea 479 Battle of Mycale and Greek liberation of Asia Minor city states 478 Greeks capture Byzanatium and Cyprus under Pausanias. Athens organises Delian League against Persia 476.7 Battle of Eurymedon. Athens defeats Persians 458 Battle of Aegina 459 Greek fleet supports Egyptian uprising. Expeditions to Memphis 454 Greek fleet annihilated by Persians 449 Battle of Salamis/Cyprus 448 Treaty of Callias ends war & Greek-Etruscan Wars rw Mediterranean) 540 Battle of Alalia 535 Greeks expelled from Corsica 474 Battle of Cyme/Cumae & 481-480 Carthage in Sicily 480 Battle of Himena (Syracuse, Carthage) 509 Revolution v. Tarquinius Superbus in Rome > China 475-221 Era of the Warring States. By about 300 China has coalesced into seven principal states; vast conscript armies now take the field, a massive increase in scale over previous eras of war c.255 End of Zhou Dynasty and final disintegration of any sort of imperial structure > Mediterranean & 431-404 Peloponnesian Wars 457-1 1st War, Athens defeated 457 Athens conquers Aegina. Battle of Tangra 451 Truce 447 Boeotia frees itself from Athens 446 Euboea and Magara. Revolt against Athens. '30 Years Peace'. Athens returns war gains 431-21 2nd War, indecisive 431-421 Archidamian War Sparta devastates Attica; plague in Athens 425 Battle of Pylos. Athens victory. Sphacteria capitulates 424 Thracian campaign. Battle of Amphipolis 421 Battle of Niceas Sparta dominates the land; Athens the sea 430-427 Plague weakens Athens 428-7 Revolt of Mytilene 425 Battle of Pylos. Athens victorious 424 Battle of Delium. Athens defeated 421 Treaty of Nicias, resulting from war- weariness 418 Battle of Mantinea. Sparta defeats Argos 415-413 Athens' disastrous expedition to Sicily. Fleet annihilated 413-404 Decelian War 410 Battle of Cyzicus. Athens regains naval supremacy 407 Sparta gains Persian cooperation 406 Battle of Arginusae. Athens victorious. But internal dissention 405 Battle of Aegospotania. Athens fleet destroyed 404 Siege and surrender of Athens & 409 Carthage advances towards Syracuse 401-400 'March of the 10,000' & Continuing expansion of Rome in Italy 431 Battle of Algidus 498-493 Latin Wars 403-400 Dionysus of Syracuse conquers most of Sicily 401-400 March of the 10,000. During Persian Civil War (Artaxerxes II v. Cyrus the Younger), Greek mercenaries win . Battle of Cunaxa, but then make epic retreat across mountains in winter & Sparta 399-394 SPARTA-PERSIAN WAR 396-394 SPARTAN EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR 395-387 CORINTHIAN WAR 395 Battle of Haliartus 394 Siege of Corinth (to 390) 394 Battle of Coronea 394 Battle of Cnidus. Spartan fleet defeated by Persia 382 Sparta occupies Thebes citadel 379-371 THEBAN BATTLE OF INDEPENDENCE 379 Thebes expels Spartan garrison 376 Battle of Naxos. Athens defeats Sparta at sea 371 Battle of Leuctra. Thebes defeats Sparta & 370-362 Theban Wars 370 Theban invasion of -' Peleponnese and Laconia 364 Theban naval expedition to Byzantium 364 Battle of Cynoscephalae 363 Thebans defeat Thessalians 362 Thebes invades Peloponnese again 362 Battle of Mantinea & Dionysian Wars v. Carthage 398-397 1st War. Carthage pushed back from Syracuse 392 2nd War. Carthage almost ejected from Sicily 390-379 Dionysius conquers part of S. Italy 389 Battle of Elleponus. Dionysius defeats Italians 385-376 3rd War 368-367 4th War 366-344 Turmoil in Syracuse after 367 death of Dionysius & Roman conquest of Italy 405-396 Etruscan Veii oesiege Rome 391 Gauls besiege Clusium 391 Gauls defeat Rome at Battle of Allia 3 and sack Rome 367 2nd Gallic invasion repulsed 362-345 Rome contains Latin uprisings 343-341 1ST SAMNITE WAR 343 Battles of Astura, Suessula, Salicula 342 Battle of Mt Gaurus 341 Battles of Veseris, Tifernum; Roman conquest of Campania 340-338 LATIN WARS 338 Battles of Sinnessa, Pedum 360-1, 350-349 Gauls raid to the Tiber valley & Carthage v. Syracuse 344-339 Carthaginian war v. Timoleon of Syracuse. Siege of Syracuse 340 Battle of Crimissus & Wars of Philip of Macedon 358 Philip unifies Macedon 357-355 War of the Allies 357, 356 Philip expands to Chaldice 355-346 Philip seizes much of Thessaly 355-346 2nd Holy War. Philip is drawn into central Greek conflict 352 Battle of Crocus Field 348 Philip conquers of Chaldice, Thrace 345-339 Philip consolidates hold on north of Greece 342 Persia meanwhile regains control of Egypt 341-338 Macedonian war v. Hellenic League 338 Battle of Chaeronaea. Philip defeats Hellenic League 337 Philip's general Parnenion leads vanguard for projected invasion of Persia 336 Philip assassinated & 335-323 Wars of Alexander the Great 335 Campaign v. Danube tribes: suppresses revolts in Thessaly, Athens, Thebes 334-331 CONQUEST OF PERSIA 334 Battle of Granicus 333 Battle of Issus 332-331 Conquest of Syria 332 Siege of Tyre, siege of Gaza and conquest of Egypt 331 Spartan uprising. Battle of Megalopolis. Antipater defeats Agis 331 Battle of Gaugamela/Arbela 330 Occupation of Mesopotamia 331-323 CONQUESTS OF E. PERSIA TO HYDASPES 326 Battle of/the Hydaspes 323 Death of Alexander 327/6-304 2nd Samnite War against Rome 323 Carthage begins reconquest of Sicily 321 Battle of Caudine Forks/Passes. Humiliating Roman defeat by Sabines > India c.325/321 Chandragupta Maurya overthrows Nanda power in Magadha and campaigns in northern and central India Wars of Chandragupta: he conquers northern India and founds Mauryan Empire 305 Chandragupta fights Seleucus I Nicator. Ends with friendly relationship. Seleucus cedes his trans- Indus provinces in return for 500 elephants c.297-272 or 268 Bindusara - 'Amitrochates' ('Destroyer of Foes') establishes 'Second' Mauryan Empire, which he extends south, stopping only at Mysore 272/268-c.231 Asoka Pliny records the Mauryan army as consisting of 9,000 elephants, 30,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry 260 Asoka campaigns against Kalinga Baetrian King Demetrius (c.190-167) enters Punjab and gains control of north-west India: Indo- Greek rule 185 Last of Mauryas, Brhadratha, assassinated by Pusyamitra, who founds Sunga Dynasty, with its nucleus as Magadha After 88 Scythians (Sakas) sweep through Parthia into Indus valley Kanva Dynasty and Aandhras (Deccan) > Mediterranean & 323-280 Diadochian Wars: the Wars of Alexander's Successors 323-322 LAMfAN WAR 322 Battle of Abydos. Cleitus defeats Athenian fleet 322 Battle of Amorgos. Cleitus defeats Athens and blockades Athens 322 Battle of Crannon. Antipater invades Thessaly and defeats the Greeks 322 Perdiccas invades Cappadona and gives it to Craterus. Perdiccas is now regent of the whole empire, almost 322-319 WARS V. PERDICCAS 321 Battle of Lysimachia. Eumenes, for Perdiccas, defeats Craterus 321 Perdiccas invades Egypt. Army mutinies and kills him. Antipater is elected regent by the army in Syria; he gives Babylon to Seleucus 320 Antigonus invades Cappadocia and defeats Eumenes at the Battle of Oraynian Fields. Siege of Nova 319 Antipater dies. Macedonian army elects Polyperchon regent. Antigonus, Cassander and Ptolemy ally against him WAR v. POLYPERCHON Antigonus conquers Asia Minor, Ptolemy takes Syria 318 Cassander invades Greece 318 Battle of the Bosporus. Cleitus defeats Antigonus fleet. Eumenes takes Babylon 317 Antigonus fights Eumenes in Mesopotamia until Eumenes is betrayed. Antigonus now controls Asia and the East 317 Cassander conquers Athens and Macedon 317-16 Siege of Pydna. Death of Olympias, mother of Alexander 315-312 1ST ANTIGONID WAR All ally against Antigonus and his son Demetrius. Much manoeuvring ensues 312 Battle of Gaza Ptolemy defeats Demetrius, but Antigonus restores his position by 311 when peace is made. Antigonus has lost the East 311-308 Confused, futile campaigns on all sides 307-301 2ND ANTIGONID WAR Antigonus mounts second attempt to reunite Alexander's empire: all ally against him and Demetrius 307 Demetius seizes Athens 306 Battle of Salamis. Demetrius defeats Ptolemy's fleet. Antigonus and Demetrius assume titles of Joint Kings of the Empire; Ptolemy declares himself king of Egypt 304 Battle of Thermopylae. Demetrius defeats Cassander and wins most of Greece and Thessaly 302-1 The allies invade Asia Minor and Syria, overwhelming Antigonus 301 Battle of Ipsus. Seleucus and Lysimachus defeat Antigonus, who is killed. They divide his kingdom and Cassander is recognised as king of Macedon. The war against Demetrius, with various re-alignments of alliance 294 Demetrius takes Athens and Macedonia 293 Demetrius expands into Thessaly etc. 292 Demetrius invades Thrace 288 Lysimachus and Pyrrhus of Epirus invade Macedonia 283 Death of Demetrius 281 Battle of Corupedium. Seleucus defeats Lysimachus 280 Death of Seleucus 279 Gauls raid Macedonia 277 Battle of Lysimachia. Antiochus, son of Seleucus defeats the Gauls The rivals are now into a new generation, with established kingdoms: Antigonus II Tonatas (son of Demetrius) rules Macedon; Antiochus, son of Seleucid rules Asia Minor and Mesopotamia (Seleucid Empire), Ftolemy II rules Egypt 275 Battle of the Elephants. Antiochus defeats the Galatians 274-272 Pyrrhus wars of conquest in Greece/Macedon 274 Pyrrhus conquers Macedon 273 Antigonus Gonatas retakes Macedon & 267-261 War of of Chremonides between Egypt and Macedon 265-261 Siege of Athens by Antigonus Eioriatas & 263-261 War of Eumenes (Pergamine breakaway) 263 Battle near Sardis. Antiochus I defeated & 258-255 '2nd Syrian War'. Macedonians and Seleucids v. Egypt 258 Battle of Cos. Macedon defeats Egyptian fleet. Seleucids take Syria & 245-241 '3rd Syrian War' 245 Battle of Andros. Macedon and Rhodes defeat Egypt. Egypt fails to regain Syria & War of the Brothers (Seleucus II v. Antiochus Hierax) Battle of Ancyra. Hierax defeats Selucus 239-229 Wars of Demetrius II of Macedon 233 Battle of Phylacia. Demetrius defeats Achaean League 229-222 War of Cleomenes 227 Battle of Megalopolis. Cleomenes of Sparta defeats Achaean League 222 Battle of Sellasia. Macedon and Achaeans defeat Cleomenes 219 '4th Syrian War'. Seleucid Antiochus III attacks Egypt in Syria 217 Battle of Raphia. Egyptians defeat Seleucus 220-217 Battle of the Allies (Mace don v. Aetolial Sparta) and Philip V of Macedon begins encroachments on Roman theatre 207 Battle of Mantinea. Achaean League defeats Sparta & 230-228 Roman campaign in Illyria & 238-179 Wars of Philip Vof Macedon 217-205 1st Rome- Macedonian War 203-200 Macedonian/Seleucid War against Egypt 201 Battle of Lade. Macedon defeats Rhodes' fleet 201 Battle of Chios. Macedon defeated by Pergamum 200-196 2nd Rome- Macedonian War 199-198 Flamininus defeats Philip 197 Battle of ~"Cynoscephalae. Philip defeated 184, 183, 181 Philip's Balkan campaigns & Sicily 317 Agathocles wars of conquest 312 Agathocles begins conflict with Carthage 311 Carthage wins Battle of Himera and besieges Syracuse 310 Agathocles besieges Carthage to 307 302 Agathocles invades southern Italy & Rome 2nd Samnite Wars continued 316 Battle of Lantulae 315 Battle of Ciuna 309 Battle of Lake Vadimo 306 Battle of Mevania 305 Rome takes Bovanium 304 Peace. Rome annexes Campania 298-290 3RD SAMNITE WAR 298 Battle of Camerinum 295 Battle of Sentinum 293 Battle of Aquilonia 285-282 ROMAN CONQUEST OF CELTIC ITALY 285 Battle of Arretium 283 Battle of Lake Vadimo 282 Battle of Populonia ends Etruscan resistance & 281-272 Pyrrhic Wars 280 Battle of Heraclea 279 Battle of Auschlum 275 Battle of Beneventum 272 Blockade and fall of Tarentum. Rome now dominates southern Italy too & 269 Last Samnite uprising against Rome quashed & 264-241 1st Punic War 262 Rome takes Agrigentum 260 Battle of Lipari Is 260 Battle of Mylae 259 Roman invasion of Corsica, Malta, Sardinia 256 Battle of Cape Ecnomus 256 Battle of Adys 255 Battle of Tunis 251 Battle of Panormus I 250 Battle of Panormus Il 250/49 Battle of Drepanum 242 Rome takes Lilybaeum and Drepanum 241 Battle of Aegates Is 241 Peace. Carthage gives up Sicily 241-237 Mutiny of the Carthaginian army 238 Rome seizes Corsica and Sardinia 238-229 Carthage conquest of south-eastern Spain to Ebro frontier 219 Carthage captures Saguntum provoking full- scale war with Rome & 218-202 2nd Punic war # 219-203 HANNIBALS CAMPAIGN IN ITALY 218 Hannibal crosses Alps. Battle of Ticinus, Trebbia 217 Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 Battle of Gerunium 216 Battle of Cannae 215 Neapolis/Bruttium campaign 214 Battle of Beneventum 213 Hannibal takes Tarentum 212-11 Siege of Capua 212 Battle of Herdonea I 210 Battle of Herdonea Il 207 Battle of the Metaurus 205 Mago takes Genoa 203 Hannibal returns to Africa # SPANISH THEATRE 218 Battle of Celsa 217 Battle of Ebro (naval) Battle of Ibera 213 Rome.take Saguntum 211 Battle of Lorqui 209 Rome takes-Nota Carthago 208 Battle of Baecula 206 Battle of Ilipa # SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES 218 Carthage attacks -Lilybaeum but is repulsed 215 Sardinia revolts against Rome. Battle of Cavales 215-212 Sicily campaign. Romans storm Syracuse 210-9 Carthage incursion to Agrigentum # AFRICA 204 Scipio invades and besieges Utica 203 Battle near Utica 203 Battle of Great Plains 203 Hannibal returns to Africa 202 Battle of Zama. Final defeat of Hannibal by Scipio > Europe 200-191, 186, 181 Insubre, Boii uprisings in Cisalpine Gaul (sporadic) > China Qin or Ch'in Dynasty c.221 'The First Emperor' Qin Shi Huang-Ti unites 'civilised' China, improves the Great Wall and institutes great centralising reforms (uniform coinage, writing, canals, roads, etc). [His vast tomb and its defending garrisons of terra-cotta warriors are only now being excavated] 206 Massive rebellions rock China after death of First Emperor c.206 or 202 Liy-Bang again re-unites China and founds the Han Dynasty, which colonises southern and south-western China, Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia, opening the Silk Road to the West and sea routes to Burma and India Wars of expansion of Han rulers, 206-113: campaigns eliminate Yuen Kingdoms of the south-east coast Mid-2nd century offensive against the Hsiung-Nu Mid-2nd century northern Vietnam occupied 117-115 Chiang tribes conquered 117-100 Western expansion 108 Invasions of China and Indochina 2nd half of 1st century sees beginning of Han decline c.33 Peasant Revolts > Mediterranean & Rome's Macedonian Wars & 215-205 1ST MACEDONIAN- ROMAN WAR 214 Philip V seizes Oricum 213 Philip invades Illyria 212-11 Operations in central Greece 207 Battle of Mantinea (Sparta defeated by Achaean Leauge) 205 Peace 202 Philip campaigns in the Bosporus 201 Battle of Lade & 200-106 2ND MACEDONIAN- ROMAN WAR Rome invades Epirus 199 Battle of Ottalobus 197 Battle of Cynoscephalae ('Jena of Macedon') 195 Flamininus campaigns in Greece > Persia & 216-196 Wars of Antiochus the Great (Seleucid King of Syria) 216-213 Antiochus' Sardis campaign 210 Antiochus regains Armenia 202 Antiochus invades Syria 200 Battle of Panion and siege of Sidon (-199) 199 Antiochus secures all Palestine 197 Antiochus conquers south-west coast of Asia Minor and Thrace & 192-188 ROME'S WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT 192 Antiochus invades Greece 191 Battle of Thermopylae loses Greece for Antiochus. 191 Battle of Cape Corycus 190 Rome invades Asia Minor across Hellespont 140 Battle of Side 190 Battle of Myonnesus 189 Battle of Magnesia. L. Scipio defeats Antiochus. End of strong Seleucid kingdom > Mediterranean & Rome in Spain 195-133 1st Celtiberian War. First phase to 179 153-151 Renewed war 134-133 Numantine War. Final siege and fall of Numantia 154-137 Lusitanian War & Cisalpine Gaul 197-6 Roman campaigns v. Insubre, Boii, etc 193 Roman campaigns v. Insubre, Boii, etc 183-177 Roman campaigns in Istria 181-177 Sardinian revolt and pacification 169 Egyptians invade Palestine v. Antioch IV (Seleucid). Antiochus' counter-invades Egypt 167 Antiochus temporarily controls Egypt and Cyprus & 171-168 3rd Macedonian War 171 Battle of Callicinus 168 Battle of Pydna 186 Bithynia-Pergamum War > Asia Minor & 167-160 Revolt of the Maccabees (Palestine) 165 Battle of Emmaus 164 Battle of Beth-Sur 162 Battle of Beth- Zachariah 160 Battle of Adsa 160 Battle of Elasa 151 Carthage-Numidian War > Rome & 149-146 3rd Punic War. Carthage city razed to the ground by Rome & General 154 Roman campaign v. Ligurians 152-145 Egyptian-Seleucid War in Palestine/Syria 145 Battle of Oenoparas & 149-148 4th Macedonian War (pretender) 146 End of Achaean League 146 Battle of Scarpheia. Rome takes control of all Greece 133 King Attalus bequeaths Pergamum to Rome 132-130 Pergamine revolt quelled by Rome & 135-132 1st Servile War against Rome 129-118 Egyptian Civil War 129-76 Rome conquers Dalmatia 125-120 Rome conquest of southern Gaul (to Cevennes) & 117-105 Jugurthine War 111 Roman intervention 110 Battle of Calama 109 Battle of'MuthuI' & 113-101 Invasion of Gaul and Italy by Cimbri and Teutones 113 Battle of Noreia 109 Battle in Rhone valley 105 Battle of Arausio 102 Battle of Aquae Sextiae 101 Battle ofVercellae & 2nd Servile War 104-101 103-76 Wars of Alexander Jannaeus & 103 Judaean War -96-90 102 Roman campaign v. Cilician pirates & Spain 99, 98-93 Lusitanian revolts & 91-98 The Social War against Rome (War of Rome's allied tribes) 90 Battle of Tolenos R 89 Battle of Fucine Lake 89 Battle of Asculu 89 Battle near Pompeii 89-88 Egyptian Civil War 88 Turmoil in Rome. Sulla marches on Rome 87 Counter-coup of Marius and Cinna in Rome & 83-82 Sullan War 83 Sulla's return from the East. Battle of Mt Tifata. Sulla victorious 82 Battle of Sacriportus, Faventia, Clusium, Colline Gate. Sulla victorious over Marians & 82-80 Pompey campaigns against rebels in Africa/Sicily 81-79 Sulla Dictator & 88-85 1st Mithridatic War (Pontus v. Rome) 88 Mithridates invades Cappadocia Battle of Arnnias River Athens rises against Rome 87 Sulla in command of operations in the East 87-85 Sulla campaigns in Greece 86 Battle of Mileopolis. Fimbria defeats Pontic army 86 Athens retaken by Sulla 86 Battle of Chaeronea. Sulla defeats Pontic army 86 Battle of Cyzicus. Lucullus victorious 85 Battle of Orchomenus. Sulla defeats Pontic army 85 Battle of Rhyndacus 85 Battle of Lectum, Battle of Tenedos 85 Sulla crosses to Asia Minor 83 Parthian conquest of Syria & 83-72 Sertorian War (Spain) (Metellus) 77 Pompey joins Metellus in Spain 76 Battle of Lauro, Battle of Italica 75 Battle of Turia, Battle of Sucro, Battle of Turia 72/3 Sertorius assassinated & 83-82 2nd Mithridatic War (Mithridates repulses Murena) & General 77 Revolt of Lepidus Battle of Cosa (then Pompey transfers to Spain) 78-76 Roman campaign v. Cilician pirates 74 Marcus Antonius' campaign v. pirates (fails) & 72-71 3rd Servile War (Revolt of Spartacus) 72 Battle of Mt Garganus 72 Battle in Picenum, Battle of Mutina 71 Crassus and Pompey march on Rome & 74-62 3rd Mithridatic War 74 River battle of Rhyndacus. Mithridates invades Bithynia 73 Battle of Lemnos 69 Battle of Tigranocerta. Lucullus defeats Pontic army 68 Battle of Arsanias River 67 Battle of Zela. Mithridates defeats Romans 66 Pompey assumes command against Mithridates 64-62 Pompey campaigns in upper Mesopotamia and Syria and settles Roman affairs in the East & General 67 Pompey's campaign v. piracy in the Mediterranean 65 R intervenes in Judaea. Battle of Papyron 63-2 REVOLT OF CATILINA 62 Battle of Pistoria 60 1st Triumvirate rules Rome (Pompey, Crassus, Caesar) & 58-50 Caesar's Conquest of Gaul 58 Campaigns against Helvetii and Suebi 58 Battle of TouIon-sur- Arroux 58 Battle near Cernay 57 Campaign against Belgae 57 Battle of Neuf-Mesnil 56 Campaign against maritime tribes of the west 56 Battle of Quiberon Bay 55 Campaigns on northern border of Gaul 55 1st invasion of Britain 54 2nd invasion of Britain 54 Rebellion of Ambiorix 53 Revolt of Ambiorix. Battle of Aduatuca. Ambiorix defeats Sabinus. Campaigns against the Nervii, etc. 52 Rebellion of Vercingetorix 52 Battle of Gergovia 52 Battle of Lutetia 52 Siege and battle of Alesia 51 Siege of Uxellodunum 55 Gabinus intervenes in Egyptian succession crisis 55 Parthian succession crisis & 54-53 Parthian campaigu of Crassus 53 Battle of Carrhae. Romans defeated, Crassus killed & Roman Civil War 49 Bloodless conquest of Italy by Caesar 49 1ST SPANISH CAMPAIGN 49 Manoeuvres of Ilerda 49 Siege of Massilia 49 Curio defeated in Africa at Battle of the Bagradas 49 Mutiny of Caesar's army at Placentia 48 DYRRHACHIUM CAMPAIGN 48 Siege of Dyrrhachium 48 Campaign and battle of Pharsalia. Caesar defeats Pompey 48-47 CAESAR'S EGYPTIAN (ALEXANDRIAN) CAMPAIGN. Battle of Nile Delta. Battle of Canopus. Caesar sets Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt 47 Battle of Nicopolis. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates the Great, defeats Caesar's lieutenant Domitius 47 Caesar's Asian campaign. Battle of Zela. Caesar routs Pharnaces 47 Mutiny of troops in Rome 47-46 CAESAR'S AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 46 Battles of Ruspina and Thapsus. Caesar defeats Pompey's associates 46-45 CAESAR'S 2ND SPANISH CAMPAIGN 45 Battle of Munda 44 Assassination of Julius Caesar & Wars of the 2nd Triumvirate 43 Mutina war. Battle of Mutina 43 2nd Triumvirate rules Rome (Antony, Octavian, Lepidus) 42 Philippi Campaign 42 Battles of Philippi. Antony and Octavian defeat Brutus, Cassius and the other associates of Caesar 40 Parthia conquest of Syria, southern Asia Minor 41-40 War of Perusia. Siege of Peru si a 43-35 SEXTUS POMPEY'S WAR 36 Battle of Mylae 36 Battle of Naulochus 39-33 ANTONY'S PARTHIAN WAR 38 Battle of Gindarus 36 Antony's Parthian invasion fails 34 Antony's Armenian campaign 35-33 Octavian's Illyrian Campaign 32-31 WAR BETWEEN ANTONY (WITH CLEOPATRA) AND OCTAVIAN 31 Battle of Actium. Antony and Egyptians defeated. Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide 25-24 Gallus's Arabian Expedition 26-24 Augustus' conquest of north-west Iberia 26 Battle of Vellica 30-28 Roman frontier operations in the Balkans 25-24 Gallus's Arabian expedition 17-14 Roman operations in Rhine-Danube area 14 Agrippa intervenes in Bosporan kingdom 12 German campaigns begin 12-9 Campaigns of Drusus 8 Tiberius takes command in Germany > BC to AD transition > China 9-23 Wang Mang usurps throne; 23 restoration of the Han Meanwhile the external menace of the Hsiung-nu begins to become major threat Late 1st century Emperor Wu-ti launches a drive against the Hsiung-nu west into central Asia 25 Eastern Han Court factionalism weakens central authority by c.160; regional commanders become autonomous 184 Mass uprising - the 'Yellow Turbans' 220 Hsien-ti, the last Han emperor, abdicates and China splits into three kingdoms: Wei (North), which becomes Western Ch'in; Shu (West); Wu (South) 263 Wei conquer Shu 265 Ssuma coup in Wei > Middle East 4 Armenian succession crisis 5-6 Gaetrilian Revolt in Mauretania > Europe: Wars of Imperial Rome 6-9 Pannonian revolt put down by Tiberius 7 Battle of Volcaean Marsh. Tiberius, ambushed, defeats the rebels 9 Revolt in the newly won area of Germany by Arminius. 9 Battle of the Teutoburger Wald (or Clades Variana). A great disaster for Rome: P. Quintillius Varus is defeated with the loss of some 20,000 men. Effectively, this means the end of Roman plans to expand to the Elbe. Subsequent campaigns are raids rather than attempts at conquest 14-16 Revolt of German legions. Germanicus quells then campaigns into Germany 16 Battle of Idistaviso. Germanicus worsts Arminius. He is then deployed to the East, but dies, possibly poisoned, at Antioch 17 -24 Revolt of Nurnidian chief Tacfarinus 22 Battle of Thala 21 Gallic Revolt of Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir 25 Thracian Revolt 28-41 Frisian Revolt 35-52 Armenian succession operations 40-49 Conquest of Britain begun. After an aborted invasion in 40, Aulus Plautius leads a full-scale expedition in 43. By 49 the Romans have reached the Severn and the Wash. After the defeat of Caractacus, operations remain low- key until 61 35-52 Armenian succession operations I 61 Revolt of the Iceni in Britain. Boudicca of the Iceni takes Camulodunum and Lincoln before Suetonius Paulinus defeats her near Lichfield 66-68 Judaean revolt 70-73 Siege of Massada 68 Revolt of Julius Vindex (suppressed), precursor to the major revolt against Emperor Nero, who kills himself when the Praetorian Guard support the usurper Galba 69-70 ROMAN WAR OF SUCCESSION 69 Year of the Four Emperors. A successton of coups raise Otho, then Vitellius to the throne 69 Battle of Locus Castorum. Otho's ally Caecina fails to defeat the Vitellians 69 First Battle of Bedriacum (Cremona). Vitellius vanquishes Otho 69 Second Battle of Bedriacum. Vespasian's legions defeat Vitellius 71-74 Brigantine War in Britain results in the advance of the Roman frontier farther north 72 Upper Euphrates campaign stabilises frontier for half a century 73-74 'Basel re-entrant' annexed in Germany 78-84 Cn Julius Agricola campaigns in Scotland, but the Romans are now over-extended 84 Battle of Mons Graupius. Agricola defeats Picts 89 Revolt of Saturninus in Germany 97-98 Suebian War WARS OF HADRIAN 101-102 First Dacian War. Trajan invades and wins at Tapae (101), but severe losses and difficult terrain slow the Roman advance 102 First Battle of Sarmizegethusa (Dacian capital) defeats Dacian King Decebalus 105-106 Second Dacian War. Trajan's major offensive conquers Dacia completely 106 Second Battle of Sarmizegethusa. The Roman province of Dacia is established 113-116 Trajan's conquest of Parthia and Armenia 115-117 Revolts in Cyrenaica, Egypt and Palestine 116-117 Mesopotamian revolt 122/3-c.128 Hadrian's Wall built in Britain; it will become Rome's northern frontier 132-135 Bar Kochba revolt in Palestine 134 Recapture of Jerusalem 139-142 Brigantine Revolt in Britain and operations 155, 158. Lollius Urbicus builds the Antonine Wall between the Clyde and the Forth 145-152 Mauretanian disturbances 152-153 Egyptian rising 161 Parthian War 157-158 Dacian operations 167, 172-5 and after Danube security operations. Pressure from Germanic tribes including Chatti, Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges, Roxolani, etc., provoke Roman trans- Danube punitive raids. The scale of imperial commitment to the northern frontiers increases dramatically. After two centuries of relative stability and peace, the Roman Empire is approaching a period of crisis within and without 175-176 Revolt of Aridius Cassius in Syria 184 Antonine Wall overrun 18'4-186 Mutiny oflegions in Britain 190 African revolt 192-197 Emperor Commodus assassinated. Rivals for the throne are eliminated by L. Septimius Severus 193 Battle of Cyzicus 194-195197-199 Septimius Severus's Parthian campaigns 194 Battle of Issus 195-197 Revolt of Albinus 197 Battle of Lugdunum (Lyons); city destroyed, as Albinus is defeated by Severans 209 Major expedition to Moray Firth in Scotland led by Septimius Severus. Hadrian's Wall renovated to become new frontier in Britain 213-214 Alemanni campaign of Caracalla. Defensive limes completed in Rhine- Danube re-entrant 214 Theocritus's Armenian campaign 215 Caracalla's Alexandrian Massacres 216-217 Caracalla's Eastern Campaign 216 Battle of Nisibis 218 Battle of Antioch > Middle East 227 Ardashir Artaxerxes establishes Sassanid Empire > India Yueh-chi Chief Kujula Kadphises conquers northern India After 100, Zenith of Kusnana under Kanishka 2nd century, Satarahanas (Deccan) Early 3rd century Pandya King Nedunjeliyan wins major victory over Ceras By about 250 Kushans reduced to Gandhara and Kashmir and become vassals of Sassanid Persia > China 280 China reunified by Western Ch'in 'Wars of the Eight Princes' - internal dynastic conflicts wreck the authority of the central administration 'The Sixteen Kingdoms' or 'The Five Barbarians' disruption of China'. Some five barbarian groups conquer China Near-permanent warfare exists between the states of northern China and many refugees nee south from the northern barbarian invaders 383 Chien Ch'in invades south but is repulsed South China Dynasties Eastern Ch'in; Song; Qi; Liang; Chen End of the 6th century Yang Chien conquers the south and reunites China, founding the Sui dynasty > Rome Crisis of the Roman Empire After the assassination of Caracalla (217), a succession of emperors are raised to the throne by their legions, only to be assassinated, overthrown by a rival or even by their own troops. Records of this period are poor but point to almost constant warfare within the empire and with the tribes north of the Rhine and Danube, together with continuing conflict in the East. Many battles are fought during this period, but they are rarely named, and details are few. Alemanni and Goths are the principal enemies in Europe. The strain on manpower and the economic resources of the empire is immense. And plague hits Rome in 262. 231-233 Severus Alexander's Eastern campaign 234-235 Alemanni War 236-237 Sarmatian{Dacian campaigns 238 War with Sassanias 240 Carthage rebellion 244 Balkan trans-Danube tribal invasions 251 Battle of Abritus. Emperor Decius perishes fighting the Goths 251 Battle of Forum Trebroni 253-260 Rome-Persian War 259 Battle of Edessa 260 Emperor Valentinian made prisoner by Persians 256 Saxons raid British coasts 258/9 Alemanni break into northern Italy where they are repulsed by Gallienus 269 Battle of Naissus. Claudius defeats the Goths 260-274/5 'Postumus's Gallic Empire'. C. Latinius Postumus proclaims himself emperor at Cologne. Gaul is recovered in 275 after Battle of Campi Catalaunii by Emperor Aurelian ('Restitutor Orbis', reuniting the Empire); but he is assassinated in 275. During his reign, construction begins on the walls of Rome, which has not been necessary since Republican times 262-267 Odaenathus of Palmyra's campaigns v. Persia 273 Palmyra destroyed 282-283 Carus invades Mesopotamia Persians occupy much of the East during Roman strife 285 Battle of Margus (against rival Carinus) establishes Diocletian as emperor who will 're- found' the empire 286-293 Carausius declares independence in Britain and northern Gaul but is assassinated by Allectus 293 THE TETRARCHY - The Collegiate Emperors. Diocletian splits the running of the empire between two emperors with deputies/designated successors. The aim is continuity and increased efficiency in fighting off the incursions of barbarians from across the Rhine and Danube. The frontier is too long for one man to command it. And the capital, Rome, is no longer a strategic base for such operations 295-298 Crisis - Narses of Persia at war; Achillus in Egypt; Julianus and Quinquegentanei in Africa; Carausius in Britain; plus warfare on Rhine and Danube fronts 296 Battle of Clausentum. Tetrarch Constantius recovers Britain for Rome 297 Battle of Carrhae - Persians defeat Galerius 297/8 Battle of Langres - great victory over Alemanni & 306-323/4 Wars of the Tetrarchs 312 Constantine takes Italy from Maxentius 312 Battles of Turin, Verona, Saxa Rubra. Constantine defeats the troops of Maxentius_ 312 Battle of Milvian Bridge. Maxentius is killed. Constantine is converted to Christianity during the campaign and in future wears the sign of the labarum on his army's shields 313 Licinius defeats Maximin Daia 313 Constantine campaigns on Rhine 314 First War between Constantine and Licinius 315 Battle of Cibalis. Constantine defeats Licinius 315 Battle of Mardis is indecisive 323/324 War between Constantine and Licinius 323 Battle of Philippopolis-Adrianople. Constantine outmanoeuvres Licinius 323 Battle of Chrysopolis. Licinius is defeated, surrenders and is later executed 328 Constantine consecrates his new capital Constantinople (formerly Byzantium); the city has been under reconstruction as the imperial capital for four years. Strategically it will be better placed than Rome to meet the threats to the empire from the north and from the east. Gradually the Roman Empire will become more permanently divided into West and East, but while the West will succumb in a century and a half to the barbarians from across the Rhine and Danube, Constantinople, as capital of the 'Byzantine' Empire, will remain the bastion of the empire, now officially a Christian state, for more than 1100 years. Traditionally historians have seen this development as ushering in the Middle Ages 332 Constantine's son, Constantine, fights Goths on the Danube and inflicts a significant defeat on them 340 Constantine II invades Italy after disputes with his brothers 340 Battle of Aquileia. Constantine II defeated and killed by Constans 341;342 Constans defeats Gauls 350-353 War against Magnetius. 351 Battle of Mursa. Constantius defeats barbarian usurper Magnetius, the first major triumph of cataphract armoured cavalry over infantry legions 354 Gallic crisis. Major incursions of barbarian tribes; from 364 constant operations on the Rhine- Danube frontier 356-361 Rhine-Danube operations 356-359 Julian (the Apostate),s Rhineland campaigns 361 Julian's War with Constantius 358-361 Persian War 363 Julian's campaign in East. Jovian signs '30 Year Peace' 368/9-370371-377 Valens' Armenian operations in Crisis East 370s Huns attack the Ostrogothic kingdom. Increasingly, the advance of the Huns from the steppe into eastern Europe is putting pressure on the tribes to their south and west; in turn, these tribes increase their attempts to cross the perimeter of the Roman Empire, seeking land in which to settle. And the frontier regions of the empire are becoming depopulated as a result of constant raids and depradations 376-382 GOTHIC WAR 378 Battle of Adrianople. One of the great decisive battles of history. The Huns defeat the Romans and the Emperor of the East, Valens, is killed. The Huns achieve their breakthrough into the empire. It is the beginning of the end of empire in the west. Fritigern leads the Goths into Thrace and Greece. That this disaster on the battlefield is not immediately fatal to the empire is due to Theodosius the Great (379-395), who restores order in the empire. But the writing is on the wall 383-388 Revolt of Maximus 392-394 Revolt of Eugenius. 394 Battle of the Frigidus, near Aquileia. Theodosius defeats Eugenius, who is killed 395 Huns invade Cappadeonia, Armenia, Thrace and Syria 395 The division between Eastern and Western Empires becomes permanent. After the death of Theodosius, the decline of the empire becomes steeper. His heirs are not up to the task of maintaining the empire and increasingly delegate the running of affairs to their chief ministers while isolating themselves from the realities of the world in Ravenna. In the West, a succession of Masters of Horse (commanders-in- chief of the armies) are left to decide policy. 395-398 Alaric the Goth's campaign in Greece. Stilicho, Western Emperor Honorius's Master of Horse, cannot prevent the Goths, under Alaric, going where they please: Greece, Illyricum and then into Italy. 399 Revolt of Tribigild 400 Revolt of Gildo 400 Goth uprising 401-403 Alaric the Goth's first invasion of Italy 402 Battle of Poll entia. Stilicho defeats the Goths, but not decisively 405 Barbarian crossing of the Alps repulsed 406-7 Great barbarian breakthrough into Gau!. At the end of December 406 barbarian hordes cross the frozen Rhine at Mainz. There is no Imperial army to halt them. This is the second great break-in. From here, the tribes pour into Gaul 407 Revolt of Constantinus in Britain. He invades Gaul, which is meanwhile being devastated by Vandal tribes progressing south 407-10 Alaric's second invasion of Italy. 410 sack of Rome 408 Huns are active on the lower Danube 409-11 Revolt of Maximus 412-418 The Visigoths leave Italy and enter Gaul and the Iberian peninsula 413 Revolt of Heraclian The Goths establish themselves in southern Gaul with sporadic footholds in northern Spain. There is almost constant warfare with other barbarian tribes and the Romans 422 Huns raid Thrace 424-425 On the death of the Western Emperor Honorius in 423, Theodosius II of the Eastern Empire sends an army to place Valentinian HI (aged 4) on the Western throne. Aetius (390-454) is meanwhile Master of Horse, making use of barbarian mercenaries (including Huns) to maintain some sort of Imperial authority in the West 430s Led by Clodion, the Franks advance to the Somme 434/5 The Huns, raiding into Thrace, demand payment with menace from Constantinople 435-7 Aetius repulses Burgundian invasion of Upper Belgica 441-443,447-448 Attila leads the great confederation of Huns against 90nstantinople, laying waste the land and taking away vast booty. In the field they are all but invincible, but they lack the ability to assault or lay siege to major cities 451 The Huns invade Gau!. Battle of Catalaunian Plains, or Cnalons. Aetius, with a mixed Roman army that includes a significant Visigoth element under their king, Theodoric defeats or holds the Huns, who retreat. 452 Attila invades Italy. With help, the Huns reduce and destroy the great city of Aquileia, but venture little farther south, ostensibly due to the intervention of the Pope, Leo, more plausibly because fodder for the Hun horses is in short supply and plague has broken out in Italy. This is the last great incursion by the Huns 453 Attila dies; his empire does not long survive him 429 Vandals enter Africa Vandals raid Mediterranean coasts 439 Persian invasion of Armenia 440-1 Great expedition v. Vandals fails 455 Vandal expedition sacks Rome 456 Vandal invasion of Sicily repulsed by Ricimer 468 Great expedition against the Vandals fails 454 Visigoths attack the Bagaudae in north-west Gaul on behalf of Rome 455 Battle of Nedao (location unknown). Breakup of the Hun empire 455-456 Usurpation of Avitus 456 Visigoths enter the Iberian peninsula in force 456 Battle of River Urbicus shatters the power of the Suebi tribes who have settled there 458-461 Emperor Majorian leads an expedition to Spain By 464 The Visigoths (capital Toulouse) have advanced their domain north to Loire 466-484 Reign of Euric, founder of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain (which will last 456-465 revolt of Aegidius in Gaul, which is a battleground between Franks moving south, Burgundians in the east, Visigoths in the south and Bretons in the north- west Britain, meanwhile, cut off from Rome by these barbarian powers, is now deemed lost to the empire 468 and 472-3 The Visigoths conquer much of Spain 472-476 Anarchy in Italy, following the death of Ricirner (Master of Horse), who has made and unmade a series of unworthy emperors 475 Odovacar (Odoacer) leads an army revolt. 476 End of Western Empire with enforced abdication of the young Emperor Romulus Augustulus. 476-493 Odovacar rules Italy, nominally for the empire 475-477 Eastern Emperor Zeno deposed and returns to power 476 Euric's Italian expedition repulsed 481-511 Wars of Clovis expand the kingdom of the Franks 486 Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius 491 Frank campaign against the Thuringians 500 Campaign against the Burgundians 507 Battle or voume. Clovis defeats Alaric and conquers all southern Gaul except Provence 523 Campaign against the Burgundians 542 Expeditions to Saragossa Ongoing campaigns for Septirnania (Provence) between Franks, Burgundians and Ostrogoths 488 Ostrogoths. Led by Theodoric the Great, invade Italy 'on behalf of' the Eastern Empire to reclaim it from Odovacar. After much campaigning, the two leaders meet and Theodoric treacherously slays Odovacar. Theodoric (493-526) will be a major player in international diplomacy and rule nominally within the ambit of the Byzantine Empire 527-565 Justinian rules the Byzantine Empire and sets out to recover the West. His generals - especially Belisarius - are initially successful, but the enterprise places great strain on the empire's resources and cannot be sustained in the longer term 535-555 Byzantine conquest of Italy, bringing an end to the Ostrogothic Kingdom, but beginning a long period of turmoil and conflict in the peninsula 537 Battle of Rome 541 Battle of Faenza 546 Battle of Rome 549 Battle of Rome 552 Battle of Tagina 553 Battle of Mons Lactarius 554 Battle of Casilinum 520s-560s Sporadic conflicts between Slavs, Bulgars and Huns and Byzantium 533 Battle of Ad Decimum. Bellisarius destroys Vandal Kingdom in North Africa > India Mid 4th century Samudragupta and son Chandragupta II campaign and found Gupta Empire End of 5th century Hun incursions into northern India; after 500 the White Huns establish power in northern India until they are gradually expelled during the 6th century 510 Battle of Airikina. Hun victory 511 Huns sack Prayaya 3 major dynasties emerge. Pushyabhutis of Kanauj, Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanci 600-630 Establishment of Pallava power by Mahendravarman I 608-42 Establishment of Chalukya power by Pulakeshin II 620 Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha After 647 breakup of Kanavj Empire into small Rajput states > China Assassination of Emperor Uang-ti leads to establishment of T'ang dynaty and ten years of Civil War 626-640 Chinese expansion into Central Asia and (temporarily) Korea 660 destruction of Paekche state in Korea Autonomous military districts established to protect China's frontiers By 660s Chinese armies have penetrated India, the Tarim Basin, etc. 668 destruction of Korean state of Koguryo and occupation of northern Korea until 676 withdrawal leaving Silla state in control 751 Battle of Talas River. Muslims defeat Chinese 755 Mutiny of An Lu-shan leads to weakening of the T'ang state and eventual descent into turmoil with large-scale peasant uprisings 763-783 Tibet takes Tarim Basin after withdrawal of Chinese garrisons c.790 Tufan Kingdom conquers China's Western provinces By about 900, final collapse of central authority, China splits into ten states with five short- lived dynasties 'Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms' Period Coup d'etat ends the last (later Chou) dynasty 960 Northern Sung Dynasty 963-979 Sung re-unite much of China 979-1004 China-Liao border War 982-1126 China and Hsi- Hsia border wars c.1125-1127 Northern tribes conquer northern China and establish Ch'in Empire By 1127 Sung control reduced to southern half of China: Southern Sung Empire c.600 Unification and expansion of Tibet Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanci 600-630 Establishment of Pallava power by Mahendravarman I 608-42 Establishment of Chalukya power by Pulakeshin II 620 Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha After 647 breakup of Kanavj Empire into small Rajput states > Britain Mid-5th century Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain. Semi-legendary leaders Hengist and Horsa fight for the British king Vortigern against the Picts between 446 and 454; Hengis then establishes Jutish kingdom in Kent c.480-500 Battle of Mount Badon (Mons Badiconus) victory over the invaders by legendary Arthur491 Sack of Pevensey by Aelle (first bretwalda, or hegemon) Resistance to invaders led by 'Aureius Ambrosius' 552 Battle of Old Sarum. Cynric of the Gewissae defeats Britons 577 Battle of Deorham. Ceawlin of the Gewissae defeats three British kings and extends nascent Wessex to the Severn Kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia form Northumbria, which gains supremacy. Edwin of Northumbria is 5th bretwalda and adopts Christianity 633 Battle of Heathfield. Penda of Mercia and C'"adwallon of Gwynedd defeat and kill Edwin 634 Battle of Heavenfield. Bretwalda Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon 642 Battle of Oswestry/ Maserfield. Oswald defeated by Penda 655 Battle of Winwaedsfield. Christian Oswy of Northumbria defeats and kills heathen Penda and becomes bretwalda. 661 Mercia defeats West Saxons 675-704 Aethelred of Mercia defeats Northumbria decisively near the Trent. Northumbria declines Mercia reaches zenith under Aethenbald (716- 57) and Offa (757-96), latter styling himself King of all England. He builds defensive 'Offa's Dyke' from Dee to Wye, probably to prevent cattle raids. Mercia declines after Offa. Rise of We ss ex > Byzantine Empire 602 Byzantine mutiny and anarchy - Civil War. Ongoing campaigns against Avar incursions 603 Revolt of Narsus. Persians involved in Edessa-Dara operations 605-628 Byzantine- Sassanid War 608-610 Revolt of Heraclius; becomes emperor 610-641 613 Battle of Antioch 626 Constantinople besieged by Avars, Bulgars, Slavs, Gepids and Persians 627/8 Battle of Ctesiphon > Wars of the Franks c.575 Inter-family strife among the Merovingians - a procession of minors (rois traineants). These internecine contlicts in the Frankish kingdoms lead to the rise of the Mayors who come to hold effective power c.670 Ebroin, Mayor of Neustria conquers Burgundians 687 Battle of Tertry. Pepin II, Mayor of Austrasia, defeats Berthar, Mayor of Neustria. He is assassinated in 68!. Effective fall of Merovingians and beginning of the Carolingian rulers of the Franks. Pepin becomes undisputed master of all Gaul except Aquitaine. The Merovingians remain puppets 719-41 Charles MarteL He defeats Austrasians in two battles: 716 Battle of Ambleve. -719 Battle of Vi nay. 719 Battle of Soissons. He masters Burgundy 720-39 Arab invasion of France 720 Arabs seize Septirnania 732 Tours or Poitiers (location unknown). Abd ar-Rahman defeated and killed by Charles 737 Charles takes Avignon from the Muslims 738 Charles's Saxon expedition 739 Charles repulses Muslim attack on Provence Charles also campaigns against Aquitaine and Alemans > Wars of the Lombards 663 Byzantine expedition of Emperor Constans to Italy fails to expel the Lombards 678-81 Treaty and peace between Lombards and Byzantium 700-12 Lombard succession contlicts 712-44 Liutprand King of the Lombards consolidated Lombard power in Italy 751 Lombards take Ravenna, Byzantine capital in Italy > Middle East 630s-650s MUSLIM WARS OF CONQUEST Muslim armies erupt from Arabia 636 Battle of Yarmouk 637 Battle of Qadisiya 640 Conquest of Egypt and Syria 642 Battle of Nahavend 650 Muslims take Persepolis 651 Battle of Merv: Muslim conquest of Persia; end of Sassanid Empire Muslim Civil War 657 Battle of Camel Battle of Basra Battle of Siffiu Muslim sea-borne campaigns against Byzantium 661-750 Umayyad Caliphate 674-8 Constantinople besieged by Muslims 690s-700s Muslim conquests 698 take Carthage 702 Muslims conquer Berbers 718-18 Constantinople beseiged by Muslims 747-50 Muslim Civil War 750 Battle of the Zab. Abbasid Caliphate replaces Umayyads 755-72 Berber revolt in North Africa 763 construction of Baghdad Byzantines recover Thrace from Slavs 776 to 843 Byzantium internal contlict over iconoclasm 798 Muslims take Ibiza 811-819 Abbasid Civil War 825 or 823 Crete captured 827-832 Muslim Aghlabids begin conquest of Sicily (achieved by 902) 830-8 Abbasid-Byzantine War > India 704-715 Muslims take Transoxania, Khwarazim and Tashkent 712-713 Muslim invasion of Sind Arab conquest of Indus area to 745 740 Chalkyas defeat Pallavas 750 Gopal founds Pala dynasty. From 750s to c.950 Rashtrakutas constitute the main power in India 757 or 752-6 Rebellion of Rashtrakutas/defeat Chalukyas c .840 Rise of Pratinaras (King Bhoja) c.840 Collapse of central authority in Tibet > Wars of the Visigoths in Spain 610-12 King Witteric fights Vas cons and Byzantines 629 last Byzantine possessions (Algarve) taken. Visigoths now rule almost all Iberian peninsula 631 Franks invade as far as Saragossa 653 rebellion of nobles quashed by King Receswinth (649-672) 672-80 King Wamba constantly at war against Vascons, rebels in Septimania and invasions from the Muslims 680 Wamba deposed. Erwig succeeds (to 678) 708 Muslim invasion of Iberian coast repulsed by KingWitiza 709 Revolutions lead to reign of last Visigoth king: Roderick (Ruderico) 709, 710 Muslim invasions 711 Tarik of Mauretania leads Muslim invasion of Iberian peninsula; takes Gibraltar, Algeciras 19 July 711 Battle of La Jauda. Muslims defeat Roderick and take Seville, Ecija, Cordoba, Toledo. Musa brings Muslim reinforcements Sept 713 Battle of Segoyuela. Final defeat of King Roderick. End of the Visigothic Kingdom. At Toledo, Musa proclaims the Caliph sovereign. > Balkans Khazaks expand to Crimea, Ukraine and Caucasus 679-80 Bulgars conquer areas of Danube > Franks 751-68 Pepin ('the Short') King of the Franks By early 750s Saracens driven out of France 753 Saxon campaigns 754 Pep in invades Italy to aid the Pope against the Lombards, the Byzantines failing him and he having to take refuge with the Franks. Pope annoints Pepin King of the Franks and 'Patrician of the Romans' At Pavia, Aistulf of the Lombards surrenders but subsequently reneges on agreements. By 755/6 he is at the gates of Rome again 756 Pepin invades Italy again; same result 759 Saxon campaign 759 Franks take Narbonne 760-8 Conquest of Acquitaine, not fully absorbed into Frankia > 768-814 Charlemagne 771 Charlemagne unites the Frankish realms. Begins wars of conquest in Italy, Pyrenees, Bavaria against the Avars, and into north/north-east Germany against Saxons, Slavs and Danes Charlemagne's Italian campaigns 773-4 Charles invades Italy and besieges Pavia. 774 King Desiderius is made prisoner; thus Charlemagne destroys Lombard Kingdom. Subsequent operations in Italy and Istria (790) 805 Venetia and Dalmatia conquered Charlemagne's Spanish campaigns 778 Franks cross into Spain and take Pamplona. A raid rather than conquest. 778 Roncesvalles reverse as the armies retire 785 Gerona voluntarily joins Frankish rule 793 Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, invades, taking Gerona and penetrating to Narbonne and Carcassonne Frank reponse leads to establishment of Spanish march by 795 799 Balearic Islands place themselves under Frankish rule 801 Franks take Barcelona 806 Franks take Pamplona and Novara 811 Franks take Tortosa Charlemagne's Eastern campaigns 787-96 Franks conquer Bavaria and the Avars - destruction of Avar state 803 (main Avar ring taken 795). Practically annual campaigns. Depopulation results from the continual campaigning 772-85 Saxon campaigns. Annual campaigns, bitter and hard 779 Suntel Hill smashes Saxon rising (4500 Saxons beheaded in a day as punishment) Subsequent risings, deportations, etc. over some thirty years 808-10 Confrontation with Danes 782 Sorbs attack Thuringia; 806 conquered by Charlemagne's son Charles 800 Christmas Day, Charle- magne crowned 'Emperor of the Romans' in Rome 843 Empire divided. Temporarily reunited 885 887/8 Final disintegration of Carolingian Empire to become kingdoms of France, Italy and Germany > Balkans / Byzantium 803 Krum unites Bulgars 811 Krum defeats Nicephorus at Edirne (Adrianopolis) Ongoing Bulgar Wars 805 Venetia, Dalmatia and Corsica conquered Nicephorus I reconquers Greece 893-927 Tsar Symeon: zenith of Bulgarian Empire > Japan 740 Battle of Itabitsu 764 Battle of Miohosaki 989 Conflict between Kyoto and Nara 1051-63 Early Nine Years War 1086-9 Later Three Years War 1146 Battle of Kyoto 1156 and 1160 Japanese succession wars 1180-5 Gempei Wars 1185 Battle of Dan No Ura 1331-3 Jojo regency overthrown 1333-92 Nanbokucho Wars between northern and , southern courts > Scandinavia 808-810 Danish War c.895 Battle of Hafsfjord. Harald Finehair unites southern Norway > Spain: Emirate of Cordoba 755/6 Umayyad dynasty of Spain founded Aghlabid Campaigns Saracen pirates raid central Mediterranean coastlines, especially from bases at Bari (841- 71) and Taranto (840-80) 846 or 850 Sack of Rome 847 Seize Bari The Christian states of northern Iberia combine, fragment and intermittently fight one another and the Muslims > Middle East 852 Byzantine naval expedition against Egypt 860 Rus attack Constantinople 867 Saffarids of Herat independent 867-886 Basil I emperor of Byzantium 868 Egypt independent under Tulunid emirs 874 Sarmarids of Bukhava independent 905 Abbasids recover Egypt from Tulunids 909 Rise of Fatimids of North Africa; they ravage the coasts of Italy, Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria 914 and 919 Fatimid expeditions against Egypt fail 960 Fatimids conquer Egypt 961 Byzantines recover Crete 965 Byzantines recover Cyprus 966-8 Byzantine invasion of Syria 969 Byzantines retake Antioch 974-5 Byzantine invasion of Syria 976-1025 Basil n. Under his reign Byzantium attains the summit of its medieval greatness Meanwhile Abbasid Caliphate continues in little but name until 1258 983-1055 Buwayhid Civil War in Iraq/Iran 9897,1025 Wars of Basil n 997 or 999-1030 Wars of Mahmud of Ghazni in Transoxonia, Iran and Iraq 998 Collapse of Samarids 1032 Byzantines take Edessa 1039 Zendecan Turkish invasion of Afghanistan 1050 Hilali and Sullaym tribes from Upper Egypt invade Cyrenaica and Turkey SEWUK WARS OF CONQUEST 1050s-1060s Alrnoravids conquer Morocco 1055 Seljuks take Baghdad 1060s Seljuks conquer northern Syria and the Hejaz 1060-1073 civil strife in Fatimid Egypt 1069 take Fez 1071 Battle of Manzikert: Seljuks take most of Asia Minor from the Byzantines 1073-7 Baar al-Jamah establishes military regime in Egypt Three Seljuk Sultanates now exist: Rum, Hamadan and Merv 1096 The People's Crusade is massacred by the Turks > Americas c.980 First European landing in N America c.993, 995 battles between Vikings and native Americans > India 900 Samarids overthrow Saffavids 907 Parantaka I establishes Chola power in southern India c.950 to c.1200 establishment of the Chola Empire 972 Paramara King Siyaka II sacks Rashtrakuta capital, Manyakheta 985-1014 Rajaraja I extends Chola power. Major campaigns of the Cholas: 999, 1017 to Sri Lanka 1000 naval expedition to Maldives 1022 to Ganges 1022 or 1023 Northern campaign of Rajendra Chola 1025 Chola naval expeditions to SE Asia 997 or 999-1030 Wars of Mahmud of Ghazni in India. Conquest of Punjab 1001 Battle of Peshwar. Second Muslim invasion of India 1024 or 1025 Battle of Somnanth. Shiva temple destroyed 1040 Dandanquan Seljuks defeat Ghaznavids 1040 Seljuks break away from Ghazni. Decline of Ghaznis 1018 Turkic armies sack Kanauj, ending Pratihara > Mediterranean 870 Muslins conquer Malta 871 Conslingian Louis n retakes Bari for Pope By 886 Venice independent > Vikings 793 Vikings raid Lindisfarne. Norse raids on British Isles and coasts of France, Spain - even into the Mediterranean - follow 834-45 Norse raids on Rhine, northern France and northern Germany 856-62 Norse raids reach their peak 862 Vikings seize Kiev 865-7 Viking 'Great Army' raids England 870 Norse capture Strathclyde 882-92 Viking 'Great Army' raids France 882 Oleg unites N ovgorod and Kiev 885-6 Vikings besiege Paris 911 Establishment of County of Normandy by Viking Rollo > Britain 825 Battle of Ellendune. Egbert of Wessex decisively defeats Beornwulf, King of Mercia 838 Battle of Hingston Down. Egbert defeats large Viking invasion 851 Viking incursion into the Thames to London 865 'Great Army' of Vikings invades East Anglia 869 Battle of Hoxne. Vikings defeat East Anglians 871 Battle of Reading. AethelredI defeated by Vikings 871-99 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex 871 Battle of Wilton. Alfred defeated by Viking Guthrum 871 Battle of Chippenham. Guthrum defeats Alfred 871 Battle of Edington/Ethandun, Alfred decisively defeats Guthrum. Peace of Chippenham and Guthrum's conversion to Christianity 910 Battle of Tettenhall. Edward the Elder of Wessex defeats the Danes of York 937 Battle of Brunanburgh. Athelstan of Wessex defeats a coalition of Vikings, Scots and Britons and can claim to be King of all Britain 944 Edmund I of Wessex annexes York 954 Battle of Stainmore. Viking Eric Bloodaxe defeated and killed by Eadred of Wessex. Subsequent weakening of Wessex by succession of royal minors 991 Battle of Maldon. Olaf Triggvason defeats Earl of Essex 994 Expedition of Olaf Triggvason and Sweyn Forkbeard. Olaf returns to take kingdom of Norway, Sweyn to reclaim kingdom of Denmark 1002 Aethelred n the Unready massacres all Vikings in royal service including hostage sister ofSweyn 1013 Sweyn (now King of Denmark) lands at Humber and marches south, effectively conquering the country. Dies 1014 1015 Canute (Sweyn's son) masters most of the realm 1016 Battle of Pen Selwood. Canute defeated by pretender Edmund Ironside 1016 Battle of Ashingdon. Decisive victory of Canute over Edmund 1016-35 Canute rules England and Denmark Succession to English throne subsequently disputed 1066 Harold II elected king; challenged by Duke William of Normandy > Magyars 895-900 Magyars conquer Hungarian Plain First half of 10th century Magyars raid west and central Europe, inflicting major defeats on the Franks 899-910 906 Moravia destroyed 907 Battle of Pressburg 926, 933 North Italy, Germany and Swabia raided 929 Battle of Unstrut defeats Magyars 954 and 955 Northern France and Italy raided 955 Battle of Lechfeld. Defeat of Magyars by otto the Great 977-1038 Stephen becomes Christian King of Hungary > Rome & Constantinople 939 Saracens sack Rome 941 Rus attack Constantinople > Umayyad Caliphate 920 Battle of Val de Junqueras. Emir of Cordoba defeats Navarre and Lean 962 Sancho I of Leon launches Reconquista 981 Battle of Rueda 985 Andalusians sack Barcelona Decline of Umayyads - by 1031 era of'taifas' (fragmentation) 1008-28 Muslim Civil War > Germany Henry I (the Fowler) of Germany (919-36) extends eastwards against the Slavs and fortifies areas against Magyar invasions 938-72 WARS OF OTTO THE GREAT Imperial control imposed on Germany and northern Italy 951 otto invades Italy 962 Otto crowned in Rome as Holy Roman (German) Emperor 983 Great Slav revolt against German rule 995 Germans conquer Pomerania 1002-37 German conquest of northern Italy 965-972 Wars of Prince Sriatoslav of Rus > Balkans 986-1018 Wars of Basil II against the Bulgars; end of Bulgar State by 1018 Byzantines conquer Serbs > Poland 992-1025 Wars of Boleslav I 'The Mighty' King of Poland > 1047-1107 Wars of the Normans 1047-71 Norman Conquest of southern Italy by Robert Guiscard and brother Roger 1052 Muslims ejected from Sardinia 1050s-1070s Norman- French ongoing conflict 1054 Battle of Mortemer. William of Normandy defeats Angevin-French coalition 1061-1091 Norman conquest of Sicily 1066-72 NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND 1066 Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold II of England defeats Harold Hardrada, King of Norway 1066 Battle of Hastings. William of Normandy defeats Harold II and takes the crown of England J066-71 William consolidates his conquest of England 1069 Danes invade Yorkshire 1071 Bari, last Byzantine city in southern Italy, falls to Normans 1072 Palermo taken by Normans 1079/80 Norman England at war with Scotland 1081 Norman invasion of Byzantium with Papal blessing. Robert and Bohemund take Corfu 1082 Durazzo captured by Normans 1083 Battle of Larissa. Bohemund's advance on Constantinople repulsed 1106 Battle of Tinchebray. Henry I defeats brother Robert Curthose and regains Normandy 1107 Bohemund's second invasion of Byzantium defeated by Alexis I > France 987-96 Hugh Capet King of France (Capetian dynasty to 1328) 1180-1223 Philip II Augustus ends the Angevin conflict, conquering English possessions north of the Loire 1209-29 Albigensian Crusade against heretics in the south of France 1223-6 Louis VIII 1224 Louis takes Poitou and Saintonge from England 1226 He takes Avignon and Languedoc 1226-70 Louis IX (St Louis) the Crusader (1248-54, 1270) > Crusades 1095-9 FIRST CRUSADE. 1097 Battle of Nicea. Christian victory 1098 Crusaders take Antioch 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem and repulse counter-attack from Egypt at Battle of Ascalon 1147-9 SECOND CRUSADE. 1148 Failed siege of Damascus 1189-92 THIRD CRUSADE 1191 Acre retaken by Crusaders 1191 Battle of Arsuf. Richard I of England defeats Saladin 1189-92 Third Crusade perverted by Venetians 1202-4 FOURTH CRUSADE 1204 Crusaders take and sack Constantinople. Foundation of Latin Empire (to 1261) 1281-21 FIFTH CRUSADE (TO EGYPT) 1219 Damietta taken 1228-9 SIXTH CRUSADE Frederick II of Germany succeeds by negotiation into becoming crowned King of Jerusalem 1248-54 SEVENTH CRUSADE (to Egypt) 1250 Battle of Mansura indecisive 1250 Battle of Fariskur. Crusaders defeated and st Louis captured 1270 EIGHTH CRUSADE (to Tunis). st Louis dies in epidemic > Middle East 1129 Campaigns of Zangi and Nur al-Din 1144 takes Edessa 1154 takes Damascus 1141 Seljuks of Merv defeated by Qarakhitai Mongols 1140s Almohads replace Almoravids in Morocco 1152-60 Almohads take Maghreband Tripolitania 1146-1148 Second Crusade 1147 Normans attack Byzantium 1153 Seljuk Sultanate of Merv destroyed by Ghuzz tribes 1157 Death of last Seljuk Sultan 1163, 1167 Zangi attacks Egypt and conquers it in 1168-1169 1171 Saladin (1169-1193) establishes Ayyubid Sultanate 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon: Rum Seljuks defeat Byzantines 1184-1187 Saladin re conquers Mesopotamian empire from Zangids 1185 Normans attack Byzantium 1187 Battle of Hattin: fall of Jerusalem to Saladin > India c.1149-1215 Wars of the Ghurids 1162-1206 Mohammed of Ghur 1175 Ghurids take Multan 1179 Ghurids take Peshawar 1186 Ghurids take Lahore 1187 Ghurids end Ghaznid State and rule to 1215 1192 Battle of Taraori: Mohammed of Ghur defeats Rajputs 1206 Mohammed assassinated. Ex-slave Qutbuddin Aibak revolts and establishes new dynasty Sultanate of Delhi; 1206- 1290 Slave Dynasty rules > German Empire 1024-1125 Salian Frankish Emperors of Germany 1033 Kingdom of Burgundy joined to the German Empire (Germany and Italy) 1026-7 Conrad II's 1st Italian campaign; he is crowned with the iron crown of Lombardy at Milan; 1027 Imperial coronation in Rome 1037-8 Conrad's 2nd Italian campaign, against Aribert of Milan 1041 Campaign to Prague; Bohemia becomes a German vassal 1044 Conrad's Hungarian campaign Henry Ill: partition of Lorraine 1044, resulting in constant conflict between the Emperor and Duke Gottfried the Bearded 1056-1106 Henry IV 1075 Battle of Homburg on the Unstrut. Henry defeats Saxon uprising 1175 Beginning of Investiture conflict with the Papacy 1076-7 Henry IV excommunicated 1077-80 Civil War in the Empire. 1080 Battle of Hohenmolsen. Rival Rudolf of Swabia defeated and killed 1080 Henry is excommunicated again 1083 Henry conquers Rome in his 1 st Italian campaign, defeating the Lombards 1084 Henry's Anti-Pope crowns him. Robert Guiscard relieves the Pope in Castel Sant'Angelo and Henry recoils. Normans sack Rome 1090-7 Henry IV's 2nd Italian campaign. But by 1106 he is forced to abdicate 1106-25 Henry V, last Salian emperor 1110-11 Henry V's 1st Italian campaign 1122 Concord at of Worms ends Investiture conflict > Iberian Peninsula 1085 Almoravids of Morocco invade Iberia: take Toledo 1086 Az-Sallaqg 1095 Take Badajoz 1087 Syracuse By 1115 Almorovids conquer all Muslim Spain 1150-1172 Almohads conquer Iberia 1172 Almohads take Seville & PORTUGAL 1094 Portugal gains independence 1139 Portugal becomes a kingdom and expands to the south. Conflict with Castile ensues 1385 Battle of Aijubarrota or Aijbarrota. Portugal defeats Castile & CASTILE 1035-65 Ferdinand the Great 1037 He obtains Leon 1085 Castile conquers Toledo 1094 El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) takes Valencia 1212 Battle of Navas de Tolosa. Alfonso VIII of Castile defeats Muslims, breaks Almohad power in Spain & ARAGON 1118 Aragon conquers Saragossa 1137 Aragon unites with Catalonoa 1229-35 Aragon seizes Balearic Islands 1238 Aragon takes Valencia 1118 Aragon conquers Saragossa 1125 Almohad rebellion in Morocco begins 1134 Battle of Fraga 1139 Portugal becomes a Kingdom 1147 Alfonso Henriques of Portugal takes Lisbon 1148-9 Aragon conquers Lower Ebro > Northern Europe 1099 Revolt of Sitvic Silken- beard, King of Dublin 1121 Boleslav III of Poland subdues Pomerania c.1130 to 1240 Civil Wars over Norwegian Succession 1157-82 Waldemar the Great begins the rise of Denmark 1157 Battle of Viborg 1184-1201 Denmark conquers Pomerania, Schleswig, Holstein, Liibech and Hamburg 1202-41 Wars of Waldemar 'the Conqueror'. Denmark takes Norway, Estonia, Courland, etc., but loses all at Battle of Bornhoved 1227 1208-22 Dynastic struggles in Sweden 1226 Papal Golden Bull of Rimini tasks Teutonic Knights with conquest of heathen Prussia. By 1230 Livonia and Courland subjugated c.1231-83 Teutonic Knights conquer Prussia 1236 Battle of Sante 1242 Battle of Lake Peipus 1261 Norwegians conquer Greenland and 1262-4 Iceland > Britain 1138 Battle of Standard. Scottish raid on northern England repulsed 1139-53 Anarchy. Civil War between King Stephen and Matilda and son Henry (to become Henry I1) 1141 Battle of Lincoln. Stephen temporarily imprisoned 1154-89 Henry I1's Angevin Empire 1158 Henry II invades Brittany 1167-71 English invasion of Ireland 1173-4 Revolt of the sons of Henry II 1190 Richard the Lion Heart takes Cyprus from Byzantines 1194-9 War between Richard the Lion Heart and Philip Augustus 1198 Battles of Courcelles and Vernon 1203-5 Philip Augustus of France conquers Normandy and Poitou 1203-4 Siege and capture of Chateau Gaillard 1204 France conquers Normandy 1213-17 English Civil War 1213 First Flemish campaign. John gathers a formidable alliance against Philip Augustus (inc Germany) 1213 Battle of Damme. William of Salisbury defeats Philip's fleet and frustrates his plan to invade England 1214 Campaign and Battle of Roch-au-Moine. Philip defeats John 27 July 1214 Battle of Bouvines. Philip defeats the Allies 1263-65 Barons War in England Simon de Montfort leads rebellion against Henry III 1264 Battle of Lewes. Simon captures Henry and his son Edward (future Edward I) 1265 Battle of Evesham. Edward decisively defeats the barons 1277-84 Edward I conquers Wales > German Empire 1152-90 Frederick I Barbarossa 1154-5 Frederick's 1st Italian campaign. He promises the Pope he will attack the Normans but does not 1158-62 Frederick's 2nd Italian campaign 1163-4 Frederick's 3rd Italian campaign. Veronese League formed 1166-8 Frederick's 4th Italian campaign 1174-8 Frederick's 5th Italian campaign 1160-4 Campaign against the Wends 1168 Conquest of Riigen Siege of Alessandria fails 1176 Battle of Legnano. Lombard League defeats Friedrich Barbarossa 1180-1 War of Henry the Lion 1184-6 Frederick's 6th Italian campaign Henry VI crowned at Milan as King of Italy 1187 Frederick allies with Philip II Augustus of France against Guelphs and Anjous 1190-7 Henry VI 1191 Henry's 1st Italian campaign and coronation at Rome. Siege of Naples 1194-5 Henry's 2nd Italian campaign. 1194 Henry crowned King of Sicily at Palermo. He plans hereditary empire 1210-50 Frederick II 1214 Battle of Bouvines. Anglo-Guelphs defeated 1226 Golden Bull of Rimini. Pope tasks Teutonic Knights with conquest of heathen Prussia 1237 Battle of Cortenuova. Lombard League defeated By the mid-13th century central authority of the German emperors has declined > Iberian Peninsula 1217-52 Ferdinand III conquers the south, taking Cordoba in 1236 to complete the Reconquista c.1228-9 Almohads abandon Iberia 1229-35 Aragon seizes Balearic Islands 1236 Cordoba taken 1238 Aragon takes Valencia 1244 Treaty of Almiza agrees Portuguese reconquest on the Atlantic side of the peninsula; Aragonese on the Mediterranean side 1257 Only Granada left to Moors in Iberia > 1206-1260 Mongol Empire 1206-1227 Genghis Khan 1218 Battle of Karaku 1220 Battle of Samarkand 1221 Forces of Genghis Khan penetrate as far as the Indus 1221 Battle of Kandahar 1231 Mongols estroy Khwarazim 1237;42 Mongol invasion of Europe 1241 Battle of Leignitz 1241 Death of Ogedei Khan 1243 Battle of K6sedag: Mongols defeat Seljuks 1256 Assassins of Alamut destroyed by Mongols and Baybars 1259 Death of Monghe Khan After 1260 the Mongol Empire has no unified political direction it continues as Chagatai, Il- Khanate and the Golden Horde 1258-1365 Il-Khanate (begins break-up after 1335) & MONGOLS IN CHINA 1205-1209 Mongols conquer Hsi-Hsia as base for conquest of China 1211-1234 Mongol conquest of Ch'in. Mongols rule as the Yiian Dynasty 1215 Mongol capture of Peking 1227 Destruction of Hsi- Hsia 1260-79 Mongol conquest of Sung China Mongol attacks on Burma and Java fail Kublai Khan rules China as Shih-Tsu 1274 and 1281 Mongol invasions of Japan fail 1294 Death of Kublai Khan results in rivalry for the throne 1368-1398 Chu Yiian-Chang drives Mongols back to the steppe (1368 Yiien (Mongols) expelled from Peking) and estyablishes Ming Dynasty > China 1345 Great famine in China. 8,000,000 die. Uprising results > Europe 1346-1353 Black Death in Europe. Over 20 million die 1362-1363 Second Pandemic in Europe > Middle East 1250 Mameluke slave- soldiers kill last Ayyubid Sultan 1258 Sack of Baghdad; end of Abbasid Caliphate 1261 Byzantines retake Constantinople from the Latin Empire 1263 takes Antioch 1280-1324 Osman, founder of Ottoman State 1260-1277 CAMPAIGNS OF BAYBARS 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut: Mamelukes defeat Mongols 1289 Mamelukes take Tripoli 1291 Acre falls to the Mamelukes, last Crusader toe-hold in Palestine By about 1400 the Mameluke Empire extends to Syria, Palestine and Hejaz > Sicily 1266 Battle of Benevento. Charles of Anjou defeats regent Manfred 1266-8 Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily 1268 Battle of Tagliacozzo. Charles defeats Conradin, son of Emperor Conrad IV 1278 Charles of Anjou conquers Achaea 1282-1302 Sicilian Vespers revolt against Charles of Anjou. Ongoing conflict 1302 Treaty splits Kingdom of Sicily in two > France 1285-1314 Philip IV the Fair 1297-1305 Philip IV's conquest of Flanders 1302 Battle of the Spurs (Courtrai). Flemish defeat French 1305 Flanders submits to France 1328-1498 House ofValois rules France > Germany 1273-91 Rudolf of Habsburg elected Holy Roman Emperor 1278 Battle of Marchfeld. Rudolf defeats and kills rival Ottokar II of Bohemia 1282 Rudolf of Habsburg gains control of Austria 1298 Battle of G6llheim. Emperor Adolf of Nassau defeated and killed by Albrecht of Habsburg, son of Rudolf. He becomes emperor 1298- 1308 1314-47 Louis the Bavarian. He defeats the Habsburgs at 1322 Battle of Miihldorf > India 1290-1320 Sultanate of Delhi: Khalji Dynasty 1296-1316 Wars of Alauddin Khali; he breaks resistance of Rajpurs and repulses Mongols in north-west India 1311 Alauddin Khali conquers India to its southern tip 1320-1414 Sultanate of Delhi: Tughluq Dynasty 1325-1351 Wars of Muhammed Ibn Tughluq. He conquers southern India but most is lost after his death 1336 Kingdom of Vijayanagara established 1347 Kingdom of Bahmani established 1358 Vijayanagara- Bahmani conflict begins (ongoing sporadic campaigns) 1370 Vijayanagara conquers Madurai 1382-1396 Khandesh, Malna, Jaunpur and Guerat break away from Delhi > Middle East & OTTOMAN WARS 1326 Ottomans take Bursa 1361 Ottomans take Ankara 1389-1403 Bayezid I Yildirim (The Thunderbolt) 1394-1403 Blockade of Constantinople by Ottomans > China c.1390-1449 Wars of conquest by Ming Dynasty Ongoing sporadic operations v. Mongols 1392 Korea becomes a vassal State 1405-1433 Cheng-Ho is sent on seven great naval expeditions as far as the Indian Ocean and East coast of Africa 1407-1422 Chinese occupation of Annam 1448 Huge rebellions in China 1449 Attack on Mongols fails; Emperor taken prisoner After period of aggressive expansion, Ming fall back to the defensive 1450s Pirates infest Chinese sea and coastline; famines, plagues and floods afflict China > Campaigns of Timur (Tamerlane) 1380-1405 Annual 'raids' of destruction 1381-8 Iran 1391-5 Against the Golden Horde and Crimea 1384-9 Timur penetrates India and sacks Delhi in 1398 1400-2 against Ottomans 1402 Battle of Ankara. Timur defeats Bayezid By 1430s Ottoman position fully restored After Timurid Shah Rukh Empire splits > Switzerland 1291 Swiss Eternal Union for protection against Habsburgs, etc. 1315 Battle of Mortgarten. Swiss defeat Leopold I of Austria 1353 Swiss Confederation founded & Swiss War of the Cities 1386 Battle of Sempach. Swiss defeat Habsburgs. 1415 Swiss conquest of Habsburg Aargau 1422 Battle of Arbedo. Swiss defeated 1440-6 First 'Old War' of Zurich 1444 Battle of st Jacob 1474 'Perpetual Peace' signed > Germany and Northern Europe 1320 Battle of Rudau: Teutonic Knights defeat Lithuanians 1327 Poland loses Silesia and Bohemia 1327-8 Another German campaign in Italy 1330-55 Serbian Empire of Stefan Dushan 1340-75 Waldemar IV of Denmark Campaigns against Oland and Gotland 1346 Casirnir Il reunites Central Poland 1361 CasInir III conquers Galicia 1361-70 Danes conflict with the Hanseatic League 1373-1419 Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, provokes uprising. 1394, 1402 he is taken prisoner after defeats 1381 Peasants' Revolt 1377-89 South German War of the Cities 1377 Battle of mm. Cities defeat Charles IV 1377 Battle of Reutlingen. Cities defeat wurttemberg 1381 South German League of Cities formed; they ally with Swiss Confederation 1388 Battle of Doffingen. Allies defeated by the princes 1382 Teutonic Knights conquer Poland's Baltic provinces 1397 Union of Kalmar unites Norway, Sweden and Denmark 1390s-1402 Uprising of Wenceslaw of Bohemia 1398 Teutonic Knights drive Vitalian Brethren from Gotland 1402 Teutonic Knights seize N eumark 1419-36 Hussite Wars 1415 Execution and martyrdom of John Hus of Bohemia 1419 Bohemian uprising and first de fenestration of Prague. Hussite people's army repulses five Imperial/Crusader attacks 1431 Battle of Taus. Indecisive 1434-6 Danish uprising of "'Englebrecht Engle- Brechtson 1471 Swedes defeat Danes 1466 Casimir IV of Poland/Lithuania takes much of Prussia from the Teutonic Knights > Mediterranean 1284 Battle of Meloria: Genoa defeats Pisa and takes Corsica 1298 Battle of Curzola: Genoese defeat Venetians 1309 Knights of st John establish base in Rhodes 1323-5 Pisa-Genoa war for Sardinia and Corsica 1340 Battle of Salano 1343 Aragon takes Majorca > Britain & 1296-1346 Scottish War of Independence 1296 Edward I invades Scotland 1297 Battle of Stirling Bridge. Wallace defeats English force 1298 Battle of Falkirk. Wallace defeated by Edward 1303 Edward invades Scotland again 1305 Rebellion of Robert Bruce 1306 Battle of Methven 1307 Battle of Loudon Hill. Bruce defeats Pembroke 1314 Bruce takes Stirling Castle, stongest English fortress in Scotland 1314 Battle of Bannockburn.Bruce decisively defeats Edward II 1315-18 Bruce invades Ireland 1318 Bruce takes Berwick. Subsequent cross-border operations by both sides 1332 Battle of Dupplin. Edward Baliol usurps Scottish crown under suzerainty of Edward III of England 1333 Battle of Halidon Hill. Douglas defeated by Baliol > Iberian Peninsula 1311 Aragon takes Duchy of Athens 1323 Aragon takes Sardinia 1474-9 Castilian War of Succession against France and Portugal 1476 Battle of Toro. Defeat of Portugal 1479 Union of Aragon and Castile 1482 Aragon and Castile reduce Granada 1494 Spain takes Medilla 1509 Spain takes Oran > India 1414-H51 Sultanate of Delhi: Sayyid Dynasty 1451-1526 Sultanate of Delhi: Lodi Dynasty 1509-1530 Campaigns of Krishna Deva Raya bring Vijayanagara to zenith of power 1517-1526 Factions weaken Sultanate of Delhi > 1338-1453 Hundred Years War & PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. EDWARD III 1337-1347 1337-18 The French fleet attacks Portsmouth and Southampton. 1338 Edward III crosses to Flanders. 1340 Battle of Sluys. French fleet destroyed 1346 Battle of Crecy, Edward crushes French army of Philip VI 1346 Battle of Nevill's Cross. David Il of Scotland defeated while raiding England 1346-7 Calais taken by Edward III in one of the first actions involving artillery Oct 1350 Battle of Winchelsea/Sandwich. Edward Ill's fleet defeats Spanish fleet 1350 Death of Philip VI of Valois. John Il succeeds him. Black Death ravages Europe. Estimated 25 million victims between 1347 and 1351. & PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD III 1351-1356 1355 Brief chevauchee of Edward III in Artois. Chevauchee of Black Prince in Languedoc. 1356 Battle of Poitiers. Black Prince defeats and captures King John of France 1358 Jacquerie peasant uprising in France 1360 Edward III seizes the suburbs of Paris. Peace of Bretigny 1364 Battle of Cocherel. Du Guesclin beats Jean de Grailly's Anglo-Gascon- Navarrese army 1364 Auray captured by the English & PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. EDWARD III 1357-1375 1367 Battle of Najera, Black Prince and Pedro the Cruel of Castile defeat du Guesclin and the Count of Trasamara 1370 Battle of Pontvallain. Du Guesclin stops English chevauchee from Calais 1372 Du Guesclin and Clisson conquer Brittany. 1372 Battle of La Rochelle. English fleet destroyed by Castilian galleys (allies of the French). Charles V reconquers Poitou and Saintonge. 1376 Death of the Black Prince. 1377 Death of Edward Ill. & PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. RICHARD II 1377-1380 1378 Naval victory of Jean de Vienne at Cherbourg over Lancaster. English take Cherbourg and Brest 1380 English offensive from Calais. 1380 Chateauneuf-de- Randon besieged and captured by du Guesclin, who dies in the process Franco-Castilian fleet destroyed by the English off the coast of Ireland. Death of Charles V & PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. RICHARD Il 1382-1396 1381 Truce between France and England. Peasants revolt (Wat Tyler) in England Nov 1382 Battle of Roosbeke. Charles VI of France defeats Flemish 1387 Battle of Margate. Engish fleet defeats Franco-Castilian fleet, ending the threat of a French invasion of England 1388 Battle of Otterburn. Scots raiding force defeats defending troops of Henry Percy 1394 Revolt in Ireland repressed by Richard Il 1395-6 Anglo-French conference in Paris. Truce providing for 28 years 1399 Richard Il dethroned in favour of Henry IV & PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. HENRY V 1414-1422 1405 French expeditionary force lands in Wales to help the Welsh uprising 1406 Welsh beaten by the English. French attempted offensives against Guyenne and Calais checked. 1407 Anglo-French truce. Beginning of Civil War in France. 1415 Henry V renounces the truce of 1396 and lands at Harfleur, which he besieges and takes 1415 Battle of Agincourt. Henry V defeats the French 1416 Battle of Harfleur. Franco-Genoese fleet defeated 1417 Henry V's second expedition to France. 1418 Conquest of Normandy by the English. 1418-19 Siege and capture of Rouen. Burgundians enter Paris 1419 Rouen taken by the English 1420 Treaty of Troyes. Henry V heir to the throne of France 1421 Henry V's third expedition to France. 1421 Battle of Beauge. Franco-Scottish force defeated by Clarence's English 1422 Truce. Death of Henry V and of Charles VI in Paris & PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. HENRY VI 1423-1453 1423 Battle of Cravant. Bedford defeats Franco- Scottish army 1424 Battle ofVerneuil. Bedford defeats Franco- Scottish army 1427 Battle of Montargis. Dunois defeats Bedford and Warwick 1428 Salisbury besieges Orleans defended by Dunois. 1429 Rouvray ('The Herrings'). Falstolf repulses French attack on a convoy of supplies for the English besiegers of Orleans 1429 Siege of Orleans raised by Joan of Arc, leading to spirited counter-attack by the French, which rapidly gathers momentum. Coronation of the dauphin at Reims as Charles VII 1429 English fortress of Jargeau taken by the French 1429 Battle of Patay. French surprise and defeat English army of . Shrewsbury (Talbot) 1430 Joan of Arc checked before Paris and made prisoner 1431 Joan of Arc burnt at Rouen. Henry VI aged 10 is crowned king of France at Paris. 1436 English leave Paris. The French lay siege to Calais 1441 The French take Pontoise 1444-8 Successive truces of Tours 1448 Resumption of hostilities between France and England. French offensive in Normandy 1449 Rouen expels English garrison 1450 Battle of Formigny. Decisive French victory by Clermont over the English, leading to the fall of Caen and Cherbourg to the French 1450-1 French drive the English out of France, leaving only Calais in their hands The people of Aquitaine revolt against the new French rulers and Shrewsbury takes an English expeditionary force to support them 1453 Battle of Castillon. Shrewsbury is defeated. Castillon, Bordeaux and all Aquitaine revert to French rule 1453 Battle of Castillon. French victory. French re- enter Bordeaux. End of the Hundred Years War. The English are left with only Calais, which they keep to 1558 > Balkans 1360s-1390s ottoman conquest of Thrace, Bosnia, Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria 1389 Kossovo Polje. Turks decisively defeat Serbs 1394-1403 Blockade of Constantinople by Ottomans 1396 Battle of Nicopolis: Christian Crusade defeated by Ottomans 1409-26 Venetian expansion in Dalmatia and Lombardy 1451-81 Mehmet 'The Conqueror' annexes Serbia, Bosnia, Greece, Crimea, etc. 1453 Siege and fall of Constantinople. End of Byzantine Empire. Constantinople becomes Istanbul > Britain: Wars of the Roses 22 May 1455 Battle of st AJbans. York, Salisbury and Warwick defeat Royal army. Somerset and Northumberland are killed 23 Sept 1459 Battle of Blore Heath. Salisbury wins for York at Ludlow 10 July 1460 Battle of Northampton. Yorkists put Lancastrians to flight. Henry is captured 30 December 1460 Battle of Wakefield. Margaret defeats York and Salisbury who are killed 2 February 1461 Battle of Mortimer's Cross. Edward, new Duke of York, defeats Lancastrians and is proclaimed king 17 February 1461 Battle of st Albans. Margaret and Somerset defeat Warwick 29 March 1461 Battle of Towton. Lancastrians defeated with heavy loss of life. Edward controls England i464 Battles of Hedgley Moor (25 April) and Hexham (15 May). Montagu (Warwick'S brother) defeats Lancastrians 1465 Henry is captured 1468 Harlech, last Lancastrian stronghold, falls to the Yorkists. Warwick and Edward's brother Clarence change sides 26 July 1469 Battle of Edgecote Moor. Warwick defeats Pembroke. 12 March 1470 Battle of 'Lose-Coat Field' (Stamford). Rebels ambush Edward, but he defeats them Sept 1470 Henry VI is restored to the throne 14 April 1471 Battle of Barnet. Warwick is defeated and killed 4 May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury. Edward defeats Lancastrians and rules as Edward IV 1483 Edward IV dies. Richard of Gloucester usurps the throne as Richard III 7 August 1485 Lancastrian Henry Tudor lands in Wales 22 August 1485 Battle of Bosworth. Richard is killed. Henry VII is king 16 June 1487 Battle of Stoke. Impostor 'Edward VI' defeated 21 July 1403 Battle of Shrewsbury. Henry VII defeats rebellion of Henry Percy (Hotspur) > Burgundy and Switzerland 1467-77 Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy. He allies with England and Aragon against Louis XI of France, his bitter enemy; and with Sigmund of Austria against the Swiss 1474 Siege of Neuss 1476 Battle of Murten 1476 Battle of Grandson 1477 Battle of Nancy. Charles the Bold killed. His daughter has married Maximilian I of Austria who wins 1479 Battle of Guinegate. Treaty of Senlis divides the legacy 1477-99 Swabian War. Swiss establish independence and separation from the Empire 1513 Swiss Confederation of 13 cantons 1477-99 Swiss Swabian War 1477 Habsburgs inherit Burgundy > Europe 1471-80 Turkish attacks on Styria 1477 Hungarian attacks on Austria 1485 Seizure of Vienna, occupation of Lower Austria, Carinthia and Styria by Matthias I Corvinus, King of Hungary, who dies 1490; Habsburgs recover their territories including Vienna > Russia 1478 Ivan III annexes Novgorod 1480 Ivan III proclaims independence of Muscovy > Italy 1494-1559 Valois-Habsburg Wars for Italy [1499-1523 Italian wars involve Swiss mercenaries 1 1494 Charles VIII of France begins wars for Naples, claiming Naples via the House of Anjou 1494 Charles conquers Naples 1495 Spanish and Habsburgs force him to retreat 1500 Louis XII of France takes Milan 1504 Treaty of Blois cedes Naples to Spain By 1505 Habsburgs drive French from the south of Italy and take Naples 1511 Holy League to liberate Italy 1515 Battle of Marignano. Francis I of France defeats Swiss > 1519-1556 Habsburg Empire of Charles V 1519-56 Charles V (1516 inherits Spanish Empire; 1519 Austria and the Holy Roman Empire) 1521-6 War against Francis I of France 1525 Battle of Pavia. Habsburgs drive French from Milan 1525 Peasant revolt in Germany 1526-9 2nd war against Francis I. 1527 Imperial army plunders Rome 1535 Habsburgs take Milan 1536-8 3rd war between Charles V and Francis I 1542-4 4th war between Charles V and Francis I 1546-7 Schmalkaldic War of south/central Germany 1547 Battle of Muhlberg, Habsburgs defeat German Protestants 1552-6 Charles V at war with France again. He abdicates 1556 splitting his empire into its Spanish and Austrian components 1559 Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis. French are excluded from Italy > Ottoman Empire & Middle East 1516-1517 ottomans conquer Syria, Palestine and Mameluke Egypt 1520-1566 Suleman I pushes the ottoman Empire to its greatest extend 1529 Turks capture Algiers 1551 Turks take Tripoli 1565 Turks besiege Malta 1571 Turks take Cyprus 1574 Turks take Tunis & Mediterranean 1475-1546 Barbarossa raids Spanish and Italian coasts for Francis I of France 1529 Turks take Algiers 1535 Habsburg North African campaign against Barbarossa and seizure of Tunis 1541 Habsburg Algiers expedition fails 1551 Turks take Tripoli 1565 Turkish siege of Malta fails 1571 Battle of Lepanto. Don John of Austria leads Holy League fleet to victory over Turks 1571 Turks take Cyprus 1577 Ottoman-Habsburg truce. The Turkish threat wanes. Habsburgs are busy in the north; ottomans in conflict with Persia & Europe 1526 Battle of Mohacs. Turks take most of Hungary 1529 First Turkish siege of Vienna Turks take Hungary 1577 Ottoman-Habsburg Truce > India & 1504-1530 WARS OF BABUR 1526 Battle of Khanua: Babur defeats Rajput Confederation to conquer northern India 1526 Battle of Panipat: Babur defeats Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi and establishes the Moghul Empire, which becomes the dominant power in India 1535-1540 Campaigns of Humayan 1538 Bahmani State splits into 5 states 1539 Battle of Chaunsa: Defeated by usurper Sher-Shah 1540 Battle of Kanauj: Defeated by usurper Sher-Shah 1556-1605 Akbar, greatest of Mogul emperors 1556-1601 Campaigns of Akbar 1556 Second Battle of Panipat 1564 Five Deccan Kingdoms combine to destroy Vijayanagara 1610-29 Moghuls at war with Ahmadnagar 1623 Battle of Balochpur > Japan & 1467-1615 'PERIOD OF THE WARRING STATES' as local warlords vie for supremacy 1467-77 Onin War 1561 Battle of Kawanakajima 1570-81 Siege of Ishiyama Honganji 1591 Siege of Kunoe 1592/3, 1597/8 Japanese invasions of Korea 1600 Battle of Sekigahara. Tokugawa decisively defeats his rivals, leading to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate 1637-8 Shimbara Revolt, the last uprising against the Togukawa shogunate.Peacein Japan. In 1639 Japan effectively cuts itself off from the outside world until the middle of the nineteenth century > Britain 1513-14 Anglo-Scottish War 1513 Battle of Flodden Field. Earl of Surrey defeats James IV of Scotland. 1545 Battle of Ancram Moor. Scots defeat English raiding party 1547 Battle of Pinkie. Somerset defeats Arran, regent of Scotland 1594-1603 Irish Nine Years War 1598-1603 Tyrone's Rebellion in Ireland 1601 Spanish expeditionary force invades Ireland 1601 Battle of Kinsale. British defeat Tyrone > Europe 1531 Battle of Kappel. Swiss Catholics defeat Protestants of Zurich. Zwingli killed > Russia and Northern Europe 1552 Muscovy conquers Kazan Khanate 1569 Union of Lublin. Poland/Lithuania repulse. Muscovite expansion 1604-6 The 'False Demetrius' pretender invades Russia to depose Boris Godounov, the murderer of Dmitri, the last of the Rurik dynasty in 1598 1605 He enters Moscow 1610 Boyars retake Moscow and kill Demetrius A second false Dmitri is a puppet of the Poles 1610-13 Time of Troubles - anarchy in Russia 1600 Poland takes Smolensk; Sweden invades Russia 1609-13 Russo-Polish War 1610 Battle of Klondnot 1611 Battle of Christianople 1612 Battle ofVringellen 1613 Battle of Wisby 1613 Michael Romanov elected Tsar and restores order 1617-18 Russian peace with Poland and Sweden 1615 Battle of Plescow 1621 Battle of Riga 1621-2 Battle of Kotzim 1634 Poland invades Russia 1637 Don Cossacks temporarily take Azov for Russia 1672-1725 Peter I the Great of Russia (sole ruler from 1689) 1695 Expedition against Azov fails 1696 Expedition succeeds in taking Azov 1698-9 Revolt of the Streltsi. Mass executions ensue 1703 Peter founds St Petersburg > Europe & Angle-Spanish contlict 1587, 1596 English raid Cadiz 1558 Spanish Armada defeated in English Channel and off the Low Countries > China 1516 Portuguese base at Canton established 1563 Japanese pirates eliminated 1627 Abortive Ch'ing invasion of Korea 1628-44 Peasant rebellion in China 1636-7 Ch'ing conquest of Korea 1644-59 Ch'ing conquest of China Ch'Ing or Manchu Dynasty 1644 Manchu take Peking 1644 Citzu-Ch'eng ends Ming Dynasty and is immediately overthrown by the Ch'ing Dynasty to found the Manchu Dynasty > Europe 1594-7 Peasant Wars in Austria and Hungary 1605 Hungary invades Austria > Dutch War of Independence (Eighty Years War) During the Dutch War and the Thirty Years War, North Italy is vital to Spain as the mustering- point for the 'Spanish Road' (Habsburg possessions) via the Valtellina, Alsace, Rhineland to the Low Countries, the English Channel being dominated by the Dutch and the English & 1587-1625 CAMPAIGNS OF MAURICE OF NASSAU 1587-1609 Maurice secures the Netherlands ('The Closing of the Garden') 1600 Battle of Nieuport 1601-4 Siege and capture of Ostend by Maurice 1604 Maurice takes Sluys 1604 Spanish take Ostend 1607 Battle of Gibraltar. Dutch defeat Spanish at sea April 1609 Twelve Years Truce 1621-48 Dutch War of Independence resumed and merges with Thirty Years War 1625 Capture of Breda & 1625-47 CAMPAIGNS OF FREDERICK HENRY OF ORANGE 1626 Battle of Liitter 1626 Battle of Dessau 1636 Frederick Henry captures Breda 1639 Battle of the Downs. Tromp defeats second Spanish Armada > France 1624-42 Richelieu First Minister of France 1626-30 Angle-French War 1627-9 Huguenot Rebellion 1628 Siege and capture of La Rochelle Buckingham attacks the lIe de Rhe 1629-31 War of the Mantuan Succession. France versus Spain 1635-59 France and Spain at war, leaving Spain militarily exhausted. & THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL WARS: Jan-March 1649 First, parliamentaire Fronde. Conde besieges Paris 1650-2 Fronde of the Princes. 8 Apr 1652 Battle of Nemours 4 May 1652 Battle of Etampes 14 June 1658 Battle of the Dunes. Turenne captures Dunkirk (to England) 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees > Europe & 1618-48 Thirty Years War Triggered by May 1618 Defenestration of Prague & 1618-29 PHASE I. Loss OF PALATINATE AND COLLAPSE OF GERMAN PROTESTANTISM 1620 Battle of White Mountain. Bohemian rebellion ended and conquest of Palatinate enabled [1624-42 Richelieu first minister of France] 1626 Battle of Liitter compels withdrawal of Denmark. 1629 Peace of Liibeck & 1630-5 PHASE 11. RESTORATION OF PROTESTANTISM BY SWEDEN 1631 Battle of Breitenfeld restores Protestant fortunes and is the turning-point of the war 1631 Sack of Magdeburg 1632 Battle of Liitzen. Victory, but death, of Gustavus Adolphus. Leads indirectly to assassination of Wallenstein in Feb 1634 1634 Battle of Nordlingen undoes the work of Sweden. War becomes one of exhaustion between France/Sweden and Bavaria/Imperialists. Disease and starvation throughout Germany. End of religious phases of the war. 1635 Treaty of Prague & 1635-48 PHASE III INTERVENTION OF FRANCE [1634-8 Five years of negotiations] 1635 French ally with Dutch against Spain, begins the Dutch War of Independence with the Thirty Years War [1642-1661 Mazarin first minister of France] 1643 Battle of Rocroi. Conde destroys the remnant of Spanish military prestige 1648 Battle of Siismarshausen. Turenne and Wrangel defeat Imperialists and Bavarians 1648 Battle of Lens. Conde defeats the Spaniards 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War and Munster ends Spanish-Dutch War > Poland 1609-13 Polish war against Russia 1611 Poles capture Smolensk 1617-29 Polish war against Sweden Ongoing Polish war against Turkey 1625 Polish war against Sweden; 1629 Six Years Truce 1634 Poles invade Russia. Leads to Treaty of Viasma/Polyankova. Ladislas IV renounces claim to Russian throne 1648-68 Disastrous reign of John Casimir Raids of Dnieper Cossacks; campaigns of Bogdan Chmielnuski 1648 Battle of Zolte Wody. Cossacks defeat Poles and take Lemberg 1651 Battle of Beresteszko. Poles defeated. Truce c.1654 Bogdan and Russians invade Poland 1655-7 Sweden invades Poland. Civil War in Poland 1667 Cossack uprising in Poland 1672-6 Polish-Turkish War 1673 John Sobieski wins Battle of Khoczoim in Bessarabia 1674-96 John Sobieski King of Poland > Middle East 1623 Abbarttu the Great of Persia captures Baghdad 1638 Murad IV of Turkey recaptures Baghdad > India 1632 Hooghey taken from Portuguese 1649-53 Moghuls at war with Persia 1664-1710 Moghul persecution of non- Muslims 1675 Rajput revolt > Britain & English Civil Wars # 1642-6 FIRST CIVIL WAR 22 Aug 1642 King Charles I sets up standard at Nottingham: beginning of war 23 Sept 1642 Battle of Powick Bridge. Rupert routs Parliamentarians 23 October 1642 Battle of Edgehill. King defeats Earl of Essex 29 Oct King makes Oxford his capital 13 November Battle of Turnham Green. Royalists repulsed from London 19 Jan 164J Battle of Braddock Down. Hopton clears Cornwall of Parliamentarians 19 March Battle of Hopton Heath. Royalist Northampton defeats Gell and Brereton 13 April 1643 Battle of Ripple Field. Prince Maurice defeats Waller 23 April 1643 Battle of Launceston. Hopton defeats Parliament army of Chudleigh 25 April 1643 Battle of Sourton Down. Chudleigh defeats Hopton 13 May 1643 Battle of Grantham. Cromwell defeats Cavendish 16 May 1643 Battle of Stratton. Hopton defeats Stamford and secures south-west for the King 21 May 1643 Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Wakefield 18 June 1643 Battle of Chalgrove Field. Rupert defeats Parliamentarians 29 June 1643 Battle of Adwalton Moor. Fairfaxes defeated by Newcastle's Royalists 5 July Battle of Lansdown. Hopton defeats Wailer 13 July 1643 Battle of Roundway Down. Hopton and Prince Maurice destroy Wailer's army 26 July 1643 Bristol falls to Rupert 27 July 1643 Battle of Gainsborough. Cromwell defeats Cavendish 20 Sept 1643 Battle of Newbury I. King fails to prevent Essex's return to London 25 Sept 1643 Solemn League and Covenant signed between Parliament and Scots 11 October Battle of Winceby. Eastern Association defeats Royalists advancing south 25 Jan 1644 Battle of Nantwich. Fairfax defeats Byron 21 March 1644 Rupert relieves besieged Newark 29 March 1644 Battle of CheritonJAlresford. Waller defeats Forth and Hopton 25 May-11 June Rupert takes Stockport, Bolton and Liverpool and marches to relieve besieged York 29 June 1644 Battle of Cropredy Bridge. King defeats WaIler 2 July 1644 Battle of Marston Moor. Scots (Leven), Manchester and Fairfax defeat Rupert and Newcastle. Turning- point: the North is effectively lost to the King (16 July York falls) 31 Aug 1644 Battle of Castle Dore. King destroys Essex's army 1 Sept 1644 Battle of Tippermuir. Montrose defeats Elgin's Covenanters 13 Sept 1644 Battle of Aberdeen. Montrose defeats Elgin's Covenanters 27 Oct 1644 Battle of Newbury 11. King repulses Manchester and Waller 2 Feb 1645 Battle of Inverlochy. Montrose defeats Campbells April 1645 Formation of Parliament's New Model Army, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax with Cromwell in command of the cavalry 9 May 1645 Battle of Auldearn. Montrose defeats Hurry's Covenanters 14 June 1645 Battle of Naseby. Fairfax and Cromwell decisively defeat King 2 July 1645 Battle of Alford. Montrose defeats Baillie's Covenanters 10 July 1645 Battle of Langport. Fairfax defeats Goring 1 Aug 1645 Battle of Colby Moor. Laugharne defeats Pembrokeshire Royalists 10 Sept 1645. Rupert surrenders Bristol 13 Sept 1645 Battle of Philiphaugh. Defeat of Montrose 24 Sept 1645 Battle of Rowton Heath. Royalists defeated at Chester 12 March 1646 Astley surrenders last Royalist army at Stow-in-the- Wold 8 Aug 1647 Battle of Dunganhill. Parliament- arian J ones defeats Irish # 1648 SECOND CIVIL WAR 1648 Battle of Preston. Cromwell defeats Royalists and Scots 28 Aug 1648 Colchester surrenders to Fairfax 30 Jan 1649 King Charles I beheaded # 1649 IRISH CAMPAIGN 2 Aug 1649 Battle of Rathrnines. Ormonde's Royalists repulsed before Dublin Sept-Dec 1649 Drogheda and Wexford beseiged and taken by Cromwell's army # 1650-1 THIRD CIVIL WAR 27 April 1650 Battle of Carbisdale. Montrose's Royalists defeated 3 Sept 1650 Battle of Dunbar. Cromwell defeats Scots Covenanters 3 Sept 1651 Battle of Worcester. Cromwell defeats Charles ll's Anglo-Scots army & CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH 1650s England sends a fleet to the Mediterranean - against Barbary pirates May 1655 Britain captures Jamaica 1662-83 England holds Tangier > Europe & Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , # 1652-4 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . WAR 1652 Battle of Kentish Knock. Blake defeats de With 1652 Battle of Dungeness. Tromp defeats Blake 1653 Battle of PortlandlBeachy Head. Indecisive 1653 Battle of Gab bard/North Foreland/Nieuport. Monck and Deane defeat Tromp and de Ruyter 1653 Battle of Texel. Monck defeats Tromp, who is killed # 1665-7 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH WAR 1665 Battle of Solebay/Lowestoft. Duke of York defeats Opdam 1666 Four Days Fight/Dover Strait. De Ruyter and Tromp Jr defeat Albemarle and Rupert 1666 Battle of North Foreland ll. Albemarle defeats de Ruyter # 1672-4 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH WAR 1672 Battle of Southwold. De Ruyter defeats York and d'Estrees 1673 Battle of Schooneveld Bank. De Ruyter defeats Rupert and d'Estrees 1673 Battle of Texel II/Camperdown. De Ruyter defeats Rupert and d'Estrees > China 1674-81 Rebellion of the Three Feudatores 1683 Chinese conquest of Formosa 1696 Chinese conquest of Mongolia 1705 Chinese invasion of Tibet 1720 Chinese conquest of Tibet 1740-3 Chinese-Indonesian War 1758-9 Chinese conquest of Kashgaria > Europe & Wars of Louis XIV (King of France 1643-1715; regency 1643-51) # 1659-1629 PHASE I 1668 Conde conquers Franche Comte 1672 France invades Holland, but Dutch flood the countryside forcing withdrawal next year 1674 Grand Alliance of the Hague against Louis XIV 1674 Battle of Sinzheim and Ladenburg. Turenne defeats Imperialists and devastates the Palatinate 1675 Battles of Mulhausen, Colmar, Turkheim. Again Turenne defeats the Imperialists and forces the evacuation of Alsace 1675 Battle of Sasbach. Turenne killed 1675 Battle of Fehrbellin. Brandenburg defeats Sweden 1678 Treaty of Nymegen 1667-8 War of Devolution against Spain # 1679-97 PHASE II French annexations (reunions) lead to 1681 Alliance of the Hague, of Dutch, Swedes, Spanish and the Empire 1681 France invades Luxembourg 1684 French fleet bombards Genoa 1689-97 War of the League of Augsburg (Nine Years War). Spain, Empire, Sweden and Bavaria ally against France over the Spanish succession 1688 Second French invasion of the Palatinate 1688-9 second devastation of the Palatinate unites Europe against Louis XIV 1689 English Revolution: William III replaces James II @ May 1689 Alliance of Vienna: Empire, United Provinces, joined by England, Spain and Savoy against France @ IRISH THEATRE: Naval battles of Bantry Bay and Beachy Head: French defeat England and Holland. Louis XIV plans invasion of England with camp at Cherbourg. 1692 Battle of La Hogue. Tourville defeated by Russell 1689 France invades Low Countries 1692 Battle of Steinkirk. William III defeated 1693 Battle of Neerwinden (Land en) William III defeated @ French campaign in Italy: 1690 Battle of Staffarde; 1693 Battle of Marsaglia Jean Bart leads guerre de course in Channel 1696-1697 Treaties of Turin and Ryswick # 1697-1715 PHASE III 1700 death of Charles II of Spain; bequeaths Spanish Empire to Philip of Anjou 1700 Brandenburg becomes Kingdom of Prussia & 1702-13 War of the Spanish Succession # French invade Netherlands 1701 Grand Alliance of the Hague against the French 1702 Battle of Friedlingen 1703 Battle of Hbchstadt 1704 Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough's great victory. Allies conquer Bavaria 1704 Gibraltar taken by England 1706 Battle of Ramillies wins Belgium for the Allies 1706 Battle of Turin Philip V has to abandon Barcelona. France loses Belgium, Milanese, Spain in one summer 1707 Battle of Almanza 1708 Battle of Oudenarde. Allies invade France 1708-14 Sardinia is a British base 1708-83 Minorca is a British base 1709 Battle of Malplaquet, a Pyrrhic victory for Marlborough, which prevents the Allies invading France 1710 Battle of Lerida. Philip defeated 1710 Battles of Brihuega, Villviciosa. Allies defeated, effectively restoring Spain to the Bourbons 1711 French expedition takes Rio de Janeiro 1712 Battle of Denain. Villars wins France's only major victory and the Allies lose heart 1715 Treaty of Utrecht > Americas 1701-14 War of the Spanish Succession 1711-12 Tuscarora War 1702-13 Queen Anne's War (War of The Spanish Succession in Europe) 1715-28 Yamassee War 1718-20 Franco-Spanish War (War of the Quadruple Alliance) 1721-5 Paraguayan Revolution 1740-8 King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession in Europe) > Turkey c After Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire suffers a series of weak rulers 1606 End of frontier war with the Habsburgs 1621 Turkish-Polish conflict over the Dniester 1623 Abbas the Great of Persia captures Baghdad 1638 Murad IV (1623-40) recaptured Baghdad 1645-69 Turkish War for Crete (Candian War) c.1648 ottoman Empire invaded by Cossacks and Venetians 1663 Turks invade Hungary, Moravia, Silesia with a large army; a Holy League is formed to oppose them 1664 Battle of st Gothard on Raab. Imperial army defeats Turks 1664 Truce 1669 Turks take Candia (Crete). They invade Poland; 1672 Treaty of Buczacs. Polish Ukraine ceded to Turkey 1683-99 AUSTRO-TuRKISH WAR 1683 Turks march on Vienna 1683 Battle of Petronell. Kara Mustafa defeats Charles of Lorraine. Sixty-day siege of Vienna 1683 Battle of Vienna. John Sobieski defeats the Turks. Poland joins the Holy League, which already includes Austria, Venice, Malta and Russia 1686 They take Buda 1686 Venice takes the Morea, Athens and Dalmatia 1687 Battle of Mohacz. Turks defeated decisively and ejected from Hungary, which becomes a Habsburg kingdom c.1689 Turks retake Nish and Belgrade 1691 Battle of Salankemen. Turks are defeated 1697 Battle of Zenta. Turks defeated in war against Poles, the Austrian Empire, Venice and Hungary; and are expelled from Serbia and Bosnia 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz 1703 Janissary revolt 1714-18 Turkish War with Austria and Venice > Middle East 1717 Afghan revolt 1722-3 Russo- Persian War 1726-7 Persian-Turkish War 1730-6 Turkish-Persian War 1737 -8 Persian invasion of Afghanistan 1743-7 Turkish Persian War 1768-74 1st Turkish War with Catherine of Russia 1769-73 Egyptian revolt 1774 Rohilla War 1775 Failed Spanish invasion of Algeria 1779-94 Persian Civil War 1795-7 Persian invasion of Georgia 1798 Persian invasion of Afghanistan > India 1738-9 Persian invasion of India 1744-48 ist Carnatic War 1746 Battle of Madras 1748 Battle of Pondicherry 1749-54 2nd Carnatic War 1751 Battle of Arcot > South-East Asia 1704-5 1st Javanese war of Succession 1714-16 Cambodian Civil War and Vietnamese invasion 1717 Siamese invasion of Cambodia 1719-23 2nd Javanese war of Succession 1739-49 Cambodian- Vietnamese war 1740-52 Mon revolt in Burma 1749-57 3rd Javanese war of Succession 1755-60 Vietnam offensive in Cambodia 1760 Burmese invasion of Siam 1764-7 Burmese invasion of Siam 1765-9 Chinese-Burmese war 1769-73 Siamese- Vietnamese war 1773-1801 Vietnamese Civil War 1775-6 Burmese-Siamese war 1778 Siamese invasion of Laos 1780-2 Siamese invasion of Vietnam 1784-5 Burmese conquest of Arakan 1785-92 Burmese-Siamese war > Europe & 1655-60 War of the North 1656 Secret Treaty of Marienburg. Brandenburg and Sweden agree partition of Poland 1655-7 Charles X of Sweden's invasion of Poland fails 1657-8 Swedish invasion of Denmark leads to treaty 1658-9 Second Swedish invasion of Denmark. Charles besieges Copenhagen but eventually surrenders to Dutch, Poles, Austrians and Danes. He dies 1660 1660 Treaties of Oliva and Copenhagen & Sweden becomes involved in wars against Louis XIV; Russo-Polish conflict continues to 1667 1675 Battle of Fehrbellin. Elector of Brandenburg defeats Sweden, this marking the beginning of Sweden's military decline. Denmark, Brandenburg and Austria are at war "with Sweden & 1700-21 Wars of Charles XII # 1700-21 GREAT NORTHERN WAR 1700 Charles forces peace on the Danes 1700 Battle of Narva. Charles defeats Russia, occupies Courland and Riga 1702 Charles invades Poland and enters Warsaw 1702 Battle of Klissow. Charles defeats Augustus of Poland. By 1705 the Swedes have conquered Poland. Meanwhile Peter the Great of Russia conquers Livonia and Estonia 1706 Battle of Fraustadt. Sweden defeats Poles, Russians and Germans 1706 Charles invades Saxony 1707 Sweden signs treaty with Augustus of Poland and the Habsburgs [April 1707 Marlborough visits Charles at Altranstadt) 1707-9 Charles invades Russia 1708 Battle of Holowczyn 1709 Battle of Poltava. Peter the Great decisively defeats Charles who languishes for five years in Turkey 1710 Turkey joins the war against Russia 1711 Peace of the Pruth 1712 Danes invade Bremen 1712 Battle of Gadebusch. Swedes are victorious but subsequently forced to surrender at Tanning to superior forces. Russia invades Finland. Sweden ceases to be a power in Germany 1709-13 Charles remains at Bender 1713 Charles besieged at Kalibalik and made prisoner 1713 Treaty of Adrianople ends Russo-Turkish war 1714 Charles returns clandestinely to Sweden 1715 Siege of Stralsund. Charles faces the armies of Russia, Prussia, Poland, Saxony, Hanover and Denmark 1719 Charles invades Norway and is killed at the siege of Frederickshald. During the wars of his reign, Sweden has lost nearly a third of its male population 1721 Treaty of Nystadt ends.the Great Northern war. Sweden ceases to be a great power > Britain 1679 SCOTTISH COVENANTER UPRISING 1679 Battle of Dumclog. Scottish Covenanters defeated 1679 Battle of Bothwell Bridge. Covenanter rising suppressed 1685 MONMOUTH REBELLION 1685 Battle of Sedgemoor. Pretender Monmouth defeated and subsequently captured & 1688-91 WAR OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION 1689 Londonderry besieged but not taken by James II 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie. Highlanders ambush government force 1689 Battle of Dunkeld 1690 Battle of The Boyne. William III defeats James II 1691 Battle of Aughrim. Irish rebels dispersed 1691 Rebel Limerick taken by government troops 1692 Battle of Glencoe. Treacherous government attack on the Macdonalds massacres 38 & 1715 JACOBITE REBELLION 1715 Battle of Sheriffmuir. Indecisive 1715 Battle of Preston. Rebels destroyed & 1745-6 JACOBITE REBELLION 1745 Prestonpans. Charles Edward stuart destroys government force then sorties into England 1746 Battle of Falkirk. Murray leads Jacobites to their last victory 1746 Battle of Culloden: Pretender 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' decisively defeated by Duke of Cumberland > Europe 1695-6 Russian conquest of Azov 1698-9 Revolt of the Streltsi in Russia See Great Northern War above 1710-11 Russo-Turkish War 1703-11 Hungarian Revolt 1716-18 AUSTRO-TuRKISH WAR 1717 Battle of Belgrade. Prince Eugene of Savoy's Austrian army defeats Turks 1727-9 Spanish War with Britain and France 1735-7 Spanish-Portuguese War 1736-9 Russo-Turkish War 1737-9 Austro-Turkish War 1739-43 Anglo-Spanish War of Captain Jenkins' Ear 1733-9 War of the Polish Succession & 1740-8 WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1741 Battle of Mollwitz. Prussians defeat Austrians 1743 Battle of Dettingen. King George H of Britain defeats the French; the last battle to be commanded by a British monarch 1745 Battle of Hohenfriedburg. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austro- Saxons 1745 Battle of Sohr. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians 1747 Battle of Laffeldt. Count Maurice de Saxe of France defeats Allies & General 1741-3 Russo-Swedish War & 1756-63 Seven Years War 1756 Battle of Lobositz. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians 1757 Battle of Prague. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians 1757 Battle of Kolin. Marshal Leopold von Daun of Austria defeats Frederick the Great's Prussians 1757 Battle of Rossbach. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Franco- Austrians 1757 Battle of Leuthen. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians 1758 Battle of Zorndorf. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Russians 1758 Battle of Hochkirch. Marshal Leopold von Daun of Austria defeats Frederick the Great 1759 Battle of Minden. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick led the Allies to defeat the French 1759 Battle of Kunersdorf. Lieutenant-General Gideon von Laudon of Austria and Count Peter Soltikov of Russia defeat the Prussians 1760 Battle of Warburg. Anglo-Prussians under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French 1760 Battle of Liegnitz. Frederick the Great of Prussia escapes Austro- Russian encirclement <, 1760 Battle of Torgau. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians > India & SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA 1756 Back Hole of Calcutta 1757 Clive captures Calcutta and wins Battle of Plassey, imposing British control over Bengal > Americas & FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN NORTH AMERICA, 1754- 1763 (corresponds to Seven Years War in Europe) 9 Aug 1757 Fort William Henry 3 June-20 July 1758 Louisburg 8 July 1758 Fort Ticonderoga 24 Nov 1758 Fort Duquesne 13 Sept 1759 Wolfe captures Quebec 1763 Pontiac Rebellion > Europe 1768-72 Polish Civil War, Russian invasion and 1st partition of Poland 1768-74 Russo-Turkish War 1776-7 SpaniSh-Portuguese War 1777-9 War of the Bavarian Succession 1787-91 Austro-Turkish War 1788-90 Swedish War with Russia and Denmark 1792-5 Russo-Prussian invasion and 2nd partition of Poland > India 1766-9 1st Mysore War 1771 Mysore-Maratha War 1779-82 1st Maratha War 1780-3 2nd Mysore War 1789-92 3rd Mysore War 1790 Battle of Calicut 1791 Battle of Bangalore 1792 Battle of Seringapatam 1795-6 British expedition to Ceylon 1799 4th Mysore War 6 April-3 May 1799. Wellesley captures Seringapatam, ending third conflict with Tippo Sahib 1803-1805 Second Maratha War 23 Sept 1803 Assaye. Wellesley defeats Marathas in a bloody fight against enormous odds 1803-5 British 2nd Maratha War 1817-18 British 3rd Maratha War > Americas 1769-1807 Yankee- Pennarnite War & 1775-86 AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1775 Battle of Lexington. British survive American militia attacks 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill. Gage/ Howe of Britain defeat Americans 1775 Battle of Quebec. Carleton of Britain defeats Americans 1776 Battle of Long island. Howe defeats Americans 1776 Battle of White Plains. Howe defeats Americans 1776 Battle of Trenton. George Washington defeats British 1777 Battle of Princeton. Washington defeats British 1777 Battle of Brandywine. Howe defeats Americans 1777 Battle of Germantown. Howe defeats Americans 1777 Battle of Saratoga - Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights. Gates of America defeats British; the turning-point of the war 1778 Battle of Monmouth. Clinton of Britain holds off Americans 1781 Battle of Guildford Court House. Cornwallis of Britain defeats Americans 1779-83 Siege of Gibraltar. Eliott of Britain defeats French/Spanish 1779 Battle of Savannah. Prevost of Britain defeats Americans 1780 Battle of Charleston. Clinton defeats Americans 1780 Battle of Waxaws. Tarleton leading British and Loyalists defeats Americans 1780 Battle of Camden. Cornwallis defeats Americans 1789 Battle of King's Mountain. Colonels John Sevier, Isaac Shelby and Richard Campbell defeat British loyalists 1781 Battle of Cowpens. Morgan of America defeats British 1781 Battle of Yorktown. Washington and Jean- Baptiste de Rochambeau of France defeat British. The British surrender. Was the coup de grace to British rule 1781 Battle of Eutaw Springs. Lieutenant- Colonel Alexander Stewart defeats Americans > Europe c 1792-9 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars & 1792-1798 WAR OF THE FIRST COALITION 20 Sept 1792 Valmy. Indecisive, but Prussians retreat and the French Republic survives 1792 Battle of Jemappes: "the first French offensive victory of the war 27 Aug-19 Dec 1793 Toulon besieged by French, garrison having been taken over by Royalists with British naval support. Significant for Bonaparte's command of the French artillery 26 June 1794 Fleurus. Jurdan's French defeat Austrians, leadng to French capture of Netherlands 1796-7 Bonaparte's First Italian Campaign 10 May 1796 Lodi. Bonaparte defeats and outmanoeuvres Austrians, leading to capture of Mantua 15-17 Nov 1796 Areola. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians 14 Jan 1797 Rivoli. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians' last attempt to relieve besieged Mantua 12 June 1798 Battle of Vinegar Hill. Rebellion in Ireland ended > Middle East & 1798-1801 FRENCH EXPEDITION TO EGYPT 21 July 1798 Pyramids. Bonaparte defeats Mameluke rulers of Egypt 25 July 1799 The Nile/Aboukir Bay. Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet March-May 1799 Unsuccessful siege of Acre by Bonaparte 21 March 1801 Alexandria. French garrison of Egypt defeated by British expeditionary force under Abercromby > Europe & 1798-1800 WAR OF THE SECOND COALITION 14 June 1800 Marengo. Bonaparte's narrow victory over Austrians after epic trans-Alpine march into Italy 3 Dec 1800 Hohenlinden. French victory over Austria in Germany & 1805-6 WAR OF THE 3rd COALITION 1800 Battle of Marengo. Bonaparte defeats Austrians in Italy after transalpine march 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson defeats combined fleets of France and Spain 1804 Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French 1805 Capitulation of Ulm. Mack, outmanoeuvred and surrounded, surrenders an Austrian army to Napoleon 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson defeats the combined fleets of France and Spain. Britain attains undisputed mastery of the seas 1805 Battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon defeats Austro- Russian army 1806 Battles of Jena and Auerstadt. Napoleon defeats Prussia 1807 Battles of Eylau and Friedland. Napoleon defeats Russia 1807 Treaty of Tilsit confirms Napoleon's mastery of north-western Europe & WAR OF THE FIFTH COALITION, 1809 1809 Battles of Aspern- Essling and Wagram. Napoleon defeats Archduke Charles of Austria after initial repulse & WAR OF THE SIXTH COALITION, 1812-1814 1812 Napoleon invades Russia to enforce Continental System measures against Britain. Battle of Borodino. Napoleon defeats Russians and occupies Moscow. Tsar will not make peace. Napoleon forced into disastrous retreat made worse by winter. Most of his army wiped out. 1813 Battle of Leipzig - 'Battle of the Nations'. Napoleon is defeated by armies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Sweden 1814 Campaign of France. Brilliant defensive campaign fails to prevent Allies converging on Paris. Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba. & 1807-1814 PENINSULAR WAR 19 July 1808 Baylen. Shocking surrender of 28,000 French to Spanish, which destroys the 'myth' of French invincibility 21 Aug 1808 Vimeiro. British expeditionary force under Wellesley defeats Junot. Scandalous Convention of Cintra by Wellesley's superiors wastes the victory. Next year Napoleon personally leads French army into the peninsula 16 Jan 1809 Corunna. Moore's reargard action enables evacuation of British expeditionary force by sea 27-28 July 1809 Talavera. Wellesley defeats French army of Victor 27 Sept 1809 Busaco. Wellesley (now Wellington) repulses Massena Winter 1809/10 Wellington builds defensive Lines of Torres Vedras north of Lisbon as safe-haven for Allied army 3-5 May 1811 Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington repulses Massena 16 May 1811 Albuera 7-19 Jan 1812 Cuidad Rodrigo besieged and captured by Wellington 16 March-6 April 1812 Badajoz besieged and captured by Wellington 22 July 1812 Salamanca, Wellington defeats Marmont, opening the road to Madrid 21 June 1813 Vittoria. Wellington defeats Jurdan, ending French control of Spain 10 April 1814 Toulouse. After crossing the Pyrenees, Wellingotn defeats Soult, ending the Peninsular War. Napoleon abdicates the following day & 1815 THE HUNDRED DAYS 1815 Napoleon returns to France. Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny against Britain and Prussia are not decisive. Battle of Waterloo. Wellington and Blucher decisively defeat Napoleon, who abdicates again and is banished to st Helena > Americas & 1812-1814 Anglo-American War (War of 1812) 11 Nov 1813 Chrysler's Farm. Second US invasion of Canada repulsed 5 July 1814 Chippewa. US victory on Canadian border 25 July 1814 Lundy's Lane. US invasion of Ontario repulsed 24 Aug 1814 Bladensburg. US fail to halt British entering Washington 8 Jan 1815 New Orleans. Jackson repulses Packenham's British after peace has been agreed between Britain and the USA > Europe 1808 Russo-Finnish War 1804-13 Serbian insurrection 1815-17 Serbian insurrection 1806-12 Russo-Turkish War 1820 Neapolitan Revolution 1821 Sardinian Revolution 1821-3 Russo-Persian War 1821-8 Greek War of Independence 1821 Battle of Navarino 1823 French intervention in Spain 1825-8 Russo-Persian War 1828-9 Russo-Persian War 1830 French 'July' Revolution 1830-2 Polish insurrection 1831 Russo-Turkish War 1848 Revolutions and turmoil across Europe including French Revolution and revolts in Austria- Hungary 1848-9 Hungarian War of Independence & ITALIAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE 4 June 1859 Battle of Magenta. MacMahan's Franco-Piedmontese army defeats Austrians 24 June 1859 Battle of Solferino. Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel Il (Franco- Piedmontese) defeat Austrians at a cost. The carnage led Napoleon to conclude a peace deal, and inspired the founding of the Red Cross > Americas 1806-7 British unofficial expeditions to Buenos Aires and Montevideo fail 1810-14 Chilean rebellion 1811 US Indian War 1811-25 Latin-American wars of Independence 1812-15 US-British War of 1812 1818 US 1st Seminole War 1818 US invades Florida 1823 US Monroe doctrine declines European involvement in American political affairs 1835-6 Texan War of Independence 1836 Siege of the Alamo and Battle of San Jacinto 1825-8 Brazil-Argentine War Mackenzie's Rebellion in Canada 1827-9 Peruvian War 1829 Spanish involvement in Mexico 1832 US Black Hawk Indian War 1835-43 US 2nd Seminole Indian War 1836-9 Peru-Bolivian War 1838-9 French expedition to Mexico 1841 Peruvian invasion of Bolivia 1843-52 Argentine- Uruguayan War & 1846-1848 US-MEXICAN WAR 10-24 Sept 1846 Battle of Monterrey. Taylor defeats Mexicans and captures the city 22-23 Feb 1847 Battle of Buena Vista. Taylor defeats Mexicans 8 Sept 1847 Battle of Molino del Rey. Scott defeats Mexicans 13 Sept 1847 Battle of Chapultepec. Scott captures the fortress and advances to Mexico City. Final major action of the war 1849-51 Lopez's invasion of Cuba 1850-98 Series of US-Indian Wars 1856 US Kansas Civil War 1857-60 Mexican Civil War 1860-1 Colombian Civil War 1861-2 Spanish expedition to Mexico 1861-7 French expedition to Mexico 4-17 May 1863 Battle of La Puebla. Forey of France captures city and advances on Mexico City to create a puppet government & 1861-5 American Civil War 12-14 April 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter. Bombardment and capture of the fort by Beauregard's Confederates made war between North and South inevitable 21 July 1861 Battle of Bull Run, First. The first major battle of the war and the first use of rail transport for troops .. Johnston's and Beauregard's Confederates fail to exploit victory. Confed General Jackson's stubborn defence earns him the nickname 'Stonewall' -'6-16 Feb 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson. Grant wins first major Federal victory 6-7 April 1862 Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing. Grant eventually defeats Confeds and gives Federals strategic initiative in the west 31 May-I June 1862 Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks). 9 June 1862 Battle of Port Republic. Jackson defeats Union and joins Lee's army 25 June-1 July 1862 Seven Days Battles. Lee forces Confed retreat 9 Aug 1862 Battle of Cedar Mountain. Inconclusive, but allowed Confeds to advance north 28-30 Aug 1862 Battle of Bull Run, Second. Lee defeats Union army 13-15 Sept 1862 Battle of Harper's Ferry. Jackson defeats Union garrison 17 Sept 1862 Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Politically and strategically crucial for the Union. Although Lee of the Confederacy wins a tactical victory, his losses force him to abandon his invasion of the north. 3-4 Oct 1862 Battle of Corinth. Rosecrans of the Union repulses Confeds 8 Oct 1862 Battle of Perryville. 13 Dec 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg. Lee defeats Union 31 Dec 1862-2 Jan 1863 Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro) . 1-5 May 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville. Lee defeats Union and prepares the second invasion of the north 19 May-4 July 1863 Battle of Vicksburg. Grant of the Union takes the fortress and splits the Confederacy in two in a crucial action 9 June 1863 Battle of Brandy Station. Lee defeats Union but not decisively 1-3 July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg. Meade of the Union defeats Lee's invasion force, inflicting unsustainable casualties 18-20 Sept 1863 Battle of Chickamauga. Bragg wins tactical victory over Union 24-25 Nov 1863 Battle of Chattanooga. Union breaks Confed siege 5-6 May 1864 Battle of Wilderness. Grant of the Union holds off Confeds and advances towards Richmond 8-18 May 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Grant defeats Confeds 31 May-3 June 1864 Battle of Cold Harbor. Lee repulses Federal attack 15-18 June 1864 Battle of Petersburg. Confeds prevent capture of city 20 July-31 Aug 1864 Battle of Atlanta. Sherman captures the city 9-21 Dec 1864 Battle of Savannah. Sherman of the Union takes the city 15-16 Dec 1864 Battle of Nashville. Thomas conclusively defeats Confeds I April 1865 Battle of Five Forks. Grant's Union cavalry under Sheridan defeat Confeds and force Lee to .retreat 9 April 1865 Battle of Appomattox Court House. Grant traps Confeds. Lee surrenders, effectively ending the war & AMERICAN INDIAN WARS 21 Dec 1866 Battle of Fetterman Massacre, The. Red Cloud's Sioux and Cheyenne kill garrison unit but fail to press their advantage 25-26 June 1876 Battle of Little Big Horn. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeat US 7th Cavalry, killing Col. Custer and temporarily winning respite > Middle East 1801-5 US-Tripolitanian War 1804-13 Russo-Persian War 1806-12 Russo-Turkish War 1807 Failed British invasion of Egypt 1807 Battle of Rosetta 1811-18 Egyptian war with Wahhabis 1815-16 US-Dutch war with Algiers 1816 Persian invasion of Afghanistan 1820-3 Russo-Persian War 1825-8 Russo-Persian War 1828-9 Russo-Turkish War & FRENCH CONQUEST OF ALGERIA 14 Aug 1844 Battle of Isly, Using a 'Boar's Head' formation, Bugeaud's French decisively defeat Algerians & General 1831 Russo-Turkish War 1832 31st Turkish- Egyptian war 1836-8 Persian invasion of Afghanistan 1839-1842 1st British-Afghan War 1839-42 FIRST AFGHAN WAR 14 Nov 1841-16 April 1842 Battle of Jellalabad. Sale of Britain defends garrison town 1839 Battle of Ghanzi 1839-47 Russian conquest of Khiva 1839-42 2nd Turkish- Egyptian War 1855 Persian invasion of Afghanistan 1856 British-Persian War 1859-60 Spanish-Moroccan War 1878-80 2ND BRITISH- AFGHAN WAR 27 July 1880 Battle of Maiwand. Ayub Khan destroys British brigade. Survivors retreat to Kandahar 1 Sept 1880 Battle of Kandahar. Roberts relieves besieged British garrison and defeats Ayub Khan, replacing him on the throne with Abdur Rahman Khan 1882 British-Egyptian War Bombardment of Alexandria 13 Sept 1882 Battle of Tel- el-Kebir, Wolseley (Britain) defeats rebels and imposes British control over Egypt > China/Japan 1839-42 1st British-Chinese 'Opium War' 1850-64 China: Taiping rebellion 1856-60 2nd British- Chinese 'Opium War' 21 Aug 1860 Battle of Taku Forts. Angle-French forces, including Indians, under Grant and Cousin- Montauban storm forts and advance towards Beijing 1863-4 European bombardments of Kagoshima and Shimonoseki 1863-8 Civil War in Japan 1866 French expedition to Korea 1875-6 Japanese expedition to Korea 1877 Satsuma rebellion in Japan 1882-5 Chinese and Japanese expeditions to Korea & 1883-1885 FRANCO-CHINESE WAR 14-16 Dec 1883 Battle of Son-Tai. French capture Chinese-occupied fort 1894-5 Sino-Japanese War 1900 Boxer rebellion in China 20 June-14 Aug 1900 Battle of Peking. International relief force breaks siege of Foreign Legations & 1904-5 RuSSO-JAPANESE WAR 30 April-l May 1904 Battle of Yalu River. Oyama defeats Russians and leads Japanese invasion of Manchuria 25 May 1904 Battle of Nanshan. Oyama breaks through Russian defence line and aproaches Port Arthur 1 June 1904-2 Jan 1905 Siege of Port Arthur. Nogi's Japanese army eventually captures the naval base 25 Aug-3 Sept 1904 Battle of Liaoyang. Both sides seek a major victory, but Oyama forces Russians to retreat 21 Feb-10 March 1905 Battle of Mukden. Coming to the end of his manpower resources, Oyama attempts to crush Russians, and succeeds in forcing a withdrawal. Russians eventually evacuate Manchuria and Japan emerges as a major world power 27 May 1905 Battle of Tsushima. In the last of the 'Trafalgar-style' sea battles of annihilation, Togo destroys the Russian fleet. This had sailed half way round the world from the Baltic. In the North Sea it panicked and attacked British fishing boats, thinking they were Japanese torpedo boats & General 1911 Chinese Civil War South-East Asia > South-East Asia 1810-11 British expedition to Indonesia 1812 Siamese invasion of Cambodia 1819 Burmese conquest of Assam 1823-6 1st British-Burmese war 1825-30 Great Java war 1826-7 Siamese-Laotian war 1831-4 Siamese invasion of Cambodia 1841-5 Siamese-Vietnamese war 1852-3 2nd British- Burmese war 1858-61 French conquest of Indo-China 1882-3 French-Vietnamese war 1873-7 Siamese-Laotian war 1873-95 continuing French expansion in Indo-China 1885 3rd British-Burmese war > Australasia 1804, 1806, 1808 Mutinies in Australia 1843-8 New Zealand: 1st Maori war 1860-79 New Zealand: 2nd Maori war India 1843 British conquest of Sind 17 Feb 1843 Battle of Meeanee. Napier of Britain defeats the Amirs of Sind > India & 1845-6 1ST BRITISH-SIKH WAR 18 Dec 1845 Battle of Mudki. Gough of Britain defeats Sikhs 21-22 Dec 1845 Battle of Ferozeshah. In the most bitterly contested battle the British fought in India, Gough defeats Sikhs 28 Jan 1846 Battle of Aliwal. Smith destroys Sikh army 10 Feb 1846 Battle of Sobraon. Gough defeats Sikhs & 1848-1849 SECOND SIKH WAR 13 Jan 1849 Battle of Chilianwallah. Sikhs hold off British 21 Feb 1849 Battle of Gujerat. Gough defeats Skikhs/Afghans and Britain annexes the Punjab & 1857-8 INDIAN MUTINY AGAINST BRITISH RULE 8 June-20 Sept 1857 Battle of Delhi. Wilson's British/Indian troops re- capture the city I July-19 Nov 1857 Battle of Lucknow. British/Indians break rebel siege of garrison 6 Dec 1857 Battle of Cawnpore. At a turning- point for the mutiny, Camp bell routes the rebels 17-20 June 1858 Battle of Gwalior. Rose defeats Indian rebels in last major battle of the mutiny & NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF INDIA CAMPAIGNS 1897 Tirah 20 Oct 1897 Battle of Dargai. Lockhart of Britain defeats Afridis and Orakzais 1888-98 Further British North-West India frontier campaigns and expeditions > Crimea 1853-5 Crimean War 20 Sept 1854 Battle of Alma. British/French/Turkish Allies defeat Russians and advance to besiege Sevastopol 1854-5 Siege of Sevastopol 25 Oct 1854 Battle of Balaklava. Raglan of Britain defeats Russians. Heroic failure of the Charge of the Light Brigade along the 'Valley of Death' 5 Nov 1854 Battle of Inkerman. Raglan's British and French troops repulse Russians 28 Sept 1854-8 Sept 1855 Battle of Sevastopol. Raglan of Britain and Canrobert of France eventually force Russians to abandon the fortress > Europe 1863-4 Polish insurrection 1864 Schleswig-Holstein War. The first phase of Bismarck's campaign to unify Germany, which results in 1870 in the formation of the German Empire & 1866 AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN (SEVEN WEEKS') WAR 24 June 1866 Custozza, Second Battle of. Archduke Albert defeats Italians, allied with Prussia 3 July 1866 Battle of Koniggratz, von Moltke of Prussia defeats Austrians and gives Prussia dominance in Central Europe 1866 Austro-Italian War & 1870-1 Franco-Prussian War 1870 Battle of Gravelotte- St Privat 1870 Battle of Sedan 1870-1 Siege of Paris 6 Aug 1870 Battle of Worth. Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (Prussia) defeats French 16 Aug 1870 Battle of Mars-la-Tour. 18 Aug 1870 Battle of Gravelotte-St Privat. Von Moltke of Prussia eventually forces French to withdraw 1 Sept 1870 Battle of Sedan. von Moltke of Prussia captures the town. Napoleon III of France goes into captivity and the Third Republic replaces the Second French Empire. 20 Sept 1870-28 Jan 187l Siege of Paris. Von Moltke starves the city into capitulation and ends the Franco-Prussian War & General 1873-6 Spanish Carlist War > Balkan-Crimea 1877-8 Russo-TuRKISH WAR 1877 Battle of Plevna 19 July-l0 Dec 1877 Battle of Plevna. Krudener of Russia eventually defeats Turks 17-18 Nov 1877 Battle of Kars. Melikoff takes the fortress for Russia in a surprise night attack 1885-6 Serbo-Bulgarian War 1896-7 Greco-Turkish War > Africa 1800-1 British re conquest of Egypt 1801-5 US-Tripolitanian war 1806 British take Cape Town 1806-7 Ashanti conquest of the Gold Coast 1807 British occupy Alexandria 1807 British take st Louis (Senegal) from French 1811-18 Egyptian war with Wahhabis 1818--19 Zulu Civil War 1820-39 Egypt conquers Sudan " 1824-31 1st British-Ashanti war 1830-48 French conquest of Algeria 1832-3 Turkish-Egyptian war 1838 Boer-Zulu Battle of Blood River 1839-41 Turkish-Egyptian war 1856 Zulu Civil War 1858-68 Cape Wars 1859-60 Spanish-Moroccan war 1862-4 Transvaal-Orange Free State War & 1867-1868 ANGLO- ABYSSINIAN WAR 31 April 1868 Battle of Aroghee. Napier's British/Indian troops, using breech-loading rifles for the first time, defeat Abyssinians 1868-72 Abyssinian Civil War 1873-4 2nd British-Ashanti war 1873-9 Egypt-Abyssinian war 1879 ANGLO-ZULU WAR 22 Jan 1879 Battle of Isandhlwana. Ntshingwayo and Mavumengwana overun British camp but suffer heavy casualties 22-23 Jan 1879 Battle of Rorke's Drift. Chard leads a small band of British defenders in beating off repeated attacks, and is relieved by Chelmsford the next day 29 March 1879 Battle of Kambula. Wood (Britain) repulses Zulu attack 4 July 1879 Battle of Ulundi. Chelmsford destroys a much larger Zulu army & 1880-1 1st Anglo-Boer war 28 Jan 1881 Battle of Laing's Nek. Joubert's Boers defeat British infantry 27 Feb 1881 Battle of Majuba Hill. Joubert's Boer commandos defeat British, leading to armistice 1881 French occupy Tunis 1883-4 Zulu Civil War 1883-9 Mahdist uprising and war with Abyssinia & 1ST BRITISH SUDAN CAMPAIGN 29 Feb 1884 Battle of El Teb, Second. Graham defeats Mahdist army 12 March 1884-26 Jan 1885 Siege of Khartoum and death of General Gordon. Mahdi Mohammed Ahmed's rebels take the town, kill the garrison, and force most Anglo- Egyptian forces to withdraw from the Sudan 13 March 1884 Battle of Tamai. Graham defeats Mahdists but fails to destroy their army 17 Jan 1885 Battle of Abu Klea. British column flying to the relief of Khartoum beats off dervish attack 19 Jan 1885 Battle of Abu Kru. British flying column defeats renewed dervish attacks & General 1888-90 German East Africa uprising 21 Dec 1893 Battle of Agordat. Arimondi leads Italian defeat of Mahdists 1893 Spanlsh Riff war in Morocco 1893 Mashona-Matabele war 1893-4 3rd British-Ashanti war 1895-6 4th British-Ashanti war 1895-6 French conquer Madagascar & 1895-1896 ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR 1 March 1896 Battle of Adowa. Emperor Menelek of Abyssinia wins independence by defeating Italian forces. At that time the biggest victory of irregulars over regular, well-equipped colonial troops 1896 Battle of Adowa & 1896-8 BRITISH-EGYPTIAN RE CONQUEST OF SUDAN 8 April 1898 Battle of Atbara River. Kitchener leads Anglo-Egyptian destruction of Mahdist army, and continues to advance towards Mahdist capital, Omdurman 2 Sept 1898 Battle of Omdurman. Kitchener's Angle-Egyptian forces destroy dervish army and end Mahdist rebellion & General 1897 British conquer Nigeria 1897-1901 Uganda uprising & 1899-1902 SECOND ANGLO- BOER WAR 13 Oct 1899-17 May 1900 Battle of Mafeking. Badon-Powell withstands Boer siege 15 Oct 1899-15 Feb 1900 Battle of Kimberley. British break Boer siege 2 Nov 1899-28 Feb 1900 Siege of Ladysmith 28 Nov 1899 Battle of Modder River. Methuen defeats Boers with heavy losses 10 Dec 1899 Battle of Stormberg. Olivier defeats British 10-11 Dec 1899 Battle of Magersfontein. Cronje/De La Rey defeat British 15 Dec 1899 Battle of Colenso. Botha defeats British 19-24 Jan 1900 Battle of Spion Kop. Botha repulses British 18-27 Feb 1900 Battle of Paardeberg. Roberts defeats Boers & General 1904 South-West African Hottentot uprising 1907 South Africa Zulu uprising 1911 Italy annexes Libya, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica 1911-12 war with Turkey > Americas 1863 Colombia-Ecuador War 1864-6 Spanish war with Peru then Chile 1864-70 Lopez's war 1869-70 Canada: 1st Riel rebellion 1876-7 US Sioux and N Cheyenne War 1876 Battle of the Little BigHorn 1885 Canada: 2nd Riel rebellion 1890-1 US S Dakota war 1895-8 Cuban revolution 1898 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 1 July 1898 Battle of San Juan. Americans under Shaft er capture hill positions near Santiago 1901 Colombian Civil War 1903 Panamanian revolution 1906-9 US intervention in Cuba 1907 Nicaraguan-Honduran war 1909-11 Honduran Civil War 1911-14 Mexican revolution 1912 Nicaraguan Civil War 1912 US intervention > Pacific 1879-83 War of the Pacific 1898 USA conquers Philippines (Spanish- American war) 1899-1902 Philippine uprising > Wars of Turkish Dissolution 1911-12 Italian war with Turkey. Italy annexes Libya, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and occupies the Dodecanese 1912-13 First Balkan War 1913 Second Balkan War > 1914-1918 WORLD WAR I & WESTERN FRONT Aug 1914 Battle of the Frontiers. German armies sweep forward in modification of the Schlieffen Plan 5-10 Sept 1914 Battle of Marne. Anglo-French armies repulse over- extended Germans 13-27 Sept 1914 1st Battle of the Aisne Sept-Oct 1914 'Race to the Sea'. Closure of the 'open flank' and establishment of stabilised Western Front (trench-lines from the English Channel to Switzerland) 18 Oct-30 Nov 1914 1st Battle of Ypres 22 April-25 May 1915 2nd Battle of Ypres 21 Feb-18 Dec 1916 Battle ofVerdun. Massive, repeated German assults fail to capture Verdun but cause huge casualties on each side 1 July-18 Nov 1916 Battle of the Somme. Major British/French offensive results in massive casualties for the attackers 9-15 April 1917 Battle of Arras 9-15 April 1917 2nd Battle of the Aisne 7-14 June 1917 Battle of Messines Aug-Nov 1917 3rd Battle of Ypres 20 Nov-3 Dec 1917 Battle of Cambrai. First mass use of tanks Ludendorff's Final Offensives on the Western Front: 21 March-5 April 1918 Somme German Offensive almost breaks British lines April 1918 Lys German Offensive 27 May-6 June 1918 Aisne German Offensive June 1918 Noyon- Montdidier German Offensive July 1918 Champagne- Marne German Offensive July-Aug 1918 Reduction of the Marne Salient Aug-Sept 1918 Reduction of the Amiens Salient Aug-Sept 1918 Evacuation of Lys Salient 12-16 Sept 1918 St Mihiel Offensive Sept-Nov 1918 General Allied Offensives & EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT 26-30 Aug 1914 Battle of Tannenberg. Hindenburg- Ludendorff victory prevents Russian capture of East Prussia 23-Aug-26 Sept 1914 Galician battles 9-14 Sept 1914 Masurian Lakes I Sept-Oct 1914 S.w. Poland 11-25 Nov 1914 Battle of Lodz 7-22 Feb 1915 Battle of Masurian Lakes II 2 May-27 June 1915 Gorlice -Tarnow July-Sept 1915 Russian withdrawal March 1916 Lake Narotch Operations June-Aug 1916 Brusilov Offensive Aug-Sept 1916 Roumanian Offensive Sept-Dec 1916 Roumania eliminated March 1917 Russian Revolution July 1917 Kerensky (2nd Brusilov) Offensive 1-5 Sept 1917 Riga Operation Dec 1917 Russian armistice & ITALIAN FRONT June-July 1915 1st Battle of Isonzo July-Sept 1915 2nd Battle of Isonzo Oct-Nov 1915 3rd Battle of Isonzo Nov 1915 4th Battle of Isonzo March 1916 5th Battle of Isonzo 15 May-17 June 1916 Asiago Offensive Aug 1916 6th Battle of Isonzo Sept 1916 7th Battle of Isonzo Oct 1916 8th Battle of Isonzo Nov 1916 9th Battle of Isonzo May-June 1917 10th Battle of Isonzo Aug-Sept 1917 11th Battle of Isonzo 24 Oct-7 Nov 1917 Battle of Caporetto 15-22 June 1918 Battle of the Piave 24 Oct-4 Nov 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto & SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS Aug 1914 1st Austrian invasion of Serbia Sept 1914 2nd invasion of Serbia Nov-Dec 1914 3rd invasion of Serbia Oct-Nov 1915 4th invasion of Serbia Oct 1915 Salonika Front established Nov 1916 Fall of Monastir Sept 1918 Final Allied Offensive & GALLIPOLI FRONT Nov 1914 Dardanelles bombarded Feb-March 1915 Naval attempt to force passage of the Dardanelles fails April-May 1915 Landings at Gallipoli August Landings at Suvla Bay Dec 1915-Jan 1916 Evacuation of Gallipoli expeditionary force & MESOPOTAMIA FRONT Nov-Dec 1914 Allied landing in Mesopotamia Jan-July 1915 Allied advance in Mesopotamia Sept 1915 1st Battle of Kut 22-25 Nov 1915 Battle of Ctesiphon 8 Dec 1915-29 April 1916 Siege and fall of Kut Sept 1916-Feb 1917 2nd British advance in Mesopotamia Feb 1917 2nd Battle ofKut March 1917 British capture Baghdad & PALESTINE FRONT Jan 1915 1st Turkish attack on Suez Canal March 1917 1st Battle of Gaza April 1917 2nd Battle of Gaza Oct-Nov 1917 3rd Battle of Gaza Nov-Dec Battles of Junction Station and Jerusalem 18 Sept-31 Oct 1918 Battle of Megiddo. Ailenby's decisive victory leads to fall of Damascus and Aleppo & NAVAL BATTLES 1 Nov 1914 Battle of Coronel. British squadron defeated 28 Aug 1914 1st Battle of Heligoland Bight 8 Dec 1914 Battle of Falkland Islands. British battlecruisers avenge Coronel 24 Jan 1915 Battle of Dogger Bank 31 May-1 June 1916 Battle of Jutland. Epic battle between British and German main fleets. Germans escape defeat 1917 2nd Battle of Heligoland Bight & AFRICAN THEATRE June 1915-Jan 1916 Allied operations v. Germans in Cameroon August 1915 Anglo-French capture German Togoland Sept 1916 Allies take Dar- es-Salaam in German East Africa > Europe 1916 Easter Uprising in Ireland 1917-20 Russian Civil War 1919-22 Greco-Turkish War 1919-22 Russo-Polish War 16-25 Aug 1920 Battle of Warsaw. Pilsudski of Poland, advised by French General Weygand, smashes invading Russian Bolshevik army > Americas 1914 Veracruz US intervention 1915 US intervention in Haiti 1916 Villa raids US 1916 US intervention in Dominican Republic 1917 Cuban revolution 1918-19 Haitian revolt against USA 1920 Mexican Civil War 1921 Panama-Costa Rica conflict 1921-29 Chile-Peru Tacha- Arica dispute 1925 Nicaraguan Civil War. US intervention (to 1933) 1929 Bolivia-Paraguayan border dispute 1932-35 Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay 1937 Haiti-Dominican Republic border dispute > Far East 1921 Chinese Civil War 1924 British troops intervene in Shanghai 1931 Japan invades Manchuria 1931-32 Sino-Japanese war over Manchuria & 1937-1945 SINO-JAPANESE WAR April 1938 Battle of Taierchwang. General Li Tsung-jen defeats Japanese 1939 Noonahan War between the Soviet Union and Japan > Middle East 1919 3rd British-Afghan War 1920 USSR invades Persia 1928 Mutiny of Afghan Army 1934 Saudi attacks Yemen 1920-22 Irish War for Independence. 2nd Civil War > Europe 1936-39 Spanish Civil War 1938 Germany annexes Czechoslovakia and Austria 1939-40,1941-45 Russo- Finnish War > 1939-1945 WORLD WAR II & 1 SEPT-6 OCT 1939 POLISH CAMPAIGN. c First German blitzkrieg overwhelms Poland and triggers war against Britain and France 13 Nov 1939-12 MARCH 1940 & Russo-FINNISH WAR 30 Nov 1939-8 Jan 1940 Battle of Suomussalmi. Finns trapped and destroy two Soviet divisions 30 Nov 1939-13 Feb 1940 Mannerheim Line. Russia forces a way up the Karelian Isthmus & 9 APRIL-8 JUNE 1940 SCANDINAVIAN CAMPAIGN c German invasion of Denmark and Norway. British and French counter-invasion of Norway defeated (Narvik, Namsos, Aandalesnes) & 1940 CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST 10 May-22 June 1940 France, Belgium and Holland. German blitzkrieg drives Britain out of the continent, overwhelms Holland, Belgium and France 21 May 1940 Arras. British counterattack 26 May-4 June 1940 Dunkirk evacuation of British Expeditionary Force 19 Aug 1942 Dieppe. Prototype amphibious landing by predominantly Canadian force & AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE 10 July-15 Sept 1940 Battle of Britain. German Luftwaffe fails to attain air superiority over British Isles 7 Sept 1940-10/11 May 1941 The Blitz. Luftwaffe attempt to bomb Britain into submission fails c.7/8 Nov 1941 onwards strategic Bombing of Germany. RAF and (later) USAAF strategic strikes against enemy cities and installation; 30/31 May 1942 Cologne 1st 1000-bomber raid; 5/6 March-9/10 July 1943 Battle of the Ruhr; 16/17 May 1943 Dambuster raid; 24 July-3 Aug 1943 Hamburg; 17 Aug USAAF Schweinfurt/Regensburg; 18/19 Nov 1943-24/25 March 1944 Berlin; 13/14 Feb 1945 Dresden & NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN 9 Dec 1940-7 Feb 1941 O'Connor's blitzkrieg destroys most of Italian forces in North Africa 6-8 April 1941 German/Italian invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece, completed by 20 April 20 May-I June 1941 Crete. German airborne conquest 24 March-25 April 1941 Rommel's first offensive 18 Nov-7 Dec 1941 Operation 'Crusader'. British eject Rommel from Cyrenaica and relieve Tobruk 26 May-21 June 1942 Gazala. Rommel defeats British Eighth Army and captures Tobruk 1-27 July 1942 First Battle of Alamein. Rommel repulsed by Eighth Army 30 Aug-2 Sept 1942 Alam Halfa. Indecisive attack by Rommel 23 Oct-4 Nov 1942 Second Battle of Alamein. Montgomery decisively defeats Rommel 14-22 Feb 1943 Kasserine Pass. Rommel inflicts sharp reverse on US 11 Corps in Tunisia 6 March 1943 Medenine. Rommel repulsed 20-27 March 1943 Mareth Line. Montgomery forces Rommel's retreat June 1940-May 1943 Siege of Malta. The island is attacked from the air and supplied perilously by sea & SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN 9-18 Sept 1943 Salerno. Allies land in southern Italy 12 Oct-14 Nov 1943 Volturno River. Major conflict for German defence line south of Rome 17 Jan-22 May 1944 Monte Cassino. Major obstacle to Allied advance south of Rome 22 Jan-23 May 1944 Anzio landing to turn the Gustav Line. In desperate fighting, Allies almost defeated 30 Aug-28 Oct 1944 Gothic Line. Allied struggle to breach last major German defence line in Italy & EASTERN FRONT 22 June 1941 Operation 'Barbarossa' launched. Germany invades USSR 17 July-5 Aug 1941 Smolensk. Major encirclement of Soviet forces 1 Sept 1941-27 Jan 1944 Siege of Leningrad 9-26 Sept 1941 Kiev. Major encirclement of Soviet forces 5-20 October 1941 Vyazma- Bryansk. Major encirclement of Soviet forces 8 Oct 1941-30 April 1942 Battle for Moscow. Hitler fails to capture Moscow. Central front stabilises while German main thrust moves south .' 29 Oct 1941-3 July 1942 Sevastopol. Manstein secures the Crimea 19 Aug 1942-2 Feb 1943 Stalingrad. German Sixth Army trapped and, after epic battle, forced to capitulate. A turning- point battle 16 Feb-15 March 1943 Kharkov. Manstein inflicts sharp reverse on Soviets 5-17 July 1943 Kursk. Last major German offensive on the Eastern Front and probably the largest tank battle ever fought 22 June-27 Aug 1944 Operation 'Bagration'. Soviet 'steamroller' liberates Byelorussia 1 Aug-2 Oct 1944 Warsaw. Failed Polish uprising significantly unsupported by Soviet offensive 16 April-2 May 1945 Berlin. Zhukov/Konev force Soviet conquest of Berlin. Hitler commits suicide amid the rubble & 1944-5 CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST 6 June 1944 D-Day. Montgomery directs successful Allied landing in Normandy 6 June-25 July 1944 Caen. Hard-fought battle to break out from the beachhead 13-21 Aug 1944 Falaise Gap. Significant trapping of German forces in Normandy after 'Cobra' breakout on Allied right flank 17-25 Sept 1944 Arnhem. Failed Allied airborne attempt to breach German riverine defence lines in Netherlands 16 Dec 1944-16 Jan 1945 Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes). 'Last-throw' German counterattack fails 7-31 March 1945 Rhine Crossings. Allies enter Germany & PACIFIC THEATRE 7 Dec 1941 Pearl Harbor raid by Japanese devastates US fleet 22 Dec 1941-10 May 1942 Japanese conquest of Philippines 27-8 Feb 1942 Battle of the Java Sea. Japanese de.stroy Allied cruiser/destroyer squadron in Dutch East Indies 4-8 May 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea. Tactical Japanese victory 4-7 June 1942 Battle of Midway. Major turning- point defeat for Japanese, crippling their carrier fleet 7 Aug 1942-7 Feb 1943 Guadalcanal. Air, land and sea battle is major turning-point in Pacific theatre US amphibious landings and capture of stepping- stone islands across the Pacific: 20-23 Nov 1943 Tarawa 1-4 Feb 1944 Kwajalein 17-23 Feb 1944 Eniwetok 15 June-9 July 1944 Saipan 21 July-10 Aug 1944 Guam 24-31 July 1944 Tinian 15 Sept-25 Nov 1944 Pelelieu 19 Feb-16 March 1945 Iwo Jima 1 April-22 June 1945 Okinawa 19-20 June 1944 Battle of the Philippine Sea ('Great Marianas Turkey Shoot') breaks back of Japanese naval air power 20 Oct-25 Dec 1944 Leyte. Largest battle in naval history. US defeats last major offensive by Japanese fleet and secures landings in Philippines 3 Feb-4 March 1945 Manila 9-17 Aug 1945 Soviet invasion and conquest of Manchuria from Japanese 6 Aug 1945 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima 9 Aug 1945 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki & SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN 8 Dec 1941-15 Feb 1941 Japanese conquest of Malaya 10 Dec 1941 Japanese sink British Force Z (battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse) 8-15 Feb 1942 Singapore surrenders, the worst British defeat since the 18th century 29 March-22 June 1944 Battle of lmphal/Kohima, Slim's Fourteenth Army repulses attempted Japanese invasion of India & NAVAL EVENTS c (not covered in major theatres) 13 Dec 1939 Battle of the River Plate. British cruiser squadron encounters German 'pocket battleship' Graf Spee, subsequently scuttled 9, 13 April 1940 Battle of Narvik. German destroyer force devastated by Royal Navy # Battle of of the Atlantic. German U-boat campaign against convoys to Britain, defeated by a combination of Allied air and naval technical advances and ULTRA code - breaking 11/12 Nov 1940 Taranto raid by Royal Navy cripples part of Italian fleet 28 March 1941 Battle of Cape Matapan. Cunningham's fleet defeats Italians 21-27 May 1941 Bismarck action. German battleship sinks British battlecruiser Hood (24 May) before being sunk by Royal Navy forces 1-5 July 1942 Destruction of Arctic Convoy PQ17 > Europe 1946 Greek Civil War 1954-9 Cyprus Emergency 1956 Hungarian Uprising 1968 Czechoslovakia Spring uprising and Warsaw Pact intervention Far East 1945-9 Chinese Civil War > Far East & 1950-3 KOREAN WAR 5 Aug-15 Sept 1950 Battle of Pusan Perimeter. MacArthur (UN)/Walker (US) destroy North Korean army 15-25 Sept 1950 Battle of Inchon. Succeeding with a difficult amphibious landing, MacArthur's UN forces capture Seoul and contribute to disintegration of North Korean army 16-18 April 1953 Battle of Pork Chop Hill. Trudeau (US/UN) drives off Chinese 22-30 April 1951 Battle of Imjin River. British, Belgian and American troops force Chinese army to withdraw, inflicting 40 per cent casualties > Americas 1945-65 Colombian Civil War 1947-49 Paraguayan Civil War and turmoil 1948 Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica (Costa Rica Civil War) 1951-55 Ecuador-Peru border dispute 1952-59 Cuban revolution 1953 British intervention in Guiana 1955 Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica 1956-58 Haiti unrest 1959 Cuban invasion repelled 1960-65 Brazil: Communist insurgency 1961 Cuba: US Bay of Pigs invasion repelled 1964 British Guiana state of emergency 1965 Dominican Republic Civil War US intervention 1979-91 El Salvador Civil War & FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, 1982 27-28 May 1982 Battle of Goose Green. Jones/Keeble of Britain capture Argentinian garrisons 11-14 June 1982 Battle of Port Stanley. Moore's British forces defeat Argentinians and liberate the port & General 25-27 Oct 1983 Grenada. Metcalf's US task force, with token Caribbean units, defeat Granadians/Cubans 1979-89 Nicaragua Civil War 1989 US invades Panama 1994 US intervention in Haiti 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist bombing > Middle East & 1948-49 War of Israeli Independence # 1956 SUEZ CANAL CRISIS AND ARAB/IsRAELI WAR 29 Oct-5 Nov 1956 Battle of Sinai. Dayan fulfils all Israeli objectives, defeating Egyptian army and overrunning the Sinai 5-7 Nov 1956 Battle of Suez Landings. UK/French Allies under Stockwell try to regain control of the nationalised Suez Canal, and advance along the canal until the UN demands a ceasefire & General 1958-67 Aden emergency & ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 ('THE SIX DAY WAR') 5-8 June 1967 Battle of Sinai. Israelis under Gavish destroy Egyptian army and set up defence line along Suez Canal 9-10 June 1967 Battle of Golan Heights. Elazar of Israel defeats Syrians and captures the plateau & General 1970 Jordanian conflict with Palestinians & 1973 ARAB-IsRAELI OCTOBER (YOM KIPPUR/RAMADAN) WAR 6-8 Oct 1973 Battle of Suez Canal Crossing. Under Ali and Shazli, Egypt crosses the canal to regain the Sinai and its honour. Israelis push back until US and USSR force a UN ceasefire resolution 6-10 Oct 1973 Battle of Golan Heights. Hofi leads Israeli repulse of Syrians & General 1975/6 Lebanese Civil War 1974 Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus 1978 Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon 1978 Iranian Revolution 1979-89 Russo-Afghan War 1980-9 Iran-Iraq War 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon (Operation 'Peace for Galilee') 1983-4 Israeli intervention in Lebanon 1986 Yemeni Civil War 1986 US bombs Libya (Operation 'Eldorado Canyon') 1987 Arab intifada against Israel begins 1990-1991 GULF WAR 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 24-28 Feb 1991 Operation 'Desert Storm'. Schwarzkopf's Coalition forces destroy the Iraqi army and liberate Kuwait 1992-94 Armenia- Azerbaijan war over Nagorno-Karabakh 1993 Tadjikistan State of Emergency 1994 Jordan-Israel formal peace (having been technically at war since 1948) 1994-6 Russian intervention in Chechnya 1999-2000 Second Russian invasion of Chechnya; Battle for Grozny > India 1947-8 Indian War of Separation 1961 Ceylon state of emergency 1965 Second Indo-Pakistan War 1969 Indo-Pakistan War 1984-89 Sri Lankan emergency 1984 Indian offensive in Punjab 1999 Kashmir: Indo/Pakistan border conflict > South-East Asia 1948-60 Malayan emergency & 1946-1954 FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR 20 Nov 1952-7 May 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Giap's Viet Minh capture French base, forcing French to agree to independence for Vietnam 1953 Vietnamese invasion of Laos 1955 Vietnamese Civil War 1959-76 Laos state of emergency & 1961-1975 VIETNAM WAR c (US involvement 1961-73) 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident 19 Oct-26 Nov 1965 Battle of la Drang Valley. Kinnard's US 1st Cavalry inflicts crippling losses on the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong 18 Aug 1966 Battle of Long Tan. Australians under Jackson soundly defeated Viet Cong 22 Feb-14 May 1967 'Junction City', Operation. Under Westmoreland, US/South Vietnamese inflicted heavy defeat on Communists, who retreated to Cambodia, but claimed to have devastated American troops. This inspired Communist leaders to launch the disastrous Tet Offensive against South Vietnamese towns 19-23 Nov 1967 Battle of Dak To (Hill 875). North Vietnamese distracted American attention from South Vietnam by laying an ambush and fighting for the hill. 21 Jan-14 April 1968 Khe Sanh, Siege of. As part of Tet Offensive, North Vietnamese try to take American base. Lownds succeeds in holding on until relieved 31 Jan-25 Feb 1968 Battle of Hue. Truong (South Vietnamese)/LaHue (USA) recapture city from North Vietnamese, who had seized it in a surprise attack on 30-31 January & General 1964-66 Indonesian- Malaysian emergency 1970 Vietcong-Cambodian fighting 1973 Cambodian uprising in Cambodia 1975 Indonesia invades East Timor 1975 Khmer Rouge control Cambodia 1979 Sino-Vietnamese war 1979-89 Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia 1985 Major Vietnamese offensive > 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold War c At the close of World War II, Germany and Austria are occupied by the victors. Eastern Europe, 'liberated' from the Nazis, falls into Soviet sphere. Communist regimes are installed and)n Churchill's words, an 'iron curtain' divides Europe. Tension grows between the USSR and the West. Berlin is divided and West Berlin forms an enclave of democracy within the Eastern bloc 1948-53 Height of the Cold War. 1949 Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, between most of the European democracies and the North American powers 1949 USSR becomes an atomic power 1949 Berlin Airlift. USSR interdicts access to West Berlin, and the city is supplied by air from the West 1955 USSR forms Warsaw Pact & Intercontinental ballistic missiles c Intercontinental ballistic missiles increasingly form the principal deterrent between the superpowers, based on Mutual Assured Destruction, with fleets of bombers on constant stand-by and nuclear- powered submarines deployed with targeted missiles aboard 1962 Cuban missile crisis. c US spyplanes discover Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba. The world teeters on the brnk of nuclear war, with Cuba blockaded by the US Navy, before the USSR backs down With the stalemate nuclear confrontation, and armies stationed on either side of the 'Iron Curtain', the ideological and political conflict between East and West is played out by surrogate means in the Third World 1980-89 USSR falls behind c Attempts by Mikhail Gorbachev to democratise USSR. During the 1980s the USSR finds it increasingly difficult to maintain the 'arms race', the US constantly outspending its rival and developing new technologies such as Stealth aircraft and the so-called 'Star Wars' anti- missile system. Soviet involvement in Afghanistan exacerbates the situation 1989/90 Collapse of Communist regimes in Soviet-bloc Europe and reunification of Germany > Africa 1952 Kenya: Mau-Mau emergency 1954-62 Algerian-French war of Independence 1959 Rhodesian emergency 1960 South Africa: Sharpeville massacre 1960-63 Congo 1961-75 Angolian war of Independence 1964 Rwanda: Tutsi massacres 1966-79 Rhodesian Civil War 196-7-70 Nigerian Civil War 1975-7 Chad Civil War 1975-89 Angolian Civil War 1975-91 1st Angolan Civil War 1976 Morocco invades West Sahara July 1976 Entebbe raid by Israelis frees hostages 1977 Mogadisho incident 1977 Egyptian-Libyan conflict 1977 Ethiopia: Ogaden war 1977-8 Liberian Civil War 1979 Tanzania invades Uganda 1981 Zimbabwe uprising quashed 1983 Polisario attack Moroccans in West Sahara 1984-87 Chad war 1991 Ethiopian Civil War 1991 Somali Civil War / US intervention 1992-5 2nd Angolan Civil War 1993 Burundi Civil War 1994 Rwandan Civil War 1996-7 War of African Great Lakes > Europe & 1969-98 NORTHERN IRELAND TERROR CAMPAIGN 1972 Bloody Sunday. 1979 Mountbatten murdered by IRA 1984 Brighton Bomb fails to kill British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher & 1980 Iranian Embassy Siege, London. British elite SAS unit rescues hostages & 1991-9 WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN DISSOLUTION 1991-5 Serbia/Croatia/ Slovenia/Bosnia phase 1999 Serbia/Kosovo phase enddoc