# Timelines text-to-spreadsheet.ndf Script for processing http://Timelines.ws # www.BillHowell.ca 10Dec2011 # uses QNial programming language www.nial.com copyright of Nial Systems Limited and Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada /home/bill/Howell - history timelines/Timechart of Military History/111226 Timechart of Military History - wars & battles.txt 2003 "Timechart of Military History" Chartwell Books Inc., New Jersey, Initial publication in 1999 by The Timechart Company copyright CHRONOLOGY WARS AND BATTLES OF HISTORY . . . . . . . Mesopotamia . . . yyss yyee Mesopotamia Mesopotamia . . . 3000 yyee By beginning of 3rd Millennium a dozen city states including Kish, Erech, Ur, Lagash compete for domination Mesopotamia . . . 2900 yyee Mesopotamia . . . 2800 yyee Kish unites city states of Sumer Mesopotamia . . . 2600 yyee Uruk overthrows Kish Mesopotamia . . . 2300 2200 Akkad. Sargon I, the first great conqueror of history, conquers Mesopotamia, Syria, part of Asia Minor. Mesopotamia . . . 2270 2230 Naram-Sin renews Akkadian vigour. Late third millennium Hurrians infiltrate northern Mesopotamia and Syria from the north Mesopotamia . . . 2150 2050 Guti from Iran destroy the Akkadian Empire, then are expelled by Erech and Uruk Mesopotamia . . . 2000 yyee Expansion of Ur Mid-20th century Ur overthrown by Elamites and Amorites. Two centuries of city-state anarchy follow Egypt . . . yyss yyee Egypt Egypt Old Kingdom . . yyss yyee Old Kingdom By 2900 Narmer or Aha becomes King of all Egypt Egypt Old Kingdom . . 2200 yyee Pharaoh Pepynakht campaigns against Nubia About 2150 death of Pepy II, last of 6th Dynasty, ends Old Kingdom of Egypt Egypt 1st Intermediate period, . . yyss yyee 1st Intermediate period, 1st Intermediate period, after which Monjunotep II reunites Egypt. Egypt Middle Kingdom . . yyss yyee Middle Kingdom Fragmentation of Egypt & Gradual disintegration Gradual disintegration into Kingdoms of Avaris, Thebes, Kush Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 2064 1990 Thebes conquers Wawat and upper Egypt Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 2050 1950 Ur reconstructs the Sumer-Akkad empire Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1993 yyee fortification of 1st and 2nd cataracts of the Nile Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1937 1908 Amenemhat I builds the 'Walls of the River' about Suez Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1919 1903 Senuset I gains control of Wawat (north Nubia) Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1830 yyee Senusret III campaigns to the north of Jerusalem Egypt Middle Kingdom . . 1829 1818 Senuset III campaigns beyond 2nd cataract of the Nile and builds a second series of forts Mesopotamia . . . yyss yyee Mesopotamia 19th century Rise of Babylon to become the main political and cultural centre in Southern Mesopotamia 18th-early 17th centuries Assyrian wars of conquest Mesopotamia . . . 1800 yyee Assyrians conquer northern Babylonians. Foundation of 'Old Assyrian Empire' Mesopotamia . . . 1760 yyee Kassites enter Mesopotamia introducing horse and chariot Mesopotamia . . . 1728 1686 Amorite Hammurabi of Babylon conquers southern Mesopotamia, uniting the six main states Egypt . . . yyss yyee Egypt Egypt Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. . . yyss yyee Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. Late 18th to mid -17th centuries gradual disintegration of Egypt into Kingdoms of Avaris, Thebes and Kush 18th century Hyksos enter north Egypt and take control during the mid- 17th century. Capital: Avaris. They bring technology of the horse in war - with chariots, the compound bow, battle axes and skill in fortification. Egypt divided into three states: Thebes, Kush and the North, controlled by the Hyksos Egypt Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period. . . 1650 yyee Kassite kings Late 16th century Thutmose I defeats Hittites on the Euphrates Egypt New Kingdom . . yyss yyee New Kingdom Egypt New Kingdom . . 1573 1550 Pharaoh Ahmose expells Hyksos and pursues them into Palestine. Foundation of the Egyptian Empire Egypt New Kingdom . . 1521 yyee Avaris falls to Egyptians Mesopotamia . . . yyss yyee Mesopotamia 17th-16th centuries Babylon fights continuously with Kassites and Hurrians Mesopotamia . . . 1500 yyee Hurrians unite as Mitanni Late 17th century Mursilis, 3rd king of united Hittite state, destroys Aleppo, raids Babylon, defeats Hurrians on the Euphrates. First Hittite Empire Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Crete: Minoan civilisation may have begun as early as 3000.2200-1400 Crete is leading power in the Aegean Mediterranean . . . 2000 yyee arrival of Greek- speaking peoples in mainland Greece: Mycenaean warriors consolidate power in Greece and raid overseas Mediterranean . . . 2000 1600 Minoan 'Old Palace' period Mediterranean . . . 1600 yyee -1400s Minoan 'New Palace' period until a wave of destruction about 1425 leaves only Knossos intact Mediterranean . . . 1450 1400 Probable Mycenean conquest of Crete; 1370 destruction of Knossos. 14th and 13th centuries are the great age of Mycenae 13th century: more massive fortifications are built and the Isthmus of Corinth fortified against invaders from the north Mid-14th to mid-12th centuries: period during which the siege and fall of Troy is thought to have taken place, according to the account of Homer's Iliad, which did not exist in written form until the 8th or 7th centuries 13th century General breakdown of settled conditions and overall decline; by 1150 Mycenaean civilisation collapses; from 1100 to Mediterranean . . . 800 yyee a dark age descends on the Aegean and the coast of Asia Minor, as invaders from the north (Ionians, Aeolians, Dorians, etc.) enter the area in the 11th and loth centuries. There remains much uncertainty about this period India . . . yyss yyee India About the beginning of the 3rd Millennium to c.2300 Harrapan Civilisation begins in Indus Valley. After 2000 and by 1750 Harappan culture breaks down, with collapse of City civilisation, causes yet unknown India . . . 1500 yyee Vedic Age begins. Indo-European (Aryan) tribes enter Punjab, semi- nomad pasturalists and tribal societies led by rajas (warrior chiefs). Inter-tribal conflicts ensue India . . . 1500 1200 Ganges Valley Civilisation China . . . yyss yyee China By about 3000 Civilisation in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley appears; after 2500 walled settlements appear China . . . 2200 1760 vo (Hsia or Xia) Dynasty China . . . 1760 1100 Shang (Yin) Dynasty. They conquer the area between the Yellow River and the Yangtse China . . . 1100 yyee Revolt against last of the Yin Dynasty, Zhouxin, and foundation of Western Chou (Zou) Empire. Wars of expansion c.1000-900 By 771 Chou central authority overall is lost. Fragmentation into more than 100 individual states China . . . 770 475 'Spring and Autumn' Period (or The Age of Hegemons) Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East By 1600 Fragmentation of Mesopotamia into areas dominated by Hurrians, Kassites and 'Sealand' in the south Middle East . . . 1457 yyee Battle of Megiddo. Pharaoh Thutmosis III defeats Canaanites and their allies and advances north to Galilee By 1450 Assyrians become vassals of Mittani 15th century Thutmosis III fights 17 campaigns into Palestine Middle East . . . 1427 1400 Pharaoh Amenhotep II campaigns to north of Byblos and Damascus Late 16th century to early 12th century Wars of Imperial Egypt Thutmosis III extends Egyptian control south to 4th cataract of the Nile Hittite wars of conquest. Foundation of second Hittite Empire, the 'Hittite New Kingdom' Middle East . . . 1400 1390 campaigns of Pharaoh Thutmosis IV ends with treaty with Mitanni Middle East . . . 1390 1364 Eriba-Adad wins Assyrian independence from Mitanni Middle East . . . 1380 1340 Hittite King Suppiluliamnus. He conquers the Mitanni (c.1360), which becomes a buffer state betwen the Hittites and the Assyrians Middle East . . . 1294 1279 Pharaoh Seti I campaigns in Palestine Middle East . . . 1275 yyee Battle of Qadesh. First battle in history to be recorded in detail. Ramses II and Muwatalli fight an inconclusive battle. A treaty c.1263- Middle East . . . 1258 yyee divides Palestine and Syria between Egypt and Hatti By 13th-12th centuries, Nubian gold (reason for Egyptian imperialism to the south) is exhausted Shalmaneser I Middle East . . . 1272 1243 begins Assyrian expansion and conquers Mitanni Middle East . . . 1242 1206 Tukulti- Ninurta I, Assyrian dominion expands south and temporarily (c.1210) takes Babylon Middle East . . . 1200 900 General decline in face of invasions Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe End of 2nd millennium: hill forts are being constructed in Western Europe Europe . . . 815 yyee Foundation of Carthage (traditional date) By 800 Sparta has emerged as a military state in the Peloponnese 8th century Phoenicians, already trading widely in the Mediterranean, establish outposts on the Iberian coast 8th century Rise of aristocracies in Greece. Evolution of city-states, with hoplite armies, the phalanx battle formation and pentekonter warships Europe . . . 753 yyee Foundation of Rome (traditional date) Europe . . . 750 yyee Sparta conquers Amylae 8th century Greeks colonise Sicily and southern Italy Europe . . . 735 yyee Syracuse founded by Corinthians Europe . . . 730 710 Spartan conquest of Messenia About 700 Greeks penetrate the Black Sea Early 7th century Predominance of Argos in the Peloponnese Europe . . . 669 yyee Battle of Hysiae. Argos defeats Sparta By 650 Sparta defeats Messenian revolt Mid-7th to mid-6th centuries Age of Tyrants in Greece Europe . . . 580 yyee Carthaginian/ Phoenician clashes with Greeks begin on Sicily Europe . . . 600 yyee Phocaeans found Massilia (modern Marseilles) Europe . . . 600 yyee Athens takes Salamis from Megara Europe . . . 600 550 Sparta extends dominion over most of the Peloponnese Europe . . . 570 yyee War between Athens and Megara Europe . . . 560 550 War between Sparta and Tegea Europe . . . 550 yyee Sparta takes Thyreatis from Argos Europe . . . 546 545 Persia conquers the Greek city-states on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor Europe . . . 540 523 Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos, is the first great naval imperialist Europe . . . 535 yyee Battle of Alalia. Phocaeans expelled from Corsica by Etruscans and Phoenicians Europe . . . 525 524 Unsuccessful Spartan-Corinthian expedition against Samos Europe . . . 509 508 Sparta invades Attica and frees Athens from tyranny By 500 Sparta is established as the greatest military power in mainland Greece. 494 Cleomenes, King of Sparta (520-490), crushes the revival of Argos Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Mid-13th century Conquest of Palestine by Hebrews. Wars of Joshua (including fall of Jericho) Middle East . . . 1190 1150 Hittite Kingdom overthrown by Phrygians, Luvians etc. Middle East . . . 1184 1153 Pharaoh Ramses HI repulses invaders from the Sahara: depicted on bas-reliefs is a naval battle Middle East . . . 1180 yyee Phrygians invade Asia Minor Great invasion including possibly those of peoples formerly identified by historians as the 'sea peoples' cause widespread disruption and fragmentation Middle East . . . 1180 1177 Pharaoh Merenptah repulses invasions from Libya and 'Sea Peoples' in raiding along the coast and into the Nile delta By the reign of Ramses VI (1143-1136) Egypt has lost her Palestine dominions Late 13th to 12th centuries Rise of El am Middle East . . . 1124 1103 Nebuchadnezzar I defeats Elam Middle East . . . 1114 1076 Tiglath-Pileser expands Assyrian control to Mediterranean coast Late 12th to early 10th century Philistines dominate Palestine Middle East . . . 1087 yyee King Panehsy of Nubia invades and temporarily occupies Thebes. In 1080 his regime separates from Egypt By 1060 Egypt has withdrawn to her original valley boundaries. End of Egyptian Empire Middle East . . . 1025 1006 Wars ofIsraelite King Saul Middle East . . . 1006 968 Wars of Israelite King David. He captures Jerusalem Middle East . . . 975 yyee Shoshek I reasserts Egyptian authority vs Israel - split Middle East . . . 975 yyee David defeats Philistines 11th and 10th centuries Babylonia fought over by Assyrians, Aramaeans, Chaldeans etc. Middle East . . . 925 yyee Division of Kingdom of Israel into Israel (north) and Judah (south) Egyptian 3rd Intermediate Period. Egypt fragmented. Sporadic wars between component states Middle East . . . 911 891 Adadnivan II begins Assyrian revival and expansion. Foundation of 'Neo- Assyrian Empire' 9th to 7th centuries Constant warfare waged by Assyrians, based on terror to dominate Mesopotamia and beyond Middle East . . . 877 yyee Assyria reaches the Mediterranean Middle East . . . 853 yyee Battle of Quaquar. Assyrians halted by Phoenicians, Syrians and Ahab of Israel 8th century Assyria conquers all Babylonia and much of Palestine By 800 Egypt is three kingdoms: Herakleopolis, Thebes and Kush Mid 8th century Rise of Kush Middle East . . . 750 yyee Nubia advances north to the confluence of the two Niles Middle East . . . 745 725 Conquest of Palestine by Tiglath- Pileser III of Assyria Late 8th century Egyptian incursions in Palestine and Syria provoke Assyrians Middle East . . . 727 yyee Piy (or Piankhi) of Kush conquers the Nile Delta and is acknowledged King of all Egypt Middle East . . . 722 yyee Assyria takes Samaria Middle East . . . 720 yyee AI-Mina overrun by Assyria Middle East . . . 717 yyee Assyria takes Carchemish Middle East . . . 705 yyee Cimmerians conquer Phrygia Middle East . . . 701 yyee Judaean revolt Battle of Elteka. Assyrians defeated by Judaeans and Egyptians Middle East . . . 700 yyee Assyria takes Byblos Middle East . . . 688 663 Sennacherib drives Egypt from Palestine Middle East . . . 677 yyee Sidon destroyed Middle East . . . 674 yyee Assyrian invasion of Egypt repulsed Middle East . . . 671 yyee Assyrians sack Memphis and take Tyre Middle East . . . 664 656 Assyria takes control of Egypt Middle East . . . 664 610 Psamtek I ejects Assyrians from Egypt Middle East . . . 652 yyee Gyges, King of Lydia, killed by Cimmerians Middle East . . . 630 yyee Psamtek occupies Ashdod Middle East . . . 627 yyee Last Assyrian King of Babylonia dies: Civil War ensues. Nabopolassar New (Neo-) Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Middle East . . . 626 625 Babylon independent of Assyria Middle East . . . 625 yyee Rise of Media Empire Middle East . . . 625 539 Chaldean dynasty reinstates Babylon as the dominant power in Mesopotamia, the 'Neo- Babylonian Empire' Cyaxares defeats Scythians Middle East . . . 616 yyee Psamtek campaigns v. Babylonians in Syria p12 Collapse of Assyrian Empire and destruction of Nineveh Late 7th to mid 6th centuries War of the Medes v. Urartu, Lydia, etc., the Media Empire extends to Syria and East Anatolia and East to the Indus Middle East . . . 610 yyee Battle of Megiddo. Egyptian Neko II defeats Josiah of Judah By 610 Saite dynasty rules Egypt Middle East . . . 605 562 Nebuchadnezzar II conquers Syria and Palestine Middle East . . . 605 yyee Battle of Carchemish. Neko defeated by Nebuchadnezzar who takes southern Mesopotamia Middle East . . . 601 yyee Babylonian invasion of Egypt repulsed Middle East . . . 600 yyee Lydia introduces world's first coinage Middle East . . . 597 yyee Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem Middle East . . . 594 589 Psamtek II sends expedition to Nubia (or Middle East . . . 594 yyee -589). His force includes Greek mercenaries Middle East . . . 590 589 Sacred War v. Crisa Middle East . . . 590 585 Media-Lydian War Middle East . . . 586 yyee Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar Middle East . . . 581 yyee Babylonian invasion of Egypt repulsed Middle East . . . 574 570 Campaigns of Apries Middle East . . . 570 yyee Battle of Kyrene Middle East . . . 561 547 Croesus King of Lydia Middle East . . . 560 yyee Ahmose II asserts Egyptian domination of Syria and Palestine and occupies Cyprus Middle East . . . 555 539 Nabonides last king of Babylon Middle East . . . 550 yyee Cyrus the Great (559- 530) ousts Median dynasty and founds Persian Empire Middle East . . . 547 545 Cyrus conquers Lydia and "takes Sardis and the coastal cities of South Asia Minor Middle East . . . 539 yyee Cyrus takes Babylon from NabonidesCyrus the Great Middle East . . . 530 yyee Cyrus killed campaigning on Jaxertes 530-522 522-521 Cambyses Civil War Middle East . . . 525 yyee Battle of Pelusium. Babylonian king Cambyses conquers Egypt, which becomes a province of the Persian Empire Middle East . . . 513 yyee Darius of Persia's great Danube expedition India . . . yyss yyee India C .800 Beginning of Kali era (traditionally set earlier, 3102). Conflict between Kauravas and Pandavas of the Kurv tribe India . . . 600 yyee Rise of the Republics (Mahajanapandas) . Conflict for hegemony in Ganges Valley. 16 'great states' coalesce into 3 kingdoms - Kashi, Koshala, Magadha, and the Vrjjian Republic India . . . 543 yyee King Bimbasara of Magadha conquers Kashi and Koshala and breaks the Vrjjian confederation India . . . 537 yyee Darius of Persia conquers Indus Valley India . . . 491 yyee King Ajatasatru (491- 459) builds fort at Patua; annexes Kasi and Kosala Wars of Ajatasatru. Over 16 years he subdues Vrjji By about 400 Nandas field large armies Mediterranen . . . yyss yyee Mediterranen Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 495 448 Greek-Persian Wars Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 497 yyee Greek uprisings against Persians in Miletus, Cyprus etc Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 494 yyee Battle of Lade Persians defeat Ionian fleet Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 492 yyee 1st Campaign. Thracians repel Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 490 yyee 2nd Campaign. Battle of Marathon. Greeks defeat Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 480 yyee 3rd Campaign. Battle of Thermopylae Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 480 yyee Battle of Cape Artemisium. Sack of Athens by Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 480 yyee Battle of Salamis Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 479 yyee Persians re-occupy Athens. Battle of Plataea Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 479 yyee Battle of Mycale and Greek liberation of Asia Minor city states Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 478 yyee Greeks capture Byzanatium and Cyprus under Pausanias. Athens organises Delian League against Persia Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 476.7 yyee Battle of Eurymedon. Athens defeats Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 458 yyee Battle of Aegina Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 459 yyee Greek fleet supports Egyptian uprising. Expeditions to Memphis Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 454 yyee Greek fleet annihilated by Persians Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 449 yyee Battle of Salamis/Cyprus Mediterranen Greek-Persian . . 448 yyee Treaty of Callias ends war Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . yyss yyee Greek-Etruscan Wars rw Mediterranean) Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . 540 yyee Battle of Alalia Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . 535 yyee Greeks expelled from Corsica Mediterranen Greek-Etruscan Wars rw . . 474 yyee Battle of Cyme/Cumae Mediterranen Carthage in Sicily . . 481 480 Carthage in Sicily Mediterranen Carthage in Sicily . . 480 yyee Battle of Himena (Syracuse, Carthage) Mediterranen Carthage in Sicily . . 509 yyee Revolution v. Tarquinius Superbus in Rome China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 475 221 Era of the Warring States. By about 300 China has coalesced into seven principal states; vast conscript armies now take the field, a massive increase in scale over previous eras of war China . . . 255 yyee End of Zhou Dynasty and final disintegration of any sort of imperial structure Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 431 404 Peloponnesian Wars Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 457 451 1st War, Athens defeated Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 457 yyee Athens conquers Aegina. Battle of Tangra Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 451 yyee Truce Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 447 yyee Boeotia frees itself from Athens Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 446 yyee Euboea and Magara. Revolt against Athens. '30 Years Peace'. Athens returns war gains Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 431 421 2nd War, indecisive Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 431 421 Archidamian War Sparta devastates Attica; plague in Athens Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 425 yyee Battle of Pylos. Athens victory. Sphacteria capitulates Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 424 yyee Thracian campaign. Battle of Amphipolis Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 421 yyee Battle of Niceas Sparta dominates the land; Athens the sea Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 430 427 Plague weakens Athens Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 428 427 Revolt of Mytilene Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 425 yyee Battle of Pylos. Athens victorious Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 424 yyee Battle of Delium. Athens defeated Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 421 yyee Treaty of Nicias, resulting from war- weariness Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 418 yyee Battle of Mantinea. Sparta defeats Argos Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 415 413 Athens' disastrous expedition to Sicily. Fleet annihilated Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 413 404 Decelian War Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 410 yyee Battle of Cyzicus. Athens regains naval supremacy Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 407 yyee Sparta gains Persian cooperation Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 406 yyee Battle of Arginusae. Athens victorious. But internal dissention Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 405 yyee Battle of Aegospotania. Athens fleet destroyed Mediterranean Peloponnesian . . 404 yyee Siege and surrender of Athens Mediterranean Carthage advances . . 409 yyee Carthage advances towards Syracuse Mediterranean Carthage advances . . 401 400 'March of the 10,000' Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . yyss yyee Continuing expansion of Rome in Italy Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 431 yyee Battle of Algidus Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 498 493 Latin Wars Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 403 400 Dionysus of Syracuse conquers most of Sicily Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . Mar401 Mar400 of the Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . 10,000. yyee During Persian Civil War (Artaxerxes II v. Cyrus the Younger), Greek mercenaries win Mediterranean Continuing expansion of . . . yyee Battle of Cunaxa, but then make epic retreat across mountains in winter Mediterranean Sparta . . yyss yyee Sparta Mediterranean Sparta . . 399 394 SPARTA-PERSIAN WAR Mediterranean Sparta . . 396 394 SPARTAN EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR Mediterranean Sparta . . 395 387 CORINTHIAN WAR Mediterranean Sparta . . 395 yyee Battle of Haliartus Mediterranean Sparta . . 394 yyee Siege of Corinth (to 390) Mediterranean Sparta . . 394 yyee Battle of Coronea Mediterranean Sparta . . 394 yyee Battle of Cnidus. Spartan fleet defeated by Persia Mediterranean Sparta . . 382 yyee Sparta occupies Thebes citadel Mediterranean Sparta . . 379 371 THEBAN BATTLE OF INDEPENDENCE Mediterranean Sparta . . 379 yyee Thebes expels Spartan garrison Mediterranean Sparta . . 376 yyee Battle of Naxos. Athens defeats Sparta at sea Mediterranean Sparta . . 371 yyee Battle of Leuctra. Thebes defeats Sparta Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 370 362 Theban Wars Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 370 yyee Theban invasion of -' Peleponnese and Laconia Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 364 yyee Theban naval expedition to Byzantium Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 364 yyee Battle of Cynoscephalae Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 363 yyee Thebans defeat Thessalians Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 362 yyee Thebes invades Peloponnese again Mediterranean Theban Wars . . 362 yyee Battle of Mantinea Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . yyss yyee Dionysian Wars v. Carthage Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 398 397 1st War. Carthage pushed back from Syracuse Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 392 yyee 2nd War. Carthage almost ejected from Sicily Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 390 379 Dionysius conquers part of S. Italy Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 389 yyee Battle of Elleponus. Dionysius defeats Italians Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 385 376 3rd War Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 368 367 4th War Mediterranean Dionysian Wars v. . . 366 344 Turmoil in Syracuse after 367 death of Dionysius Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . yyss yyee Roman conquest of Italy Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 405 396 Etruscan Veii oesiege Rome Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 391 yyee Gauls besiege Clusium Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 391 yyee Gauls defeat Rome at Battle of Allia 3 and sack Rome Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 367 yyee 2nd Gallic invasion repulsed Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 362 345 Rome contains Latin uprisings Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 343 341 1ST SAMNITE WAR Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 343 yyee Battles of Astura, Suessula, Salicula Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 342 yyee Battle of Mt Gaurus Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 341 yyee Battles of Veseris, Tifernum; Roman conquest of Campania Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 340 338 LATIN WARS Mediterranean Roman conquest of Italy . . 338 yyee Battles of Sinnessa, Pedum 360-1, 350-349 Gauls raid to the Tiber valley Mediterranean Carthage v. Syracuse . . yyss yyee Carthage v. Syracuse Mediterranean Carthage v. Syracuse . . 344 339 Carthaginian war v. Timoleon of Syracuse. Siege of Syracuse Mediterranean Carthage v. Syracuse . . 340 yyee Battle of Crimissus Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . yyss yyee Wars of Philip of Macedon Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 358 yyee Philip unifies Macedon Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 357 355 War of the Allies Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 357, 356 Philip expands to Chaldice Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 355 346 Philip seizes much of Thessaly Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 355 346 2nd Holy War. Philip is drawn into central Greek conflict Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 352 yyee Battle of Crocus Field Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 348 yyee Philip conquers of Chaldice, Thrace Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 345 339 Philip consolidates hold on north of Greece Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 342 yyee Persia meanwhile regains control of Egypt Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 341 338 Macedonian war v. Hellenic League Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 338 yyee Battle of Chaeronaea. Philip defeats Hellenic League Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 337 yyee Philip's general Parnenion leads vanguard for projected invasion of Persia Mediterranean Wars of Philip of Macedon . . 336 yyee Philip assassinated Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 335 323 Wars of Alexander the Great Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 335 yyee Campaign v. Danube tribes: suppresses revolts in Thessaly, Athens, Thebes Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 334 331 CONQUEST OF PERSIA Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 334 yyee Battle of Granicus Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 333 yyee Battle of Issus Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 332 331 Conquest of Syria Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 332 yyee Siege of Tyre, siege of Gaza and conquest of Egypt Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 331 yyee Spartan uprising. Battle of Megalopolis. Antipater defeats Agis Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 331 yyee Battle of Gaugamela/Arbela Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 330 yyee Occupation of Mesopotamia Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 331 323 CONQUESTS OF E. PERSIA TO HYDASPES Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 326 yyee Battle of/the Hydaspes Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 323 yyee Death of Alexander 327/6-304 2nd Samnite War against Rome Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 323 yyee Carthage begins reconquest of Sicily Mediterranean Wars of Alexander . . 321 yyee Battle of Caudine Forks/Passes. Humiliating Roman defeat by Sabines India . . . yyss yyee India 325/321 Chandragupta Maurya overthrows Nanda power in Magadha and campaigns in northern and central India Wars of Chandragupta: he conquers northern India and founds Mauryan Empire India . . . 305 yyee Chandragupta fights Seleucus I Nicator. Ends with friendly relationship. Seleucus cedes his trans- Indus provinces in return for 500 elephants India . . . 297 272 or 268 Bindusara - 'Amitrochates' ('Destroyer of Foes') establishes 'Second' Mauryan Empire, which he extends south, stopping only at Mysore 272/268-c.231 Asoka Pliny records the Mauryan army as consisting of India . . . 9,000 yyee elephants, 30,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry India . . . 260 yyee Asoka campaigns against Kalinga Baetrian King Demetrius (c.190-167) enters Punjab and gains control of north-west India: Indo- Greek rule India . . . 185 yyee Last of Mauryas, Brhadratha, assassinated by Pusyamitra, who founds Sunga Dynasty, with its nucleus as Magadha After 88 Scythians (Sakas) sweep through Parthia into Indus valley Kanva Dynasty and Aandhras (Deccan) Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 323 280 Diadochian Wars: the Wars of Alexander's Successors Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 323 322 LAMfAN WAR Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322 yyee Battle of Abydos. Cleitus defeats Athenian fleet Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322 yyee Battle of Amorgos. Cleitus defeats Athens and blockades Athens Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322 yyee Battle of Crannon. Antipater invades Thessaly and defeats the Greeks Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322 yyee Perdiccas invades Cappadona and gives it to Craterus. Perdiccas is now regent of the whole empire, almost Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 322 319 WARS V. PERDICCAS Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 321 yyee Battle of Lysimachia. Eumenes, for Perdiccas, defeats Craterus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 321 yyee Perdiccas invades Egypt. Army mutinies and kills him. Antipater is elected regent by the army in Syria; he gives Babylon to Seleucus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 320 yyee Antigonus invades Cappadocia and defeats Eumenes at the Battle of Oraynian Fields. Siege of Nova Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 319 yyee Antipater dies. Macedonian army elects Polyperchon regent. Antigonus, Cassander and Ptolemy ally against him WAR v. POLYPERCHON Antigonus conquers Asia Minor, Ptolemy takes Syria Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 318 yyee Cassander invades Greece Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 318 yyee Battle of the Bosporus. Cleitus defeats Antigonus fleet. Eumenes takes Babylon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 317 yyee Antigonus fights Eumenes in Mesopotamia until Eumenes is betrayed. Antigonus now controls Asia and the East Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 317 yyee Cassander conquers Athens and Macedon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 317 316 Siege of Pydna. Death of Olympias, mother of Alexander Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 315 312 1ST ANTIGONID WAR All ally against Antigonus and his son Demetrius. Much manoeuvring ensues Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 312 yyee Battle of Gaza Ptolemy defeats Demetrius, but Antigonus restores his position by 311 when peace is made. Antigonus has lost the East Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 311 308 Confused, futile campaigns on all sides Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 307 301 2ND ANTIGONID WAR Antigonus mounts second attempt to reunite Alexander's empire: all ally against him and Demetrius Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 307 yyee Demetius seizes Athens Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 306 yyee Battle of Salamis. Demetrius defeats Ptolemy's fleet. Antigonus and Demetrius assume titles of Joint Kings of the Empire; Ptolemy declares himself king of Egypt Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 304 yyee Battle of Thermopylae. Demetrius defeats Cassander and wins most of Greece and Thessaly Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 302 301 The allies invade Asia Minor and Syria, overwhelming Antigonus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 301 yyee Battle of Ipsus. Seleucus and Lysimachus defeat Antigonus, who is killed. They divide his kingdom and Cassander is recognised as king of Macedon. The war against Demetrius, with various re-alignments of alliance Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 294 yyee Demetrius takes Athens and Macedonia Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 293 yyee Demetrius expands into Thessaly etc. Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 292 yyee Demetrius invades Thrace Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 288 yyee Lysimachus and Pyrrhus of Epirus invade Macedonia Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 283 yyee Death of Demetrius Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 281 yyee Battle of Corupedium. Seleucus defeats Lysimachus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 280 yyee Death of Seleucus Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 279 yyee Gauls raid Macedonia Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 277 yyee Battle of Lysimachia. Antiochus, son of Seleucus defeats the Gauls The rivals are now into a new generation, with established kingdoms: Antigonus II Tonatas (son of Demetrius) rules Macedon; Antiochus, son of Seleucid rules Asia Minor and Mesopotamia (Seleucid Empire), Ftolemy II rules Egypt Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 275 yyee Battle of the Elephants. Antiochus defeats the Galatians Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 274 272 Pyrrhus wars of conquest in Greece/Macedon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 274 yyee Pyrrhus conquers Macedon Mediterranean Diadochian Wars: . . 273 yyee Antigonus Gonatas retakes Macedon Mediterranean War of of . . 267 261 War of of Chremonides between Egypt and Macedon Mediterranean War of of . . 265 261 Siege of Athens by Antigonus Eioriatas Mediterranean War of Eumenes . . 263 261 War of Eumenes (Pergamine breakaway) Mediterranean War of Eumenes . . 263 yyee Battle near Sardis. Antiochus I defeated Mediterranean '2nd Syrian War'. . . 258 255 '2nd Syrian War'. Macedonians and Seleucids v. Egypt Mediterranean '2nd Syrian War'. . . 258 yyee Battle of Cos. Macedon defeats Egyptian fleet. Seleucids take Syria Mediterranean '3rd Syrian War' . . 245 241 '3rd Syrian War' Mediterranean '3rd Syrian War' . . 245 yyee Battle of Andros. Macedon and Rhodes defeat Egypt. Egypt fails to regain Syria Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . yyss yyee War of the Brothers (Seleucus II v. Antiochus Hierax) Battle of Ancyra. Hierax defeats Selucus Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 239 229 Wars of Demetrius II of Macedon Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 233 yyee Battle of Phylacia. Demetrius defeats Achaean League Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 229 222 War of Cleomenes Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 227 yyee Battle of Megalopolis. Cleomenes of Sparta defeats Achaean League Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 222 yyee Battle of Sellasia. Macedon and Achaeans defeat Cleomenes Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 219 yyee '4th Syrian War'. Seleucid Antiochus III attacks Egypt in Syria Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 217 yyee Battle of Raphia. Egyptians defeat Seleucus Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 220 217 Battle of the Allies (Mace don v. Aetolial Sparta) and Philip V of Macedon begins encroachments on Roman theatre Mediterranean War of the Brothers . . 207 yyee Battle of Mantinea. Achaean League defeats Sparta Mediterranean Roman campaign . . 230 228 Roman campaign in Illyria Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 238 179 Wars of Philip Vof Macedon Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 217 205 1st Rome- Macedonian War Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 203 200 Macedonian/Seleucid War against Egypt Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 201 yyee Battle of Lade. Macedon defeats Rhodes' fleet Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 201 yyee Battle of Chios. Macedon defeated by Pergamum Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 200 196 2nd Rome- Macedonian War Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 199 198 Flamininus defeats Philip Mediterranean Wars of Philip Vof . . 197 yyee Battle of ~"Cynoscephalae. Philip defeated 184, 183, 181 Philip's Balkan campaigns Mediterranean Sicily . . yyss yyee Sicily Mediterranean Sicily . . 317 yyee Agathocles wars of conquest Mediterranean Sicily . . 312 yyee Agathocles begins conflict with Carthage Mediterranean Sicily . . 311 yyee Carthage wins Battle of Himera and besieges Syracuse Mediterranean Sicily . . 310 yyee Agathocles besieges Carthage to 307 Mediterranean Sicily . . 302 yyee Agathocles invades southern Italy Mediterranean Rome . . yyss yyee Rome 2nd Samnite Wars continued Mediterranean Rome . . 316 yyee Battle of Lantulae Mediterranean Rome . . 315 yyee Battle of Ciuna Mediterranean Rome . . 309 yyee Battle of Lake Vadimo Mediterranean Rome . . 306 yyee Battle of Mevania Mediterranean Rome . . 305 yyee Rome takes Bovanium Mediterranean Rome . . 304 yyee Peace. Rome annexes Campania Mediterranean Rome . . 298 290 3RD SAMNITE WAR Mediterranean Rome . . 298 yyee Battle of Camerinum Mediterranean Rome . . 295 yyee Battle of Sentinum Mediterranean Rome . . 293 yyee Battle of Aquilonia Mediterranean Rome . . 285 282 ROMAN CONQUEST OF CELTIC ITALY Mediterranean Rome . . 285 yyee Battle of Arretium Mediterranean Rome . . 283 yyee Battle of Lake Vadimo Mediterranean Rome . . 282 yyee Battle of Populonia ends Etruscan resistance Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 281 272 Pyrrhic Wars Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 280 yyee Battle of Heraclea Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 279 yyee Battle of Auschlum Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 275 yyee Battle of Beneventum Mediterranean Pyrrhic Wars . . 272 yyee Blockade and fall of Tarentum. Rome now dominates southern Italy too Mediterranean Last Samnite uprising . . 269 yyee Last Samnite uprising against Rome quashed Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 264 241 1st Punic War Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 262 yyee Rome takes Agrigentum Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 260 yyee Battle of Lipari Is Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 260 yyee Battle of Mylae Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 259 yyee Roman invasion of Corsica, Malta, Sardinia Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 256 yyee Battle of Cape Ecnomus Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 256 yyee Battle of Adys Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 255 yyee Battle of Tunis Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 251 yyee Battle of Panormus I Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 250 yyee Battle of Panormus Il 250/49 Battle of Drepanum Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 242 yyee Rome takes Lilybaeum and Drepanum Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 241 yyee Battle of Aegates Is Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 241 yyee Peace. Carthage gives up Sicily Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 241 237 Mutiny of the Carthaginian army Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 238 yyee Rome seizes Corsica and Sardinia Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 238 229 Carthage conquest of south-eastern Spain to Ebro frontier Mediterranean 1st Punic War . . 219 yyee Carthage captures Saguntum provoking full- scale war with Rome Mediterranean 2nd Punic war . . 218 202 2nd Punic war Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 219 203 HANNIBALS CAMPAIGN IN ITALY Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 218 yyee Hannibal crosses Alps. Battle of Ticinus, Trebbia Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 217 yyee Battle of Lake Trasimene Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 217 yyee Battle of Gerunium Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 216 yyee Battle of Cannae Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 215 yyee Neapolis/Bruttium campaign Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 214 yyee Battle of Beneventum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 213 yyee Hannibal takes Tarentum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 212 211 Siege of Capua Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 212 yyee Battle of Herdonea I Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 210 yyee Battle of Herdonea Il Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 207 yyee Battle of the Metaurus Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 205 yyee Mago takes Genoa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war HANNIBALS . 203 yyee Hannibal returns to Africa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . yyss yyee SPANISH THEATRE Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 218 yyee Battle of Celsa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 217 yyee Battle of Ebro (naval) Battle of Ibera Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 213 yyee Rome.take Saguntum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 211 yyee Battle of Lorqui Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 209 yyee Rome takes-Nota Carthago Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 208 yyee Battle of Baecula Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SPANISH THEATRE . 206 yyee Battle of Ilipa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . yyss yyee SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 218 yyee Carthage attacks -Lilybaeum but is repulsed Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 215 yyee Sardinia revolts against Rome. Battle of Cavales Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 215 212 Sicily campaign. Romans storm Syracuse Mediterranean 2nd Punic war SICILY AND OTHER THEATRES . 210 219 Carthage incursion to Agrigentum Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . yyss yyee AFRICA Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 204 yyee Scipio invades and besieges Utica Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 203 yyee Battle near Utica Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 203 yyee Battle of Great Plains Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 203 yyee Hannibal returns to Africa Mediterranean 2nd Punic war AFRICA . 202 yyee Battle of Zama. Final defeat of Hannibal by Scipio Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe 200-191, 186, 181 Insubre, Boii uprisings in Cisalpine Gaul (sporadic) China . . . yyss yyee China Qin or Ch'in Dynasty China . . . 221 yyee 'The First Emperor' Qin Shi Huang-Ti unites 'civilised' China, improves the Great Wall and institutes great centralising reforms (uniform coinage, writing, canals, roads, etc). [His vast tomb and its defending garrisons of terra-cotta warriors are only now being excavated] China . . . 206 yyee Massive rebellions rock China after death of First Emperor China . . . 206 yyee or 202 Liy-Bang again re-unites China and founds the Han Dynasty, which colonises southern and south-western China, Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia, opening the Silk Road to the West and sea routes to Burma and India Wars of expansion of Han rulers, 206-113: campaigns eliminate Yuen Kingdoms of the south-east coast Mid-2nd century offensive against the Hsiung-Nu Mid-2nd century northern Vietnam occupied China . . . 117 115 Chiang tribes conquered China . . . 117 100 Western expansion China . . . 108 yyee Invasions of China and Indochina 2nd half of 1st century sees beginning of Han decline China . . . 33 yyee Peasant Revolts Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Rome's Macedonian Wars . . yyss yyee Rome's Macedonian Wars Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 215 205 1ST MACEDONIAN- ROMAN WAR Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 214 yyee Philip V seizes Oricum Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 213 yyee Philip invades Illyria Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 212 211 Operations in central Greece Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 207 yyee Battle of Mantinea (Sparta defeated by Achaean Leauge) Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 205 yyee Peace Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 202 yyee Philip campaigns in the Bosporus Mediterranean 1ST MACEDONIAN- . . 201 yyee Battle of Lade Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 200 106 2ND MACEDONIAN- ROMAN WAR Rome invades Epirus Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 199 yyee Battle of Ottalobus Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 197 yyee Battle of Cynoscephalae ('Jena of Macedon') Mediterranean 2ND MACEDONIAN- . . 195 yyee Flamininus campaigns in Greece Persia . . . yyss yyee Persia Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 216 196 Wars of Antiochus the Great (Seleucid King of Syria) Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 216 213 Antiochus' Sardis campaign Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 210 yyee Antiochus regains Armenia Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 202 yyee Antiochus invades Syria Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 200 yyee Battle of Panion and siege of Sidon (-199) Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 199 yyee Antiochus secures all Palestine Persia Wars of Antiochus . . 197 yyee Antiochus conquers south-west coast of Asia Minor and Thrace Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 192 188 ROME'S WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 192 yyee Antiochus invades Greece Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 191 yyee Battle of Thermopylae loses Greece for Antiochus. Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 191 yyee Battle of Cape Corycus Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 190 yyee Rome invades Asia Minor across Hellespont Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 140 yyee Battle of Side Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 190 yyee Battle of Myonnesus Persia ROME'S WAR WITH . . 189 yyee Battle of Magnesia. L. Scipio defeats Antiochus. End of strong Seleucid kingdom Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . yyss yyee Rome in Spain Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 195 133 1st Celtiberian War. First phase to 179 Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 153 151 Renewed war Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 134 133 Numantine War. Final siege and fall of Numantia Mediterranean Rome in Spain . . 154 137 Lusitanian War Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . yyss yyee Cisalpine Gaul Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 197 196 Roman campaigns v. Insubre, Boii, etc Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 193 yyee Roman campaigns v. Insubre, Boii, etc Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 183 177 Roman campaigns in Istria Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 181 177 Sardinian revolt and pacification Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 169 yyee Egyptians invade Palestine v. Antioch IV (Seleucid). Antiochus' counter-invades Egypt Mediterranean Cisalpine Gaul . . 167 yyee Antiochus temporarily controls Egypt and Cyprus Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 171 168 3rd Macedonian War Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 171 yyee Battle of Callicinus Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 168 yyee Battle of Pydna Mediterranean 3rd Macedonian . . 186 yyee Bithynia-Pergamum War Asia Minor . . . yyss yyee Asia Minor Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 167 160 Revolt of the Maccabees (Palestine) Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 165 yyee Battle of Emmaus Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 164 yyee Battle of Beth-Sur Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 162 yyee Battle of Beth- Zachariah Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 160 yyee Battle of Adsa Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 160 yyee Battle of Elasa Asia Minor Revolt of the . . 151 yyee Carthage-Numidian War Rome . . . yyss yyee Rome Rome 3rd Punic War. . . 149 146 3rd Punic War. Carthage city razed to the ground by Rome Rome General . . yyss yyee General Rome General . . 154 yyee Roman campaign v. Ligurians Rome General . . 152 145 Egyptian-Seleucid War in Palestine/Syria Rome General . . 145 yyee Battle of Oenoparas Rome 4th Macedonian . . 149 148 4th Macedonian War (pretender) Rome 4th Macedonian . . 146 yyee End of Achaean League Rome 4th Macedonian . . 146 yyee Battle of Scarpheia. Rome takes control of all Greece Rome 4th Macedonian . . 133 yyee King Attalus bequeaths Pergamum to Rome Rome 4th Macedonian . . 132 130 Pergamine revolt quelled by Rome Rome 1st Servile War . . 135 132 1st Servile War against Rome Rome 1st Servile War . . 129 118 Egyptian Civil War Rome 1st Servile War . . 129 176 Rome conquers Dalmatia Rome 1st Servile War . . 125 120 Rome conquest of southern Gaul (to Cevennes) Rome Jugurthine War . . 117 105 Jugurthine War Rome Jugurthine War . . 111 yyee Roman intervention Rome Jugurthine War . . 110 yyee Battle of Calama Rome Jugurthine War . . 109 yyee Battle of'MuthuI' Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 113 101 Invasion of Gaul and Italy by Cimbri and Teutones Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 113 yyee Battle of Noreia Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 109 yyee Battle in Rhone valley Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 105 yyee Battle of Arausio Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 102 yyee Battle of Aquae Sextiae Rome Invasion of Gaul . . 101 yyee Battle ofVercellae Rome 2nd Servile War 104-101 . . yyss yyee 2nd Servile War 104-101 Rome 2nd Servile War 104-101 . . 103 176 Wars of Alexander Jannaeus Rome Judaean War -96-90 . . 103 yyee Judaean War -96-90 Rome Judaean War -96-90 . . 102 yyee Roman campaign v. Cilician pirates Rome Spain . . yyss yyee Spain Rome Spain . . 9899, 9399, Lusitanian revolts Rome The Social War . . 91 98 The Social War against Rome (War of Rome's allied tribes) Rome The Social War . . 90 yyee Battle of Tolenos R Rome The Social War . . 89 yyee Battle of Fucine Lake Rome The Social War . . 89 yyee Battle of Asculu Rome The Social War . . 89 yyee Battle near Pompeii Rome The Social War . . 89 88 Egyptian Civil War Rome The Social War . . 88 yyee Turmoil in Rome. Sulla marches on Rome Rome The Social War . . 87 yyee Counter-coup of Marius and Cinna in Rome Rome Sullan War . . 83 82 Sullan War Rome Sullan War . . 83 yyee Sulla's return from the East. Battle of Mt Tifata. Sulla victorious Rome Sullan War . . 82 yyee Battle of Sacriportus, Faventia, Clusium, Colline Gate. Sulla victorious over Marians Rome Pompey campaigns . . 82 80 Pompey campaigns against rebels in Africa/Sicily Rome Pompey campaigns . . 81 79 Sulla Dictator Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 88 85 1st Mithridatic War (Pontus v. Rome) Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 88 yyee Mithridates invades Cappadocia Battle of Arnnias River Athens rises against Rome Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 87 yyee Sulla in command of operations in the East Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 87 85 Sulla campaigns in Greece Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86 yyee Battle of Mileopolis. Fimbria defeats Pontic army Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86 yyee Athens retaken by Sulla Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86 yyee Battle of Chaeronea. Sulla defeats Pontic army Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 86 yyee Battle of Cyzicus. Lucullus victorious Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85 yyee Battle of Orchomenus. Sulla defeats Pontic army Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85 yyee Battle of Rhyndacus Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85 yyee Battle of Lectum, Battle of Tenedos Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 85 yyee Sulla crosses to Asia Minor Rome 1st Mithridatic War . . 83 yyee Parthian conquest of Syria Rome Sertorian War . . 83 72 Sertorian War (Spain) (Metellus) Rome Sertorian War . . 77 yyee Pompey joins Metellus in Spain Rome Sertorian War . . 76 yyee Battle of Lauro, Battle of Italica Rome Sertorian War . . 75 yyee Battle of Turia, Battle of Sucro, Battle of Turia 72/3 Sertorius assassinated Rome 2nd Mithridatic War . . 83 82 2nd Mithridatic War (Mithridates repulses Murena) Rome General . . yyss yyee General Rome General . . 77 yyee Revolt of Lepidus Battle of Cosa (then Pompey transfers to Spain) Rome General . . 78 76 Roman campaign v. Cilician pirates Rome General . . 74 yyee Marcus Antonius' campaign v. pirates (fails) Rome 3rd Servile War . . 72 71 3rd Servile War (Revolt of Spartacus) Rome 3rd Servile War . . 72 yyee Battle of Mt Garganus Rome 3rd Servile War . . 72 yyee Battle in Picenum, Battle of Mutina Rome 3rd Servile War . . 71 yyee Crassus and Pompey march on Rome Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 74 62 3rd Mithridatic War Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 74 yyee River battle of Rhyndacus. Mithridates invades Bithynia Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 73 yyee Battle of Lemnos Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 69 yyee Battle of Tigranocerta. Lucullus defeats Pontic army Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 68 yyee Battle of Arsanias River Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 67 yyee Battle of Zela. Mithridates defeats Romans Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 66 yyee Pompey assumes command against Mithridates Rome 3rd Mithridatic War . . 64 62 Pompey campaigns in upper Mesopotamia and Syria and settles Roman affairs in the East Rome General . . yyss yyee General Rome General . . 67 yyee Pompey's campaign v. piracy in the Mediterranean Rome General . . 65 yyee R intervenes in Judaea. Battle of Papyron Rome General . . 63 2 REVOLT OF CATILINA Rome General . . 62 yyee Battle of Pistoria Rome General . . 60 yyee 1st Triumvirate rules Rome (Pompey, Crassus, Caesar) Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58 50 Caesar's Conquest of Gaul Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58 yyee Campaigns against Helvetii and Suebi Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58 yyee Battle of TouIon-sur- Arroux Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 58 yyee Battle near Cernay Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 57 yyee Campaign against Belgae Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 57 yyee Battle of Neuf-Mesnil Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 56 yyee Campaign against maritime tribes of the west Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 56 yyee Battle of Quiberon Bay Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55 yyee Campaigns on northern border of Gaul Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55 yyee 1st invasion of Britain Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 54 yyee 2nd invasion of Britain Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 54 yyee Rebellion of Ambiorix Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 53 yyee Revolt of Ambiorix. Battle of Aduatuca. Ambiorix defeats Sabinus. Campaigns against the Nervii, etc. Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52 yyee Rebellion of Vercingetorix Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52 yyee Battle of Gergovia Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52 yyee Battle of Lutetia Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 52 yyee Siege and battle of Alesia Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 51 yyee Siege of Uxellodunum Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55 yyee Gabinus intervenes in Egyptian succession crisis Rome Caesar's Conquest of . . 55 yyee Parthian succession crisis Rome Parthian campaigu of . . 54 53 Parthian campaigu of Crassus Rome Parthian campaigu of . . 53 yyee Battle of Carrhae. Romans defeated, Crassus killed Rome Roman Civil War . . yyss yyee Roman Civil War Rome Roman Civil War . . 49 yyee Bloodless conquest of Italy by Caesar Rome Roman Civil War . . 49 yyee 1ST SPANISH CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 49 yyee Manoeuvres of Ilerda Rome Roman Civil War . . 49 yyee Siege of Massilia Rome Roman Civil War . . 49 yyee Curio defeated in Africa at Battle of the Bagradas Rome Roman Civil War . . 49 yyee Mutiny of Caesar's army at Placentia Rome Roman Civil War . . 48 yyee DYRRHACHIUM CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 48 yyee Siege of Dyrrhachium Rome Roman Civil War . . 48 yyee Campaign and battle of Pharsalia. Caesar defeats Pompey Rome Roman Civil War . . 48 47 CAESAR'S EGYPTIAN (ALEXANDRIAN) CAMPAIGN. Battle of Nile Delta. Battle of Canopus. Caesar sets Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt Rome Roman Civil War . . 47 yyee Battle of Nicopolis. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates the Great, defeats Caesar's lieutenant Domitius Rome Roman Civil War . . 47 yyee Caesar's Asian campaign. Battle of Zela. Caesar routs Pharnaces Rome Roman Civil War . . 47 yyee Mutiny of troops in Rome Rome Roman Civil War . . 47 46 CAESAR'S AFRICAN CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 46 yyee Battles of Ruspina and Thapsus. Caesar defeats Pompey's associates Rome Roman Civil War . . 46 45 CAESAR'S 2ND SPANISH CAMPAIGN Rome Roman Civil War . . 45 yyee Battle of Munda Rome Roman Civil War . . 44 yyee Assassination of Julius Caesar Rome Wars of the 2nd . . yyss yyee Wars of the 2nd Triumvirate Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 43 yyee Mutina war. Battle of Mutina Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 43 yyee 2nd Triumvirate rules Rome (Antony, Octavian, Lepidus) Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 42 yyee Philippi Campaign Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 42 yyee Battles of Philippi. Antony and Octavian defeat Brutus, Cassius and the other associates of Caesar Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 40 yyee Parthia conquest of Syria, southern Asia Minor Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 41 40 War of Perusia. Siege of Peru si a Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 43 35 SEXTUS POMPEY'S WAR Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 36 yyee Battle of Mylae Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 36 yyee Battle of Naulochus Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 39 33 ANTONY'S PARTHIAN WAR Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 38 yyee Battle of Gindarus Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 36 yyee Antony's Parthian invasion fails Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 34 yyee Antony's Armenian campaign Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 35 33 Octavian's Illyrian Campaign Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 32 31 WAR BETWEEN ANTONY (WITH CLEOPATRA) AND OCTAVIAN Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 31 yyee Battle of Actium. Antony and Egyptians defeated. Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 25 24 Gallus's Arabian Expedition Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 26 24 Augustus' conquest of north-west Iberia Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 26 yyee Battle of Vellica Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 30 28 Roman frontier operations in the Balkans Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 25 24 Gallus's Arabian expedition Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 17 14 Roman operations in Rhine-Danube area Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 14 yyee Agrippa intervenes in Bosporan kingdom Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 12 yyee German campaigns begin Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 12 9 Campaigns of Drusus Rome Wars of the 2nd . . 8 yyee Tiberius takes command in Germany > BC to AD transition China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 9 23 Wang Mang usurps throne; 23 restoration of the Han Meanwhile the external menace of the Hsiung-nu begins to become major threat Late 1st century Emperor Wu-ti launches a drive against the Hsiung-nu west into central Asia China . . . 25 yyee Eastern Han Court factionalism weakens central authority by c.160; regional commanders become autonomous China . . . 184 yyee Mass uprising - the 'Yellow Turbans' China . . . 220 yyee Hsien-ti, the last Han emperor, abdicates and China splits into three kingdoms: Wei (North), which becomes Western Ch'in; Shu (West); Wu (South) China . . . 263 yyee Wei conquer Shu China . . . 265 yyee Ssuma coup in Wei Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 4 yyee Armenian succession crisis Middle East . . . 5 6 Gaetrilian Revolt in Mauretania Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . yyss yyee Europe: Wars of Imperial Rome Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 6 9 Pannonian revolt put down by Tiberius Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 7 yyee Battle of Volcaean Marsh. Tiberius, ambushed, defeats the rebels Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 9 yyee Revolt in the newly won area of Germany by Arminius. Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 9 yyee Battle of the Teutoburger Wald (or Clades Variana). A great disaster for Rome: P. Quintillius Varus is defeated with the loss of some 20,000 men. Effectively, this means the end of Roman plans to expand to the Elbe. Subsequent campaigns are raids rather than attempts at conquest Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 14 16 Revolt of German legions. Germanicus quells then campaigns into Germany Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 16 yyee Battle of Idistaviso. Germanicus worsts Arminius. He is then deployed to the East, but dies, possibly poisoned, at Antioch Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 17 24 Revolt of Nurnidian chief Tacfarinus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 22 yyee Battle of Thala Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 21 yyee Gallic Revolt of Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 25 yyee Thracian Revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 28 41 Frisian Revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 35 52 Armenian succession operations Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 40 49 Conquest of Britain begun. After an aborted invasion in 40, Aulus Plautius leads a full-scale expedition in 43. By 49 the Romans have reached the Severn and the Wash. After the defeat of Caractacus, operations remain low- key until 61 Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 35 52 Armenian succession operations I 61 Revolt of the Iceni in Britain. Boudicca of the Iceni takes Camulodunum and Lincoln before Suetonius Paulinus defeats her near Lichfield Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 66 68 Judaean revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 70 73 Siege of Massada Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 68 yyee Revolt of Julius Vindex (suppressed), precursor to the major revolt against Emperor Nero, who kills himself when the Praetorian Guard support the usurper Galba Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69 70 ROMAN WAR OF SUCCESSION Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69 yyee Year of the Four Emperors. A successton of coups raise Otho, then Vitellius to the throne Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69 yyee Battle of Locus Castorum. Otho's ally Caecina fails to defeat the Vitellians Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69 yyee First Battle of Bedriacum (Cremona). Vitellius vanquishes Otho Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 69 yyee Second Battle of Bedriacum. Vespasian's legions defeat Vitellius Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 71 74 Brigantine War in Britain results in the advance of the Roman frontier farther north Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 72 yyee Upper Euphrates campaign stabilises frontier for half a century Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 73 74 'Basel re-entrant' annexed in Germany Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 78 84 Cn Julius Agricola campaigns in Scotland, but the Romans are now over-extended Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 84 yyee Battle of Mons Graupius. Agricola defeats Picts Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 89 yyee Revolt of Saturninus in Germany Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 97 98 Suebian War WARS OF HADRIAN Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 101 102 First Dacian War. Trajan invades and wins at Tapae (101), but severe losses and difficult terrain slow the Roman advance Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 102 yyee First Battle of Sarmizegethusa (Dacian capital) defeats Dacian King Decebalus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 105 106 Second Dacian War. Trajan's major offensive conquers Dacia completely Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 106 yyee Second Battle of Sarmizegethusa. The Roman province of Dacia is established Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 113 116 Trajan's conquest of Parthia and Armenia Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 115 117 Revolts in Cyrenaica, Egypt and Palestine Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 116 117 Mesopotamian revolt 122/3-c.128 Hadrian's Wall built in Britain; it will become Rome's northern frontier Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 132 135 Bar Kochba revolt in Palestine Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 134 yyee Recapture of Jerusalem Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 139 142 Brigantine Revolt in Britain and operations Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 155, 158. Lollius Urbicus builds the Antonine Wall between the Clyde and the Forth Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 145 152 Mauretanian disturbances Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 152 153 Egyptian rising Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 161 yyee Parthian War Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 157 158 Dacian operations Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 5167, 5172 and after Danube security operations. Pressure from Germanic tribes including Chatti, Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges, Roxolani, etc., provoke Roman trans- Danube punitive raids. The scale of imperial commitment to the northern frontiers increases dramatically. After two centuries of relative stability and peace, the Roman Empire is approaching a period of crisis within and without Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 175 176 Revolt of Aridius Cassius in Syria Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 184 yyee Antonine Wall overrun 18'4-186 Mutiny oflegions in Britain Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 190 yyee African revolt Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 192 197 Emperor Commodus assassinated. Rivals for the throne are eliminated by L. Septimius Severus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 193 yyee Battle of Cyzicus 194-195197-199 Septimius Severus's Parthian campaigns Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 194 yyee Battle of Issus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 195 197 Revolt of Albinus Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 197 yyee Battle of Lugdunum (Lyons); city destroyed, as Albinus is defeated by Severans Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 209 yyee Major expedition to Moray Firth in Scotland led by Septimius Severus. Hadrian's Wall renovated to become new frontier in Britain Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 213 214 Alemanni campaign of Caracalla. Defensive limes completed in Rhine- Danube re-entrant Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 214 yyee Theocritus's Armenian campaign Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 215 yyee Caracalla's Alexandrian Massacres Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 216 217 Caracalla's Eastern Campaign Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 216 yyee Battle of Nisibis Europe: Wars of Imperial . . . 218 yyee Battle of Antioch Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 227 yyee Ardashir Artaxerxes establishes Sassanid Empire India . . . yyss yyee India Yueh-chi Chief Kujula Kadphises conquers northern India After 100, Zenith of Kusnana under Kanishka 2nd century, Satarahanas (Deccan) Early 3rd century Pandya King Nedunjeliyan wins major victory over Ceras By about 250 Kushans reduced to Gandhara and Kashmir and become vassals of Sassanid Persia China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 280 yyee China reunified by Western Ch'in 'Wars of the Eight Princes' - internal dynastic conflicts wreck the authority of the central administration 'The Sixteen Kingdoms' or 'The Five Barbarians' disruption of China'. Some five barbarian groups conquer China Near-permanent warfare exists between the states of northern China and many refugees nee south from the northern barbarian invaders China . . . 383 yyee Chien Ch'in invades south but is repulsed South China Dynasties Eastern Ch'in; Song; Qi; Liang; Chen End of the 6th century Yang Chien conquers the south and reunites China, founding the Sui dynasty Rome . . . yyss yyee Rome Crisis of the Roman Empire After the assassination of Caracalla (217), a succession of emperors are raised to the throne by their legions, only to be assassinated, overthrown by a rival or even by their own troops. Records of this period are poor but point to almost constant warfare within the empire and with the tribes north of the Rhine and Danube, together with continuing conflict in the East. Many battles are fought during this period, but they are rarely named, and details are few. Alemanni and Goths are the principal enemies in Europe. The strain on manpower and the economic resources of the empire is immense. And plague hits Rome in Rome . . . 262. yyee Rome . . . 231 233 Severus Alexander's Eastern campaign Rome . . . 234 235 Alemanni War Rome . . . 236 237 Sarmatian{Dacian campaigns Rome . . . 238 yyee War with Sassanias Rome . . . 240 yyee Carthage rebellion Rome . . . 244 yyee Balkan trans-Danube tribal invasions Rome . . . 251 yyee Battle of Abritus. Emperor Decius perishes fighting the Goths Rome . . . 251 yyee Battle of Forum Trebroni Rome . . . 253 260 Rome-Persian War Rome . . . 259 yyee Battle of Edessa Rome . . . 260 yyee Emperor Valentinian made prisoner by Persians Rome . . . 256 yyee Saxons raid British coasts 258/9 Alemanni break into northern Italy where they are repulsed by Gallienus Rome . . . 269 yyee Battle of Naissus. Claudius defeats the Goths Rome . . . 260 yyee -274/5 'Postumus's Gallic Empire'. C. Latinius Postumus proclaims himself emperor at Cologne. Gaul is recovered in 275 after Battle of Campi Catalaunii by Emperor Aurelian ('Restitutor Orbis', reuniting the Empire); but he is assassinated in 275. During his reign, construction begins on the walls of Rome, which has not been necessary since Republican times Rome . . . 262 267 Odaenathus of Palmyra's campaigns v. Persia Rome . . . 273 yyee Palmyra destroyed Rome . . . 282 283 Carus invades Mesopotamia Persians occupy much of the East during Roman strife Rome . . . 285 yyee Battle of Margus (against rival Carinus) establishes Diocletian as emperor who will 're- found' the empire Rome . . . 286 293 Carausius declares independence in Britain and northern Gaul but is assassinated by Allectus Rome . . . 293 yyee THE TETRARCHY - The Collegiate Emperors. Diocletian splits the running of the empire between two emperors with deputies/designated successors. The aim is continuity and increased efficiency in fighting off the incursions of barbarians from across the Rhine and Danube. The frontier is too long for one man to command it. And the capital, Rome, is no longer a strategic base for such operations Rome . . . 295 298 Crisis - Narses of Persia at war; Achillus in Egypt; Julianus and Quinquegentanei in Africa; Carausius in Britain; plus warfare on Rhine and Danube fronts Rome . . . 296 yyee Battle of Clausentum. Tetrarch Constantius recovers Britain for Rome Rome . . . 297 yyee Battle of Carrhae - Persians defeat Galerius 297/8 Battle of Langres - great victory over Alemanni Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 306 yyee -323/4 Wars of the Tetrarchs Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 312 yyee Constantine takes Italy from Maxentius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 312 yyee Battles of Turin, Verona, Saxa Rubra. Constantine defeats the troops of Maxentius_ Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 312 yyee Battle of Milvian Bridge. Maxentius is killed. Constantine is converted to Christianity during the campaign and in future wears the sign of the labarum on his army's shields Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 313 yyee Licinius defeats Maximin Daia Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 313 yyee Constantine campaigns on Rhine Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 314 yyee First War between Constantine and Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 315 yyee Battle of Cibalis. Constantine defeats Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 315 yyee Battle of Mardis is indecisive 323/324 War between Constantine and Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 323 yyee Battle of Philippopolis-Adrianople. Constantine outmanoeuvres Licinius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 323 yyee Battle of Chrysopolis. Licinius is defeated, surrenders and is later executed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 328 yyee Constantine consecrates his new capital Constantinople (formerly Byzantium); the city has been under reconstruction as the imperial capital for four years. Strategically it will be better placed than Rome to meet the threats to the empire from the north and from the east. Gradually the Roman Empire will become more permanently divided into West and East, but while the West will succumb in a century and a half to the barbarians from across the Rhine and Danube, Constantinople, as capital of the 'Byzantine' Empire, will remain the bastion of the empire, now officially a Christian state, for more than 1100 years. Traditionally historians have seen this development as ushering in the Middle Ages Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 332 yyee Constantine's son, Constantine, fights Goths on the Danube and inflicts a significant defeat on them Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 340 yyee Constantine II invades Italy after disputes with his brothers Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 340 yyee Battle of Aquileia. Constantine II defeated and killed by Constans 341;342 Constans defeats Gauls Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 350 353 War against Magnetius. 351 Battle of Mursa. Constantius defeats barbarian usurper Magnetius, the first major triumph of cataphract armoured cavalry over infantry legions Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 354 yyee Gallic crisis. Major incursions of barbarian tribes; from 364 constant operations on the Rhine- Danube frontier Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 356 361 Rhine-Danube operations Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 356 359 Julian (the Apostate),s Rhineland campaigns Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 361 yyee Julian's War with Constantius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 358 361 Persian War Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 363 yyee Julian's campaign in East. Jovian signs '30 Year Peace' 368/9-370371-377 Valens' Armenian operations in Crisis East 370s Huns attack the Ostrogothic kingdom. Increasingly, the advance of the Huns from the steppe into eastern Europe is putting pressure on the tribes to their south and west; in turn, these tribes increase their attempts to cross the perimeter of the Roman Empire, seeking land in which to settle. And the frontier regions of the empire are becoming depopulated as a result of constant raids and depradations Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 376 382 GOTHIC WAR Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 378 yyee Battle of Adrianople. One of the great decisive battles of history. The Huns defeat the Romans and the Emperor of the East, Valens, is killed. The Huns achieve their breakthrough into the empire. It is the beginning of the end of empire in the west. Fritigern leads the Goths into Thrace and Greece. That this disaster on the battlefield is not immediately fatal to the empire is due to Theodosius the Great (379-395), who restores order in the empire. But the writing is on the wall Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 383 388 Revolt of Maximus Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 392 394 Revolt of Eugenius. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 394 yyee Battle of the Frigidus, near Aquileia. Theodosius defeats Eugenius, who is killed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 395 yyee Huns invade Cappadeonia, Armenia, Thrace and Syria Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 395 yyee The division between Eastern and Western Empires becomes permanent. After the death of Theodosius, the decline of the empire becomes steeper. His heirs are not up to the task of maintaining the empire and increasingly delegate the running of affairs to their chief ministers while isolating themselves from the realities of the world in Ravenna. In the West, a succession of Masters of Horse (commanders-in- chief of the armies) are left to decide policy. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 395 398 Alaric the Goth's campaign in Greece. Stilicho, Western Emperor Honorius's Master of Horse, cannot prevent the Goths, under Alaric, going where they please: Greece, Illyricum and then into Italy. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 399 yyee Revolt of Tribigild Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 400 yyee Revolt of Gildo Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 400 yyee Goth uprising Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 401 403 Alaric the Goth's first invasion of Italy Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 402 yyee Battle of Poll entia. Stilicho defeats the Goths, but not decisively Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 405 yyee Barbarian crossing of the Alps repulsed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 406 407 Great barbarian breakthrough into Gau!. At the end of December Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 406 yyee barbarian hordes cross the frozen Rhine at Mainz. There is no Imperial army to halt them. This is the second great break-in. From here, the tribes pour into Gaul Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 407 yyee Revolt of Constantinus in Britain. He invades Gaul, which is meanwhile being devastated by Vandal tribes progressing south Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 407 410 Alaric's second invasion of Italy. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 410 yyee sack of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 408 yyee Huns are active on the lower Danube Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 409 411 Revolt of Maximus Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 412 418 The Visigoths leave Italy and enter Gaul and the Iberian peninsula Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 413 yyee Revolt of Heraclian The Goths establish themselves in southern Gaul with sporadic footholds in northern Spain. There is almost constant warfare with other barbarian tribes and the Romans Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 422 yyee Huns raid Thrace Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 424 425 On the death of the Western Emperor Honorius in 423, Theodosius II of the Eastern Empire sends an army to place Valentinian HI (aged 4) on the Western throne. Aetius (390-454) is meanwhile Master of Horse, making use of barbarian mercenaries (including Huns) to maintain some sort of Imperial authority in the West 430s Led by Clodion, the Franks advance to the Somme 434/5 The Huns, raiding into Thrace, demand payment with menace from Constantinople Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 435 437 Aetius repulses Burgundian invasion of Upper Belgica 441-443,447-448 Attila leads the great confederation of Huns against 90nstantinople, laying waste the land and taking away vast booty. In the field they are all but invincible, but they lack the ability to assault or lay siege to major cities Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 451 yyee The Huns invade Gau!. Battle of Catalaunian Plains, or Cnalons. Aetius, with a mixed Roman army that includes a significant Visigoth element under their king, Theodoric defeats or holds the Huns, who retreat. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 452 yyee Attila invades Italy. With help, the Huns reduce and destroy the great city of Aquileia, but venture little farther south, ostensibly due to the intervention of the Pope, Leo, more plausibly because fodder for the Hun horses is in short supply and plague has broken out in Italy. This is the last great incursion by the Huns Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 453 yyee Attila dies; his empire does not long survive him Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 429 yyee Vandals enter Africa Vandals raid Mediterranean coasts Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 439 yyee Persian invasion of Armenia Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 440 441 Great expedition v. Vandals fails Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 455 yyee Vandal expedition sacks Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456 yyee Vandal invasion of Sicily repulsed by Ricimer Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 468 yyee Great expedition against the Vandals fails Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 454 yyee Visigoths attack the Bagaudae in north-west Gaul on behalf of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 455 yyee Battle of Nedao (location unknown). Breakup of the Hun empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 455 456 Usurpation of Avitus Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456 yyee Visigoths enter the Iberian peninsula in force Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456 yyee Battle of River Urbicus shatters the power of the Suebi tribes who have settled there Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 458 461 Emperor Majorian leads an expedition to Spain By 464 The Visigoths (capital Toulouse) have advanced their domain north to Loire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 466 484 Reign of Euric, founder of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain (which will last Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 456 465 revolt of Aegidius in Gaul, which is a battleground between Franks moving south, Burgundians in the east, Visigoths in the south and Bretons in the north- west Britain, meanwhile, cut off from Rome by these barbarian powers, is now deemed lost to the empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 468 yyee and 472-3 The Visigoths conquer much of Spain Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 472 476 Anarchy in Italy, following the death of Ricirner (Master of Horse), who has made and unmade a series of unworthy emperors Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 475 yyee Odovacar (Odoacer) leads an army revolt. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 476 yyee End of Western Empire with enforced abdication of the young Emperor Romulus Augustulus. Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 476 493 Odovacar rules Italy, nominally for the empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 475 477 Eastern Emperor Zeno deposed and returns to power Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 476 yyee Euric's Italian expedition repulsed Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 481 511 Wars of Clovis expand the kingdom of the Franks Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 486 yyee Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 491 yyee Frank campaign against the Thuringians Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 500 yyee Campaign against the Burgundians Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 507 yyee Battle or voume. Clovis defeats Alaric and conquers all southern Gaul except Provence Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 523 yyee Campaign against the Burgundians Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 542 yyee Expeditions to Saragossa Ongoing campaigns for Septirnania (Provence) between Franks, Burgundians and Ostrogoths Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 488 yyee Ostrogoths. Led by Theodoric the Great, invade Italy 'on behalf of' the Eastern Empire to reclaim it from Odovacar. After much campaigning, the two leaders meet and Theodoric treacherously slays Odovacar. Theodoric (493-526) will be a major player in international diplomacy and rule nominally within the ambit of the Byzantine Empire Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 527 565 Justinian rules the Byzantine Empire and sets out to recover the West. His generals - especially Belisarius - are initially successful, but the enterprise places great strain on the empire's resources and cannot be sustained in the longer term Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 535 555 Byzantine conquest of Italy, bringing an end to the Ostrogothic Kingdom, but beginning a long period of turmoil and conflict in the peninsula Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 537 yyee Battle of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 541 yyee Battle of Faenza Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 546 yyee Battle of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 549 yyee Battle of Rome Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 552 yyee Battle of Tagina Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 553 yyee Battle of Mons Lactarius Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 554 yyee Battle of Casilinum 520s-560s Sporadic conflicts between Slavs, Bulgars and Huns and Byzantium Rome -323/4 Wars of the . . 533 yyee Battle of Ad Decimum. Bellisarius destroys Vandal Kingdom in North Africa India . . . yyss yyee India Mid 4th century Samudragupta and son Chandragupta II campaign and found Gupta Empire End of 5th century Hun incursions into northern India; after 500 the White Huns establish power in northern India until they are gradually expelled during the 6th century India . . . 510 yyee Battle of Airikina. Hun victory India . . . 511 yyee Huns sack Prayaya India . . . 3 yyee major dynasties emerge. Pushyabhutis of Kanauj, Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanci India . . . 600 630 Establishment of Pallava power by Mahendravarman I India . . . 608 642 Establishment of Chalukya power by Pulakeshin II India . . . 620 yyee Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha After 647 breakup of Kanavj Empire into small Rajput states China . . . yyss yyee China Assassination of Emperor Uang-ti leads to establishment of T'ang dynaty and ten years of Civil War China . . . 626 640 Chinese expansion into Central Asia and (temporarily) Korea China . . . 660 yyee destruction of Paekche state in Korea Autonomous military districts established to protect China's frontiers By 660s Chinese armies have penetrated India, the Tarim Basin, etc. China . . . 668 yyee destruction of Korean state of Koguryo and occupation of northern Korea until 676 withdrawal leaving Silla state in control China . . . 751 yyee Battle of Talas River. Muslims defeat Chinese China . . . 755 yyee Mutiny of An Lu-shan leads to weakening of the T'ang state and eventual descent into turmoil with large-scale peasant uprisings China . . . 763 783 Tibet takes Tarim Basin after withdrawal of Chinese garrisons China . . . 790 yyee Tufan Kingdom conquers China's Western provinces By about 900, final collapse of central authority, China splits into ten states with five short- lived dynasties 'Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms' Period Coup d'etat ends the last (later Chou) dynasty China . . . 960 yyee Northern Sung Dynasty China . . . 963 979 Sung re-unite much of China China . . . 979 1004 China-Liao border War China . . . 982 1126 China and Hsi- Hsia border wars China . . . 1125 1127 Northern tribes conquer northern China and establish Ch'in Empire By 1127 Sung control reduced to southern half of China: Southern Sung Empire China . . . 600 yyee Unification and expansion of Tibet Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanci China . . . 600 630 Establishment of Pallava power by Mahendravarman I China . . . 608 642 Establishment of Chalukya power by Pulakeshin II China . . . 620 yyee Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha After 647 breakup of Kanavj Empire into small Rajput states Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Mid-5th century Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain. Semi-legendary leaders Hengist and Horsa fight for the British king Vortigern against the Picts between 446 and 454; Hengis then establishes Jutish kingdom in Kent Britain . . . 480 500 Battle of Mount Badon (Mons Badiconus) victory over the invaders by legendary Arthur491 Sack of Pevensey by Aelle (first bretwalda, or hegemon) Resistance to invaders led by 'Aureius Ambrosius' Britain . . . 552 yyee Battle of Old Sarum. Cynric of the Gewissae defeats Britons Britain . . . 577 yyee Battle of Deorham. Ceawlin of the Gewissae defeats three British kings and extends nascent Wessex to the Severn Kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia form Northumbria, which gains supremacy. Edwin of Northumbria is 5th bretwalda and adopts Christianity Britain . . . 633 yyee Battle of Heathfield. Penda of Mercia and C'"adwallon of Gwynedd defeat and kill Edwin Britain . . . 634 yyee Battle of Heavenfield. Bretwalda Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon Britain . . . 642 yyee Battle of Oswestry/ Maserfield. Oswald defeated by Penda Britain . . . 655 yyee Battle of Winwaedsfield. Christian Oswy of Northumbria defeats and kills heathen Penda and becomes bretwalda. Britain . . . 661 yyee Mercia defeats West Saxons Britain . . . 675 704 Aethelred of Mercia defeats Northumbria decisively near the Trent. Northumbria declines Mercia reaches zenith under Aethenbald (716- 57) and Offa (757-96), latter styling himself King of all England. He builds defensive 'Offa's Dyke' from Dee to Wye, probably to prevent cattle raids. Mercia declines after Offa. Rise of We ss ex Byzantine Empire . . . yyss yyee Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire . . . 602 yyee Byzantine mutiny and anarchy - Civil War. Ongoing campaigns against Avar incursions Byzantine Empire . . . 603 yyee Revolt of Narsus. Persians involved in Edessa-Dara operations Byzantine Empire . . . 605 628 Byzantine- Sassanid War Byzantine Empire . . . 608 610 Revolt of Heraclius; becomes emperor 610-641 Byzantine Empire . . . 613 yyee Battle of Antioch Byzantine Empire . . . 626 yyee Constantinople besieged by Avars, Bulgars, Slavs, Gepids and Persians 627/8 Battle of Ctesiphon Wars of the Franks . . . yyss yyee Wars of the Franks Wars of the Franks . . . 575 yyee Inter-family strife among the Merovingians - a procession of minors (rois traineants). These internecine contlicts in the Frankish kingdoms lead to the rise of the Mayors who come to hold effective power Wars of the Franks . . . 670 yyee Ebroin, Mayor of Neustria conquers Burgundians Wars of the Franks . . . 687 yyee Battle of Tertry. Pepin II, Mayor of Austrasia, defeats Berthar, Mayor of Neustria. He is assassinated in 68!. Effective fall of Merovingians and beginning of the Carolingian rulers of the Franks. Pepin becomes undisputed master of all Gaul except Aquitaine. The Merovingians remain puppets Wars of the Franks . . . 719 741 Charles MarteL He defeats Austrasians in two battles: Wars of the Franks . . . 716 yyee Battle of Ambleve. Wars of the Franks . . . 719 yyee Battle of Vi nay. Wars of the Franks . . . 719 yyee Battle of Soissons. He masters Burgundy Wars of the Franks . . . 720 739 Arab invasion of France Wars of the Franks . . . 720 yyee Arabs seize Septirnania Wars of the Franks . . . 732 yyee Tours or Poitiers (location unknown). Abd ar-Rahman defeated and killed by Charles Wars of the Franks . . . 737 yyee Charles takes Avignon from the Muslims Wars of the Franks . . . 738 yyee Charles's Saxon expedition Wars of the Franks . . . 739 yyee Charles repulses Muslim attack on Provence Charles also campaigns against Aquitaine and Alemans Wars of the Lombards . . . yyss yyee Wars of the Lombards Wars of the Lombards . . . 663 yyee Byzantine expedition of Emperor Constans to Italy fails to expel the Lombards Wars of the Lombards . . . 678 681 Treaty and peace between Lombards and Byzantium Wars of the Lombards . . . 700 712 Lombard succession contlicts Wars of the Lombards . . . 712 744 Liutprand King of the Lombards consolidated Lombard power in Italy Wars of the Lombards . . . 751 yyee Lombards take Ravenna, Byzantine capital in Italy Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East 630s-650s MUSLIM WARS OF CONQUEST Muslim armies erupt from Arabia Middle East . . . 636 yyee Battle of Yarmouk Middle East . . . 637 yyee Battle of Qadisiya Middle East . . . 640 yyee Conquest of Egypt and Syria Middle East . . . 642 yyee Battle of Nahavend Middle East . . . 650 yyee Muslims take Persepolis Middle East . . . 651 yyee Battle of Merv: Muslim conquest of Persia; end of Sassanid Empire Muslim Civil War Middle East . . . 657 yyee Battle of Camel Battle of Basra Battle of Siffiu Muslim sea-borne campaigns against Byzantium Middle East . . . 661 750 Umayyad Caliphate Middle East . . . 674 678 Constantinople besieged by Muslims 690s-700s Muslim conquests Middle East . . . 698 yyee take Carthage Middle East . . . 702 yyee Muslims conquer Berbers Middle East . . . 718 718 Constantinople beseiged by Muslims Middle East . . . 747 750 Muslim Civil War Middle East . . . 750 yyee Battle of the Zab. Abbasid Caliphate replaces Umayyads Middle East . . . 755 772 Berber revolt in North Africa Middle East . . . 763 yyee construction of Baghdad Byzantines recover Thrace from Slavs Middle East . . . 776 yyee to 843 Byzantium internal contlict over iconoclasm Middle East . . . 798 yyee Muslims take Ibiza Middle East . . . 811 819 Abbasid Civil War Middle East . . . 825 yyee or 823 Crete captured Middle East . . . 827 832 Muslim Aghlabids begin conquest of Sicily (achieved by 902) Middle East . . . 830 838 Abbasid-Byzantine War India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 704 715 Muslims take Transoxania, Khwarazim and Tashkent India . . . 712 713 Muslim invasion of Sind Arab conquest of Indus area to 745 India . . . 740 yyee Chalkyas defeat Pallavas India . . . 750 yyee Gopal founds Pala dynasty. From 750s to India . . . 950 yyee Rashtrakutas constitute the main power in India India . . . 757 yyee or 752-6 Rebellion of Rashtrakutas/defeat Chalukyas India . . . .840 yyee Rise of Pratinaras (King Bhoja) India . . . 840 yyee Collapse of central authority in Tibet Wars of the Visigoths in . . . yyss yyee Wars of the Visigoths in Spain Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 610 612 King Witteric fights Vas cons and Byzantines Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 629 yyee last Byzantine possessions (Algarve) taken. Visigoths now rule almost all Iberian peninsula Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 631 yyee Franks invade as far as Saragossa Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 653 yyee rebellion of nobles quashed by King Receswinth (649-672) Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 672 680 King Wamba constantly at war against Vascons, rebels in Septimania and invasions from the Muslims Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 680 yyee Wamba deposed. Erwig succeeds (to 678) Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 708 yyee Muslim invasion of Iberian coast repulsed by KingWitiza Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 709 yyee Revolutions lead to reign of last Visigoth king: Roderick (Ruderico) Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 709, 710 Muslim invasions Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 711 yyee Tarik of Mauretania leads Muslim invasion of Iberian peninsula; takes Gibraltar, Algeciras Wars of the Visigoths in . . . 19Jul711 yyee Battle of La Jauda. Muslims defeat Roderick and take Seville, Ecija, Cordoba, Toledo. Musa brings Muslim reinforcements Wars of the Visigoths in . . . Sep713 yyee Battle of Segoyuela. Final defeat of King Roderick. End of the Visigothic Kingdom. At Toledo, Musa proclaims the Caliph sovereign. Balkans . . . yyss yyee Balkans Khazaks expand to Crimea, Ukraine and Caucasus Balkans . . . 679 680 Bulgars conquer areas of Danube Franks . . . yyss yyee Franks Franks . . . 751 768 Pepin ('the Short') King of the Franks By early 750s Saracens driven out of France Franks . . . 753 yyee Saxon campaigns Franks . . . 754 yyee Pep in invades Italy to aid the Pope against the Lombards, the Byzantines failing him and he having to take refuge with the Franks. Pope annoints Pepin King of the Franks and 'Patrician of the Romans' At Pavia, Aistulf of the Lombards surrenders but subsequently reneges on agreements. By 755/6 he is at the gates of Rome again Franks . . . 756 yyee Pepin invades Italy again; same result Franks . . . 759 yyee Saxon campaign Franks . . . 759 yyee Franks take Narbonne Franks . . . 760 768 Conquest of Acquitaine, not fully absorbed into Frankia Charlemagne . . . 768 814 Charlemagne Charlemagne . . . 771 yyee Charlemagne unites the Frankish realms. Begins wars of conquest in Italy, Pyrenees, Bavaria against the Avars, and into north/north-east Germany against Saxons, Slavs and Danes Charlemagne's Italian campaigns Charlemagne . . . 773 774 Charles invades Italy and besieges Pavia. 774 King Desiderius is made prisoner; thus Charlemagne destroys Lombard Kingdom. Subsequent operations in Italy and Istria (790) Charlemagne . . . 805 yyee Venetia and Dalmatia conquered Charlemagne's Spanish campaigns Charlemagne . . . 778 yyee Franks cross into Spain and take Pamplona. A raid rather than conquest. Charlemagne . . . 778 yyee Roncesvalles reverse as the armies retire Charlemagne . . . 785 yyee Gerona voluntarily joins Frankish rule Charlemagne . . . 793 yyee Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, invades, taking Gerona and penetrating to Narbonne and Carcassonne Frank reponse leads to establishment of Spanish march by 795 Charlemagne . . . 799 yyee Balearic Islands place themselves under Frankish rule Charlemagne . . . 801 yyee Franks take Barcelona Charlemagne . . . 806 yyee Franks take Pamplona and Novara Charlemagne . . . 811 yyee Franks take Tortosa Charlemagne's Eastern campaigns Charlemagne . . . 787 796 Franks conquer Bavaria and the Avars - destruction of Avar state Charlemagne . . . 803 yyee (main Avar ring taken 795). Practically annual campaigns. Depopulation results from the continual campaigning Charlemagne . . . 772 785 Saxon campaigns. Annual campaigns, bitter and hard Charlemagne . . . 779 yyee Suntel Hill smashes Saxon rising (4500 Saxons beheaded in a day as punishment) Subsequent risings, deportations, etc. over some thirty years Charlemagne . . . 808 810 Confrontation with Danes Charlemagne . . . 782 yyee Sorbs attack Thuringia; 806 conquered by Charlemagne's son Charles Charlemagne . . . 800 yyee Christmas Day, Charle- magne crowned 'Emperor of the Romans' in Rome Charlemagne . . . 843 yyee Empire divided. Temporarily reunited 885 887/8 Final disintegration of Carolingian Empire to become kingdoms of France, Italy and Germany Balkans / Byzantium . . . yyss yyee Balkans / Byzantium Balkans / Byzantium . . . 803 yyee Krum unites Bulgars Balkans / Byzantium . . . 811 yyee Krum defeats Nicephorus at Edirne (Adrianopolis) Ongoing Bulgar Wars Balkans / Byzantium . . . 805 yyee Venetia, Dalmatia and Corsica conquered Nicephorus I reconquers Greece Balkans / Byzantium . . . 893 927 Tsar Symeon: zenith of Bulgarian Empire Japan . . . yyss yyee Japan Japan . . . 740 yyee Battle of Itabitsu Japan . . . 764 yyee Battle of Miohosaki Japan . . . 989 yyee Conflict between Kyoto and Nara Japan . . . 1051 1063 Early Nine Years War Japan . . . 1086 1089 Later Three Years War Japan . . . 1146 yyee Battle of Kyoto Japan . . . 1156 yyee and 1160 Japanese succession wars Japan . . . 1180 1185 Gempei Wars Japan . . . 1185 yyee Battle of Dan No Ura Japan . . . 1331 1333 Jojo regency overthrown Japan . . . 1333 1392 Nanbokucho Wars between northern and , southern courts Scandinavia . . . yyss yyee Scandinavia Scandinavia . . . 808 810 Danish War Scandinavia . . . 895 yyee Battle of Hafsfjord. Harald Finehair unites southern Norway Spain: Emirate of Cordoba . . . yyss yyee Spain: Emirate of Cordoba 755/6 Umayyad dynasty of Spain founded Aghlabid Campaigns Saracen pirates raid central Mediterranean coastlines, especially from bases at Bari (841- 71) and Taranto (840-80) Spain: Emirate of Cordoba . . . 846 yyee or 850 Sack of Rome Spain: Emirate of Cordoba . . . 847 yyee Seize Bari The Christian states of northern Iberia combine, fragment and intermittently fight one another and the Muslims Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 852 yyee Byzantine naval expedition against Egypt Middle East . . . 860 yyee Rus attack Constantinople Middle East . . . 867 yyee Saffarids of Herat independent Middle East . . . 867 886 Basil I emperor of Byzantium Middle East . . . 868 yyee Egypt independent under Tulunid emirs Middle East . . . 874 yyee Sarmarids of Bukhava independent Middle East . . . 905 yyee Abbasids recover Egypt from Tulunids Middle East . . . 909 yyee Rise of Fatimids of North Africa; they ravage the coasts of Italy, Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria Middle East . . . 914 yyee and 919 Fatimid expeditions against Egypt fail Middle East . . . 960 yyee Fatimids conquer Egypt Middle East . . . 961 yyee Byzantines recover Crete Middle East . . . 965 yyee Byzantines recover Cyprus Middle East . . . 966 968 Byzantine invasion of Syria Middle East . . . 969 yyee Byzantines retake Antioch Middle East . . . 974 975 Byzantine invasion of Syria Middle East . . . 976 1025 Basil n. Under his reign Byzantium attains the summit of its medieval greatness Meanwhile Abbasid Caliphate continues in little but name until Middle East . . . 1258 yyee Middle East . . . 983 1055 Buwayhid Civil War in Iraq/Iran Middle East . . . 9897,1025 yyee Wars of Basil n Middle East . . . 997 yyee or 999-1030 Wars of Mahmud of Ghazni in Transoxonia, Iran and Iraq Middle East . . . 998 yyee Collapse of Samarids Middle East . . . 1032 yyee Byzantines take Edessa Middle East . . . 1039 yyee Zendecan Turkish invasion of Afghanistan Middle East . . . 1050 yyee Hilali and Sullaym tribes from Upper Egypt invade Cyrenaica and Turkey SEWUK WARS OF CONQUEST 1050s-1060s Alrnoravids conquer Morocco Middle East . . . 1055 yyee Seljuks take Baghdad 1060s Seljuks conquer northern Syria and the Hejaz Middle East . . . 1060 1073 civil strife in Fatimid Egypt Middle East . . . 1069 yyee take Fez Middle East . . . 1071 yyee Battle of Manzikert: Seljuks take most of Asia Minor from the Byzantines Middle East . . . 1073 1077 Baar al-Jamah establishes military regime in Egypt Three Seljuk Sultanates now exist: Rum, Hamadan and Merv Middle East . . . 1096 yyee The People's Crusade is massacred by the Turks Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 980 yyee First European landing in N America Americas . . . 993, 995 battles between Vikings and native Americans India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 900 yyee Samarids overthrow Saffavids India . . . 907 yyee Parantaka I establishes Chola power in southern India India . . . 950 yyee to c.1200 establishment of the Chola Empire India . . . 972 yyee Paramara King Siyaka II sacks Rashtrakuta capital, Manyakheta India . . . 985 1014 Rajaraja I extends Chola power. Major campaigns of the Cholas: India . . . 999, 1017 to Sri Lanka India . . . 1000 yyee naval expedition to Maldives India . . . 1022 yyee to Ganges India . . . 1022 yyee or 1023 Northern campaign of Rajendra Chola India . . . 1025 yyee Chola naval expeditions to SE Asia India . . . 997 yyee or 999-1030 Wars of Mahmud of Ghazni in India. Conquest of Punjab India . . . 1001 yyee Battle of Peshwar. Second Muslim invasion of India India . . . 1024 yyee or 1025 Battle of Somnanth. Shiva temple destroyed India . . . 1040 yyee Dandanquan Seljuks defeat Ghaznavids India . . . 1040 yyee Seljuks break away from Ghazni. Decline of Ghaznis India . . . 1018 yyee Turkic armies sack Kanauj, ending Pratihara Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean . . . 870 yyee Muslins conquer Malta Mediterranean . . . 871 yyee Conslingian Louis n retakes Bari for Pope By 886 Venice independent Vikings . . . yyss yyee Vikings Vikings . . . 793 yyee Vikings raid Lindisfarne. Norse raids on British Isles and coasts of France, Spain - even into the Mediterranean - follow Vikings . . . 834 845 Norse raids on Rhine, northern France and northern Germany Vikings . . . 856 862 Norse raids reach their peak Vikings . . . 862 yyee Vikings seize Kiev Vikings . . . 865 867 Viking 'Great Army' raids England Vikings . . . 870 yyee Norse capture Strathclyde Vikings . . . 882 892 Viking 'Great Army' raids France Vikings . . . 882 yyee Oleg unites N ovgorod and Kiev Vikings . . . 885 886 Vikings besiege Paris Vikings . . . 911 yyee Establishment of County of Normandy by Viking Rollo Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 825 yyee Battle of Ellendune. Egbert of Wessex decisively defeats Beornwulf, King of Mercia Britain . . . 838 yyee Battle of Hingston Down. Egbert defeats large Viking invasion Britain . . . 851 yyee Viking incursion into the Thames to London Britain . . . 865 yyee 'Great Army' of Vikings invades East Anglia Britain . . . 869 yyee Battle of Hoxne. Vikings defeat East Anglians Britain . . . 871 yyee Battle of Reading. AethelredI defeated by Vikings Britain . . . 871 899 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex Britain . . . 871 yyee Battle of Wilton. Alfred defeated by Viking Guthrum Britain . . . 871 yyee Battle of Chippenham. Guthrum defeats Alfred Britain . . . 871 yyee Battle of Edington/Ethandun, Alfred decisively defeats Guthrum. Peace of Chippenham and Guthrum's conversion to Christianity Britain . . . 910 yyee Battle of Tettenhall. Edward the Elder of Wessex defeats the Danes of York Britain . . . 937 yyee Battle of Brunanburgh. Athelstan of Wessex defeats a coalition of Vikings, Scots and Britons and can claim to be King of all Britain Britain . . . 944 yyee Edmund I of Wessex annexes York Britain . . . 954 yyee Battle of Stainmore. Viking Eric Bloodaxe defeated and killed by Eadred of Wessex. Subsequent weakening of Wessex by succession of royal minors Britain . . . 991 yyee Battle of Maldon. Olaf Triggvason defeats Earl of Essex Britain . . . 994 yyee Expedition of Olaf Triggvason and Sweyn Forkbeard. Olaf returns to take kingdom of Norway, Sweyn to reclaim kingdom of Denmark Britain . . . 1002 yyee Aethelred n the Unready massacres all Vikings in royal service including hostage sister ofSweyn Britain . . . 1013 yyee Sweyn (now King of Denmark) lands at Humber and marches south, effectively conquering the country. Dies 1014 Britain . . . 1015 yyee Canute (Sweyn's son) masters most of the realm Britain . . . 1016 yyee Battle of Pen Selwood. Canute defeated by pretender Edmund Ironside Britain . . . 1016 yyee Battle of Ashingdon. Decisive victory of Canute over Edmund Britain . . . 1016 1035 Canute rules England and Denmark Succession to English throne subsequently disputed Britain . . . 1066 yyee Harold II elected king; challenged by Duke William of Normandy Magyars . . . yyss yyee Magyars Magyars . . . 895 900 Magyars conquer Hungarian Plain First half of 10th century Magyars raid west and central Europe, inflicting major defeats on the Franks 899-910 Magyars . . . 906 yyee Moravia destroyed Magyars . . . 907 yyee Battle of Pressburg Magyars . . . 926, 933 North Italy, Germany and Swabia raided Magyars . . . 929 yyee Battle of Unstrut defeats Magyars Magyars . . . 954 yyee and 955 Northern France and Italy raided Magyars . . . 955 yyee Battle of Lechfeld. Defeat of Magyars by otto the Great Magyars . . . 977 1038 Stephen becomes Christian King of Hungary Rome & Constantinople . . . yyss yyee Rome & Constantinople Rome & Constantinople . . . 939 yyee Saracens sack Rome Rome & Constantinople . . . 941 yyee Rus attack Constantinople Umayyad Caliphate . . . yyss yyee Umayyad Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate . . . 920 yyee Battle of Val de Junqueras. Emir of Cordoba defeats Navarre and Lean Umayyad Caliphate . . . 962 yyee Sancho I of Leon launches Reconquista Umayyad Caliphate . . . 981 yyee Battle of Rueda Umayyad Caliphate . . . 985 yyee Andalusians sack Barcelona Decline of Umayyads - by Umayyad Caliphate . . . 1031 yyee era of'taifas' (fragmentation) Umayyad Caliphate . . . 1008 1028 Muslim Civil War Germany . . . yyss yyee Germany Henry I (the Fowler) of Germany (919-36) extends eastwards against the Slavs and fortifies areas against Magyar invasions Germany . . . 938 972 WARS OF OTTO THE GREAT Imperial control imposed on Germany and northern Italy Germany . . . 951 yyee otto invades Italy Germany . . . 962 yyee Otto crowned in Rome as Holy Roman (German) Emperor Germany . . . 983 yyee Great Slav revolt against German rule Germany . . . 995 yyee Germans conquer Pomerania Germany . . . 1002 1037 German conquest of northern Italy Germany . . . 965 972 Wars of Prince Sriatoslav of Rus Balkans . . . yyss yyee Balkans Balkans . . . 986 1018 Wars of Basil II against the Bulgars; end of Bulgar State by 1018 Byzantines conquer Serbs Poland . . . yyss yyee Poland Poland . . . 992 1025 Wars of Boleslav I 'The Mighty' King of Poland Wars of the . . . 1047 1107 Wars of the Normans Wars of the . . . 1047 1071 Norman Conquest of southern Italy by Robert Guiscard and brother Roger Wars of the . . . 1052 yyee Muslims ejected from Sardinia 1050s-1070s Norman- French ongoing conflict Wars of the . . . 1054 yyee Battle of Mortemer. William of Normandy defeats Angevin-French coalition Wars of the . . . 1061 1091 Norman conquest of Sicily Wars of the . . . 1066 1072 NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND Wars of the . . . 1066 yyee Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold II of England defeats Harold Hardrada, King of Norway Wars of the . . . 1066 yyee Battle of Hastings. William of Normandy defeats Harold II and takes the crown of England J066-71 William consolidates his conquest of England Wars of the . . . 1069 yyee Danes invade Yorkshire Wars of the . . . 1071 yyee Bari, last Byzantine city in southern Italy, falls to Normans Wars of the . . . 1072 yyee Palermo taken by Normans 1079/80 Norman England at war with Scotland Wars of the . . . 1081 yyee Norman invasion of Byzantium with Papal blessing. Robert and Bohemund take Corfu Wars of the . . . 1082 yyee Durazzo captured by Normans Wars of the . . . 1083 yyee Battle of Larissa. Bohemund's advance on Constantinople repulsed Wars of the . . . 1106 yyee Battle of Tinchebray. Henry I defeats brother Robert Curthose and regains Normandy Wars of the . . . 1107 yyee Bohemund's second invasion of Byzantium defeated by Alexis I France . . . yyss yyee France France . . . 987 996 Hugh Capet King of France (Capetian dynasty to 1328) France . . . 1180 1223 Philip II Augustus ends the Angevin conflict, conquering English possessions north of the Loire France . . . 1209 1229 Albigensian Crusade against heretics in the south of France France . . . 1223 1226 Louis VIII France . . . 1224 yyee Louis takes Poitou and Saintonge from England France . . . 1226 yyee He takes Avignon and Languedoc France . . . 1226 1270 Louis IX (St Louis) the Crusader (1248-54, 1270) Crusades . . . yyss yyee Crusades Crusades . . . 1095 1099 FIRST CRUSADE. Crusades . . . 1097 yyee Battle of Nicea. Christian victory Crusades . . . 1098 yyee Crusaders take Antioch Crusades . . . 1099 yyee Crusaders take Jerusalem and repulse counter-attack from Egypt at Battle of Ascalon Crusades . . . 1147 1149 SECOND CRUSADE. Crusades . . . 1148 yyee Failed siege of Damascus Crusades . . . 1189 1192 THIRD CRUSADE Crusades . . . 1191 yyee Acre retaken by Crusaders Crusades . . . 1191 yyee Battle of Arsuf. Richard I of England defeats Saladin Crusades . . . 1189 1192 Third Crusade perverted by Venetians Crusades . . . 1202 1204 FOURTH CRUSADE Crusades . . . 1204 yyee Crusaders take and sack Constantinople. Foundation of Latin Empire (to 1261) Crusades . . . 1281 1221 FIFTH CRUSADE (TO EGYPT) Crusades . . . 1219 yyee Damietta taken Crusades . . . 1228 1229 SIXTH CRUSADE Frederick II of Germany succeeds by negotiation into becoming crowned King of Jerusalem Crusades . . . 1248 1254 SEVENTH CRUSADE (to Egypt) Crusades . . . 1250 yyee Battle of Mansura indecisive Crusades . . . 1250 yyee Battle of Fariskur. Crusaders defeated and st Louis captured Crusades . . . 1270 yyee EIGHTH CRUSADE (to Tunis). st Louis dies in epidemic Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1129 yyee Campaigns of Zangi and Nur al-Din Middle East . . . 1144 yyee takes Edessa Middle East . . . 1154 yyee takes Damascus Middle East . . . 1141 yyee Seljuks of Merv defeated by Qarakhitai Mongols 1140s Almohads replace Almoravids in Morocco Middle East . . . 1152 1160 Almohads take Maghreband Tripolitania Middle East . . . 1146 1148 Second Crusade Middle East . . . 1147 yyee Normans attack Byzantium Middle East . . . 1153 yyee Seljuk Sultanate of Merv destroyed by Ghuzz tribes Middle East . . . 1157 yyee Death of last Seljuk Sultan Middle East . . . 1163, 1167 Zangi attacks Egypt and conquers it in Middle East . . . 1168 1169 Middle East . . . 1171 yyee Saladin (1169-1193) establishes Ayyubid Sultanate Middle East . . . 1176 yyee Battle of Myriokephalon: Rum Seljuks defeat Byzantines Middle East . . . 1184 1187 Saladin re conquers Mesopotamian empire from Zangids Middle East . . . 1185 yyee Normans attack Byzantium Middle East . . . 1187 yyee Battle of Hattin: fall of Jerusalem to Saladin India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1149 1215 Wars of the Ghurids India . . . 1162 1206 Mohammed of Ghur India . . . 1175 yyee Ghurids take Multan India . . . 1179 yyee Ghurids take Peshawar India . . . 1186 yyee Ghurids take Lahore India . . . 1187 yyee Ghurids end Ghaznid State and rule to 1215 India . . . 1192 yyee Battle of Taraori: Mohammed of Ghur defeats Rajputs India . . . 1206 yyee Mohammed assassinated. Ex-slave Qutbuddin Aibak revolts and establishes new dynasty Sultanate of Delhi; 1206- India . . . 1290 yyee Slave Dynasty rules German Empire . . . yyss yyee German Empire German Empire . . . 1024 1125 Salian Frankish Emperors of Germany German Empire . . . 1033 yyee Kingdom of Burgundy joined to the German Empire (Germany and Italy) German Empire . . . 1026 1027 Conrad II's 1st Italian campaign; he is crowned with the iron crown of Lombardy at Milan; 1027 Imperial coronation in Rome German Empire . . . 1037 1038 Conrad's 2nd Italian campaign, against Aribert of Milan German Empire . . . 1041 yyee Campaign to Prague; Bohemia becomes a German vassal German Empire . . . 1044 yyee Conrad's Hungarian campaign Henry Ill: partition of Lorraine 1044, resulting in constant conflict between the Emperor and Duke Gottfried the Bearded German Empire . . . 1056 1106 Henry IV German Empire . . . 1075 yyee Battle of Homburg on the Unstrut. Henry defeats Saxon uprising German Empire . . . 1175 yyee Beginning of Investiture conflict with the Papacy German Empire . . . 1076 1077 Henry IV excommunicated German Empire . . . 1077 1080 Civil War in the Empire. German Empire . . . 1080 yyee Battle of Hohenmolsen. Rival Rudolf of Swabia defeated and killed German Empire . . . 1080 yyee Henry is excommunicated again German Empire . . . 1083 yyee Henry conquers Rome in his 1 st Italian campaign, defeating the Lombards German Empire . . . 1084 yyee Henry's Anti-Pope crowns him. Robert Guiscard relieves the Pope in Castel Sant'Angelo and Henry recoils. Normans sack Rome German Empire . . . 1090 1097 Henry IV's 2nd Italian campaign. But by German Empire . . . 1106 yyee he is forced to abdicate German Empire . . . 1106 1125 Henry V, last Salian emperor German Empire . . . 1110 1111 Henry V's 1st Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1122 yyee Concord at of Worms ends Investiture conflict Iberian Peninsula . . . yyss yyee Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula . . . 1085 yyee Almoravids of Morocco invade Iberia: take Toledo Iberian Peninsula . . . 1086 yyee Az-Sallaqg Iberian Peninsula . . . 1095 yyee Take Badajoz Iberian Peninsula . . . 1087 yyee Syracuse By 1115 Almorovids conquer all Muslim Spain Iberian Peninsula . . . 1150 1172 Almohads conquer Iberia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1172 yyee Almohads take Seville Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . yyss yyee PORTUGAL Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . 1094 yyee Portugal gains independence Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . 1139 yyee Portugal becomes a kingdom and expands to the south. Conflict with Castile ensues Iberian Peninsula PORTUGAL . . 1385 yyee Battle of Aijubarrota or Aijbarrota. Portugal defeats Castile Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . yyss yyee CASTILE Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1035 1065 Ferdinand the Great Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1037 yyee He obtains Leon Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1085 yyee Castile conquers Toledo Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1094 yyee El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) takes Valencia Iberian Peninsula CASTILE . . 1212 yyee Battle of Navas de Tolosa. Alfonso VIII of Castile defeats Muslims, breaks Almohad power in Spain Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . yyss yyee ARAGON Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1118 yyee Aragon conquers Saragossa Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1137 yyee Aragon unites with Catalonoa Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1229 1235 Aragon seizes Balearic Islands Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1238 yyee Aragon takes Valencia Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1118 yyee Aragon conquers Saragossa Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1125 yyee Almohad rebellion in Morocco begins Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1134 yyee Battle of Fraga Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1139 yyee Portugal becomes a Kingdom Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1147 yyee Alfonso Henriques of Portugal takes Lisbon Iberian Peninsula ARAGON . . 1148 1149 Aragon conquers Lower Ebro Northern Europe . . . yyss yyee Northern Europe Northern Europe . . . 1099 yyee Revolt of Sitvic Silken- beard, King of Dublin Northern Europe . . . 1121 yyee Boleslav III of Poland subdues Pomerania Northern Europe . . . 1130 yyee to 1240 Civil Wars over Norwegian Succession Northern Europe . . . 1157 1182 Waldemar the Great begins the rise of Denmark Northern Europe . . . 1157 yyee Battle of Viborg Northern Europe . . . 1184 1201 Denmark conquers Pomerania, Schleswig, Holstein, Liibech and Hamburg Northern Europe . . . 1202 1241 Wars of Waldemar 'the Conqueror'. Denmark takes Norway, Estonia, Courland, etc., but loses all at Battle of Bornhoved 1227 Northern Europe . . . 1208 1222 Dynastic struggles in Sweden Northern Europe . . . 1226 yyee Papal Golden Bull of Rimini tasks Teutonic Knights with conquest of heathen Prussia. By 1230 Livonia and Courland subjugated Northern Europe . . . 1231 1283 Teutonic Knights conquer Prussia Northern Europe . . . 1236 yyee Battle of Sante Northern Europe . . . 1242 yyee Battle of Lake Peipus Northern Europe . . . 1261 yyee Norwegians conquer Greenland and 1262-4 Iceland Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 1138 yyee Battle of Standard. Scottish raid on northern England repulsed Britain . . . 1139 1153 Anarchy. Civil War between King Stephen and Matilda and son Henry (to become Henry I1) Britain . . . 1141 yyee Battle of Lincoln. Stephen temporarily imprisoned Britain . . . 1154 1189 Henry I1's Angevin Empire Britain . . . 1158 yyee Henry II invades Brittany Britain . . . 1167 1171 English invasion of Ireland Britain . . . 1173 1174 Revolt of the sons of Henry II Britain . . . 1190 yyee Richard the Lion Heart takes Cyprus from Byzantines Britain . . . 1194 1199 War between Richard the Lion Heart and Philip Augustus Britain . . . 1198 yyee Battles of Courcelles and Vernon Britain . . . 1203 1205 Philip Augustus of France conquers Normandy and Poitou Britain . . . 1203 1204 Siege and capture of Chateau Gaillard Britain . . . 1204 yyee France conquers Normandy Britain . . . 1213 1217 English Civil War Britain . . . 1213 yyee First Flemish campaign. John gathers a formidable alliance against Philip Augustus (inc Germany) Britain . . . 1213 yyee Battle of Damme. William of Salisbury defeats Philip's fleet and frustrates his plan to invade England Britain . . . 1214 yyee Campaign and Battle of Roch-au-Moine. Philip defeats John Britain . . . 27Jul1214 yyee Battle of Bouvines. Philip defeats the Allies Britain . . . 1263 1265 Barons War in England Simon de Montfort leads rebellion against Henry III Britain . . . 1264 yyee Battle of Lewes. Simon captures Henry and his son Edward (future Edward I) Britain . . . 1265 yyee Battle of Evesham. Edward decisively defeats the barons Britain . . . 1277 1284 Edward I conquers Wales German Empire . . . yyss yyee German Empire German Empire . . . 1152 1190 Frederick I Barbarossa German Empire . . . 1154 1155 Frederick's 1st Italian campaign. He promises the Pope he will attack the Normans but does not German Empire . . . 1158 1162 Frederick's 2nd Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1163 1164 Frederick's 3rd Italian campaign. Veronese League formed German Empire . . . 1166 1168 Frederick's 4th Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1174 1178 Frederick's 5th Italian campaign German Empire . . . 1160 1164 Campaign against the Wends German Empire . . . 1168 yyee Conquest of Riigen Siege of Alessandria fails German Empire . . . 1176 yyee Battle of Legnano. Lombard League defeats Friedrich Barbarossa German Empire . . . 1180 1181 War of Henry the Lion German Empire . . . 1184 1186 Frederick's 6th Italian campaign Henry VI crowned at Milan as King of Italy German Empire . . . 1187 yyee Frederick allies with Philip II Augustus of France against Guelphs and Anjous German Empire . . . 1190 1197 Henry VI German Empire . . . 1191 yyee Henry's 1st Italian campaign and coronation at Rome. Siege of Naples German Empire . . . 1194 1195 Henry's 2nd Italian campaign. 1194 Henry crowned King of Sicily at Palermo. He plans hereditary empire German Empire . . . 1210 1250 Frederick II German Empire . . . 1214 yyee Battle of Bouvines. Anglo-Guelphs defeated German Empire . . . 1226 yyee Golden Bull of Rimini. Pope tasks Teutonic Knights with conquest of heathen Prussia German Empire . . . 1237 yyee Battle of Cortenuova. Lombard League defeated By the mid-13th century central authority of the German emperors has declined Iberian Peninsula . . . yyss yyee Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula . . . 1217 1252 Ferdinand III conquers the south, taking Cordoba in 1236 to complete the Reconquista Iberian Peninsula . . . 1228 1229 Almohads abandon Iberia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1229 1235 Aragon seizes Balearic Islands Iberian Peninsula . . . 1236 yyee Cordoba taken Iberian Peninsula . . . 1238 yyee Aragon takes Valencia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1244 yyee Treaty of Almiza agrees Portuguese reconquest on the Atlantic side of the peninsula; Aragonese on the Mediterranean side Iberian Peninsula . . . 1257 yyee Only Granada left to Moors in Iberia Mongol Empire . . . 1206 1260 Mongol Empire Mongol Empire . . . 1206 1227 Genghis Khan Mongol Empire . . . 1218 yyee Battle of Karaku Mongol Empire . . . 1220 yyee Battle of Samarkand Mongol Empire . . . 1221 yyee Forces of Genghis Khan penetrate as far as the Indus Mongol Empire . . . 1221 yyee Battle of Kandahar Mongol Empire . . . 1231 yyee Mongols estroy Khwarazim 1237;42 Mongol invasion of Europe Mongol Empire . . . 1241 yyee Battle of Leignitz Mongol Empire . . . 1241 yyee Death of Ogedei Khan Mongol Empire . . . 1243 yyee Battle of K6sedag: Mongols defeat Seljuks Mongol Empire . . . 1256 yyee Assassins of Alamut destroyed by Mongols and Baybars Mongol Empire . . . 1259 yyee Death of Monghe Khan After 1260 the Mongol Empire has no unified political direction it continues as Chagatai, Il- Khanate and the Golden Horde Mongol Empire . . . 1258 1365 Il-Khanate (begins break-up after 1335) Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . yyss yyee MONGOLS IN CHINA Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1205 1209 Mongols conquer Hsi-Hsia as base for conquest of China Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1211 1234 Mongol conquest of Ch'in. Mongols rule as the Yiian Dynasty Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1215 yyee Mongol capture of Peking Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1227 yyee Destruction of Hsi- Hsia Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1260 1279 Mongol conquest of Sung China Mongol attacks on Burma and Java fail Kublai Khan rules China as Shih-Tsu Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1274 yyee and 1281 Mongol invasions of Japan fail Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1294 yyee Death of Kublai Khan results in rivalry for the throne Mongol Empire MONGOLS IN CHINA . . 1368 1398 Chu Yiian-Chang drives Mongols back to the steppe (1368 Yiien (Mongols) expelled from Peking) and estyablishes Ming Dynasty China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1345 yyee Great famine in China. 8,000,000 die. Uprising results Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1346 1353 Black Death in Europe. Over 20 million die Europe . . . 1362 1363 Second Pandemic in Europe Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1250 yyee Mameluke slave- soldiers kill last Ayyubid Sultan Middle East . . . 1258 yyee Sack of Baghdad; end of Abbasid Caliphate Middle East . . . 1261 yyee Byzantines retake Constantinople from the Latin Empire Middle East . . . 1263 yyee takes Antioch Middle East . . . 1280 1324 Osman, founder of Ottoman State Middle East . . . 1260 1277 CAMPAIGNS OF BAYBARS Middle East . . . 1260 yyee Battle of Ain Jalut: Mamelukes defeat Mongols Middle East . . . 1289 yyee Mamelukes take Tripoli Middle East . . . 1291 yyee Acre falls to the Mamelukes, last Crusader toe-hold in Palestine By about 1400 the Mameluke Empire extends to Syria, Palestine and Hejaz Sicily . . . yyss yyee Sicily Sicily . . . 1266 yyee Battle of Benevento. Charles of Anjou defeats regent Manfred Sicily . . . 1266 1268 Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily Sicily . . . 1268 yyee Battle of Tagliacozzo. Charles defeats Conradin, son of Emperor Conrad IV Sicily . . . 1278 yyee Charles of Anjou conquers Achaea Sicily . . . 1282 1302 Sicilian Vespers revolt against Charles of Anjou. Ongoing conflict Sicily . . . 1302 yyee Treaty splits Kingdom of Sicily in two France . . . yyss yyee France France . . . 1285 1314 Philip IV the Fair France . . . 1297 1305 Philip IV's conquest of Flanders France . . . 1302 yyee Battle of the Spurs (Courtrai). Flemish defeat French France . . . 1305 yyee Flanders submits to France France . . . 1328 1498 House ofValois rules France Germany . . . yyss yyee Germany Germany . . . 1273 1291 Rudolf of Habsburg elected Holy Roman Emperor Germany . . . 1278 yyee Battle of Marchfeld. Rudolf defeats and kills rival Ottokar II of Bohemia Germany . . . 1282 yyee Rudolf of Habsburg gains control of Austria Germany . . . 1298 yyee Battle of G6llheim. Emperor Adolf of Nassau defeated and killed by Albrecht of Habsburg, son of Rudolf. He becomes emperor 1298- Germany . . . 1308 yyee Germany . . . 1314 1347 Louis the Bavarian. He defeats the Habsburgs at Germany . . . 1322 yyee Battle of Miihldorf India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1290 1320 Sultanate of Delhi: Khalji Dynasty India . . . 1296 1316 Wars of Alauddin Khali; he breaks resistance of Rajpurs and repulses Mongols in north-west India India . . . 1311 yyee Alauddin Khali conquers India to its southern tip India . . . 1320 1414 Sultanate of Delhi: Tughluq Dynasty India . . . 1325 1351 Wars of Muhammed Ibn Tughluq. He conquers southern India but most is lost after his death India . . . 1336 yyee Kingdom of Vijayanagara established India . . . 1347 yyee Kingdom of Bahmani established India . . . 1358 yyee Vijayanagara- Bahmani conflict begins (ongoing sporadic campaigns) India . . . 1370 yyee Vijayanagara conquers Madurai India . . . 1382 1396 Khandesh, Malna, Jaunpur and Guerat break away from Delhi Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . yyss yyee OTTOMAN WARS Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1326 yyee Ottomans take Bursa Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1361 yyee Ottomans take Ankara Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1389 1403 Bayezid I Yildirim (The Thunderbolt) Middle East OTTOMAN WARS . . 1394 1403 Blockade of Constantinople by Ottomans China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1390 1449 Wars of conquest by Ming Dynasty Ongoing sporadic operations v. Mongols China . . . 1392 yyee Korea becomes a vassal State China . . . 1405 1433 Cheng-Ho is sent on seven great naval expeditions as far as the Indian Ocean and East coast of Africa China . . . 1407 1422 Chinese occupation of Annam China . . . 1448 yyee Huge rebellions in China China . . . 1449 yyee Attack on Mongols fails; Emperor taken prisoner After period of aggressive expansion, Ming fall back to the defensive 1450s Pirates infest Chinese sea and coastline; famines, plagues and floods afflict China Campaigns of Timur . . . yyss yyee Campaigns of Timur (Tamerlane) Campaigns of Timur . . . 1380 1405 Annual 'raids' of destruction Campaigns of Timur . . . 1381 1388 Iran Campaigns of Timur . . . 1391 1395 Against the Golden Horde and Crimea Campaigns of Timur . . . 1384 1389 Timur penetrates India and sacks Delhi in Campaigns of Timur . . . 1398 yyee Campaigns of Timur . . . 1400 1402 against Ottomans Campaigns of Timur . . . 1402 yyee Battle of Ankara. Timur defeats Bayezid By 1430s Ottoman position fully restored After Timurid Shah Rukh Empire splits Switzerland . . . yyss yyee Switzerland Switzerland . . . 1291 yyee Swiss Eternal Union for protection against Habsburgs, etc. Switzerland . . . 1315 yyee Battle of Mortgarten. Swiss defeat Leopold I of Austria Switzerland . . . 1353 yyee Swiss Confederation founded Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . yyss yyee Swiss War of the Cities Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1386 yyee Battle of Sempach. Swiss defeat Habsburgs. Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1415 yyee Swiss conquest of Habsburg Aargau Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1422 yyee Battle of Arbedo. Swiss defeated Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1440 1446 First 'Old War' of Zurich Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1444 yyee Battle of st Jacob Switzerland Swiss War of the Cities . . 1474 yyee 'Perpetual Peace' signed Germany and Northern . . . yyss yyee Germany and Northern Europe Germany and Northern . . . 1320 yyee Battle of Rudau: Teutonic Knights defeat Lithuanians Germany and Northern . . . 1327 yyee Poland loses Silesia and Bohemia Germany and Northern . . . 1327 1328 Another German campaign in Italy Germany and Northern . . . 1330 1355 Serbian Empire of Stefan Dushan Germany and Northern . . . 1340 1375 Waldemar IV of Denmark Campaigns against Oland and Gotland Germany and Northern . . . 1346 yyee Casirnir Il reunites Central Poland Germany and Northern . . . 1361 yyee CasInir III conquers Galicia Germany and Northern . . . 1361 1370 Danes conflict with the Hanseatic League Germany and Northern . . . 1373 1419 Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, provokes uprising. 1394, Germany and Northern . . . 1402 yyee he is taken prisoner after defeats Germany and Northern . . . 1381 yyee Peasants' Revolt Germany and Northern . . . 1377 1389 South German War of the Cities Germany and Northern . . . 1377 yyee Battle of mm. Cities defeat Charles IV Germany and Northern . . . 1377 yyee Battle of Reutlingen. Cities defeat wurttemberg Germany and Northern . . . 1381 yyee South German League of Cities formed; they ally with Swiss Confederation Germany and Northern . . . 1388 yyee Battle of Doffingen. Allies defeated by the princes Germany and Northern . . . 1382 yyee Teutonic Knights conquer Poland's Baltic provinces Germany and Northern . . . 1397 yyee Union of Kalmar unites Norway, Sweden and Denmark 1390s-1402 Uprising of Wenceslaw of Bohemia Germany and Northern . . . 1398 yyee Teutonic Knights drive Vitalian Brethren from Gotland Germany and Northern . . . 1402 yyee Teutonic Knights seize N eumark Germany and Northern . . . 1419 1436 Hussite Wars Germany and Northern . . . 1415 yyee Execution and martyrdom of John Hus of Bohemia Germany and Northern . . . 1419 yyee Bohemian uprising and first de fenestration of Prague. Hussite people's army repulses five Imperial/Crusader attacks Germany and Northern . . . 1431 yyee Battle of Taus. Indecisive Germany and Northern . . . 1434 1436 Danish uprising of "'Englebrecht Engle- Brechtson Germany and Northern . . . 1471 yyee Swedes defeat Danes Germany and Northern . . . 1466 yyee Casimir IV of Poland/Lithuania takes much of Prussia from the Teutonic Knights Mediterranean . . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Mediterranean . . . 1284 yyee Battle of Meloria: Genoa defeats Pisa and takes Corsica Mediterranean . . . 1298 yyee Battle of Curzola: Genoese defeat Venetians Mediterranean . . . 1309 yyee Knights of st John establish base in Rhodes Mediterranean . . . 1323 1325 Pisa-Genoa war for Sardinia and Corsica Mediterranean . . . 1340 yyee Battle of Salano Mediterranean . . . 1343 yyee Aragon takes Majorca Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain Scottish War of . . 1296 1346 Scottish War of Independence Britain Scottish War of . . 1296 yyee Edward I invades Scotland Britain Scottish War of . . 1297 yyee Battle of Stirling Bridge. Wallace defeats English force Britain Scottish War of . . 1298 yyee Battle of Falkirk. Wallace defeated by Edward Britain Scottish War of . . 1303 yyee Edward invades Scotland again Britain Scottish War of . . 1305 yyee Rebellion of Robert Bruce Britain Scottish War of . . 1306 yyee Battle of Methven Britain Scottish War of . . 1307 yyee Battle of Loudon Hill. Bruce defeats Pembroke Britain Scottish War of . . 1314 yyee Bruce takes Stirling Castle, stongest English fortress in Scotland Britain Scottish War of . . 1314 yyee Battle of Bannockburn.Bruce decisively defeats Edward II Britain Scottish War of . . 1315 1318 Bruce invades Ireland Britain Scottish War of . . 1318 yyee Bruce takes Berwick. Subsequent cross-border operations by both sides Britain Scottish War of . . 1332 yyee Battle of Dupplin. Edward Baliol usurps Scottish crown under suzerainty of Edward III of England Britain Scottish War of . . 1333 yyee Battle of Halidon Hill. Douglas defeated by Baliol Iberian Peninsula . . . yyss yyee Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula . . . 1311 yyee Aragon takes Duchy of Athens Iberian Peninsula . . . 1323 yyee Aragon takes Sardinia Iberian Peninsula . . . 1474 1479 Castilian War of Succession against France and Portugal Iberian Peninsula . . . 1476 yyee Battle of Toro. Defeat of Portugal Iberian Peninsula . . . 1479 yyee Union of Aragon and Castile Iberian Peninsula . . . 1482 yyee Aragon and Castile reduce Granada Iberian Peninsula . . . 1494 yyee Spain takes Medilla Iberian Peninsula . . . 1509 yyee Spain takes Oran India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1414 yyee -H51 Sultanate of Delhi: Sayyid Dynasty India . . . 1451 1526 Sultanate of Delhi: Lodi Dynasty India . . . 1509 1530 Campaigns of Krishna Deva Raya bring Vijayanagara to zenith of power India . . . 1517 1526 Factions weaken Sultanate of Delhi Hundred Years . . . 1338 1453 Hundred Years War Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. EDWARD III 1337-1347 Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1337 1318 The French fleet attacks Portsmouth and Southampton. Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1338 yyee Edward III crosses to Flanders. Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1340 yyee Battle of Sluys. French fleet destroyed Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1346 yyee Battle of Crecy, Edward crushes French army of Philip VI Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1346 yyee Battle of Nevill's Cross. David Il of Scotland defeated while raiding England Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1346 1347 Calais taken by Edward III in one of the first actions involving artillery Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . Oct1350 yyee Battle of Winchelsea/Sandwich. Edward Ill's fleet defeats Spanish fleet Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1350 yyee Death of Philip VI of Valois. John Il succeeds him. Black Death ravages Europe. Estimated 25 million victims between Hundred Years PHASE 1: PHILlP VI v. . . 1347 yyee and 1351. Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . yyss yyee PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD III 1351-1356 Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1355 yyee Brief chevauchee of Edward III in Artois. Chevauchee of Black Prince in Languedoc. Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1356 yyee Battle of Poitiers. Black Prince defeats and captures King John of France Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1358 yyee Jacquerie peasant uprising in France Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1360 yyee Edward III seizes the suburbs of Paris. Peace of Bretigny Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1364 yyee Battle of Cocherel. Du Guesclin beats Jean de Grailly's Anglo-Gascon- Navarrese army Hundred Years PHASE 2: JOHN II V. EDWARD . . 1364 yyee Auray captured by the English Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. EDWARD III 1357-1375 Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1367 yyee Battle of Najera, Black Prince and Pedro the Cruel of Castile defeat du Guesclin and the Count of Trasamara Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1370 yyee Battle of Pontvallain. Du Guesclin stops English chevauchee from Calais Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1372 yyee Du Guesclin and Clisson conquer Brittany. Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1372 yyee Battle of La Rochelle. English fleet destroyed by Castilian galleys (allies of the French). Charles V reconquers Poitou and Saintonge. Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1376 yyee Death of the Black Prince. Hundred Years PHASE 3: CHARLES V v. . . 1377 yyee Death of Edward Ill. Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. RICHARD II 1377-1380 Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . 1378 yyee Naval victory of Jean de Vienne at Cherbourg over Lancaster. English take Cherbourg and Brest Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . 1380 yyee English offensive from Calais. Hundred Years PHASE 4: CHARLES V v. . . 1380 yyee Chateauneuf-de- Randon besieged and captured by du Guesclin, who dies in the process Franco-Castilian fleet destroyed by the English off the coast of Ireland. Death of Charles V Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. RICHARD Il 1382-1396 Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1381 yyee Truce between France and England. Peasants revolt (Wat Tyler) in England Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . Nov1382 yyee Battle of Roosbeke. Charles VI of France defeats Flemish Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1387 yyee Battle of Margate. Engish fleet defeats Franco-Castilian fleet, ending the threat of a French invasion of England Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1388 yyee Battle of Otterburn. Scots raiding force defeats defending troops of Henry Percy Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1394 yyee Revolt in Ireland repressed by Richard Il Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1395 1396 Anglo-French conference in Paris. Truce providing for 28 years Hundred Years PHASE 5: CHARLES VI v. . . 1399 yyee Richard Il dethroned in favour of Henry IV Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. HENRY V 1414-1422 Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1405 yyee French expeditionary force lands in Wales to help the Welsh uprising Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1406 yyee Welsh beaten by the English. French attempted offensives against Guyenne and Calais checked. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1407 yyee Anglo-French truce. Beginning of Civil War in France. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1415 yyee Henry V renounces the truce of 1396 and lands at Harfleur, which he besieges and takes Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1415 yyee Battle of Agincourt. Henry V defeats the French Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1416 yyee Battle of Harfleur. Franco-Genoese fleet defeated Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1417 yyee Henry V's second expedition to France. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1418 yyee Conquest of Normandy by the English. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1418 1419 Siege and capture of Rouen. Burgundians enter Paris Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1419 yyee Rouen taken by the English Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1420 yyee Treaty of Troyes. Henry V heir to the throne of France Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1421 yyee Henry V's third expedition to France. Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1421 yyee Battle of Beauge. Franco-Scottish force defeated by Clarence's English Hundred Years PHASE 6: CHARLES VI v. . . 1422 yyee Truce. Death of Henry V and of Charles VI in Paris Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . yyss yyee PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. HENRY VI 1423-1453 Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1423 yyee Battle of Cravant. Bedford defeats Franco- Scottish army Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1424 yyee Battle ofVerneuil. Bedford defeats Franco- Scottish army Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1427 yyee Battle of Montargis. Dunois defeats Bedford and Warwick Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1428 yyee Salisbury besieges Orleans defended by Dunois. Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429 yyee Rouvray ('The Herrings'). Falstolf repulses French attack on a convoy of supplies for the English besiegers of Orleans Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429 yyee Siege of Orleans raised by Joan of Arc, leading to spirited counter-attack by the French, which rapidly gathers momentum. Coronation of the dauphin at Reims as Charles VII Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429 yyee English fortress of Jargeau taken by the French Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1429 yyee Battle of Patay. French surprise and defeat English army of . Shrewsbury (Talbot) Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1430 yyee Joan of Arc checked before Paris and made prisoner Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1431 yyee Joan of Arc burnt at Rouen. Henry VI aged 10 is crowned king of France at Paris. Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1436 yyee English leave Paris. The French lay siege to Calais Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1441 yyee The French take Pontoise Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1444 1448 Successive truces of Tours Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1448 yyee Resumption of hostilities between France and England. French offensive in Normandy Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1449 yyee Rouen expels English garrison Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1450 yyee Battle of Formigny. Decisive French victory by Clermont over the English, leading to the fall of Caen and Cherbourg to the French Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1450 1451 French drive the English out of France, leaving only Calais in their hands The people of Aquitaine revolt against the new French rulers and Shrewsbury takes an English expeditionary force to support them Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1453 yyee Battle of Castillon. Shrewsbury is defeated. Castillon, Bordeaux and all Aquitaine revert to French rule Hundred Years PHASE 7: CHARLES VII v. . . 1453 yyee Battle of Castillon. French victory. French re- enter Bordeaux. End of the Hundred Years War. The English are left with only Calais, which they keep to 1558 Balkans . . . yyss yyee Balkans 1360s-1390s ottoman conquest of Thrace, Bosnia, Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria Balkans . . . 1389 yyee Kossovo Polje. Turks decisively defeat Serbs Balkans . . . 1394 1403 Blockade of Constantinople by Ottomans Balkans . . . 1396 yyee Battle of Nicopolis: Christian Crusade defeated by Ottomans Balkans . . . 1409 1426 Venetian expansion in Dalmatia and Lombardy Balkans . . . 1451 1481 Mehmet 'The Conqueror' annexes Serbia, Bosnia, Greece, Crimea, etc. Balkans . . . 1453 yyee Siege and fall of Constantinople. End of Byzantine Empire. Constantinople becomes Istanbul Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . yyss yyee Britain: Wars of the Roses Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 22May1455 yyee Battle of st AJbans. York, Salisbury and Warwick defeat Royal army. Somerset and Northumberland are killed Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 23Sep1459 yyee Battle of Blore Heath. Salisbury wins for York at Ludlow Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 10Jul1460 yyee Battle of Northampton. Yorkists put Lancastrians to flight. Henry is captured Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 30Dec1460 yyee Battle of Wakefield. Margaret defeats York and Salisbury who are killed Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 2Feb1461 yyee Battle of Mortimer's Cross. Edward, new Duke of York, defeats Lancastrians and is proclaimed king Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 17Feb1461 yyee Battle of st Albans. Margaret and Somerset defeat Warwick Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 29Mar1461 yyee Battle of Towton. Lancastrians defeated with heavy loss of life. Edward controls England i464 Battles of Hedgley Moor (25 April) and Hexham (15 May). Montagu (Warwick'S brother) defeats Lancastrians Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1465 yyee Henry is captured Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1468 yyee Harlech, last Lancastrian stronghold, falls to the Yorkists. Warwick and Edward's brother Clarence change sides Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 26Jul1469 yyee Battle of Edgecote Moor. Warwick defeats Pembroke. Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 12Mar1470 yyee Battle of 'Lose-Coat Field' (Stamford). Rebels ambush Edward, but he defeats them Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . Sep1470 yyee Henry VI is restored to the throne Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 14Apr1471 yyee Battle of Barnet. Warwick is defeated and killed Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 4May1471 yyee Battle of Tewkesbury. Edward defeats Lancastrians and rules as Edward IV Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 1483 yyee Edward IV dies. Richard of Gloucester usurps the throne as Richard III Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 7Aug1485 yyee Lancastrian Henry Tudor lands in Wales Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 22Aug1485 yyee Battle of Bosworth. Richard is killed. Henry VII is king Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 16Jun1487 yyee Battle of Stoke. Impostor 'Edward VI' defeated Britain: Wars of the Roses . . . 21Jul1403 yyee Battle of Shrewsbury. Henry VII defeats rebellion of Henry Percy (Hotspur) Burgundy and Switzerland . . . yyss yyee Burgundy and Switzerland Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1467 1477 Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy. He allies with England and Aragon against Louis XI of France, his bitter enemy; and with Sigmund of Austria against the Swiss Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1474 yyee Siege of Neuss Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1476 yyee Battle of Murten Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1476 yyee Battle of Grandson Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477 yyee Battle of Nancy. Charles the Bold killed. His daughter has married Maximilian I of Austria who wins Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1479 yyee Battle of Guinegate. Treaty of Senlis divides the legacy Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477 1499 Swabian War. Swiss establish independence and separation from the Empire Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1513 yyee Swiss Confederation of 13 cantons Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477 1499 Swiss Swabian War Burgundy and Switzerland . . . 1477 yyee Habsburgs inherit Burgundy Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1471 1480 Turkish attacks on Styria Europe . . . 1477 yyee Hungarian attacks on Austria Europe . . . 1485 yyee Seizure of Vienna, occupation of Lower Austria, Carinthia and Styria by Matthias I Corvinus, King of Hungary, who dies 1490; Habsburgs recover their territories including Vienna Russia . . . yyss yyee Russia Russia . . . 1478 yyee Ivan III annexes Novgorod Russia . . . 1480 yyee Ivan III proclaims independence of Muscovy Italy . . . yyss yyee Italy Italy . . . 1494 1559 Valois-Habsburg Wars for Italy [1499-1523 Italian wars involve Swiss mercenaries 1 Italy . . . 1494 yyee Charles VIII of France begins wars for Naples, claiming Naples via the House of Anjou Italy . . . 1494 yyee Charles conquers Naples Italy . . . 1495 yyee Spanish and Habsburgs force him to retreat Italy . . . 1500 yyee Louis XII of France takes Milan Italy . . . 1504 yyee Treaty of Blois cedes Naples to Spain By 1505 Habsburgs drive French from the south of Italy and take Naples Italy . . . 1511 yyee Holy League to liberate Italy Italy . . . 1515 yyee Battle of Marignano. Francis I of France defeats Swiss Habsburg . . . 1519 1556 Habsburg Empire of Charles V Habsburg . . . 1519 1556 Charles V (1516 inherits Spanish Empire; Habsburg . . . 1519 yyee Austria and the Holy Roman Empire) Habsburg . . . 1521 1526 War against Francis I of France Habsburg . . . 1525 yyee Battle of Pavia. Habsburgs drive French from Milan Habsburg . . . 1525 yyee Peasant revolt in Germany Habsburg . . . 1526 1529 2nd war against Francis I. Habsburg . . . 1527 yyee Imperial army plunders Rome Habsburg . . . 1535 yyee Habsburgs take Milan Habsburg . . . 1536 1538 3rd war between Charles V and Francis I Habsburg . . . 1542 1544 4th war between Charles V and Francis I Habsburg . . . 1546 1547 Schmalkaldic War of south/central Germany Habsburg . . . 1547 yyee Battle of Muhlberg, Habsburgs defeat German Protestants Habsburg . . . 1552 1556 Charles V at war with France again. He abdicates 1556 splitting his empire into its Spanish and Austrian components Habsburg . . . 1559 yyee Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis. French are excluded from Italy Ottoman Empire . . . yyss yyee Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Middle East . . yyss yyee Middle East Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1516 1517 ottomans conquer Syria, Palestine and Mameluke Egypt Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1520 1566 Suleman I pushes the ottoman Empire to its greatest extend Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1529 yyee Turks capture Algiers Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1551 yyee Turks take Tripoli Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1565 yyee Turks besiege Malta Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1571 yyee Turks take Cyprus Ottoman Empire Middle East . . 1574 yyee Turks take Tunis Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . yyss yyee Mediterranean Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1475 1546 Barbarossa raids Spanish and Italian coasts for Francis I of France Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1529 yyee Turks take Algiers Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1535 yyee Habsburg North African campaign against Barbarossa and seizure of Tunis Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1541 yyee Habsburg Algiers expedition fails Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1551 yyee Turks take Tripoli Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1565 yyee Turkish siege of Malta fails Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1571 yyee Battle of Lepanto. Don John of Austria leads Holy League fleet to victory over Turks Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1571 yyee Turks take Cyprus Ottoman Empire Mediterranean . . 1577 yyee Ottoman-Habsburg truce. The Turkish threat wanes. Habsburgs are busy in the north; ottomans in conflict with Persia Ottoman Empire Europe . . yyss yyee Europe Ottoman Empire Europe . . 1526 yyee Battle of Mohacs. Turks take most of Hungary Ottoman Empire Europe . . 1529 yyee First Turkish siege of Vienna Turks take Hungary Ottoman Empire Europe . . 1577 yyee Ottoman-Habsburg Truce India . . . yyss yyee India India WARS OF BABUR . . 1504 1530 WARS OF BABUR India WARS OF BABUR . . 1526 yyee Battle of Khanua: Babur defeats Rajput Confederation to conquer northern India India WARS OF BABUR . . 1526 yyee Battle of Panipat: Babur defeats Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi and establishes the Moghul Empire, which becomes the dominant power in India India WARS OF BABUR . . 1535 1540 Campaigns of Humayan India WARS OF BABUR . . 1538 yyee Bahmani State splits into 5 states India WARS OF BABUR . . 1539 yyee Battle of Chaunsa: Defeated by usurper Sher-Shah India WARS OF BABUR . . 1540 yyee Battle of Kanauj: Defeated by usurper Sher-Shah India WARS OF BABUR . . 1556 1605 Akbar, greatest of Mogul emperors India WARS OF BABUR . . 1556 1601 Campaigns of Akbar India WARS OF BABUR . . 1556 yyee Second Battle of Panipat India WARS OF BABUR . . 1564 yyee Five Deccan Kingdoms combine to destroy Vijayanagara India WARS OF BABUR . . 1610 1629 Moghuls at war with Ahmadnagar India WARS OF BABUR . . 1623 yyee Battle of Balochpur Japan . . . yyss yyee Japan Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1467 1615 'PERIOD OF THE WARRING STATES' as local warlords vie for supremacy Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1467 1477 Onin War Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1561 yyee Battle of Kawanakajima Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1570 1581 Siege of Ishiyama Honganji Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1591 yyee Siege of Kunoe 1592/3, 1597/8 Japanese invasions of Korea Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1600 yyee Battle of Sekigahara. Tokugawa decisively defeats his rivals, leading to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate Japan 'PERIOD OF THE . . 1637 1638 Shimbara Revolt, the last uprising against the Togukawa shogunate.Peacein Japan. In 1639 Japan effectively cuts itself off from the outside world until the middle of the nineteenth century Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 1513 1514 Anglo-Scottish War Britain . . . 1513 yyee Battle of Flodden Field. Earl of Surrey defeats James IV of Scotland. Britain . . . 1545 yyee Battle of Ancram Moor. Scots defeat English raiding party Britain . . . 1547 yyee Battle of Pinkie. Somerset defeats Arran, regent of Scotland Britain . . . 1594 1603 Irish Nine Years War Britain . . . 1598 1603 Tyrone's Rebellion in Ireland Britain . . . 1601 yyee Spanish expeditionary force invades Ireland Britain . . . 1601 yyee Battle of Kinsale. British defeat Tyrone Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1531 yyee Battle of Kappel. Swiss Catholics defeat Protestants of Zurich. Zwingli killed Russia and Northern . . . yyss yyee Russia and Northern Europe Russia and Northern . . . 1552 yyee Muscovy conquers Kazan Khanate Russia and Northern . . . 1569 yyee Union of Lublin. Poland/Lithuania repulse. Muscovite expansion Russia and Northern . . . 1604 1606 The 'False Demetrius' pretender invades Russia to depose Boris Godounov, the murderer of Dmitri, the last of the Rurik dynasty in 1598 Russia and Northern . . . 1605 yyee He enters Moscow Russia and Northern . . . 1610 yyee Boyars retake Moscow and kill Demetrius A second false Dmitri is a puppet of the Poles Russia and Northern . . . 1610 1613 Time of Troubles - anarchy in Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1600 yyee Poland takes Smolensk; Sweden invades Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1609 1613 Russo-Polish War Russia and Northern . . . 1610 yyee Battle of Klondnot Russia and Northern . . . 1611 yyee Battle of Christianople Russia and Northern . . . 1612 yyee Battle ofVringellen Russia and Northern . . . 1613 yyee Battle of Wisby Russia and Northern . . . 1613 yyee Michael Romanov elected Tsar and restores order Russia and Northern . . . 1617 1618 Russian peace with Poland and Sweden Russia and Northern . . . 1615 yyee Battle of Plescow Russia and Northern . . . 1621 yyee Battle of Riga Russia and Northern . . . 1621 1622 Battle of Kotzim Russia and Northern . . . 1634 yyee Poland invades Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1637 yyee Don Cossacks temporarily take Azov for Russia Russia and Northern . . . 1672 1725 Peter I the Great of Russia (sole ruler from 1689) Russia and Northern . . . 1695 yyee Expedition against Azov fails Russia and Northern . . . 1696 yyee Expedition succeeds in taking Azov Russia and Northern . . . 1698 1699 Revolt of the Streltsi. Mass executions ensue Russia and Northern . . . 1703 yyee Peter founds St Petersburg Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Angle-Spanish contlict . . yyss yyee Angle-Spanish contlict Europe Angle-Spanish contlict . . 1587, 1596 English raid Cadiz Europe Angle-Spanish contlict . . 1558 yyee Spanish Armada defeated in English Channel and off the Low Countries China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1516 yyee Portuguese base at Canton established China . . . 1563 yyee Japanese pirates eliminated China . . . 1627 yyee Abortive Ch'ing invasion of Korea China . . . 1628 1644 Peasant rebellion in China China . . . 1636 1637 Ch'ing conquest of Korea China . . . 1644 1659 Ch'ing conquest of China Ch'Ing or Manchu Dynasty China . . . 1644 yyee Manchu take Peking China . . . 1644 yyee Citzu-Ch'eng ends Ming Dynasty and is immediately overthrown by the Ch'ing Dynasty to found the Manchu Dynasty Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1594 1597 Peasant Wars in Austria and Hungary Europe . . . 1605 yyee Hungary invades Austria Dutch War of . . . yyss yyee Dutch War of Independence (Eighty Years War) During the Dutch War and the Thirty Years War, North Italy is vital to Spain as the mustering- point for the 'Spanish Road' (Habsburg possessions) via the Valtellina, Alsace, Rhineland to the Low Countries, the English Channel being dominated by the Dutch and the English Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1587 1625 CAMPAIGNS OF MAURICE OF NASSAU Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1587 1609 Maurice secures the Netherlands ('The Closing of the Garden') Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1600 yyee Battle of Nieuport Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1601 1604 Siege and capture of Ostend by Maurice Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1604 yyee Maurice takes Sluys Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1604 yyee Spanish take Ostend Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1607 yyee Battle of Gibraltar. Dutch defeat Spanish at sea Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . Apr1609 yyee Twelve Years Truce Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1621 1648 Dutch War of Independence resumed and merges with Thirty Years War Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1625 yyee Capture of Breda Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1625 1647 CAMPAIGNS OF FREDERICK HENRY OF ORANGE Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1626 yyee Battle of Liitter Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1626 yyee Battle of Dessau Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1636 yyee Frederick Henry captures Breda Dutch War of CAMPAIGNS OF . . 1639 yyee Battle of the Downs. Tromp defeats second Spanish Armada France . . . yyss yyee France France . . . 1624 1642 Richelieu First Minister of France France . . . 1626 1630 Angle-French War France . . . 1627 1629 Huguenot Rebellion France . . . 1628 yyee Siege and capture of La Rochelle Buckingham attacks the lIe de Rhe France . . . 1629 1631 War of the Mantuan Succession. France versus Spain France . . . 1635 1659 France and Spain at war, leaving Spain militarily exhausted. France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . yyss yyee THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL WARS: France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . Jan1649 Mar1649 First, parliamentaire Fronde. Conde besieges Paris France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1650 1652 Fronde of the Princes. France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 8Apr1652 yyee Battle of Nemours France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 4May1652 yyee Battle of Etampes France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 14Jun1658 yyee Battle of the Dunes. Turenne captures Dunkirk (to England) France THE FRONDE - FRENCH CIVIL . . 1659 yyee Treaty of the Pyrenees Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Thirty Years War . . 1618 1648 Thirty Years War Triggered by May 1618 Defenestration of Prague Europe PHASE I. Loss OF . . 1618 1629 PHASE I. Loss OF PALATINATE AND COLLAPSE OF GERMAN PROTESTANTISM Europe PHASE I. Loss OF . . 1620 yyee Battle of White Mountain. Bohemian rebellion ended and conquest of Palatinate enabled [1624-42 Richelieu first minister of France] Europe PHASE I. Loss OF . . 1626 yyee Battle of Liitter compels withdrawal of Denmark. 1629 Peace of Liibeck Europe PHASE 11. . . 1630 1635 PHASE 11. RESTORATION OF PROTESTANTISM BY SWEDEN Europe PHASE 11. . . 1631 yyee Battle of Breitenfeld restores Protestant fortunes and is the turning-point of the war Europe PHASE 11. . . 1631 yyee Sack of Magdeburg Europe PHASE 11. . . 1632 yyee Battle of Liitzen. Victory, but death, of Gustavus Adolphus. Leads indirectly to assassination of Wallenstein in Feb 1634 Europe PHASE 11. . . 1634 yyee Battle of Nordlingen undoes the work of Sweden. War becomes one of exhaustion between France/Sweden and Bavaria/Imperialists. Disease and starvation throughout Germany. End of religious phases of the war. 1635 Treaty of Prague Europe PHASE III . . 1635 1648 PHASE III INTERVENTION OF FRANCE [1634-8 Five years of negotiations] Europe PHASE III . . 1635 yyee French ally with Dutch against Spain, begins the Dutch War of Independence with the Thirty Years War [1642-1661 Mazarin first minister of France] Europe PHASE III . . 1643 yyee Battle of Rocroi. Conde destroys the remnant of Spanish military prestige Europe PHASE III . . 1648 yyee Battle of Siismarshausen. Turenne and Wrangel defeat Imperialists and Bavarians Europe PHASE III . . 1648 yyee Battle of Lens. Conde defeats the Spaniards Europe PHASE III . . 1648 yyee Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War and Munster ends Spanish-Dutch War Poland . . . yyss yyee Poland Poland . . . 1609 1613 Polish war against Russia Poland . . . 1611 yyee Poles capture Smolensk Poland . . . 1617 1629 Polish war against Sweden Ongoing Polish war against Turkey Poland . . . 1625 yyee Polish war against Sweden; 1629 Six Years Truce Poland . . . 1634 yyee Poles invade Russia. Leads to Treaty of Viasma/Polyankova. Ladislas IV renounces claim to Russian throne Poland . . . 1648 1668 Disastrous reign of John Casimir Raids of Dnieper Cossacks; campaigns of Bogdan Chmielnuski Poland . . . 1648 yyee Battle of Zolte Wody. Cossacks defeat Poles and take Lemberg Poland . . . 1651 yyee Battle of Beresteszko. Poles defeated. Truce Poland . . . 1654 yyee Bogdan and Russians invade Poland Poland . . . 1655 1657 Sweden invades Poland. Civil War in Poland Poland . . . 1667 yyee Cossack uprising in Poland Poland . . . 1672 1676 Polish-Turkish War Poland . . . 1673 yyee John Sobieski wins Battle of Khoczoim in Bessarabia Poland . . . 1674 1696 John Sobieski King of Poland Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1623 yyee Abbarttu the Great of Persia captures Baghdad Middle East . . . 1638 yyee Murad IV of Turkey recaptures Baghdad India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1632 yyee Hooghey taken from Portuguese India . . . 1649 1653 Moghuls at war with Persia India . . . 1664 1710 Moghul persecution of non- Muslims India . . . 1675 yyee Rajput revolt Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain English Civil Wars . . yyss yyee English Civil Wars Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1642 1646 FIRST CIVIL WAR Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 22Aug1642 yyee King Charles I sets up standard at Nottingham: beginning of war Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 23Sep1642 yyee Battle of Powick Bridge. Rupert routs Parliamentarians Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 23Oct1642 yyee Battle of Edgehill. King defeats Earl of Essex Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Oct29 yyee King makes Oxford his capital Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Nov13 yyee Battle of Turnham Green. Royalists repulsed from London Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Jan19 yyee 164J Battle of Braddock Down. Hopton clears Cornwall of Parliamentarians Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Mar19 yyee Battle of Hopton Heath. Royalist Northampton defeats Gell and Brereton Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 13Apr1643 yyee Battle of Ripple Field. Prince Maurice defeats Waller Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 23Apr1643 yyee Battle of Launceston. Hopton defeats Parliament army of Chudleigh Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 25Apr1643 yyee Battle of Sourton Down. Chudleigh defeats Hopton Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 13May1643 yyee Battle of Grantham. Cromwell defeats Cavendish Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 16May1643 yyee Battle of Stratton. Hopton defeats Stamford and secures south-west for the King Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 21May1643 yyee Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Wakefield Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 18Jun1643 yyee Battle of Chalgrove Field. Rupert defeats Parliamentarians Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 29Jun1643 yyee Battle of Adwalton Moor. Fairfaxes defeated by Newcastle's Royalists Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Jul5 yyee Battle of Lansdown. Hopton defeats Wailer Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 13Jul1643 yyee Battle of Roundway Down. Hopton and Prince Maurice destroy Wailer's army Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 26Jul1643 yyee Bristol falls to Rupert Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 27Jul1643 yyee Battle of Gainsborough. Cromwell defeats Cavendish Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 20Sep1643 yyee Battle of Newbury I. King fails to prevent Essex's return to London Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 25Sep1643 yyee Solemn League and Covenant signed between Parliament and Scots Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Oct11 yyee Battle of Winceby. Eastern Association defeats Royalists advancing south Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 25Jan1644 yyee Battle of Nantwich. Fairfax defeats Byron Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 21Mar1644 yyee Rupert relieves besieged Newark Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 29Mar1644 yyee Battle of CheritonJAlresford. Waller defeats Forth and Hopton Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . May25 Jun11 Rupert takes Stockport, Bolton and Liverpool and marches to relieve besieged York Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 29Jun1644 yyee Battle of Cropredy Bridge. King defeats WaIler Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 2Jul1644 yyee Battle of Marston Moor. Scots (Leven), Manchester and Fairfax defeat Rupert and Newcastle. Turning- point: the North is effectively lost to the King (16 July York falls) Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 31Aug1644 yyee Battle of Castle Dore. King destroys Essex's army Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1Sep1644 yyee Battle of Tippermuir. Montrose defeats Elgin's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 13Sep1644 yyee Battle of Aberdeen. Montrose defeats Elgin's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 27Oct1644 yyee Battle of Newbury 11. King repulses Manchester and Waller Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 2Feb1645 yyee Battle of Inverlochy. Montrose defeats Campbells Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . Apr1645 yyee Formation of Parliament's New Model Army, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax with Cromwell in command of the cavalry Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 9May1645 yyee Battle of Auldearn. Montrose defeats Hurry's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 14Jun1645 yyee Battle of Naseby. Fairfax and Cromwell decisively defeat King Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 2Jul1645 yyee Battle of Alford. Montrose defeats Baillie's Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 10Jul1645 yyee Battle of Langport. Fairfax defeats Goring Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 1Aug1645 yyee Battle of Colby Moor. Laugharne defeats Pembrokeshire Royalists Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 10Sep1645. yyee Rupert surrenders Bristol Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 13Sep1645 yyee Battle of Philiphaugh. Defeat of Montrose Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 24Sep1645 yyee Battle of Rowton Heath. Royalists defeated at Chester Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 12Mar1646 yyee Astley surrenders last Royalist army at Stow-in-the- Wold Britain English Civil Wars FIRST CIVIL WAR . 8Aug1647 yyee Battle of Dunganhill. Parliament- arian J ones defeats Irish Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 1648 yyee SECOND CIVIL WAR Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 1648 yyee Battle of Preston. Cromwell defeats Royalists and Scots Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 28Aug1648 yyee Colchester surrenders to Fairfax Britain English Civil Wars SECOND CIVIL WAR . 30Jan1649 yyee King Charles I beheaded Britain English Civil Wars IRISH CAMPAIGN . 1649 yyee IRISH CAMPAIGN Britain English Civil Wars IRISH CAMPAIGN . 2Aug1649 yyee Battle of Rathrnines. Ormonde's Royalists repulsed before Dublin Britain English Civil Wars IRISH CAMPAIGN . Sep1649 Dec1649 Drogheda and Wexford beseiged and taken by Cromwell's army Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 1650 1651 THIRD CIVIL WAR Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 27Apr1650 yyee Battle of Carbisdale. Montrose's Royalists defeated Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 3Sep1650 yyee Battle of Dunbar. Cromwell defeats Scots Covenanters Britain English Civil Wars THIRD CIVIL WAR . 3Sep1651 yyee Battle of Worcester. Cromwell defeats Charles ll's Anglo-Scots army Britain CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH . . yyss yyee CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH 1650s England sends a fleet to the Mediterranean - against Barbary pirates Britain CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH . . May1655 yyee Britain captures Jamaica Britain CAMPAIGNS OF THE ENGLISH . . 1662 1683 England holds Tangier Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , . . yyss yyee Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1652 1654 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . WAR Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1652 yyee Battle of Kentish Knock. Blake defeats de With Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1652 yyee Battle of Dungeness. Tromp defeats Blake Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1653 yyee Battle of PortlandlBeachy Head. Indecisive Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1653 yyee Battle of Gab bard/North Foreland/Nieuport. Monck and Deane defeat Tromp and de Ruyter Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 1st ANGLO-DuTCH . . 1653 yyee Battle of Texel. Monck defeats Tromp, who is killed Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1665 1667 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH WAR Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1665 yyee Battle of Solebay/Lowestoft. Duke of York defeats Opdam Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1666 yyee Four Days Fight/Dover Strait. De Ruyter and Tromp Jr defeat Albemarle and Rupert Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 2nd ANGLO-DUTCH . 1666 yyee Battle of North Foreland ll. Albemarle defeats de Ruyter Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1672 1674 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH WAR Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1672 yyee Battle of Southwold. De Ruyter defeats York and d'Estrees Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1673 yyee Battle of Schooneveld Bank. De Ruyter defeats Rupert and d'Estrees Europe Anglo-Dutch Wars (naval) , 3rd ANGLO-DuTCH . 1673 yyee Battle of Texel II/Camperdown. De Ruyter defeats Rupert and d'Estrees China . . . yyss yyee China China . . . 1674 1681 Rebellion of the Three Feudatores China . . . 1683 yyee Chinese conquest of Formosa China . . . 1696 yyee Chinese conquest of Mongolia China . . . 1705 yyee Chinese invasion of Tibet China . . . 1720 yyee Chinese conquest of Tibet China . . . 1740 1743 Chinese-Indonesian War China . . . 1758 1759 Chinese conquest of Kashgaria Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of . . yyss yyee Wars of Louis XIV (King of France 1643-1715; regency 1643-51) Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1659 1629 PHASE I Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1668 yyee Conde conquers Franche Comte Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1672 yyee France invades Holland, but Dutch flood the countryside forcing withdrawal next year Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1674 yyee Grand Alliance of the Hague against Louis XIV Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1674 yyee Battle of Sinzheim and Ladenburg. Turenne defeats Imperialists and devastates the Palatinate Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1675 yyee Battles of Mulhausen, Colmar, Turkheim. Again Turenne defeats the Imperialists and forces the evacuation of Alsace Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1675 yyee Battle of Sasbach. Turenne killed Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1675 yyee Battle of Fehrbellin. Brandenburg defeats Sweden Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1678 yyee Treaty of Nymegen Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE I . 1667 1668 War of Devolution against Spain Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1679 1697 PHASE II French annexations (reunions) lead to 1681 Alliance of the Hague, of Dutch, Swedes, Spanish and the Empire Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1681 yyee France invades Luxembourg Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1684 yyee French fleet bombards Genoa Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1689 1697 War of the League of Augsburg (Nine Years War). Spain, Empire, Sweden and Bavaria ally against France over the Spanish succession Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1688 yyee Second French invasion of the Palatinate Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1688 1689 second devastation of the Palatinate unites Europe against Louis XIV Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II . 1689 yyee English Revolution: William III replaces James II Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II Alliance of May1689 yyee Alliance of Vienna: Empire, United Provinces, joined by England, Spain and Savoy against France Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: yyss yyee IRISH THEATRE: Naval battles of Bantry Bay and Beachy Head: French defeat England and Holland. Louis XIV plans invasion of England with camp at Cherbourg. Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1692 yyee Battle of La Hogue. Tourville defeated by Russell Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1689 yyee France invades Low Countries Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1692 yyee Battle of Steinkirk. William III defeated Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II IRISH THEATRE: 1693 yyee Battle of Neerwinden (Land en) William III defeated Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: yyss yyee French campaign in Italy: Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: 1690 yyee Battle of Staffarde; Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: 1693 yyee Battle of Marsaglia Jean Bart leads guerre de course in Channel Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE II French campaign in Italy: 1696 1697 Treaties of Turin and Ryswick Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE III . 1697 1715 PHASE III Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE III . 1700 yyee death of Charles II of Spain; bequeaths Spanish Empire to Philip of Anjou Europe Wars of Louis XIV (King of PHASE III . 1700 yyee Brandenburg becomes Kingdom of Prussia Europe War of the Spanish . . 1702 1713 War of the Spanish Succession Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . yyss yyee French invade Netherlands Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1701 yyee Grand Alliance of the Hague against the French Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1702 yyee Battle of Friedlingen Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1703 yyee Battle of Hbchstadt Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1704 yyee Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough's great victory. Allies conquer Bavaria Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1704 yyee Gibraltar taken by England Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1706 yyee Battle of Ramillies wins Belgium for the Allies Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1706 yyee Battle of Turin Philip V has to abandon Barcelona. France loses Belgium, Milanese, Spain in one summer Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1707 yyee Battle of Almanza Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1708 yyee Battle of Oudenarde. Allies invade France Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1708 1714 Sardinia is a British base Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1708 1783 Minorca is a British base Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1709 yyee Battle of Malplaquet, a Pyrrhic victory for Marlborough, which prevents the Allies invading France Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1710 yyee Battle of Lerida. Philip defeated Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1710 yyee Battles of Brihuega, Villviciosa. Allies defeated, effectively restoring Spain to the Bourbons Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1711 yyee French expedition takes Rio de Janeiro Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1712 yyee Battle of Denain. Villars wins France's only major victory and the Allies lose heart Europe War of the Spanish French invade Netherlands . 1715 yyee Treaty of Utrecht Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1701 1714 War of the Spanish Succession Americas . . . 1711 1712 Tuscarora War Americas . . . 1702 1713 Queen Anne's War (War of The Spanish Succession in Europe) Americas . . . 1715 1728 Yamassee War Americas . . . 1718 1720 Franco-Spanish War (War of the Quadruple Alliance) Americas . . . 1721 1725 Paraguayan Revolution Americas . . . 1740 1748 King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession in Europe) Turkey . . . yyss yyee Turkey After Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire suffers a series of weak rulers Turkey . . . 1606 yyee End of frontier war with the Habsburgs Turkey . . . 1621 yyee Turkish-Polish conflict over the Dniester Turkey . . . 1623 yyee Abbas the Great of Persia captures Baghdad Turkey . . . 1638 yyee Murad IV (1623-40) recaptured Baghdad Turkey . . . 1645 1669 Turkish War for Crete (Candian War) Turkey . . . 1648 yyee ottoman Empire invaded by Cossacks and Venetians Turkey . . . 1663 yyee Turks invade Hungary, Moravia, Silesia with a large army; a Holy League is formed to oppose them Turkey . . . 1664 yyee Battle of st Gothard on Raab. Imperial army defeats Turks Turkey . . . 1664 yyee Truce Turkey . . . 1669 yyee Turks take Candia (Crete). They invade Poland; 1672 Treaty of Buczacs. Polish Ukraine ceded to Turkey Turkey . . . 1683 1699 AUSTRO-TuRKISH WAR Turkey . . . 1683 yyee Turks march on Vienna Turkey . . . 1683 yyee Battle of Petronell. Kara Mustafa defeats Charles of Lorraine. Sixty-day siege of Vienna Turkey . . . 1683 yyee Battle of Vienna. John Sobieski defeats the Turks. Poland joins the Holy League, which already includes Austria, Venice, Malta and Russia Turkey . . . 1686 yyee They take Buda Turkey . . . 1686 yyee Venice takes the Morea, Athens and Dalmatia Turkey . . . 1687 yyee Battle of Mohacz. Turks defeated decisively and ejected from Hungary, which becomes a Habsburg kingdom Turkey . . . 1689 yyee Turks retake Nish and Belgrade Turkey . . . 1691 yyee Battle of Salankemen. Turks are defeated Turkey . . . 1697 yyee Battle of Zenta. Turks defeated in war against Poles, the Austrian Empire, Venice and Hungary; and are expelled from Serbia and Bosnia Turkey . . . 1699 yyee Treaty of Karlowitz Turkey . . . 1703 yyee Janissary revolt Turkey . . . 1714 1718 Turkish War with Austria and Venice Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1717 yyee Afghan revolt Middle East . . . 1722 1723 Russo- Persian War Middle East . . . 1726 1727 Persian-Turkish War Middle East . . . 1730 1736 Turkish-Persian War Middle East . . . 1737 1738 Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East . . . 1743 1747 Turkish Persian War Middle East . . . 1768 1774 1st Turkish War with Catherine of Russia Middle East . . . 1769 1773 Egyptian revolt Middle East . . . 1774 yyee Rohilla War Middle East . . . 1775 yyee Failed Spanish invasion of Algeria Middle East . . . 1779 1794 Persian Civil War Middle East . . . 1795 1797 Persian invasion of Georgia Middle East . . . 1798 yyee Persian invasion of Afghanistan India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1738 1739 Persian invasion of India India . . . 1744 1748 ist Carnatic War India . . . 1746 yyee Battle of Madras India . . . 1748 yyee Battle of Pondicherry India . . . 1749 1754 2nd Carnatic War India . . . 1751 yyee Battle of Arcot South-East Asia . . . yyss yyee South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . 1704 1705 1st Javanese war of Succession South-East Asia . . . 1714 1716 Cambodian Civil War and Vietnamese invasion South-East Asia . . . 1717 yyee Siamese invasion of Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1719 1723 2nd Javanese war of Succession South-East Asia . . . 1739 1749 Cambodian- Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1740 1752 Mon revolt in Burma South-East Asia . . . 1749 1757 3rd Javanese war of Succession South-East Asia . . . 1755 1760 Vietnam offensive in Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1760 yyee Burmese invasion of Siam South-East Asia . . . 1764 1767 Burmese invasion of Siam South-East Asia . . . 1765 1769 Chinese-Burmese war South-East Asia . . . 1769 1773 Siamese- Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1773 1801 Vietnamese Civil War South-East Asia . . . 1775 1776 Burmese-Siamese war South-East Asia . . . 1778 yyee Siamese invasion of Laos South-East Asia . . . 1780 1782 Siamese invasion of Vietnam South-East Asia . . . 1784 1785 Burmese conquest of Arakan South-East Asia . . . 1785 1792 Burmese-Siamese war Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe War of the North . . 1655 1660 War of the North Europe War of the North . . 1656 yyee Secret Treaty of Marienburg. Brandenburg and Sweden agree partition of Poland Europe War of the North . . 1655 1657 Charles X of Sweden's invasion of Poland fails Europe War of the North . . 1657 1658 Swedish invasion of Denmark leads to treaty Europe War of the North . . 1658 1659 Second Swedish invasion of Denmark. Charles besieges Copenhagen but eventually surrenders to Dutch, Poles, Austrians and Danes. He dies 1660 Europe War of the North . . 1660 yyee Treaties of Oliva and Copenhagen Europe Sweden becomes involved . . yyss yyee Sweden becomes involved in wars against Louis XIV; Russo-Polish conflict continues to 1667 Europe Sweden becomes involved . . 1675 yyee Battle of Fehrbellin. Elector of Brandenburg defeats Sweden, this marking the beginning of Sweden's military decline. Denmark, Brandenburg and Austria are at war "with Sweden Europe Wars of Charles . . 1700 1721 Wars of Charles XII Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1700 1721 GREAT NORTHERN WAR Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1700 yyee Charles forces peace on the Danes Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1700 yyee Battle of Narva. Charles defeats Russia, occupies Courland and Riga Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1702 yyee Charles invades Poland and enters Warsaw Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1702 yyee Battle of Klissow. Charles defeats Augustus of Poland. By 1705 the Swedes have conquered Poland. Meanwhile Peter the Great of Russia conquers Livonia and Estonia Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1706 yyee Battle of Fraustadt. Sweden defeats Poles, Russians and Germans Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1706 yyee Charles invades Saxony Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1707 yyee Sweden signs treaty with Augustus of Poland and the Habsburgs [April 1707 Marlborough visits Charles at Altranstadt) Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1707 1709 Charles invades Russia Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1708 yyee Battle of Holowczyn Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1709 yyee Battle of Poltava. Peter the Great decisively defeats Charles who languishes for five years in Turkey Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1710 yyee Turkey joins the war against Russia Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1711 yyee Peace of the Pruth Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1712 yyee Danes invade Bremen Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1712 yyee Battle of Gadebusch. Swedes are victorious but subsequently forced to surrender at Tanning to superior forces. Russia invades Finland. Sweden ceases to be a power in Germany Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1709 1713 Charles remains at Bender Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1713 yyee Charles besieged at Kalibalik and made prisoner Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1713 yyee Treaty of Adrianople ends Russo-Turkish war Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1714 yyee Charles returns clandestinely to Sweden Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1715 yyee Siege of Stralsund. Charles faces the armies of Russia, Prussia, Poland, Saxony, Hanover and Denmark Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1719 yyee Charles invades Norway and is killed at the siege of Frederickshald. During the wars of his reign, Sweden has lost nearly a third of its male population Europe Wars of Charles GREAT NORTHERN . 1721 yyee Treaty of Nystadt ends.the Great Northern war. Sweden ceases to be a great power Britain . . . yyss yyee Britain Britain . . . 1679 yyee SCOTTISH COVENANTER UPRISING Britain . . . 1679 yyee Battle of Dumclog. Scottish Covenanters defeated Britain . . . 1679 yyee Battle of Bothwell Bridge. Covenanter rising suppressed Britain . . . 1685 yyee MONMOUTH REBELLION Britain . . . 1685 yyee Battle of Sedgemoor. Pretender Monmouth defeated and subsequently captured Britain WAR OF THE . . 1688 1691 WAR OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION Britain WAR OF THE . . 1689 yyee Londonderry besieged but not taken by James II Britain WAR OF THE . . 1689 yyee Battle of Killiecrankie. Highlanders ambush government force Britain WAR OF THE . . 1689 yyee Battle of Dunkeld Britain WAR OF THE . . 1690 yyee Battle of The Boyne. William III defeats James II Britain WAR OF THE . . 1691 yyee Battle of Aughrim. Irish rebels dispersed Britain WAR OF THE . . 1691 yyee Rebel Limerick taken by government troops Britain WAR OF THE . . 1692 yyee Battle of Glencoe. Treacherous government attack on the Macdonalds massacres 38 Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1715 yyee JACOBITE REBELLION Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1715 yyee Battle of Sheriffmuir. Indecisive Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1715 yyee Battle of Preston. Rebels destroyed Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1745 1746 JACOBITE REBELLION Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1745 yyee Prestonpans. Charles Edward stuart destroys government force then sorties into England Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1746 yyee Battle of Falkirk. Murray leads Jacobites to their last victory Britain JACOBITE REBELLION . . 1746 yyee Battle of Culloden: Pretender 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' decisively defeated by Duke of Cumberland Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1695 1696 Russian conquest of Azov Europe . . . 1698 1699 Revolt of the Streltsi in Russia See Great Northern War above Europe . . . 1710 1711 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1703 1711 Hungarian Revolt Europe . . . 1716 1718 AUSTRO-TuRKISH WAR Europe . . . 1717 yyee Battle of Belgrade. Prince Eugene of Savoy's Austrian army defeats Turks Europe . . . 1727 1729 Spanish War with Britain and France Europe . . . 1735 1737 Spanish-Portuguese War Europe . . . 1736 1739 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1737 1739 Austro-Turkish War Europe . . . 1739 1743 Anglo-Spanish War of Captain Jenkins' Ear Europe . . . 1733 1739 War of the Polish Succession Europe WAR OF THE . . 1740 1748 WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION Europe WAR OF THE . . 1741 yyee Battle of Mollwitz. Prussians defeat Austrians Europe WAR OF THE . . 1743 yyee Battle of Dettingen. King George H of Britain defeats the French; the last battle to be commanded by a British monarch Europe WAR OF THE . . 1745 yyee Battle of Hohenfriedburg. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austro- Saxons Europe WAR OF THE . . 1745 yyee Battle of Sohr. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe WAR OF THE . . 1747 yyee Battle of Laffeldt. Count Maurice de Saxe of France defeats Allies Europe General . . yyss yyee General Europe General . . 1741 1743 Russo-Swedish War Europe Seven Years War . . 1756 1763 Seven Years War Europe Seven Years War . . 1756 yyee Battle of Lobositz. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757 yyee Battle of Prague. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757 yyee Battle of Kolin. Marshal Leopold von Daun of Austria defeats Frederick the Great's Prussians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757 yyee Battle of Rossbach. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Franco- Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1757 yyee Battle of Leuthen. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians Europe Seven Years War . . 1758 yyee Battle of Zorndorf. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Russians Europe Seven Years War . . 1758 yyee Battle of Hochkirch. Marshal Leopold von Daun of Austria defeats Frederick the Great Europe Seven Years War . . 1759 yyee Battle of Minden. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick led the Allies to defeat the French Europe Seven Years War . . 1759 yyee Battle of Kunersdorf. Lieutenant-General Gideon von Laudon of Austria and Count Peter Soltikov of Russia defeat the Prussians Europe Seven Years War . . 1760 yyee Battle of Warburg. Anglo-Prussians under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French Europe Seven Years War . . 1760 yyee Battle of Liegnitz. Frederick the Great of Prussia escapes Austro- Russian encirclement <, Europe Seven Years War . . 1760 yyee Battle of Torgau. Frederick the Great of Prussia defeats Austrians India . . . yyss yyee India India SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA . . yyss yyee SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA India SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA . . 1756 yyee Back Hole of Calcutta India SEVEN YEARS WAR IN INDIA . . 1757 yyee Clive captures Calcutta and wins Battle of Plassey, imposing British control over Bengal Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . yyss yyee FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN NORTH AMERICA, 1754- Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1763 yyee (corresponds to Seven Years War in Europe) Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 9Aug1757 yyee Fort William Henry Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 3Jun1758 20Jul1758 Louisburg Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 8Jul1758 yyee Fort Ticonderoga Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 24Nov1758 yyee Fort Duquesne Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 13Sep1759 yyee Wolfe captures Quebec Americas FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN . . 1763 yyee Pontiac Rebellion Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1768 1772 Polish Civil War, Russian invasion and 1st partition of Poland Europe . . . 1768 1774 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1776 1777 SpaniSh-Portuguese War Europe . . . 1777 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession Europe . . . 1787 1791 Austro-Turkish War Europe . . . 1788 1790 Swedish War with Russia and Denmark Europe . . . 1792 1795 Russo-Prussian invasion and 2nd partition of Poland India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1766 1769 1st Mysore War India . . . 1771 yyee Mysore-Maratha War India . . . 1779 1782 1st Maratha War India . . . 1780 1783 2nd Mysore War India . . . 1789 1792 3rd Mysore War India . . . 1790 yyee Battle of Calicut India . . . 1791 yyee Battle of Bangalore India . . . 1792 yyee Battle of Seringapatam India . . . 1795 1796 British expedition to Ceylon India . . . 1799 yyee 4th Mysore War India . . . 6Apr1799. 3May1799. Wellesley captures Seringapatam, ending third conflict with Tippo Sahib India . . . 1803 1805 Second Maratha War India . . . 23Sep1803 yyee Assaye. Wellesley defeats Marathas in a bloody fight against enormous odds India . . . 1803 1805 British 2nd Maratha War India . . . 1817 1818 British 3rd Maratha War Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1769 1807 Yankee- Pennarnite War Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775 1786 AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775 yyee Battle of Lexington. British survive American militia attacks Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775 yyee Battle of Bunker Hill. Gage/ Howe of Britain defeat Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1775 yyee Battle of Quebec. Carleton of Britain defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1776 yyee Battle of Long island. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1776 yyee Battle of White Plains. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1776 yyee Battle of Trenton. George Washington defeats British Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777 yyee Battle of Princeton. Washington defeats British Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777 yyee Battle of Brandywine. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777 yyee Battle of Germantown. Howe defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1777 yyee Battle of Saratoga - Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights. Gates of America defeats British; the turning-point of the war Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1778 yyee Battle of Monmouth. Clinton of Britain holds off Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781 yyee Battle of Guildford Court House. Cornwallis of Britain defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1779 1783 Siege of Gibraltar. Eliott of Britain defeats French/Spanish Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1779 yyee Battle of Savannah. Prevost of Britain defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1780 yyee Battle of Charleston. Clinton defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1780 yyee Battle of Waxaws. Tarleton leading British and Loyalists defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1780 yyee Battle of Camden. Cornwallis defeats Americans Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1789 yyee Battle of King's Mountain. Colonels John Sevier, Isaac Shelby and Richard Campbell defeat British loyalists Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781 yyee Battle of Cowpens. Morgan of America defeats British Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781 yyee Battle of Yorktown. Washington and Jean- Baptiste de Rochambeau of France defeat British. The British surrender. Was the coup de grace to British rule Americas AMERICAN WAR OF . . 1781 yyee Battle of Eutaw Springs. Lieutenant- Colonel Alexander Stewart defeats Americans Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1792 1799 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Europe WAR OF THE . . 1792 1798 WAR OF THE FIRST COALITION Europe WAR OF THE . . 20Sep1792 yyee Valmy. Indecisive, but Prussians retreat and the French Republic survives Europe WAR OF THE . . 1792 yyee Battle of Jemappes: "the first French offensive victory of the war Europe WAR OF THE . . 27Aug1793 19Dec1793 Toulon besieged by French, garrison having been taken over by Royalists with British naval support. Significant for Bonaparte's command of the French artillery Europe WAR OF THE . . 26Jun1794 yyee Fleurus. Jurdan's French defeat Austrians, leadng to French capture of Netherlands Europe WAR OF THE . . 1796 1797 Bonaparte's First Italian Campaign Europe WAR OF THE . . 10May1796 yyee Lodi. Bonaparte defeats and outmanoeuvres Austrians, leading to capture of Mantua Europe WAR OF THE . . 15Nov1796 17Nov1796 Areola. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians Europe WAR OF THE . . 14Jan1797 yyee Rivoli. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians' last attempt to relieve besieged Mantua Europe WAR OF THE . . 12Jun1798 yyee Battle of Vinegar Hill. Rebellion in Ireland ended Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East FRENCH . . 1798 1801 FRENCH EXPEDITION TO EGYPT Middle East FRENCH . . 21Jul1798 yyee Pyramids. Bonaparte defeats Mameluke rulers of Egypt Middle East FRENCH . . 25Jul1799 yyee The Nile/Aboukir Bay. Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet Middle East FRENCH . . Mar1799 May1799 Unsuccessful siege of Acre by Bonaparte Middle East FRENCH . . 21Mar1801 yyee Alexandria. French garrison of Egypt defeated by British expeditionary force under Abercromby Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe WAR OF THE . . 1798 1800 WAR OF THE SECOND COALITION Europe WAR OF THE . . 14Jun1800 yyee Marengo. Bonaparte's narrow victory over Austrians after epic trans-Alpine march into Italy Europe WAR OF THE . . 3Dec1800 yyee Hohenlinden. French victory over Austria in Germany Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805 1806 WAR OF THE 3rd COALITION Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1800 yyee Battle of Marengo. Bonaparte defeats Austrians in Italy after transalpine march Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805 yyee Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson defeats combined fleets of France and Spain Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1804 yyee Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805 yyee Capitulation of Ulm. Mack, outmanoeuvred and surrounded, surrenders an Austrian army to Napoleon Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805 yyee Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson defeats the combined fleets of France and Spain. Britain attains undisputed mastery of the seas Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1805 yyee Battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon defeats Austro- Russian army Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1806 yyee Battles of Jena and Auerstadt. Napoleon defeats Prussia Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1807 yyee Battles of Eylau and Friedland. Napoleon defeats Russia Europe WAR OF THE 3rd . . 1807 yyee Treaty of Tilsit confirms Napoleon's mastery of north-western Europe Europe WAR OF THE FIFTH . . yyss yyee WAR OF THE FIFTH COALITION, 1809 Europe WAR OF THE FIFTH . . 1809 yyee Battles of Aspern- Essling and Wagram. Napoleon defeats Archduke Charles of Austria after initial repulse Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . yyss yyee WAR OF THE SIXTH COALITION, 1812-1814 Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . 1812 yyee Napoleon invades Russia to enforce Continental System measures against Britain. Battle of Borodino. Napoleon defeats Russians and occupies Moscow. Tsar will not make peace. Napoleon forced into disastrous retreat made worse by winter. Most of his army wiped out. Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . 1813 yyee Battle of Leipzig - 'Battle of the Nations'. Napoleon is defeated by armies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Sweden Europe WAR OF THE SIXTH . . 1814 yyee Campaign of France. Brilliant defensive campaign fails to prevent Allies converging on Paris. Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba. Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 1807 1814 PENINSULAR WAR Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 19Jul1808 yyee Baylen. Shocking surrender of Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 28,000 yyee French to Spanish, which destroys the 'myth' of French invincibility Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 21Aug1808 yyee Vimeiro. British expeditionary force under Wellesley defeats Junot. Scandalous Convention of Cintra by Wellesley's superiors wastes the victory. Next year Napoleon personally leads French army into the peninsula Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 16Jan1809 yyee Corunna. Moore's reargard action enables evacuation of British expeditionary force by sea Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 27Jul1809 28Jul1809 Talavera. Wellesley defeats French army of Victor Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 27Sep1809 yyee Busaco. Wellesley (now Wellington) repulses Massena Winter 1809/10 Wellington builds defensive Lines of Torres Vedras north of Lisbon as safe-haven for Allied army Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 3May1811 5May1811 Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington repulses Massena Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 16May1811 yyee Albuera Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 7Jan1812 19Jan1812 Cuidad Rodrigo besieged and captured by Wellington Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 16Mar1812 6Apr1812 Badajoz besieged and captured by Wellington Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 22Jul1812 yyee Salamanca, Wellington defeats Marmont, opening the road to Madrid Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 21Jun1813 yyee Vittoria. Wellington defeats Jurdan, ending French control of Spain Europe PENINSULAR WAR . . 10Apr1814 yyee Toulouse. After crossing the Pyrenees, Wellingotn defeats Soult, ending the Peninsular War. Napoleon abdicates the following day Europe THE HUNDRED DAYS . . 1815 yyee THE HUNDRED DAYS Europe THE HUNDRED DAYS . . 1815 yyee Napoleon returns to France. Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny against Britain and Prussia are not decisive. Battle of Waterloo. Wellington and Blucher decisively defeat Napoleon, who abdicates again and is banished to st Helena Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 1812 1814 Anglo-American War (War of 1812) Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 11Nov1813 yyee Chrysler's Farm. Second US invasion of Canada repulsed Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 5Jul1814 yyee Chippewa. US victory on Canadian border Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 25Jul1814 yyee Lundy's Lane. US invasion of Ontario repulsed Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 24Aug1814 yyee Bladensburg. US fail to halt British entering Washington Americas Anglo-American War (War of 1812) . . 8Jan1815 yyee New Orleans. Jackson repulses Packenham's British after peace has been agreed between Britain and the USA Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1808 yyee Russo-Finnish War Europe . . . 1804 1813 Serbian insurrection Europe . . . 1815 1817 Serbian insurrection Europe . . . 1806 1812 Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1820 yyee Neapolitan Revolution Europe . . . 1821 yyee Sardinian Revolution Europe . . . 1821 1823 Russo-Persian War Europe . . . 1821 1828 Greek War of Independence Europe . . . 1821 yyee Battle of Navarino Europe . . . 1823 yyee French intervention in Spain Europe . . . 1825 1828 Russo-Persian War Europe . . . 1828 1829 Russo-Persian War Europe . . . 1830 yyee French 'July' Revolution Europe . . . 1830 1832 Polish insurrection Europe . . . 1831 yyee Russo-Turkish War Europe . . . 1848 yyee Revolutions and turmoil across Europe including French Revolution and revolts in Austria- Hungary Europe . . . 1848 1849 Hungarian War of Independence Europe ITALIAN WARS OF . . yyss yyee ITALIAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE Europe ITALIAN WARS OF . . 4Jun1859 yyee Battle of Magenta. MacMahan's Franco-Piedmontese army defeats Austrians Europe ITALIAN WARS OF . . 24Jun1859 yyee Battle of Solferino. Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel Il (Franco- Piedmontese) defeat Austrians at a cost. The carnage led Napoleon to conclude a peace deal, and inspired the founding of the Red Cross Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1806 1807 British unofficial expeditions to Buenos Aires and Montevideo fail Americas . . . 1810 1814 Chilean rebellion Americas . . . 1811 yyee US Indian War Americas . . . 1811 1825 Latin-American wars of Independence Americas . . . 1812 1815 US-British War of Americas . . . 1812 yyee Americas . . . 1818 yyee US 1st Seminole War Americas . . . 1818 yyee US invades Florida Americas . . . 1823 yyee US Monroe doctrine declines European involvement in American political affairs Americas . . . 1835 1836 Texan War of Independence Americas . . . 1836 yyee Siege of the Alamo and Battle of San Jacinto Americas . . . 1825 1828 Brazil-Argentine War Mackenzie's Rebellion in Canada Americas . . . 1827 1829 Peruvian War Americas . . . 1829 yyee Spanish involvement in Mexico Americas . . . 1832 yyee US Black Hawk Indian War Americas . . . 1835 1843 US 2nd Seminole Indian War Americas . . . 1836 1839 Peru-Bolivian War Americas . . . 1838 1839 French expedition to Mexico Americas . . . 1841 yyee Peruvian invasion of Bolivia Americas . . . 1843 1852 Argentine- Uruguayan War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1846 1848 US-MEXICAN WAR Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 10Sep1846 24Sep1846 Battle of Monterrey. Taylor defeats Mexicans and captures the city Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 22Feb1847 23Feb1847 Battle of Buena Vista. Taylor defeats Mexicans Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 8Sep1847 yyee Battle of Molino del Rey. Scott defeats Mexicans Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 13Sep1847 yyee Battle of Chapultepec. Scott captures the fortress and advances to Mexico City. Final major action of the war Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1849 1851 Lopez's invasion of Cuba Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1850 1898 Series of US-Indian Wars Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1856 yyee US Kansas Civil War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1857 1860 Mexican Civil War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1860 1861 Colombian Civil War Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1861 1862 Spanish expedition to Mexico Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 1861 1867 French expedition to Mexico Americas US-MEXICAN WAR . . 4May1863 17May1863 Battle of La Puebla. Forey of France captures city and advances on Mexico City to create a puppet government Americas American Civil War . . 1861 1865 American Civil War Americas American Civil War . . 12Apr1861 14Apr1861 Battle of Fort Sumter. Bombardment and capture of the fort by Beauregard's Confederates made war between North and South inevitable Americas American Civil War . . 21Jul1861 yyee Battle of Bull Run, First. The first major battle of the war and the first use of rail transport for troops .. Johnston's and Beauregard's Confederates fail to exploit victory. Confed General Jackson's stubborn defence earns him the nickname 'Stonewall' -'6-16 Feb 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson. Grant wins first major Federal victory Americas American Civil War . . 6Apr1862 7Apr1862 Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing. Grant eventually defeats Confeds and gives Federals strategic initiative in the west Americas American Civil War . . May31 yyee -I June 1862 Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks). Americas American Civil War . . 9Jun1862 yyee Battle of Port Republic. Jackson defeats Union and joins Lee's army Americas American Civil War . . 25Jun1862 1Jul1862 Seven Days Battles. Lee forces Confed retreat Americas American Civil War . . 9Aug1862 yyee Battle of Cedar Mountain. Inconclusive, but allowed Confeds to advance north Americas American Civil War . . 28Aug1862 30Aug1862 Battle of Bull Run, Second. Lee defeats Union army Americas American Civil War . . 13Sep1862 15Sep1862 Battle of Harper's Ferry. Jackson defeats Union garrison Americas American Civil War . . 17Sep1862 yyee Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Politically and strategically crucial for the Union. Although Lee of the Confederacy wins a tactical victory, his losses force him to abandon his invasion of the north. Americas American Civil War . . 3Oct1862 4Oct1862 Battle of Corinth. Rosecrans of the Union repulses Confeds Americas American Civil War . . 8Oct1862 yyee Battle of Perryville. Americas American Civil War . . 13Dec1862 yyee Battle of Fredericksburg. Lee defeats Union Americas American Civil War . . 31Dec1862 2Jan1863 Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro) . Americas American Civil War . . 1May1863 5May1863 Battle of Chancellorsville. Lee defeats Union and prepares the second invasion of the north Americas American Civil War . . 19May1863 4Jul1863 Battle of Vicksburg. Grant of the Union takes the fortress and splits the Confederacy in two in a crucial action Americas American Civil War . . 9Jun1863 yyee Battle of Brandy Station. Lee defeats Union but not decisively Americas American Civil War . . 1Jul1863 3Jul1863 Battle of Gettysburg. Meade of the Union defeats Lee's invasion force, inflicting unsustainable casualties Americas American Civil War . . 18Sep1863 20Sep1863 Battle of Chickamauga. Bragg wins tactical victory over Union Americas American Civil War . . 24Nov1863 25Nov1863 Battle of Chattanooga. Union breaks Confed siege Americas American Civil War . . 5May1864 6May1864 Battle of Wilderness. Grant of the Union holds off Confeds and advances towards Richmond Americas American Civil War . . 8May1864 18May1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Grant defeats Confeds Americas American Civil War . . 31May1864 3Jun1864 Battle of Cold Harbor. Lee repulses Federal attack Americas American Civil War . . 15Jun1864 18Jun1864 Battle of Petersburg. Confeds prevent capture of city Americas American Civil War . . 20Jul1864 31Aug1864 Battle of Atlanta. Sherman captures the city Americas American Civil War . . 9Dec1864 21Dec1864 Battle of Savannah. Sherman of the Union takes the city Americas American Civil War . . 15Dec1864 16Dec1864 Battle of Nashville. Thomas conclusively defeats Confeds I April 1865 Battle of Five Forks. Grant's Union cavalry under Sheridan defeat Confeds and force Lee to .retreat Americas American Civil War . . 9Apr1865 yyee Battle of Appomattox Court House. Grant traps Confeds. Lee surrenders, effectively ending the war Americas AMERICAN INDIAN WARS . . yyss yyee AMERICAN INDIAN WARS Americas AMERICAN INDIAN WARS . . 21Dec1866 yyee Battle of Fetterman Massacre, The. Red Cloud's Sioux and Cheyenne kill garrison unit but fail to press their advantage Americas AMERICAN INDIAN WARS . . 25Jun1876 26Jun1876 Battle of Little Big Horn. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeat US 7th Cavalry, killing Col. Custer and temporarily winning respite Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1801 1805 US-Tripolitanian War Middle East . . . 1804 1813 Russo-Persian War Middle East . . . 1806 1812 Russo-Turkish War Middle East . . . 1807 yyee Failed British invasion of Egypt Middle East . . . 1807 yyee Battle of Rosetta Middle East . . . 1811 1818 Egyptian war with Wahhabis Middle East . . . 1815 1816 US-Dutch war with Algiers Middle East . . . 1816 yyee Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East . . . 1820 1823 Russo-Persian War Middle East . . . 1825 1828 Russo-Persian War Middle East . . . 1828 1829 Russo-Turkish War Middle East FRENCH CONQUEST OF . . yyss yyee FRENCH CONQUEST OF ALGERIA Middle East FRENCH CONQUEST OF . . 14Aug1844 yyee Battle of Isly, Using a 'Boar's Head' formation, Bugeaud's French decisively defeat Algerians Middle East General . . yyss yyee General Middle East General . . 1831 yyee Russo-Turkish War Middle East General . . 1832 yyee 31st Turkish- Egyptian war Middle East General . . 1836 1838 Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East General . . 1839 1842 1st British-Afghan War Middle East General . . 1839 1842 FIRST AFGHAN WAR Middle East General . . 14Nov1841 16Apr1842 Battle of Jellalabad. Sale of Britain defends garrison town Middle East General . . 1839 yyee Battle of Ghanzi Middle East General . . 1839 1847 Russian conquest of Khiva Middle East General . . 1839 1842 2nd Turkish- Egyptian War Middle East General . . 1855 yyee Persian invasion of Afghanistan Middle East General . . 1856 yyee British-Persian War Middle East General . . 1859 1860 Spanish-Moroccan War Middle East General . . 1878 1880 2ND BRITISH- AFGHAN WAR Middle East General . . 27Jul1880 yyee Battle of Maiwand. Ayub Khan destroys British brigade. Survivors retreat to Kandahar Middle East General . . 1Sep1880 yyee Battle of Kandahar. Roberts relieves besieged British garrison and defeats Ayub Khan, replacing him on the throne with Abdur Rahman Khan Middle East General . . 1882 yyee British-Egyptian War Bombardment of Alexandria Middle East General . . 13Sep1882 yyee Battle of Tel- el-Kebir, Wolseley (Britain) defeats rebels and imposes British control over Egypt China/Japan . . . yyss yyee China/Japan China/Japan . . . 1839 1842 1st British-Chinese 'Opium War' China/Japan . . . 1850 1864 China: Taiping rebellion China/Japan . . . 1856 1860 2nd British- Chinese 'Opium War' China/Japan . . . 21Aug1860 yyee Battle of Taku Forts. Angle-French forces, including Indians, under Grant and Cousin- Montauban storm forts and advance towards Beijing China/Japan . . . 1863 1864 European bombardments of Kagoshima and Shimonoseki China/Japan . . . 1863 1868 Civil War in Japan China/Japan . . . 1866 yyee French expedition to Korea China/Japan . . . 1875 1876 Japanese expedition to Korea China/Japan . . . 1877 yyee Satsuma rebellion in Japan China/Japan . . . 1882 1885 Chinese and Japanese expeditions to Korea China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1883 1885 FRANCO-CHINESE WAR China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 14Dec1883 16Dec1883 Battle of Son-Tai. French capture Chinese-occupied fort China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1894 1895 Sino-Japanese War China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 1900 yyee Boxer rebellion in China China/Japan FRANCO-CHINESE . . 20Jun1900 14Aug1900 Battle of Peking. International relief force breaks siege of Foreign Legations China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1904 1905 RuSSO-JAPANESE WAR China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . Apr30 yyee -l May 1904 Battle of Yalu River. Oyama defeats Russians and leads Japanese invasion of Manchuria China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 25May1904 yyee Battle of Nanshan. Oyama breaks through Russian defence line and aproaches Port Arthur China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 1Jun1904 2Jan1905 Siege of Port Arthur. Nogi's Japanese army eventually captures the naval base China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 25Aug1904 3Sep1904 Battle of Liaoyang. Both sides seek a major victory, but Oyama forces Russians to retreat China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 21Feb1905 10Mar1905 Battle of Mukden. Coming to the end of his manpower resources, Oyama attempts to crush Russians, and succeeds in forcing a withdrawal. Russians eventually evacuate Manchuria and Japan emerges as a major world power China/Japan RuSSO-JAPANESE . . 27May1905 yyee Battle of Tsushima. In the last of the 'Trafalgar-style' sea battles of annihilation, Togo destroys the Russian fleet. This had sailed half way round the world from the Baltic. In the North Sea it panicked and attacked British fishing boats, thinking they were Japanese torpedo boats China/Japan General . . yyss yyee General China/Japan General . . 1911 yyee Chinese Civil War South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . yyss yyee South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . 1810 1811 British expedition to Indonesia South-East Asia . . . 1812 yyee Siamese invasion of Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1819 yyee Burmese conquest of Assam South-East Asia . . . 1823 1826 1st British-Burmese war South-East Asia . . . 1825 1830 Great Java war South-East Asia . . . 1826 1827 Siamese-Laotian war South-East Asia . . . 1831 1834 Siamese invasion of Cambodia South-East Asia . . . 1841 1845 Siamese-Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1852 1853 2nd British- Burmese war South-East Asia . . . 1858 1861 French conquest of Indo-China South-East Asia . . . 1882 1883 French-Vietnamese war South-East Asia . . . 1873 1877 Siamese-Laotian war South-East Asia . . . 1873 1895 continuing French expansion in Indo-China South-East Asia . . . 1885 yyee 3rd British-Burmese war Australasia . . . yyss yyee Australasia 1804, 1806, 1808 Mutinies in Australia Australasia . . . 1843 1848 New Zealand: 1st Maori war Australasia . . . 1860 1879 New Zealand: 2nd Maori war India Australasia . . . 1843 yyee British conquest of Sind Australasia . . . 17Feb1843 yyee Battle of Meeanee. Napier of Britain defeats the Amirs of Sind India . . . yyss yyee India India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 1845 1846 1ST BRITISH-SIKH WAR India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 18Dec1845 yyee Battle of Mudki. Gough of Britain defeats Sikhs India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 21Dec1845 22Dec1845 Battle of Ferozeshah. In the most bitterly contested battle the British fought in India, Gough defeats Sikhs India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 28Jan1846 yyee Battle of Aliwal. Smith destroys Sikh army India 1ST BRITISH-SIKH . . 10Feb1846 yyee Battle of Sobraon. Gough defeats Sikhs India SECOND SIKH . . 1848 1849 SECOND SIKH WAR India SECOND SIKH . . 13Jan1849 yyee Battle of Chilianwallah. Sikhs hold off British India SECOND SIKH . . 21Feb1849 yyee Battle of Gujerat. Gough defeats Skikhs/Afghans and Britain annexes the Punjab India INDIAN MUTINY . . 1857 1858 INDIAN MUTINY AGAINST BRITISH RULE India INDIAN MUTINY . . 8Jun1857 20Sep1857 Battle of Delhi. Wilson's British/Indian troops re- capture the city I July-19 Nov 1857 Battle of Lucknow. British/Indians break rebel siege of garrison India INDIAN MUTINY . . 6Dec1857 yyee Battle of Cawnpore. At a turning- point for the mutiny, Camp bell routes the rebels India INDIAN MUTINY . . 17Jun1858 20Jun1858 Battle of Gwalior. Rose defeats Indian rebels in last major battle of the mutiny India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . yyss yyee NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF INDIA CAMPAIGNS India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . 1897 yyee Tirah India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . 20Oct1897 yyee Battle of Dargai. Lockhart of Britain defeats Afridis and Orakzais India NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF . . 1888 1898 Further British North-West India frontier campaigns and expeditions Crimea . . . yyss yyee Crimea Crimea . . . 1853 1855 Crimean War Crimea . . . 20Sep1854 yyee Battle of Alma. British/French/Turkish Allies defeat Russians and advance to besiege Sevastopol Crimea . . . 1854 1855 Siege of Sevastopol Crimea . . . 25Oct1854 yyee Battle of Balaklava. Raglan of Britain defeats Russians. Heroic failure of the Charge of the Light Brigade along the 'Valley of Death' Crimea . . . 5Nov1854 yyee Battle of Inkerman. Raglan's British and French troops repulse Russians Crimea . . . 28Sep1854 8Sep1855 Battle of Sevastopol. Raglan of Britain and Canrobert of France eventually force Russians to abandon the fortress Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1863 1864 Polish insurrection Europe . . . 1864 yyee Schleswig-Holstein War. The first phase of Bismarck's campaign to unify Germany, which results in 1870 in the formation of the German Empire Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 1866 yyee AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN (SEVEN WEEKS') WAR Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 24Jun1866 yyee Custozza, Second Battle of. Archduke Albert defeats Italians, allied with Prussia Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 3Jul1866 yyee Battle of Koniggratz, von Moltke of Prussia defeats Austrians and gives Prussia dominance in Central Europe Europe AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN . . 1866 yyee Austro-Italian War Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870 1871 Franco-Prussian War Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870 yyee Battle of Gravelotte- St Privat Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870 yyee Battle of Sedan Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1870 1871 Siege of Paris Europe Franco-Prussian . . 6Aug1870 yyee Battle of Worth. Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (Prussia) defeats French Europe Franco-Prussian . . 16Aug1870 yyee Battle of Mars-la-Tour. Europe Franco-Prussian . . 18Aug1870 yyee Battle of Gravelotte-St Privat. Von Moltke of Prussia eventually forces French to withdraw Europe Franco-Prussian . . 1Sep1870 yyee Battle of Sedan. von Moltke of Prussia captures the town. Napoleon III of France goes into captivity and the Third Republic replaces the Second French Empire. Europe Franco-Prussian . . 20Sep1870 28Jan1870 187l Siege of Paris. Von Moltke starves the city into capitulation and ends the Franco-Prussian War Europe General . . yyss yyee General Europe General . . 1873 1876 Spanish Carlist War Balkan-Crimea . . . yyss yyee Balkan-Crimea Balkan-Crimea . . . 1877 1878 Russo-TuRKISH WAR Balkan-Crimea . . . 1877 yyee Battle of Plevna Balkan-Crimea . . . Jul19 yyee -l0 Dec 1877 Battle of Plevna. Krudener of Russia eventually defeats Turks Balkan-Crimea . . . 17Nov1877 18Nov1877 Battle of Kars. Melikoff takes the fortress for Russia in a surprise night attack Balkan-Crimea . . . 1885 1886 Serbo-Bulgarian War Balkan-Crimea . . . 1896 1897 Greco-Turkish War Africa . . . yyss yyee Africa Africa . . . 1800 1801 British re conquest of Egypt Africa . . . 1801 1805 US-Tripolitanian war Africa . . . 1806 yyee British take Cape Town Africa . . . 1806 1807 Ashanti conquest of the Gold Coast Africa . . . 1807 yyee British occupy Alexandria Africa . . . 1807 yyee British take st Louis (Senegal) from French Africa . . . 1811 1818 Egyptian war with Wahhabis Africa . . . 1818 1819 Zulu Civil War Africa . . . 1820 1839 Egypt conquers Sudan " Africa . . . 1824 1831 1st British-Ashanti war Africa . . . 1830 1848 French conquest of Algeria Africa . . . 1832 1833 Turkish-Egyptian war Africa . . . 1838 yyee Boer-Zulu Battle of Blood River Africa . . . 1839 1841 Turkish-Egyptian war Africa . . . 1856 yyee Zulu Civil War Africa . . . 1858 1868 Cape Wars Africa . . . 1859 1860 Spanish-Moroccan war Africa . . . 1862 1864 Transvaal-Orange Free State War Africa ANGLO- . . 1867 1868 ANGLO- ABYSSINIAN WAR Africa ANGLO- . . 31Apr1868 yyee Battle of Aroghee. Napier's British/Indian troops, using breech-loading rifles for the first time, defeat Abyssinians Africa ANGLO- . . 1868 1872 Abyssinian Civil War Africa ANGLO- . . 1873 1874 2nd British-Ashanti war Africa ANGLO- . . 1873 1879 Egypt-Abyssinian war Africa ANGLO- . . 1879 yyee ANGLO-ZULU WAR Africa ANGLO- . . 22Jan1879 yyee Battle of Isandhlwana. Ntshingwayo and Mavumengwana overun British camp but suffer heavy casualties Africa ANGLO- . . 22Jan1879 23Jan1879 Battle of Rorke's Drift. Chard leads a small band of British defenders in beating off repeated attacks, and is relieved by Chelmsford the next day Africa ANGLO- . . 29Mar1879 yyee Battle of Kambula. Wood (Britain) repulses Zulu attack Africa ANGLO- . . 4Jul1879 yyee Battle of Ulundi. Chelmsford destroys a much larger Zulu army Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1880 1881 1st Anglo-Boer war Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 28Jan1881 yyee Battle of Laing's Nek. Joubert's Boers defeat British infantry Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 27Feb1881 yyee Battle of Majuba Hill. Joubert's Boer commandos defeat British, leading to armistice Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1881 yyee French occupy Tunis Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1883 1884 Zulu Civil War Africa 1st Anglo-Boer war . . 1883 1889 Mahdist uprising and war with Abyssinia Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . yyss yyee 1ST BRITISH SUDAN CAMPAIGN Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 29Feb1884 yyee Battle of El Teb, Second. Graham defeats Mahdist army Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 12Mar1884 26Jan1885 Siege of Khartoum and death of General Gordon. Mahdi Mohammed Ahmed's rebels take the town, kill the garrison, and force most Anglo- Egyptian forces to withdraw from the Sudan Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 13Mar1884 yyee Battle of Tamai. Graham defeats Mahdists but fails to destroy their army Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 17Jan1885 yyee Battle of Abu Klea. British column flying to the relief of Khartoum beats off dervish attack Africa 1ST BRITISH SUDAN . . 19Jan1885 yyee Battle of Abu Kru. British flying column defeats renewed dervish attacks Africa General . . yyss yyee General Africa General . . 1888 1890 German East Africa uprising Africa General . . 21Dec1893 yyee Battle of Agordat. Arimondi leads Italian defeat of Mahdists Africa General . . 1893 yyee Spanlsh Riff war in Morocco Africa General . . 1893 yyee Mashona-Matabele war Africa General . . 1893 1894 3rd British-Ashanti war Africa General . . 1895 1896 4th British-Ashanti war Africa General . . 1895 1896 French conquer Madagascar Africa ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR . . 1895 1896 ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR Africa ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR . . 1Mar1896 yyee Battle of Adowa. Emperor Menelek of Abyssinia wins independence by defeating Italian forces. At that time the biggest victory of irregulars over regular, well-equipped colonial troops Africa ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR . . 1896 yyee Battle of Adowa Africa BRITISH-EGYPTIAN . . 1896 1898 BRITISH-EGYPTIAN RE CONQUEST OF SUDAN Africa BRITISH-EGYPTIAN . . 8Apr1898 yyee Battle of Atbara River. Kitchener leads Anglo-Egyptian destruction of Mahdist army, and continues to advance towards Mahdist capital, Omdurman Africa BRITISH-EGYPTIAN . . 2Sep1898 yyee Battle of Omdurman. Kitchener's Angle-Egyptian forces destroy dervish army and end Mahdist rebellion Africa General . . yyss yyee General Africa General . . 1897 yyee British conquer Nigeria Africa General . . 1897 1901 Uganda uprising Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 1899 1902 SECOND ANGLO- BOER WAR Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 13Oct1899 17May1900 Battle of Mafeking. Badon-Powell withstands Boer siege Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 15Oct1899 15Feb1900 Battle of Kimberley. British break Boer siege Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 2Nov1899 28Feb1900 Siege of Ladysmith Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 28Nov1899 yyee Battle of Modder River. Methuen defeats Boers with heavy losses Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 10Dec1899 yyee Battle of Stormberg. Olivier defeats British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 10Dec1899 11Dec1899 Battle of Magersfontein. Cronje/De La Rey defeat British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 15Dec1899 yyee Battle of Colenso. Botha defeats British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 19Jan1900 24Jan1900 Battle of Spion Kop. Botha repulses British Africa SECOND ANGLO- . . 18Feb1900 27Feb1900 Battle of Paardeberg. Roberts defeats Boers Africa General . . yyss yyee General Africa General . . 1904 yyee South-West African Hottentot uprising Africa General . . 1907 yyee South Africa Zulu uprising Africa General . . 1911 yyee Italy annexes Libya, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica Africa General . . 1911 1912 war with Turkey Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1863 yyee Colombia-Ecuador War Americas . . . 1864 1866 Spanish war with Peru then Chile Americas . . . 1864 1870 Lopez's war Americas . . . 1869 1870 Canada: 1st Riel rebellion Americas . . . 1876 1877 US Sioux and N Cheyenne War Americas . . . 1876 yyee Battle of the Little BigHorn Americas . . . 1885 yyee Canada: 2nd Riel rebellion Americas . . . 1890 1891 US S Dakota war Americas . . . 1895 1898 Cuban revolution Americas . . . 1898 yyee SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Americas . . . 1Jul1898 yyee Battle of San Juan. Americans under Shaft er capture hill positions near Santiago Americas . . . 1901 yyee Colombian Civil War Americas . . . 1903 yyee Panamanian revolution Americas . . . 1906 1909 US intervention in Cuba Americas . . . 1907 yyee Nicaraguan-Honduran war Americas . . . 1909 1911 Honduran Civil War Americas . . . 1911 1914 Mexican revolution Americas . . . 1912 yyee Nicaraguan Civil War Americas . . . 1912 yyee US intervention Pacific . . . yyss yyee Pacific Pacific . . . 1879 1883 War of the Pacific Pacific . . . 1898 yyee USA conquers Philippines (Spanish- American war) Pacific . . . 1899 1902 Philippine uprising Wars of Turkish . . . yyss yyee Wars of Turkish Dissolution Wars of Turkish . . . 1911 1912 Italian war with Turkey. Italy annexes Libya, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and occupies the Dodecanese Wars of Turkish . . . 1912 1913 First Balkan War Wars of Turkish . . . 1913 yyee Second Balkan War WORLD WAR I . . . 1914 1918 WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . yyss yyee WESTERN FRONT WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Aug1914 yyee Battle of the Frontiers. German armies sweep forward in modification of the Schlieffen Plan WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 5Sep1914 10Sep1914 Battle of Marne. Anglo-French armies repulse over- extended Germans WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 13Sep1914 27Sep1914 1st Battle of the Aisne WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Sep1914 Oct1914 'Race to the Sea'. Closure of the 'open flank' and establishment of stabilised Western Front (trench-lines from the English Channel to Switzerland) WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 18Oct1914 30Nov1914 1st Battle of Ypres WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 22Apr1915 25May1915 2nd Battle of Ypres WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 21Feb1916 18Dec1916 Battle ofVerdun. Massive, repeated German assults fail to capture Verdun but cause huge casualties on each side WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 1Jul1916 18Nov1916 Battle of the Somme. Major British/French offensive results in massive casualties for the attackers WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 9Apr1917 15Apr1917 Battle of Arras WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 9Apr1917 15Apr1917 2nd Battle of the Aisne WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 7Jun1917 14Jun1917 Battle of Messines WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Aug1917 Nov1917 3rd Battle of Ypres WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 20Nov1917 3Dec1917 Battle of Cambrai. First mass use of tanks Ludendorff's Final Offensives on the Western Front: WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 21Mar1918 5Apr1918 Somme German Offensive almost breaks British lines WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Apr1918 yyee Lys German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 27May1918 6Jun1918 Aisne German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Jun1918 yyee Noyon- Montdidier German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Jul1918 yyee Champagne- Marne German Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Jul1918 Aug1918 Reduction of the Marne Salient WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Aug1918 Sep1918 Reduction of the Amiens Salient WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Aug1918 Sep1918 Evacuation of Lys Salient WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . 12Sep1918 16Sep1918 St Mihiel Offensive WORLD WAR I WESTERN FRONT . . Sep1918 Nov1918 General Allied Offensives WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . yyss yyee EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 26Aug1914 30Aug1914 Battle of Tannenberg. Hindenburg- Ludendorff victory prevents Russian capture of East Prussia WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 23Aug1914 26Sep1914 Galician battles WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 9Sep1914 14Sep1914 Masurian Lakes I WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Sep1914 Oct1914 S.w. Poland WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 11Nov1914 25Nov1914 Battle of Lodz WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 7Feb1915 22Feb1915 Battle of Masurian Lakes II WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 2May1915 27Jun1915 Gorlice -Tarnow WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Jul1915 Sep1915 Russian withdrawal WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Mar1916 yyee Lake Narotch Operations WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Jun1916 Aug1916 Brusilov Offensive WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Aug1916 Sep1916 Roumanian Offensive WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Sep1916 Dec1916 Roumania eliminated WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Mar1917 yyee Russian Revolution WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Jul1917 yyee Kerensky (2nd Brusilov) Offensive WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . 1Sep1917 5Sep1917 Riga Operation WORLD WAR I EASTERN (RUSSIAN) FRONT . . Dec1917 yyee Russian armistice WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . yyss yyee ITALIAN FRONT WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Jun1915 Jul1915 1st Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Jul1915 Sep1915 2nd Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Oct1915 Nov1915 3rd Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Nov1915 yyee 4th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Mar1916 yyee 5th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 15May1916 17Jun1916 Asiago Offensive WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Aug1916 yyee 6th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Sep1916 yyee 7th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Oct1916 yyee 8th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Nov1916 yyee 9th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . May1917 Jun1917 10th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . Aug1917 Sep1917 11th Battle of Isonzo WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 24Oct1917 7Nov1917 Battle of Caporetto WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 15Jun1918 22Jun1918 Battle of the Piave WORLD WAR I ITALIAN FRONT . . 24Oct1918 4Nov1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . yyss yyee SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Aug1914 yyee 1st Austrian invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Sep1914 yyee 2nd invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Nov1914 Dec1914 3rd invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Oct1915 Nov1915 4th invasion of Serbia WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Oct1915 yyee Salonika Front established WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Nov1916 yyee Fall of Monastir WORLD WAR I SERBIA/ SALONIKA FRONTS . . Sep1918 yyee Final Allied Offensive WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . yyss yyee GALLIPOLI FRONT WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . Nov1914 yyee Dardanelles bombarded WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . Feb1915 Mar1915 Naval attempt to force passage of the Dardanelles fails WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . Apr1915 May1915 Landings at Gallipoli August Landings at Suvla Bay WORLD WAR I GALLIPOLI FRONT . . Dec1915 Jan1916 Evacuation of Gallipoli expeditionary force WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . yyss yyee MESOPOTAMIA FRONT WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . Nov1914 Dec1914 Allied landing in Mesopotamia WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . Jan1915 Jul1915 Allied advance in Mesopotamia WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . Sep1915 yyee 1st Battle of Kut WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 22Nov1915 25Nov1915 Battle of Ctesiphon WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . 8Dec1915 29Apr1916 Siege and fall of Kut WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . Sep1916 Feb1917 2nd British advance in Mesopotamia WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . Feb1917 yyee 2nd Battle ofKut WORLD WAR I MESOPOTAMIA FRONT . . Mar1917 yyee British capture Baghdad WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . yyss yyee PALESTINE FRONT WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . Jan1915 yyee 1st Turkish attack on Suez Canal WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . Mar1917 yyee 1st Battle of Gaza WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . Apr1917 yyee 2nd Battle of Gaza WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . Oct1917 Nov1917 3rd Battle of Gaza Nov-Dec Battles of Junction Station and Jerusalem WORLD WAR I PALESTINE FRONT . . 18Sep1918 31Oct1918 Battle of Megiddo. Ailenby's decisive victory leads to fall of Damascus and Aleppo WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . yyss yyee NAVAL BATTLES WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1Nov1914 yyee Battle of Coronel. British squadron defeated WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 28Aug1914 yyee 1st Battle of Heligoland Bight WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 8Dec1914 yyee Battle of Falkland Islands. British battlecruisers avenge Coronel WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 24Jan1915 yyee Battle of Dogger Bank WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 31May1916 1Jun1916 Battle of Jutland. Epic battle between British and German main fleets. Germans escape defeat WORLD WAR I NAVAL BATTLES . . 1917 yyee 2nd Battle of Heligoland Bight WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . yyss yyee AFRICAN THEATRE WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . Jun1915 Jan1916 Allied operations v. Germans in Cameroon WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . Aug1915 yyee Anglo-French capture German Togoland WORLD WAR I AFRICAN THEATRE . . Sep1916 yyee Allies take Dar- es-Salaam in German East Africa Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1916 yyee Easter Uprising in Ireland Europe . . . 1917 1920 Russian Civil War Europe . . . 1919 1922 Greco-Turkish War Europe . . . 1919 1922 Russo-Polish War Europe . . . 16Aug1920 25Aug1920 Battle of Warsaw. Pilsudski of Poland, advised by French General Weygand, smashes invading Russian Bolshevik army Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1914 yyee Veracruz US intervention Americas . . . 1915 yyee US intervention in Haiti Americas . . . 1916 yyee Villa raids US Americas . . . 1916 yyee US intervention in Dominican Republic Americas . . . 1917 yyee Cuban revolution Americas . . . 1918 1919 Haitian revolt against USA Americas . . . 1920 yyee Mexican Civil War Americas . . . 1921 yyee Panama-Costa Rica conflict Americas . . . 1921 1929 Chile-Peru Tacha- Arica dispute Americas . . . 1925 yyee Nicaraguan Civil War. US intervention (to 1933) Americas . . . 1929 yyee Bolivia-Paraguayan border dispute Americas . . . 1932 1935 Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay Americas . . . 1937 yyee Haiti-Dominican Republic border dispute Far East . . . yyss yyee Far East Far East . . . 1921 yyee Chinese Civil War Far East . . . 1924 yyee British troops intervene in Shanghai Far East . . . 1931 yyee Japan invades Manchuria Far East . . . 1931 1932 Sino-Japanese war over Manchuria Far East SINO-JAPANESE . . 1937 1945 SINO-JAPANESE WAR Far East SINO-JAPANESE . . Apr1938 yyee Battle of Taierchwang. General Li Tsung-jen defeats Japanese Far East SINO-JAPANESE . . 1939 yyee Noonahan War between the Soviet Union and Japan Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East . . . 1919 yyee 3rd British-Afghan War Middle East . . . 1920 yyee USSR invades Persia Middle East . . . 1928 yyee Mutiny of Afghan Army Middle East . . . 1934 yyee Saudi attacks Yemen Middle East . . . 1920 1922 Irish War for Independence. 2nd Civil War Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1936 1939 Spanish Civil War Europe . . . 1938 yyee Germany annexes Czechoslovakia and Austria Europe . . . 451939 4540,1941 Russo- Finnish War WORLD WAR II . . . 1939 1945 WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR II POLISH CAMPAIGN. . . 1Sep1939 6Oct1939 POLISH CAMPAIGN. First German blitzkrieg overwhelms Poland and triggers war against Britain and France WORLD WAR II POLISH CAMPAIGN. . . 13Nov1939 12Mar1940 WORLD WAR II Russo-FINNISH WAR . . yyss yyee Russo-FINNISH WAR WORLD WAR II Russo-FINNISH WAR . . 30Nov1939 8Jan1940 Battle of Suomussalmi. Finns trapped and destroy two Soviet divisions WORLD WAR II Russo-FINNISH WAR . . 30Nov1939 13Feb1940 Mannerheim Line. Russia forces a way up the Karelian Isthmus WORLD WAR II SCANDINAVIAN CAMPAIGN . . 9Apr1940 8Jun1940 SCANDINAVIAN CAMPAIGN German invasion of Denmark and Norway. British and French counter-invasion of Norway defeated (Narvik, Namsos, Aandalesnes) WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1940 yyee CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 10May1940 22Jun1940 France, Belgium and Holland. German blitzkrieg drives Britain out of the continent, overwhelms Holland, Belgium and France WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 21May1940 yyee Arras. British counterattack WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 26May1940 4Jun1940 Dunkirk evacuation of British Expeditionary Force WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 19Aug1942 yyee Dieppe. Prototype amphibious landing by predominantly Canadian force WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . yyss yyee AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 10Jul1940 15Sep1940 Battle of Britain. German Luftwaffe fails to attain air superiority over British Isles WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . 7Sep1940 yyee -10/11 May 1941 The Blitz. Luftwaffe attempt to bomb Britain into submission fails 7/8 Nov 1941 onwards strategic Bombing of Germany. RAF and (later) USAAF strategic strikes against enemy cities and installation; 30/31 May 1942 Cologne 1st 1000-bomber raid; 5/6 March-9/10 July 1943 Battle of the Ruhr; 16/17 WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . May1943 yyee Dambuster raid; 24 July-3 Aug 1943 Hamburg; 17 Aug USAAF Schweinfurt/Regensburg; 18/19 Nov 1943-24/25 WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . Mar1944 yyee Berlin; 13/14 WORLD WAR II AIR OPERATIONS, EUROPE . . Feb1945 yyee Dresden WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . yyss yyee NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 9Dec1940 7Feb1941 O'Connor's blitzkrieg destroys most of Italian forces in North Africa WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 6Apr1941 8Apr1941 German/Italian invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece, completed by 20 April WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . May20 yyee -I June 1941 Crete. German airborne conquest WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 24Mar1941 25Apr1941 Rommel's first offensive WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 18Nov1941 7Dec1941 Operation 'Crusader'. British eject Rommel from Cyrenaica and relieve Tobruk WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 26May1942 21Jun1942 Gazala. Rommel defeats British Eighth Army and captures Tobruk WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 1Jul1942 27Jul1942 First Battle of Alamein. Rommel repulsed by Eighth Army WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 30Aug1942 2Sep1942 Alam Halfa. Indecisive attack by Rommel WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 23Oct1942 4Nov1942 Second Battle of Alamein. Montgomery decisively defeats Rommel WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 14Feb1943 22Feb1943 Kasserine Pass. Rommel inflicts sharp reverse on US 11 Corps in Tunisia WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 6Mar1943 yyee Medenine. Rommel repulsed WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . 20Mar1943 27Mar1943 Mareth Line. Montgomery forces Rommel's retreat WORLD WAR II NORTH AFRICAN / MEDITERRANEAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN . . Jun1940 May1943 Siege of Malta. The island is attacked from the air and supplied perilously by sea WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . yyss yyee SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 9Sep1943 18Sep1943 Salerno. WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 110 yyee Allies land in southern Italy WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 12Oct1943 14Nov1943 Volturno River. Major conflict for German defence line south of Rome WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 17Jan1944 22May1944 Monte Cassino. Major obstacle to Allied advance south of Rome WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 22Jan1944 23May1944 Anzio landing to turn the Gustav Line. In desperate fighting, Allies almost defeated WORLD WAR II SICILY-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN . . 30Aug1944 28Oct1944 Gothic Line. Allied struggle to breach last major German defence line in Italy WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . yyss yyee EASTERN FRONT WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 22Jun1941 yyee Operation 'Barbarossa' launched. Germany invades USSR WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 17Jul1941 5Aug1941 Smolensk. Major encirclement of Soviet forces WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1Sep1941 27Jan1944 Siege of Leningrad WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 9Sep1941 26Sep1941 Kiev. Major encirclement of Soviet forces WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 5Oct1941 20Oct1941 Vyazma- Bryansk. Major encirclement of Soviet forces WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 8Oct1941 30Apr1942 Battle for Moscow. Hitler fails to capture Moscow. Central front stabilises while German main thrust moves south .' WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 29Oct1941 3Jul1942 Sevastopol. Manstein secures the Crimea WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 19Aug1942 2Feb1943 Stalingrad. German Sixth Army trapped and, after epic battle, forced to capitulate. A turning- point battle WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 16Feb1943 15Mar1943 Kharkov. Manstein inflicts sharp reverse on Soviets WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 5Jul1943 17Jul1943 Kursk. Last major German offensive on the Eastern Front and probably the largest tank battle ever fought WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 22Jun1944 27Aug1944 Operation 'Bagration'. Soviet 'steamroller' liberates Byelorussia WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 1Aug1944 2Oct1944 Warsaw. Failed Polish uprising significantly unsupported by Soviet offensive WORLD WAR II EASTERN FRONT . . 16Apr1945 2May1945 Berlin. Zhukov/Konev force Soviet conquest of Berlin. Hitler commits suicide amid the rubble WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 1944 1945 CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 6Jun1944 yyee D-Day. Montgomery directs successful Allied landing in Normandy WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 6Jun1944 25Jul1944 Caen. Hard-fought battle to break out from the beachhead WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 13Aug1944 21Aug1944 Falaise Gap. Significant trapping of German forces in Normandy after 'Cobra' breakout on Allied right flank WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 17Sep1944 25Sep1944 Arnhem. Failed Allied airborne attempt to breach German riverine defence lines in Netherlands WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 16Dec1944 16Jan1945 Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes). 'Last-throw' German counterattack fails WORLD WAR II CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST . . 7Mar1945 31Mar1945 Rhine Crossings. Allies enter Germany WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . yyss yyee PACIFIC THEATRE WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 7Dec1941 yyee Pearl Harbor raid by Japanese devastates US fleet WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 22Dec1941 10May1942 Japanese conquest of Philippines WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 27Feb1942 8Feb1942 Battle of the Java Sea. Japanese de.stroy Allied cruiser/destroyer squadron in Dutch East Indies WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 4May1942 8May1942 Battle of the Coral Sea. Tactical Japanese victory WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 4Jun1942 7Jun1942 Battle of Midway. Major turning- point defeat for Japanese, crippling their carrier fleet WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 7Aug1942 7Feb1943 Guadalcanal. Air, land and sea battle is major turning-point in Pacific theatre US amphibious landings and capture of stepping- stone islands across the Pacific: WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 20Nov1943 23Nov1943 Tarawa WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1Feb1944 4Feb1944 Kwajalein WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 17Feb1944 23Feb1944 Eniwetok WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 15Jun1944 9Jul1944 Saipan WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 21Jul1944 10Aug1944 Guam WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 24Jul1944 31Jul1944 Tinian WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 15Sep1944 25Nov1944 Pelelieu WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 19Feb1945 16Mar1945 Iwo Jima WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 1Apr1945 22Jun1945 Okinawa WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 19Jun1944 20Jun1944 Battle of the Philippine Sea ('Great Marianas Turkey Shoot') breaks back of Japanese naval air power WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 20Oct1944 25Dec1944 Leyte. Largest battle in naval history. US defeats last major offensive by Japanese fleet and secures landings in Philippines WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 3Feb1945 4Mar1945 Manila WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 9Aug1945 17Aug1945 Soviet invasion and conquest of Manchuria from Japanese WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 6Aug1945 yyee Atomic bombing of Hiroshima WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATRE . . 9Aug1945 yyee Atomic bombing of Nagasaki WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . yyss yyee SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 8Dec1941 15Feb1941 Japanese conquest of Malaya WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 10Dec1941 yyee Japanese sink British Force Z (battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse) WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 8Feb1942 15Feb1942 Singapore surrenders, the worst British defeat since the 18th century WORLD WAR II SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMPAIGN . . 29Mar1944 22Jun1944 Battle of lmphal/Kohima, Slim's Fourteenth Army repulses attempted Japanese invasion of India WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS . . yyss yyee NAVAL EVENTS (not covered in major theatres) WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS . . 13Dec1939 yyee Battle of the River Plate. British cruiser squadron encounters German 'pocket battleship' Graf Spee, subsequently scuttled WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS . . 9,Apr1940 13Apr1940 Battle of Narvik. German destroyer force devastated by Royal Navy WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . yyss yyee Battle of of the Atlantic. German U-boat campaign against convoys to Britain, defeated by a combination of Allied air and naval technical advances and ULTRA code - breaking 11/12 Nov 1940 Taranto raid by Royal Navy cripples part of Italian fleet WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . 28Mar1941 yyee Battle of Cape Matapan. Cunningham's fleet defeats Italians WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . 21May1941 27May1941 Bismarck action. German battleship sinks British battlecruiser Hood (24 May) before being sunk by Royal Navy forces WORLD WAR II NAVAL EVENTS Battle of of the Atlantic. . 1Jul1942 5Jul1942 Destruction of Arctic Convoy PQ17 Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe . . . 1946 yyee Greek Civil War Europe . . . 1954 1959 Cyprus Emergency Europe . . . 1956 yyee Hungarian Uprising Europe . . . 1968 yyee Czechoslovakia Spring uprising and Warsaw Pact intervention Far East Europe . . . 1945 1949 Chinese Civil War Far East . . . yyss yyee Far East Far East KOREAN WAR . . 1950 1953 KOREAN WAR Far East KOREAN WAR . . 5Aug1950 15Sep1950 Battle of Pusan Perimeter. MacArthur (UN)/Walker (US) destroy North Korean army Far East KOREAN WAR . . 15Sep1950 25Sep1950 Battle of Inchon. Succeeding with a difficult amphibious landing, MacArthur's UN forces capture Seoul and contribute to disintegration of North Korean army Far East KOREAN WAR . . 16Apr1953 18Apr1953 Battle of Pork Chop Hill. Trudeau (US/UN) drives off Chinese Far East KOREAN WAR . . 22Apr1951 30Apr1951 Battle of Imjin River. British, Belgian and American troops force Chinese army to withdraw, inflicting 40 per cent casualties Americas . . . yyss yyee Americas Americas . . . 1945 1965 Colombian Civil War Americas . . . 1947 1949 Paraguayan Civil War and turmoil Americas . . . 1948 yyee Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica (Costa Rica Civil War) Americas . . . 1951 1955 Ecuador-Peru border dispute Americas . . . 1952 1959 Cuban revolution Americas . . . 1953 yyee British intervention in Guiana Americas . . . 1955 yyee Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica Americas . . . 1956 1958 Haiti unrest Americas . . . 1959 yyee Cuban invasion repelled Americas . . . 1960 1965 Brazil: Communist insurgency Americas . . . 1961 yyee Cuba: US Bay of Pigs invasion repelled Americas . . . 1964 yyee British Guiana state of emergency Americas . . . 1965 yyee Dominican Republic Civil War US intervention Americas . . . 1979 1991 El Salvador Civil War Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . yyss yyee FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . 1982 yyee Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . 27May1982 28May1982 Battle of Goose Green. Jones/Keeble of Britain capture Argentinian garrisons Americas FALKLANDS!MALVINAS WAR, . . 11Jun1982 14Jun1982 Battle of Port Stanley. Moore's British forces defeat Argentinians and liberate the port Americas General . . yyss yyee General Americas General . . 25Oct1983 27Oct1983 Grenada. Metcalf's US task force, with token Caribbean units, defeat Granadians/Cubans Americas General . . 1979 1989 Nicaragua Civil War Americas General . . 1989 yyee US invades Panama Americas General . . 1994 yyee US intervention in Haiti Americas General . . 1995 yyee Oklahoma City terrorist bombing Middle East . . . yyss yyee Middle East Middle East War of Israeli . . 1948 1949 War of Israeli Independence Middle East War of Israeli SUEZ CANAL CRISIS . 1956 yyee SUEZ CANAL CRISIS AND ARAB/IsRAELI WAR Middle East War of Israeli SUEZ CANAL CRISIS . 29Oct1956 5Nov1956 Battle of Sinai. Dayan fulfils all Israeli objectives, defeating Egyptian army and overrunning the Sinai Middle East War of Israeli SUEZ CANAL CRISIS . 5Nov1956 7Nov1956 Battle of Suez Landings. UK/French Allies under Stockwell try to regain control of the nationalised Suez Canal, and advance along the canal until the UN demands a ceasefire Middle East General . . yyss yyee General Middle East General . . 1958 1967 Aden emergency Middle East ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 . . yyss yyee ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 ('THE SIX DAY WAR') Middle East ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 . . 5Jun1967 8Jun1967 Battle of Sinai. Israelis under Gavish destroy Egyptian army and set up defence line along Suez Canal Middle East ARAB/IsRAELI WAR OF 1967 . . 9Jun1967 10Jun1967 Battle of Golan Heights. Elazar of Israel defeats Syrians and captures the plateau Middle East General . . yyss yyee General Middle East General . . 1970 yyee Jordanian conflict with Palestinians Middle East ARAB-IsRAELI . . 1973 yyee ARAB-IsRAELI OCTOBER (YOM KIPPUR/RAMADAN) WAR Middle East ARAB-IsRAELI . . 6Oct1973 8Oct1973 Battle of Suez Canal Crossing. Under Ali and Shazli, Egypt crosses the canal to regain the Sinai and its honour. Israelis push back until US and USSR force a UN ceasefire resolution Middle East ARAB-IsRAELI . . 6Oct1973 10Oct1973 Battle of Golan Heights. Hofi leads Israeli repulse of Syrians Middle East General . . yyss yyee General 1975/6 Lebanese Civil War Middle East General . . 1974 yyee Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus Middle East General . . 1978 yyee Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon Middle East General . . 1978 yyee Iranian Revolution Middle East General . . 1979 1989 Russo-Afghan War Middle East General . . 1980 1989 Iran-Iraq War Middle East General . . 1982 yyee Israeli invasion of Lebanon (Operation 'Peace for Galilee') Middle East General . . 1983 1984 Israeli intervention in Lebanon Middle East General . . 1986 yyee Yemeni Civil War Middle East General . . 1986 yyee US bombs Libya (Operation 'Eldorado Canyon') Middle East General . . 1987 yyee Arab intifada against Israel begins Middle East General . . 1990 1991 GULF WAR Middle East General . . 1990 yyee Iraqi invasion of Kuwait Middle East General . . 24Feb1991 28Feb1991 Operation 'Desert Storm'. Schwarzkopf's Coalition forces destroy the Iraqi army and liberate Kuwait Middle East General . . 1992 1994 Armenia- Azerbaijan war over Nagorno-Karabakh Middle East General . . 1993 yyee Tadjikistan State of Emergency Middle East General . . 1994 yyee Jordan-Israel formal peace (having been technically at war since 1948) Middle East General . . 1994 1996 Russian intervention in Chechnya Middle East General . . 1999 2000 Second Russian invasion of Chechnya; Battle for Grozny India . . . yyss yyee India India . . . 1947 1948 Indian War of Separation India . . . 1961 yyee Ceylon state of emergency India . . . 1965 yyee Second Indo-Pakistan War India . . . 1969 yyee Indo-Pakistan War India . . . 1984 1989 Sri Lankan emergency India . . . 1984 yyee Indian offensive in Punjab India . . . 1999 yyee Kashmir: Indo/Pakistan border conflict South-East Asia . . . yyss yyee South-East Asia South-East Asia . . . 1948 1960 Malayan emergency South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1946 1954 FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR South-East Asia FRENCH . . 20Nov1952 7May1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Giap's Viet Minh capture French base, forcing French to agree to independence for Vietnam South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1953 yyee Vietnamese invasion of Laos South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1955 yyee Vietnamese Civil War South-East Asia FRENCH . . 1959 1976 Laos state of emergency South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1961 1975 VIETNAM WAR (US involvement 1961-73) South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 1964 yyee Gulf of Tonkin incident South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 19Oct1965 26Nov1965 Battle of la Drang Valley. Kinnard's US 1st Cavalry inflicts crippling losses on the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 18Aug1966 yyee Battle of Long Tan. Australians under Jackson soundly defeated Viet Cong South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 22Feb1967 14May1967 'Junction City', Operation. Under Westmoreland, US/South Vietnamese inflicted heavy defeat on Communists, who retreated to Cambodia, but claimed to have devastated American troops. This inspired Communist leaders to launch the disastrous Tet Offensive against South Vietnamese towns South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 19Nov1967 23Nov1967 Battle of Dak To (Hill 875). North Vietnamese distracted American attention from South Vietnam by laying an ambush and fighting for the hill. South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 21Jan1968 14Apr1968 Khe Sanh, Siege of. As part of Tet Offensive, North Vietnamese try to take American base. Lownds succeeds in holding on until relieved South-East Asia VIETNAM WAR . . 31Jan1968 25Feb1968 Battle of Hue. Truong (South Vietnamese)/LaHue (USA) recapture city from North Vietnamese, who had seized it in a surprise attack on 30-31 January South-East Asia General . . yyss yyee General South-East Asia General . . 1964 1966 Indonesian- Malaysian emergency South-East Asia General . . 1970 yyee Vietcong-Cambodian fighting South-East Asia General . . 1973 yyee Cambodian uprising in Cambodia South-East Asia General . . 1975 yyee Indonesia invades East Timor South-East Asia General . . 1975 yyee Khmer Rouge control Cambodia South-East Asia General . . 1979 yyee Sino-Vietnamese war South-East Asia General . . 1979 1989 Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia South-East Asia General . . 1985 yyee Major Vietnamese offensive 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . yyss yyee 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold War At the close of World War II, Germany and Austria are occupied by the victors. Eastern Europe, 'liberated' from the Nazis, falls into Soviet sphere. Communist regimes are installed and)n Churchill's words, an 'iron curtain' divides Europe. Tension grows between the USSR and the West. Berlin is divided and West Berlin forms an enclave of democracy within the Eastern bloc 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1948 1953 Height of the Cold War. 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1949 yyee Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, between most of the European democracies and the North American powers 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1949 yyee USSR becomes an atomic power 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1949 yyee Berlin Airlift. USSR interdicts access to West Berlin, and the city is supplied by air from the West 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold . . . 1955 yyee USSR forms Warsaw Pact 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold Intercontinental ballistic . . yyss yyee Intercontinental ballistic missiles Intercontinental ballistic missiles increasingly form the principal deterrent between the superpowers, based on Mutual Assured Destruction, with fleets of bombers on constant stand-by and nuclear- powered submarines deployed with targeted missiles aboard 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold Intercontinental ballistic . . 1962 yyee Cuban missile crisis. US spyplanes discover Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba. The world teeters on the brnk of nuclear war, with Cuba blockaded by the US Navy, before the USSR backs down With the stalemate nuclear confrontation, and armies stationed on either side of the 'Iron Curtain', the ideological and political conflict between East and West is played out by surrogate means in the Third World 1947/8 to 1989/90 The Cold Intercontinental ballistic . . 1980 1989 USSR falls behind Attempts by Mikhail Gorbachev to democratise USSR. During the 1980s the USSR finds it increasingly difficult to maintain the 'arms race', the US constantly outspending its rival and developing new technologies such as Stealth aircraft and the so-called 'Star Wars' anti- missile system. Soviet involvement in Afghanistan exacerbates the situation 1989/90 Collapse of Communist regimes in Soviet-bloc Europe and reunification of Germany Africa . . . yyss yyee Africa Africa . . . 1952 yyee Kenya: Mau-Mau emergency Africa . . . 1954 1962 Algerian-French war of Independence Africa . . . 1959 yyee Rhodesian emergency Africa . . . 1960 yyee South Africa: Sharpeville massacre Africa . . . 1960 1963 Congo Africa . . . 1961 1975 Angolian war of Independence Africa . . . 1964 yyee Rwanda: Tutsi massacres Africa . . . 1966 1979 Rhodesian Civil War Africa . . . 7196 70196 Nigerian Civil War Africa . . . 1975 1977 Chad Civil War Africa . . . 1975 1989 Angolian Civil War Africa . . . 1975 1991 1st Angolan Civil War Africa . . . 1976 yyee Morocco invades West Sahara Africa . . . Jul1976 yyee Entebbe raid by Israelis frees hostages Africa . . . 1977 yyee Mogadisho incident Africa . . . 1977 yyee Egyptian-Libyan conflict Africa . . . 1977 yyee Ethiopia: Ogaden war Africa . . . 1977 1978 Liberian Civil War Africa . . . 1979 yyee Tanzania invades Uganda Africa . . . 1981 yyee Zimbabwe uprising quashed Africa . . . 1983 yyee Polisario attack Moroccans in West Sahara Africa . . . 1984 1987 Chad war Africa . . . 1991 yyee Ethiopian Civil War Africa . . . 1991 yyee Somali Civil War / US intervention Africa . . . 1992 1995 2nd Angolan Civil War Africa . . . 1993 yyee Burundi Civil War Africa . . . 1994 yyee Rwandan Civil War Africa . . . 1996 1997 War of African Great Lakes Europe . . . yyss yyee Europe Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1969 1998 NORTHERN IRELAND TERROR CAMPAIGN Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1972 yyee Bloody Sunday. Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1979 yyee Mountbatten murdered by IRA Europe NORTHERN IRELAND . . 1984 yyee Brighton Bomb fails to kill British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Europe Iranian Embassy . . 1980 yyee Iranian Embassy Siege, London. British elite SAS unit rescues hostages Europe WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN . . 1991 1999 WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN DISSOLUTION Europe WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN . . 1991 1995 Serbia/Croatia/ Slovenia/Bosnia phase Europe WAR OF YUGOSLAVIAN . . 1999 yyee Serbia/Kosovo phase enddoc