#] #] ********************* #] "$d_web"'ProjMajor/History/0_history notes.txt' # www.BillHowell.ca 21Aug2021 initial # view in text editor, using constant-width font (eg courier), tabWidth = 3 #48************************************************48 #24************************24 # Table of Contents, generate with : # $ grep "^#]" "$d_web"'ProjMajor/History/0_history notes.txt' | sed "s/^#\]/ /" # #24************************24 # Setup, ToDos, #08********08 #] ??Nov2023 #08********08 #] ??Nov2023 #08********08 #] ??Nov2023 #08********08 #] ??Nov2023 #08********08 #] ??Nov2023 #08********08 #] 31Oct2023 Steven Wickson 2023 "900 year Climate Cycle" "... The heros are those who : dug into dirt read historical [petroglyphs, tablets, scripts] did [chemical, mineralogical, radioisotopic, materials] research and measurements. But for some reason we make heros out of people who do almost nothing that hasn't been done before, suck at analysis, and pump out politically-correct hogwash. I don't believe in genius, but if it does exist, to me it is exclusively the ability to stab originators of ideas in the back for decades, claiming their ideas to be garbage, destroying their [professional, personal] lives, then position themselves to get the [fame, glory] as inventors of the same ideas by the same people that they have long stabbed in the back. ..." I can build data from many studies : Jewish Bible, Talmud? Greek Father of History, Roman ??? Manetho (Ptomelic Egypt) Christian Bible Quoran Mayan calendar Ibn Khaldun HG Wells Wilhelm Able, David Fischer Immanuel Velikovsky Arnold J Toynbee Harry Dent Stephen Puetz Sacha Dobler Andrew Pancholi Steven Wickson (nhe hasn't yet released it to public domain) Large Language Models (Google Bard, OpenAI chatGPT)??? - or descendants? 08********08 #] 21Aug2021 search "Mehmed II & Vlad the impaler (~1428-76) - adoptive brothers of Sultan, Genghis Khan (~1158-1227), Tamerlane (1336-1405) defeat of the Ottoman Turks, Suleiman the Magnificent (~1494-1566)" +-----+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș [ˈvlad ˈtsepeʃ]) or Vlad Dracula (/ˈdrækjələ/; Romanian: Vlad Drăculea [ˈdrəkule̯a]; 1428/31 – 1476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania.[4] He was the second son of Vlad Dracul, who became the ruler of Wallachia in 1436. Vlad and his younger brother, Radu, were held as hostages in the Ottoman Empire in 1442 to secure their father's loyalty. Vlad's father and eldest brother, Mircea, were murdered after John Hunyadi, regent-governor of Hungary, invaded Wallachia in 1447. Hunyadi installed Vlad's second cousin, Vladislav II, as the new voivode. Hunyadi launched a military campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1448, and Vladislav accompanied him. Vlad broke into Wallachia with Ottoman support in October, but Vladislav returned and Vlad sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year. Vlad went to Moldavia in 1449 or 1450, and later to Hungary. +--+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan Genghis Khan "Temüjin" and "Genghis" redirect here. For the video game, see Temüjin (video game). For other uses, see Genghis (disambiguation) and Genghis Khan (disambiguation). Genghis Khan[note 4] (c. 1158 – August 18, 1227), born Temüjin,[note 1] was the founder and first Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan (an honorary title possibly derived from the Turkic "tengiz" — sea,[10] meaning "the oceanic, universal ruler"), he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia, reaching as far west as Poland in Europe and the Levant in the Middle East. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, and the Western Xia and Jin dynasties, and raids into Medieval Georgia, the Kievan Rus', and Volga Bulgaria. Contemporary and modern sources describe Genghis Khan's conquests as wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale, causing great demographic changes and a drastic decline of population as a result of mass exterminations and famine. A conservative estimate amounts to about four million civilians (whereas other figures range from forty to sixty million) who lost their lives as a consequence of Genghis Khan's military campaigns.[11][12][13][14] In contrast, buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho, who willingly left the Qara Khitai empire to become Mongol vassals, viewed him as a liberator. Genghis Khan was also portrayed positively by early Renaissance sources due to the incredible spread of culture, science and technological ideas by the Mongol Empire.[15] By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Due to his exceptional military successes, Genghis Khan is often considered to be one of the greatest conquerors of all time.[16] +--+ https://www.thoughtco.com/timur-or-tamerlane-195675 Tamerlane - Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Century Conqueror of Asia By Kallie Szczepanski Updated July 21, 2019 Tamerlane (April 8, 1336–February 18, 1405) was the ferocious and terrifying founder of the Timurid empire of Central Asia, eventually ruling much of Europe and Asia. Throughout history, few names have inspired such terror as his. Tamerlane was not the conqueror's actual name, though. More properly, he is known as Timur, from the Turkic word for "iron." Fast Facts: Tamerlane or Timur Known For: Founder of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405), ruled from Russia to India, and from the Mediterranean Sea to Mongolia. Birth: April 8, 1336 in Kesh, Transoxiana (present-day Uzbekistan) Parents: Taraghai Bahdur and Tegina Begim Died: February 18, 1405 at Otrar, in Kazakhstan Spouse(s): Aljai Turkanaga (m. about 1356, d. 1370), Saray Mulk (m. 1370), dozens of other wives and concubines Children: Timur had dozens of children, those who ruled his empire after his death include Pir Muhammad Jahangir (1374–1407, ruled 1405–1407), Shahrukh Mirza (1377–1447, r. 1407–1447), and Ulegh Beg (1393–1449, r. 1447–1449). Amir Timur is remembered as a vicious conqueror, who razed ancient cities to the ground and put entire populations to the sword. On the other hand, he is also known as a great patron of the arts, literature, and architecture. One of his signature achievements is his capital in the city of Samarkand, located in modern-day Uzbekistan. A complicated man, Timur continues to fascinate us some six centuries after his death. Legacy Timur started life as the son of a minor chieftain, much like his putative ancestor Genghis Khan. Through sheer intelligence, military skill, and force of personality, Timur was able to conquer an empire stretching from Russia to India and from the Mediterranean Sea to Mongolia. Unlike Genghis Khan, however, Timur conquered not to open trade routes and protect his flanks, but to loot and pillage. The Timurid Empire did not long survive its founder because he rarely bothered to put any governmental structure in place after he destroyed the existing order. While Timur professed to be a good Muslim, he obviously felt no compunction about destroying the jewel-cities of Islam and slaughtering their inhabitants. Damascus, Khiva, Baghdad...these ancient capitals of Islamic learning never really recovered from Timur's attentions. His intent seems to have been to make his capital at Samarkand the first city in the Islamic world. Contemporary sources say that Timur's forces killed about 19 million people during their conquests. That number is probably exaggerated, but Timur does seem to have enjoyed massacre for its own sake. Timur's Reputation Timur was lionized in the west for his defeat of the Ottoman Turks. Christopher Marlowe's "Tamburlaine the Great" and Edgar Allen Poe's "Tamerlane" are good examples. Not surprisingly, the people of Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East remember him rather less favorably. In post-Soviet Uzbekistan, Timur has been made into a national folk hero. The people of Uzbek cities like Khiva, however, are skeptical; they remember that he razed their city and killed nearly every inhabitant. +-+ http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-ankara-1402/ >> Great description!!! Jonathan Webb prior21Aug2009 "Battle-of-Ankara-1402-animation.pptx" http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-ankara-1402/ "$d_webRawe""History/Webb prior21Aug2009 Battle-of-Ankara-1402-animation.pptx" +-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent Suleiman the Magnificent "Kanuni" redirects here. For the hompa of Kwangali, see Kanuni (hompa). For the Turkish drillship, see Kanuni (drillship). For the Albanian law texts, see Kanun (Albania). Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman Caliph Amir al-Mu'minin Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Kayser-i Rûm Khagan[1] 10th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah) Reign 30 September 1520 – 6 September 1566 (45 years, 341 days) Predecessor Selim I Successor Selim II Born 6 November 1494[2]:541, Trabzon, Ottoman Empire Died 6 September 1566 (aged 71)[2]:545, Szigetvár, Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg Monarchy Burial Organs buried at Turbék, Szigetvár Body buried at Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul Spouse Mahidevran Hürrem Sultan (m. 1533/1534 – d. 1558) Issue Şehzade Mahmud Şehzade Mustafa Raziye Sultan Şehzade Murad Şehzade Mehmed Mihrimah Sultan Şehzade Abdullah Selim II Şehzade Bayezid Şehzade Cihangir Names Süleyman Şah bin Selim Şah Han Dynasty Ottoman Father Selim I Mother Hafsa Sultan Religion Sunni Islam Tughra Suleiman the Magnificent's signature Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان اول‎, romanized: Süleyman-ı Evvel; Turkish: I. Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان‎, romanized: Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.[2]:541–45 Under his administration, the Ottoman caliphate ruled over at least 25 million people. Suleiman succeeded his father, Selim I, as sultan in September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in central Europe and the Mediterranean. Belgrade fell to him in 1521 and the island of Rhodes in 1522–23. At Mohács, in August 1526, Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[3]:61 At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic (Kanun) and religious (Sharia).[4] He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] +--+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Young Turk Revolution which restored the constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system for the Ottoman parliament. Within the empire, the new constitution was initially seen positively, as an opportunity to modernize state institutions and resolve inter-communal tensions between different ethnic groups.[1] https://www.history.com/news/ottoman-empire-fall Updated: Jul 21, 2021 Original: Jan 10, 2020 Six Reasons Why the Ottoman Empire Fell Patrick J. Kiger The Ottoman Empire was once among the biggest military and economic powers in the world. So what happened? At its peak in the 1500s, the Ottoman Empire was one of the biggest military and economic powers in the world, controlling an expanse that included not just its base in Asia Minor but also much of southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The empire controlled territory that stretched from the Danube to the Nile, with a powerful military, lucrative commerce, and impressive achievements in fields ranging from architecture to astronomy. But it didn’t last. Though the Ottoman Empire persisted for 600 years, it succumbed to what most historians describe as a long, slow decline, despite efforts to modernize. Finally, after fighting on the side of Germany in World War I and suffering defeat, the empire was dismantled by treaty and came to an end in 1922, when the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, was deposed and left the capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in a British warship. From Ottoman empire’s remains arose the modern nation of Turkey. While the industrial revolution swept through Europe in the 1700s and 1800s, the Ottoman economy remained dependent upon farming. The empire lacked the factories and mills to keep up with Great Britain, France and even Russia, according to Michael A. Reynolds, an associate professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. As a result, the empire’s economic growth was weak, and what agricultural surplus it generated went to pay loans to European creditors. When it came time to fight in World War I, the Ottoman Empire didn’t have the industrial might to produce heavy weaponry, munitions and iron and steel needed to build railroads to support the war effort. While the industrial revolution swept through Europe in the 1700s and 1800s, the Ottoman economy remained dependent upon farming. The empire lacked the factories and mills to keep up with Great Britain, France and even Russia, according to Michael A. Reynolds, an associate professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. As a result, the empire’s economic growth was weak, and what agricultural surplus it generated went to pay loans to European creditors. When it came time to fight in World War I, the Ottoman Empire didn’t have the industrial might to produce heavy weaponry, munitions and iron and steel needed to build railroads to support the war effort. At its apex, the Ottoman empire included Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Macedonia, Romania, Syria, parts of Arabia and the north coast of Africa. Even if outside powers hadn’t eventually undermined the empire, Reynolds doesn’t think that it could have remained intact and evolved into a modern democratic nation. “The odds probably would have been against it, because of the empire’s tremendous diversity in terms of ethnicity, language, economics, and geography,” he says. “Homogenous societies democratize more easily than heterogenous ones.” +-----+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula Count Dracula (/ˈdrækjʊlə, -jələ/) is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula. He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. He is also depicted in the novel to have been the origin of werewolf legends.[12] Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula, and by Sir Henry Irving, an actor for whom Stoker was a personal assistant.[13] One of Dracula's most iconic powers is his ability to turn others into vampires by biting them and infecting them with the vampiric disease. Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works. The character has appeared frequently in popular culture, from films to animated media to breakfast cereals. # enddoc