/home/bill/web/Neural nets/ #] #] ********************* #] "$d_neural"'Musk NeuraLink/0_Musk NeuraLink notes.txt' # www.BillHowell.ca 31May2025 initial # view in text editor, using constant-width font (eg courier), tabWidth = 3 #48************************************************48 #24************************24 # Table of Contents, generate with : # $ grep "^#]" "$d_neural"'Musk NeuraLink/0_Musk NeuraLink notes.txt' | sed "s|^#\]| |" >"$d_neural"'Musk NeuraLink/0_Musk NeuraLink notes.txt'' TblOfCont.txt' # # +--+ build summary of key points : #kp# #kp# ********************* #kp# "$d_neural"'Musk NeuraLink/0_Musk NeuraLink notes.txt' #kp# # $ grep "^#kp#" "$d_neural"'Musk NeuraLink/0_Musk NeuraLink notes.txt' | sed 's|^#kp#| |' >"$d_neural"'Musk NeuraLink/0_Musk NeuraLink notes.txt'' key points.txt' #24************************24 # Setup, ToDos, #08********08 #] ??May2025 #08********08 #] ??May2025 #08********08 #] ??May2025 #08********08 #] 31May2025 search "Has the neuron-electrode passivation problem been solved?" +-----+ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5798641/ Recent Advances in Neural Electrode-Tissue Interfaces Kevin Woeppel 1,2,#, Qianru Yang 1,2,#, Xinyan Tracy Cui 1,2,3,* Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2017 Sep 23;4:21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.003 Abstract Neurotechnology is facing an exponential growth in the recent decades. Neural electrode-tissue interface research has been well recognized as an instrumental component of neurotechnology development. While satisfactory long-term performance was demonstrated in some applications, such as cochlear implants and deep brain stimulators, more advanced neural electrode devices requiring higher resolution for single unit recording or microstimulation still face significant challenges in reliability and longevity. In this article, we review the most recent findings that contribute to our current understanding of the sources of poor reliability and longevity in neural recording or stimulation, including the material failure, biological tissue response and the interplay between the two. The newly developed characterization tools are introduced from electrophysiology models, molecular and biochemical analysis, material characterization to live imaging. The effective strategies that have been applied to improve the interface are also highlighted. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in improving the interface and achieving seamless integration between the implanted electrodes and neural tissue both anatomically and functionally. ... The most significant challenge lies in the neural electrode-tissue interface, where a man-made device is brought in contact with biological neural tissue and electrical voltages or currents are being transmitted across the electrode-tissue interface. Like any implantable devices, the highly corrosive and dynamic environment of the host tissue is hostile to implants, among which micro-electronic devices are especially vulnerable. Although an old topic, the material and mechanical reliability of neural electrode arrays continue to be a critical area of research, and in our opinion, deserves more attention especially in the development of newer and more advanced devices. Conversely, the implantation and presence of an artificial device elicits acute injury and chronic inflammatory reactions that lead to tissue remodeling, degeneration and regeneration that alter the microenvironment with which the device is interfacing. Dynamic changes in the neural tissue around the implants affect the quality and stability of the neural electrode recording and/or stimulation performance, and this has been a hot area of research in recent years. Advanced electrodes are being designed to mitigate the issues faced when chronically interfacing with traditional electrodes by changing the geometry, increasing flexibility, and incorporating bioactive coatings and drugs. Table 1. Summary of selected studies of device failure for traditional electrode designs. For each study, samples which did not undergo the entire chronic implantation were removed. Electrode Type Animal Number of arrays (Electrodes) Time course of experiment (Days) Yield at end of experiment (%) Total Failure (%) Ref. Utah 10×10 Monkey 69 2104 N/A 79 [3] Michigan Single Shank Mouse 3 (36) 133–189 N/A N/A [5] Tungsten Microwire Rat 12 (192) 260 24.6* 75.4 [4] Pt/Ir Microwire Rat 6 (96) 71–180 33** N/A [6] 2.2 Biological Tissue Response Regardless of implant location, biological tissue response against the implants is a major cause of electrode failure. On the macro scale, meningeal fibroblasts may migrate down the electrode shanks from the brain surface, contribute to the scar formation [19]. In more severe cases, the dural overgrowth may even encapsulate the whole device, resulting in ejection of the probes and signal loss. On the micro scale, several types of cells are involved in the inflammatory response to the implants, known as the foreign body response (FBR). For comprehensive review of the cellular responses, see review [20–22]. Briefly, microglial cells were immediately activated upon implantation [23] and release various inflammatory factors to recruit monocytes and astrocytes [24]. These activated microglia/macrophages remain at the vicinity of the implants over long-term implantations, and are surrounded by a dense layer of astrocytes, often referred to as glial scar. Glial encapsulation insulates electrodes from nearby neurons, increasing the impedance and the distance between electrodes and viable neurons [25]. Meanwhile, neurons (cell body and processes) may be damaged during insertion, pushed away by the glia scar, or degenerated by reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory or cytotoxic factors released from the chronic inflammation and/or become less active due to mechanical strain or disconnect from the rest of the network. It is assumed that these biological effects will result in recording or stimulation failure, but the contribution of each mechanism to device function has not been clearly understood. 5. Conclusions and Outlook Neural electrode-tissue interface research has been well recognized as an instrumental component of neurotechnology development. Multiple funding initiatives of the recent years have attracted many research groups to join force in understanding the interactions between implanted devices and neural tissue, and how these interactions affect neural electrode performances. The advances in molecular, biochemical and imagining tools have brought new insights. Combining high resolution, real time tracking of the interface in conjunction with electrophysiology may more definitively identify various modes of recording failure. Based on the current understanding, the trend of novel neural interfacing devices is to go smaller, softer and more flexible, and wireless. While certainly attractive, such devices present additional challenges on material stability and device durability. Revolutionary advances in material science and fabrication technologies may be needed to achieve required long-term stability for these devices. Meanwhile, numerous reports have shown that the biological tissue responses can be modulated using bioactive and genetic approaches. The next generation device design should take advantage of these biological approaches to actively modulate the host tissue. It is our opinion that the ideal neural electrode will require a combinatorial approach, incorporating biomimetics and advanced materials and fabrication to seamlessly interface with the nervous system. #08********08 #] 31May2025 search "Elon Musk neuralink how does it solve the neuron-electrode passivation" +-----+ https://www.softlabsgroup.com/blogs/how-does-neuralink-work/ How does NeuraLink work? 10May2024 >> I can't copy text, but good article 28Jan2024 29-year-old quadriplegic Nolan Arbough was implanted with a NeuraLink device (video interview) +-----+ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/elon-musks-neuralink-has-implanted-its-first-chip-in-a-human-brain-whats-next/ January 30, 2024 Elon Musk’s Neuralink Has Implanted Its First Chip in a Human Brain. What’s Next? The wealthiest person on Earth has taken the next step toward a commercial brain interface By Ben Guarino edited by Dean Visser Profile silhouette of Elon Musk Billionaire technologist Elon Musk announced this week that his company Neuralink has implanted its brain-computer interface into a human for the first time. The recipient was “recovering well,” Musk wrote on his social media platform X (formerly Twitter) on Monday evening, adding that initial results showed “promising neuron spike detection”—a reference to brain cells’ electrical activity. Each wireless Neuralink device contains a chip and electrode arrays of more than 1,000 superthin, flexible conductors that a surgical robot threads into the cerebral cortex. There the electrodes are designed to register thoughts related to motion. In Musk’s vision, an app will eventually translate these signals to move a cursor or produce text—in short, it will enable computer control by thinking. “Imagine if Stephen Hawking could communicate faster than a speed typist or auctioneer. That is the goal,” Musk wrote of the first Neuralink product, which he said is named Telepathy. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved human clinical trials for Neuralink in May 2023. And last September the company announced it was opening enrollment in its first study to people with quadriplegia. #08********08 #] 31May2025 Neuralink brain implant helps Arizona man regain control of his life Story by Benji Ferraro 31May2025? https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/neuralink-brain-implant-helps-arizona-man-regain-control-of-his-life/ar-AA1FR1AY video was from Fox News Elon Musk's Neuralink brain implants are designed to help individuals with disabilities — and the implant’s first user told Fox News on Friday about the revolutionary technology. Arizona native Noland Arbaugh, the first Neuralink brain implant patient, joined "The Will Cain Show" to discuss how the device has helped him regain control of his life. "I'm just beyond grateful," Arbaugh told Fox News host Will Cain. "It's an incredible privilege to be a part of this." # enddoc